THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                [As on 1st May, 2024]

                      2024



              GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
          MINISTRY OF LAW AND JUSTICE
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT, OFFICIAL LANGUAGES WING
                          PREFACE

     This is the sixth pocket size edition of the Constitution of
India in the diglot form. In this edition, the text of the
Constitution of India has been brought up-to-date by
incorporating therein all the amendments up to the Constitution
(One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023. The foot notes
below the text indicate the Constitution Amendment Acts by
which such amendments have been made.
     The Constitution (One Hundredth Amendment) Act, 2015
containing details of acquired and transferred territories
between the Governments of India and Bangladesh has been
provided in Appendix I.
    The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir)
Order, 2019 and the declaration under article 370(3) of the
Constitution have been provided respectively in Appendix II and
Appendix III for reference.



New Delhi;                                   Dr. Rajiv Mani,
1st May, 2024                   Secretary to the Government of India.
                       LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED



Art., arts. .................................................... for Article, articles.
Cl., cls.     ....................................................    Clause, clauses.
C.O.          ....................................................    Constitution Order.
Ins.           ...................................................    Inserted.
P., pp.       ....................................................    Page, pages.
Pt.           ....................................................    Part.
Rep.          ....................................................    Repealed.
Ss., ss.     ......................................................   Section, sections.
Sch.          ....................................................    Schedule.
Subs.         ....................................................    Substituted.
w.e.f.        ....................................................    with effect from.

w.r.e.f.        ..................................................    with retrospective effect from.
                THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              ____________

                              CONTENTS
                                __________



PREAMBLE
                                 PART I
             THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY
ARTICLES
 1.    Name and territory of the Union.
 2.    Admission or establishment of new States.
[2A.   Sikkim to be associated with the Union.—Omitted.]
 3.    Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or
       names of existing States.
 4.       Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of
          the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental
          and consequential matters.
                                    PART II
                                 CITIZENSHIP
 5.       Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.
 6.       Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to
          India from Pakistan.
 7.       Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.
 8.       Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing
          outside India.
  9.      Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to
          be citizens.
10.       Continuance of the rights of citizenship.
11.       Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.
(ii)                               Contents
ARTICLES

                                  PART III
                        FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
                              General
  12.      Definition.
  13.      Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental
           rights.
                                  Right to Equality
  14.      Equality before law.
  15.      Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste,
           sex or place of birth.
  16.      Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
  17.      Abolition of Untouchability.
  18.      Abolition of titles.
                              Right to Freedom
  19.      Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
  20.      Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
  21.      Protection of life and personal liberty.
  21A.     Right to education.
  22.      Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
                        Right against Exploitation

  23.      Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
  24.      Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
                       Right to Freedom of Religion

  25.      Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and
           propagation of religion.
  26.      Freedom to manage religious affairs.
  27.      Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular
           religion.
  28.      Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious
           worship in certain educational institutions.
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ARTICLES

                      Cultural and Educational Rights

  29.      Protection of interests of minorities.
  30.      Right of minorities to establish and administer educational
           institutions.
  [31.     Compulsory acquisition of property —Omitted.]
                            Saving of Certain Laws

  31A.     Saving of Laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.
  31B.     Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
  31C.     Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles.
  [31D.    Saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities.—Omitted.]
                         Right to Constitutional Remedies

   32.     Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part.
  [32A.    Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in
           proceedings under article 32.—Omitted.]
   33.     Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part
           in their application to Forces, etc.
   34.     Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is
           in force in any area.
   35.     Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.

                                  PART IV
             DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

   36.     Definition.
   37.     Application of the principles contained in this Part.
   38.     State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the
           people.
   39.     Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State.
   39A.    Equal justice and free legal aid.
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ARTICLES


   40.     Organisation of village panchayats.
   41.     Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain
           cases.
   42.     Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity
           relief.
   43.     Living wage, etc., for workers.
 43A.      Participation of workers in management of Industries.
 43B.      Promotion of co-operative societies.
   44.     Uniform civil code for the citizens.
   45.     Provision for early childhood care and education to children
           below the age of six years.
   46.     Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled
           Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections.
   47.     Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard
           of living and to improve public health.
  48.      Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.
 48A.      Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of
           forests and wild life.
   49.     Protection of monuments and places and objects of national
           importance.
   50.     Separation of judiciary from executive.
   51.     Promotion of international peace and security.
                               PART IVA
                      FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
 51A.      Fundamental duties.
                                 PART V
                               THE UNION
                   CHAPTER I. THE EXECUTIVE
                    The President and Vice-President

 52.       The President of India.
 53.       Executive power of the Union.
 54.       Election of President.
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ARTICLES


 55.       Manner of election of President.
 56.       Term of office of President.
 57.       Eligibility for re-election.
 58.       Qualifications for election as President.
 59.       Conditions of President’s office.
 60.       Oath or affirmation by the President.
 61.       Procedure for impeachment of the President.
 62.       Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President
           and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
 63.       The Vice-President of India.
 64.       The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of
           States.
 65.       The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his
           functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the
           absence, of President.
 66.       Election of Vice-President.
 67.       Term of office of Vice-President.
 68.       Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President
           and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
 69.       Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President.
 70.       Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies.
 71.       Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President
           or Vice-President.
 72.       Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit
           or commute sentences in certain cases.
 73.       Extent of executive power of the Union.
                             Council of Ministers
 74.       Council of Ministers to aid and advise President.
 75.       Other provisions as to Ministers.
                     The Attorney-General for India
 76.       Attorney-General for India.
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ARTICLES

                    Conduct of Government Business

 77.       Conduct of business of the Government of India.
 78.       Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of
           information to the President, etc.
                    CHAPTER II. PARLIAMENT
                                  General
 79.       Constitution of Parliament.
 80.       Composition of the Council of States.
 81.       Composition of the House of the People.
 82.       Readjustment after each census.
 83.       Duration of Houses of Parliament.
 84.       Qualification for membership of Parliament.
 85.       Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution.
 86.       Right of President to address and send messages to Houses.
 87.       Special address by the President.
 88.       Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses.

                            Officers of Parliament
 89.       The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.
 90.       Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of
           Deputy Chairman.
 91.       Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the
           duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
 92.       The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a
           resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
 93.       The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People.
 94.       Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of
           Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
 95.       Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the
           duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
(vii)                             Contents
ARTICLES

 96.       The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a
           resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
 97.       Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman
           and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
 98.       Secretariat of Parliament.

                              Conduct of Business
  99.      Oath or affirmation by members.
 100.      Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding
           vacancies and quorum.

                          Disqualifications of Members
 101.      Vacation of seats.
 102.      Disqualifications for membership.
 103.      Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
 104.      Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation
           under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified.

               Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its
                                         Members
 105.      Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the
           members and committees thereof.
 106.      Salaries and allowances of members.
                               Legislative Procedure
 107.      Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
 108.      Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases.
 109.      Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
 110.      Definition of “Money Bills”.
 111.      Assent to Bills.
                             Procedure in Financial Matters
 112.      Annual financial statement.
 113.      Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates.
 114.      Appropriation Bills.
(viii)                             Contents
ARTICLES

 115.      Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
 116.      Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
 117.      Special provisions as to financial Bills.
                                Procedure Generally
 118.      Rules of procedure.
 119.      Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to
           financial business.
 120.      Language to be used in Parliament.
 121.      Restriction on discussion in Parliament.
 122.      Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.
                 CHAPTER III. LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE
                                        PRESIDENT
 123.      Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of
           Parliament.
                      CHAPTER IV. THE UNION JUDICIARY
  124.     Establishment and constitution of the Supreme Court.
  124A.    National Judicial Appointments Commission.
  124B.    Functions of Commission.
  124C.    Power of Parliament to make law.
  125.     Salaries, etc., of Judges.
  126.     Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
  127.     Appointment of ad hoc Judges.
  128.     Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court.
  129.     Supreme Court to be a court of record.
  130.     Seat of Supreme Court.
  131.     Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
[131A.     Exclusive jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in regard to questions
           as to constitutional validity of Central laws. Omitted.]
  132.     Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in appeals from
           High Courts in certain cases.
  133.     Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in appeals from
           High Courts in regard to civil matters.
  134.     Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in regard to criminal
           matters.
(ix)                              Contents
ARTICLES


 134A.     Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court.
  135.     Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law
           to be exercisable by the Supreme Court.
  136.     Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.
  137.     Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court.
  138.     Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
  139.     Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain
           writs.
 139A.     Transfer of certain cases.
  140.     Ancillary powers of the Supreme Court.
  141.     Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts.
  142.     Enforcement of decrees and orders of the Supreme Court and
           orders as to discovery, etc.
  143.     Power of the President to consult the Supreme Court.
  144.     Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme
           Court.
[144A.     Special provisions as to disposal of questions relating to
           constitutional validity of laws. Omitted.]
  145.     Rules of Court, etc.
  146.     Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court.
  147.     Interpretation.
               CHAPTER V. COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-
                              GENERAL OF INDIA
  148.     Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
  149.     Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General.
  150.     Form of accounts of the Union and of the States.
  151.     Audit reports.
                               PART VI
                             THE STATES
                         CHAPTER I. GENERAL
  152.     Definition.
(x)                                Contents
ARTICLES


                   CHAPTER II. THE EXECUTIVE
                          The Governor
  153.     Governors of States.
  154.     Executive power of State.
  155.     Appointment of Governor.
  156.     Term of office of Governor.
  157.     Qualifications for appointment as Governor.
  158.     Conditions of Governor’s office.
  159.     Oath or affirmation by the Governor.
  160.     Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain
           contingencies.
  161.     Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit
           or commute sentences in certain cases.
  162.     Extent of executive power of State.
                            Council of Ministers
  163.     Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor.
  164.     Other provisions as to Ministers.
                    The Advocate-General for the State
  165.     Advocate-General for the State.
                     Conduct of Government Business
  166.     Conduct of business of the Government of a State.
  167.     Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of
           information to Governor, etc.
             CHAPTER III.      THE STATE LEGISLATURE
                                 General
 168.      Constitution of Legislatures in States.
 169.      Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.
 170.      Composition of the Legislative Assemblies.
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ARTICLES

 171.      Composition of the Legislative Councils.
 172.      Duration of State Legislatures.
 173.      Qualification for membership of the State Legislature.
 174.      Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution.
 175.      Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or
           Houses.
 176.      Special address by the Governor.
 177.      Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the
           Houses.
                       Officers of the State Legislature
 178.      The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
 179.      Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of
           Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
 180.      Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the
           duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
 181.      The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a
           resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
 182.      The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council.
 183.      Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of
           Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
 184.      Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the
           duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
 185.      The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a
           resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
 186.      Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and
           the Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
 187.      Secretariat of State Legislature.
                            Conduct of Business
 188.      Oath or affirmation by members.
 189.      Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding
           vacancies and quorum.
                      Disqualifications of Members
 190.      Vacation of seats.
(xii)                                Contents
ARTICLES

 191.      Disqualifications for membership.
 192.      Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
 193.      Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation
           under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
             Powers, privileges and immunities of State Legislatures and
                                   their Members
 194.      Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the
           members and committees thereof.
 195.      Salaries and allowances of members.
                              Legislative Procedure
 196.      Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
 197.      Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other
           than Money Bills.
 198.      Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
 199.      Definition of “Money Bills”.
 200.      Assent to Bills.
 201.      Bills reserved for consideration.
                      Procedure in Financial Matters
 202.      Annual financial statement.
 203.      Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates.
 204.      Appropriation Bills.
 205.      Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
 206.      Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
 207.      Special provisions as to financial Bills.
                              Procedure Generally
 208.      Rules of procedure.
 209.      Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in
           relation to financial business.
(xiii)                              Contents
ARTICLES

  210.     Language to be used in the Legislature.
  211.     Restriction on discussion in the Legislature.
  212.     Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.
             CHAPTER IV.       LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE
                                 GOVERNOR
  213.     Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of
           Legislature.
              CHAPTER V. THE HIGH COURTS IN THE
                                   STATES
  214.     High Courts for States.
  215.     High Courts to be courts of record.
  216.     Constitution of High Courts.
  217.     Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High
           Court.
  218.     Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to
           High Courts.
  219.     Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts.
  220.     Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge.
  221.     Salaries, etc., of Judges.
  222.     Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another.
  223.     Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
  224.     Appointment of additional and acting Judges.
 224A.     Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts.
 225.      Jurisdiction of existing High Courts.
 226.      Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
[226A.     Constitutional validity of Central laws not to be considered in
           proceedings under article 226. Omitted.]
 227.      Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court.
 228.      Transfer of certain cases to High Court.
[228A.     Special provisions as to disposal of questions relating to
           constitutional validity of State laws. Omitted.]
(xiv)                              Contents
ARTICLES

 229.      Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts.
 230.      Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories.
 231.      Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.
 [232.     Articles 230, 231 and 232 substituted by articles 230 and 231].
                CHAPTER VI. SUBORDINATE COURTS
 233.      Appointment of district judges.
 233A.     Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by,
           certain district judges.
 234.      Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial
           service.
 235.      Control over subordinate courts.
 236.      Interpretation.
 237.      Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or
           classes of magistrates.
                           [PART VII.—Omitted]
           THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE
 [238.     Omitted.]
                                 PART VIII
                        THE UNION TERRITORIES
 239.      Administration of Union territories.
 239A.     Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for
           certain Union territories.
 239AA.    Special provisions with respect to Delhi.
 239AB.    Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.
 239B.     Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess
           of Legislature.
 240.      Power of President to make regulations for certain Union
           territories.
 241.      High Courts for Union territories.
 [242.     Coorg. Omitted.]
                                  PART IX
                             THE PANCHAYATS
 243.      Definitions.
(xv)                                Contents
ARTICLES

 243A.     Gram Sabha.
 243B.     Constitution of Panchayats.
 243C.     Composition of Panchayats.
 243D.     Reservation of seats.
 243E.     Duration of Panchayats, etc.
 243F.     Disqualifications for membership.
 243G.     Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
 243H.     Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.
 243-I.    Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial
           position.
 243J.     Audit of accounts of Panchayats.
 243K.     Elections to the Panchayats.
 243L.     Application to Union territories.
 243M.     Part not to apply to certain areas.
 243N.     Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats.
 243-O.    Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
                               PART IXA
                          THE MUNICIPALITIES
 243P.     Definitions.
 243Q.     Constitution of Municipalities.
 243R.     Composition of Municipalities.
 243S.     Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.
 243T.     Reservation of seats.
 243U.     Duration of Municipalities, etc.
 243V.     Disqualifications for membership.
 243W.     Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.
 243X.     Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities.
 243Y.     Finance Commission.
(xvi)                               Contents
ARTICLES

 243Z.     Audit of accounts of Municipalities.
 243ZA.    Elections to the Municipalities.
 243ZB.    Application to Union territories.
 243ZC.    Part not to apply to certain areas.
 243ZD.    Committee for district planning.
 243ZE.    Committee for Metropolitan planning.
 243ZF.  Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities.
 243ZG.  Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
                         PART IXB
             THE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES
 243ZH.  Definitions.
 243Z-I. Incorporation of co-operative societies.
 243ZJ.  Number and term of members of board and its office bearers.
 243ZK. Election of members of board.
 243ZL. Supersession and suspension of board and interim management.
 243ZM. Audit of accounts of co-operative societies.
 243ZN. Convening of general body meetings.
 243Z-O. Right of a member to get information.
 243ZP.  Returns.
 243ZQ. Offences and penalties.
 243ZR. Application to multi-State co-operative societies.
 243ZS.  Application to Union territories.
 243ZT. Continuance of existing laws.
                                PART X
              THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS
 244.    Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
 244A.   Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal
         areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of
         Ministers or both therefor.
(xvii)                             Contents
ARTICLES

                                  PART XI
            RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE
                                   STATES
                  CHAPTER I. LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS
                       Distribution of Legislative Powers
 245.      Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of
           States.
 246.      Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the
           Legislatures of States.
 246A.     Special provision with respect to goods and services tax.
 247.      Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain
           additional courts.
 248.      Residuary powers of legislation.
 249.      Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the
           State List in the national interest.
 250.      Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the
           State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
 251.      Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles
           249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
 252.      Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by
           consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State.
 253.      Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.
 254.      Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made
           by the Legislatures of States.
 255.      Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to
           be regarded as matters of procedure only.
                CHAPTER II. ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS
                                     General
 256.      Obligation of States and the Union.
 257.      Control of the Union over States in certain cases.
 [257A.    Assistance to States by deployment of armed forces or other
           forces of the Union. Omitted.]
 258.      Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain
           cases.
(xviii)                            Contents
ARTICLES

 258A.     Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union.
 [259.     Armed Forces in States in Part B of the First Schedule.
           Omitted.]
 260.      Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India.
 261.      Public acts, records and judicial proceedings.
                           Disputes relating to Waters
 262.      Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers
           or river valleys.
                         Co-ordination between States
 263.      Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.
                                  PART XII
            FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS
                             CHAPTER I. FINANCE
                                    General
 264.      Interpretation.
 265.      Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law.
 266.      Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the
           States.
 267.      Contingency Fund.
               Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States
 268.      Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the
           States.
[268A.     Service tax levied by Union and collected by the Union and the
           States. Omitted.]
 269.      Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the
           States.
 269A.     Levy and collection of goods and services tax in course of inter-
           State trade or commerce.
 270.      Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States.
 271.      Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union.
 [272.     Taxes which are levied and collected by the Union and may be
           distributed between the Union and the States. Omitted.]
 273.      Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products.
 274.      Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting
           taxation in which States are interested.
(xix)                             Contents
ARTICLES

 275.      Grants from the Union to certain States.
 276.      Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.
 277.      Savings.
 [278.     Agreement with States in Part B of the First Schedule with
           regard to certain financial matters. Omitted.]
 279.      Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc.
 279A.     Goods and Services Tax Council.
 280.      Finance Commission.
 281.      Recommendations of the Finance Commission.
                      Miscellaneous Financial Provisions
 282.      Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its
           revenues.
 283.      Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and
           moneys credited to the public accounts.
 284.      Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by
           public servants and courts.
 285.      Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation.
 286.      Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of
           goods.
 287.      Exemption from taxes on electricity.
 288.      Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or
           electricity in certain cases.
 289.      Exemption of property and income of a State from Union
           taxation.
 290.      Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions.
 290A.     Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds.
 [291.     Privy purse sums of Rulers. Omitted.]
                            CHAPTER II.      BORROWING
 292.      Borrowing by the Government of India.
 293.      Borrowing by States.
(xx)                               Contents
ARTICLES

            CHAPTER III.      PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES,
                               OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS
  294.     Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations
           in certain cases.
  295.     Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations
           in other cases.
  296.     Property accruing by escheat or lapse or as bona vacantia.
  297.     Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and
           resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union.
  298.     Power to carry on trade, etc.
  299.     Contracts.
  300.     Suits and proceedings.
                    CHAPTER IV. RIGHT TO PROPERTY
 300A.     Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law.

                                 PART XIII
              TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE
                  WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA
 301.      Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse.
 302.      Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce
           and intercourse.
 303.      Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the
           States with regard to trade and commerce.
 304.      Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States.
 305.      Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies.
 [306.     Power of certain States in Part B of the First Schedule to
           impose restrictions on trade and commerce. Omitted]
 307.      Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of
           articles 301 to 304.
                                  PART XIV
           SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES
                             CHAPTER I.    SERVICES
 308.      Interpretation.
(xxi)                                 Contents
ARTICLES


 309.      Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the
           Union or a State.
 310.      Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State.
 311.      Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in
           civil capacities under the Union or a State.
 312.      All-India services.
 312A.     Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of
           officers of certain services.
 313.      Transitional provisions.
 [314.     Provision for protection of existing officers of certain services.
           Omitted.]
                    CHAPTER II.—PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS
  315.     Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.
  316.     Appointment and term of office of members.
  317.     Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service
           Commission.
  318.     Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of
           members and staff of the Commission.
  319.     Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of
           Commission on ceasing to be such members.
  320.     Functions of Public Service Commissions.
  321.     Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions.
  322.     Expenses of Public Service Commissions.
  323.     Reports of Public Service Commissions.
                               PART XIVA
                               TRIBUNALS
 323A.     Administrative tribunals.
 323B.     Tribunals for other matters.
(xxii)                             Contents
ARTICLES


                                 PART XV
                                ELECTIONS
  324.     Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested
           in an Election Commission.
  325.     No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be
           included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race,
           caste or sex.
  326.     Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative
           Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage.
  327.     Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections
           to Legislatures.
  328.     Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to
           elections to such Legislature.
  329.     Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
 [329A.    Special provision as to elections to Parliament in the case of
           Prime Minister and Speaker. Omitted.]
                                  PART XVI
               SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN
                                     CLASSES
  330.     Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
           in the House of the People.
 330A.     Reservation of seats for women in the House of the People.
  331.     Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of
           the People.
  332.     Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
           in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
 332A.     Reservation of seats for women in the Legislative Assemblies of
           the States.
  333.     Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the
           Legislative Assemblies of the States.
  334.     Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after
           certain period.
 334A.     Reservation of seats for women take effect.
  335.     Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services
           and posts.
(xxiii)                           Contents
ARTICLES


  336.     Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain
           services.
  337.     Special provision with respect to educational grants for the
           benefit of Anglo-Indian Community.
  338.     National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
 338A.     National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
 338B.     National Commission for Backward Classes.
  339.     Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas
           and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes.
  340.     Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of
           backward classes.
  341.     Scheduled Castes.
  342.     Scheduled Tribes.
 342A.     Socially and educationally backward classes.
                                 PART XVII
                          OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
                  CHAPTER I.—LANGUAGE OF THE UNION
  343.     Official language of the Union.
  344.     Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language.
                        CHAPTER II. REGIONAL LANGUAGES
  345.     Official language or languages of a State.
  346.     Official language for communication between one State and
           another or between a State and the Union.
  347.     Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the
           population of a State.
                CHAPTER III. LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT,
                                  HIGH COURTS, ETC.
  348.     Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High
           Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.
  349.     Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to
           language.
(xxiv)                              Contents
ARTICLES

                    CHAPTER IV. SPECIAL DIRECTIVES
  350.     Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances.
 350A.     Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage.

 350B.     Special Officer for linguistic minorities.
  351.     Directive for development of the Hindi language.
                             PART XVIII
                      EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
  352.     Proclamation of Emergency.
  353.     Effect of Proclamation of Emergency.
  354.     Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues
           while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
  355.     Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression
           and internal disturbance.
  356.     Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in
           States.
  357.     Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under
           article 356.
  358.     Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies.
  359.     Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III
           during emergencies.
[359A.     Application of this Part to the State of Punjab. Omitted.]
 360.      Provisions as to financial emergency.
                                 PART XIX
                             MISCELLANEOUS
 361.      Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs.
 361A.     Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State
           Legislatures.
 361B.     Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post.
 [362.     Rights and privileges of Rulers of Indian States. Omitted.]
 363.      Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain
           treaties, agreements, etc.
 363A.     Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy
           purses to be abolished.
(xxv)                               Contents
ARTICLES

 364.      Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes.
 365.      Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions
           given by the Union.
 366.      Definitions.
 367.      Interpretation.
                                PART XX
                AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
 368.      Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure
           therefor.
                                PART XXI
                  TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND
                         SPECIAL PROVISIONS
 369.      Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to
           certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the
           Concurrent List.
 370.      Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and
           Kashmir.
 371.      Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and
           Gujarat.
 371A.     Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland.
 371B .    Special provision with respect to the State of Assam.
 371C.     Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur.
 371D.     Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh or
           the State of Telangana.
 371E.     Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh.
 371F.     Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim.
 371G.     Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
 371H.     Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh.
 371-I.    Special provision with respect to the State of Goa.
 371J.     Special provisions with respect to the State of Karnataka.
 372.      Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation.
 372A.     Power of the President to adapt laws.
(xxvi)                             Contents
ARTICLES

 373.      Power of President to make order in respect of persons under
           preventive detention in certain cases.
 374.      Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings
           pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council.
 375.      Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to
           the provisions of the Constitution.
 376.      Provisions as to Judges of High Courts.
 377.      Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
 378.      Provisions as to Public Service Commissions.
 378A.     Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative
           Assembly.
 [379.     Provisions as to provisional Parliament and the Speaker and
           Deputy Speaker thereof. Omitted.]
 [380.     Provision as to President.   Omitted.]
 [381.     Council of Ministers of the President.    Omitted.]
 [382.     Provisions as to provisional Legislatures for States in Part A of
           the First Schedule.   Omitted.]
 [383.     Provision as to Governors of Provinces.     Omitted.]
 [384.     Council of Ministers of the Governors.     Omitted.]
 [385.     Provision as to provisional Legislatures in States in Part B of the
           First Schedule. Omitted.]
 [386.     Council of Ministers for States in Part B of the First Schedule.
             Omitted.]
 [387.     Special provision as to determination of population for the
           purposes of certain elections. Omitted.]
 [388.     Provisions as to the filling of casual vacancies in the provisional
           Parliament and             provisional Legislatures of the
           States.   Omitted.]
 [389.     Provision as to Bills pending in the Dominion Legislatures and
           in the Legislatures of Provinces and Indian States. Omitted.]
 (xxvii)                                Contents
 ARTICLES

  [390.        Money received or raised or expenditure incurred between the
               commencement of the Constitution and the 31st day of March,
               1950. Omitted.]
  [391.        Power of the President to amend the First and Fourth Schedules
               in certain contingencies. Omitted.]
  392.         Power of the President to remove difficulties.
                                    PART XXII
                          SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT,
                              AUTHORITATIVE TEXT
                              IN HINDI AND REPEALS
   393.        Short title.
   394.        Commencement.
  394A.        Authoritative text in the Hindi language.
   395.        Repeals.
                                    SCHEDULES
FIRST SCHEDULE
          I. —The States.
          II. —The Union territories.
SECOND SCHEDULE
          PART A—Provisions as to the President and the Governors of States.
          PART B— [Omitted.]
          PART C—Provisions as to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the
                 House of the People and the Chairman and the Deputy
                 Chairman of the Council of States and the Speaker and
                 the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the
                 Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative
                 Council of a State.
      PART D— Provisions as to the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts.
      PART E— Provisions as to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
THIRD SCHEDULE— Forms of Oaths or Affirmations.
 (xxviii)                           Contents
 ARTICLES

FOURTH SCHEDULE—Allocation of seats in the Council of States.
FIFTH SCHEDULE—
        Provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas
        and Scheduled Tribes
         PART A—General.
         PART B—Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and
     Scheduled Tribes.
         PART C— Scheduled Areas.
         PART D—Amendment of the Schedule.
SIXTH SCHEDULE—
        Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of
        Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
SEVENTH SCHEDULE—
         List I — Union List.
         List II— State List.
         List III— Concurrent List.
EIGHTH SCHEDULE— Languages.
NINTH SCHEDULE—Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
TENTH SCHEDULE— Provisions as to disqualification on ground of
defection.
ELEVENTH SCHEDULE—Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
TWELFTH SCHEDULE—Powers, authority and responsibilities of
Municipalities, etc.
                             APPENDICES
APPENDIX I.—The Constitution (One Hundredth Amendment) Act, 2015.
APPENDIX II.—The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir)
Order, 2019.
APPENDIX III.— Declaration under article 370(3) of the Constitution.
               THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA


                                  P REAMB LE

      WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute
India into a 1[SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC] and to secure to all its citizens:


        JUSTICE, social, economic and political;


        LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;


        EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;


and to promote among them all


        FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the 2[unity
and integrity of the Nation];


     IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of
November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO
OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.


______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s.2, for "SOVEREIGN
   DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC" (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. Subs. by s. 2, ibid., for "Unity of the Nation" (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
                               PART I
                    THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY
       1. Name and territory of the Union.—(1) India, that is Bharat,
shall be a Union of States.
       1
         [(2) The States and the territories thereof shall be as specified in
the First Schedule.]
       (3) The territory of India shall comprise—
              (a) the territories of the States;
              2
                [(b) the Union territories specified in the First Schedule;
       and]
              (c) such other territories as may be acquired.
      2. Admission or establishment of new States.—Parliament may
by law admit into the Union, or establish, new States on such terms and
conditions as it thinks fit.
       3
         [2A. [Sikkim to be associated with the Union.] —Omitted by the
Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 5 (w.e.f. 26-4-1975).]
       3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas,
boundaries or names of existing States.—Parliament may by law—
              (a) form a new State by separation of territory from any
       State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by
       uniting any territory to a part of any State;
              (b) increase the area of any State;
              (c) diminish the area of any State;

              (d) alter the boundaries of any State;
              (e) alter the name of any State:
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 2, for cl. (2)
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Subs. by s. 2 ibid. for sub-clause (b) (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Thirty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1974, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1-3-1975).



                                          2
3                       THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                         (Part I.—Union and its territory)
      1
        [Provided that no Bill for the purpose shall be introduced in
either House of Parliament except on the recommendation of the
President and unless, where the proposal contained in the Bill affects
the area, boundaries or name of any of the States12***, the Bill has
been referred by the President to the Legislature of that State for
expressing its views thereon within such period as may be specified in
the reference or within such further period as the President may allow
and the period so specified or allowed has expired.]
      3
        [Explanation I.—In this article, in clauses (a) to (e), “State”
includes a Union territory, but in the proviso, “State” does not include a
Union territory.
      Explanation II.—The power conferred on Parliament by
clause (a) includes the power to form a new State or Union territory by
uniting a part of any State or Union territory to any other State or
Union territory.]
      4. Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the
amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and
supplemental, incidental and consequential matters.—(1) Any law
referred to in article 2 or article 3 shall contain such provisions for the
amendment of the First Schedule and the Fourth Schedule as may be
necessary to give effect to the provisions of the law and may also
contain such supplemental, incidental and consequential provisions
(including provisions as to representation in Parliament and in the
Legislature or Legislatures of the State or States affected by such law)
as Parliament may deem necessary.
      (2) No such law as aforesaid shall be deemed to be an
amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368.

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1955, s. 2, for the proviso
   (w.e.f. 24-12-1955).
2. The words and letters "specified in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule" omitted by the
   Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment) Act, 1966, s. 2 (w.e.f. 27-8-1966).
                                       PART II
                                    CITIZENSHIP
         5. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.—At the
commencement of this Constitution, every person who has his domicile in the
territory of India and—
                (a) who was born in the territory of India; or
                (b) either of whose parents was born in the territory of India; or
                (c) who has been ordinarily resident in the territory of India for
        not less than five years immediately preceding such commencement,
shall be a citizen of India.
        6. Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to
India from Pakistan.—Notwithstanding anything in article 5, a person who
has migrated to the territory of India from the territory now included in
Pakistan shall be deemed to be a citizen of India at the commencement of this
Constitution if—
                (a) he or either of his parents or any of his grand-parents was born
        in India as defined in the Government of India Act, 1935 (as originally
        enacted); and
                (b)(i) in the case where such person has so migrated before the
        nineteenth day of July, 1948, he has been ordinarily resident in the
        territory of India since the date of his migration, or
                (ii) in the case where such person has so migrated on or after the
        nineteenth day of July, 1948, he has been registered as a citizen of India
        by an officer appointed in that behalf by the Government of the
        Dominion of India on an application made by him therefor to such
        officer before the commencement of this Constitution in the form and
        manner prescribed by that Government:
        Provided that no person shall be so registered unless he has been resident
in the territory of India for at least six months immediately preceding the date
of his application.
         7. Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.—
Notwithstanding anything in articles 5 and 6, a person who has after the first
day of March, 1947, migrated from the territory of India to the territory now
included in Pakistan shall not be deemed to be a citizen of India:

                                         4
5                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                            (Part II.—Citizenship)

        Provided that nothing in this article shall apply to a person who, after
having so migrated to the territory now included in Pakistan, has returned to the
territory of India under a permit for resettlement or permanent return issued by
or under the authority of any law and every such person shall for the purposes
of clause (b) of article 6 be deemed to have migrated to the territory of India
after the nineteenth day of July, 1948.
        8. Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing
outside India.—Notwithstanding anything in article 5, any person who or
either of whose parents or any of whose grand-parents was born in India as
defined in the Government of India Act, 1935 (as originally enacted), and who
is ordinarily residing in any country outside India as so defined shall be deemed
to be a citizen of India if he has been registered as a citizen of India by the
diplomatic or consular representative of India in the country where he is for the
time being residing on an application made by him therefor to such diplomatic
or consular representative, whether before or after the commencement of this
Constitution, in the form and manner prescribed by the Government of the
Dominion of India or the Government of India.
        9. Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to
be citizens.—No person shall be a citizen of India by virtue of article 5, or be
deemed to be a citizen of India by virtue of article 6 or article 8, if he has
voluntarily acquired the citizenship of any foreign State.
        10. Continuance of the rights of citizenship.—Every person who is or
is deemed to be a citizen of India under any of the foregoing provisions of this
Part shall, subject to the provisions of any law that may be made by Parliament,
continue to be such citizen.
        11. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.—Nothing
in the foregoing provisions of this Part shall derogate from the power of
Parliament to make any provision with respect to the acquisition and
termination of citizenship and all other matters relating to citizenship.
                                       PART III
                              FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
                                         General
        12. Definition.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the
State” includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government
and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within
the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India.
        13. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental
rights.—(1) All laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the
commencement of this Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the
provisions of this Part, shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.
        (2) The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the
rights conferred by this Part and any law made in contravention of this clause
shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void.
        (3) In this article, unless the context otherwise requires,—
                (a) “law” includes any Ordinance, order, bye-law, rule, regulation,
        notification, custom or usage having in the territory of India the force of
        law;
                (b) “laws in force” includes laws passed or made by a Legislature
        or other competent authority in the territory of India before the
        commencement of this Constitution and not previously repealed,
        notwithstanding that any such law or any part thereof may not be then in
        operation either at all or in particular areas.
        1
          [(4) Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment of this
Constitution made under article 368.]
                                    Right to Equality
        14. Equality before law.—The State shall not deny to any person
equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of
India.
        15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste,
sex or place of birth.—(1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen
on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
        (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of
birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or
condition with regard to—

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 2 (w.e.f. 5-11-1971).

                                            6
7                      THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                        (Part III.—Fundamental Rights)
               (a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public
       entertainment; or
               (b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of
       public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated
       to the use of the general public.
       (3) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any
special provision for women and children.
       1
         [(4) Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the
State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially
and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and
the Scheduled Tribes.]
       2
         [(5) Nothing in this article or in sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of article 19
shall prevent the State from making any special provision, by law, for the
advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or
for the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes in so far as such special
provisions relate to their admission to educational institutions including private
educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the
minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of article 30.]
       3
         [(6) Nothing in this article or sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of article 19 or
clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making,—
               (a) any special provision for the advancement of any
       economically weaker sections of citizens other than the classes
       mentioned in clauses (4) and (5); and
               (b) any special provision for the advancement of any
       economically weaker sections of citizens other than the classes
       mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) in so far as such special provisions
       relate to their admission to educational institutions including private
       educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other
       than the minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of
       article 30, which in the case of reservation would be in addition to the
       existing reservations and subject to a maximum of ten per cent. of the
       total seats in each category.
______________________________________________
1. Added by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 2 (w.e.f. 18-6-1951).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Ninety-third Amendment) Act, 2005, s. 2 (w.e.f. 20-1-2006).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and Third Amendment) Act, 2019, s. 2
   (w.e.f. 14-1-2019).
8                      THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                         (Part III.—Fundamental Rights)
      Explanation.—For the purposes of this article and article 16,
"economically weaker sections" shall be such as may be notified by the State
from time to time on the basis of family income and other indicators of
economic disadvantage.]
      16. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.—(1)
There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to
employment or appointment to any office under the State.
       (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent,
place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against
in respect of, any employment or office under the State.
        (3) Nothing in this article shall prevent Parliament from making any law
prescribing, in regard to a class or classes of employment or appointment to an
office 1[under the Government of, or any local or other authority within, a State
or Union territory, any requirement as to residence within that State or Union
territory] prior to such employment or appointment.
       (4) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any
provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any
backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately
represented in the services under the State.
       2
         [(4A) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any
provision for reservation 3[in matters of promotion, with consequential
seniority, to any class] or classes of posts in the services under the State in
favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes which, in the opinion
of the State, are not adequately represented in the services under the State.]
       4
         [(4B) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from considering
any unfilled vacancies of a year which are reserved for being filled up in that
year in accordance with any provision for reservation made under clause (4) or
clause (4A) as a separate class of vacancies to be filled up in any succeeding
year or years and such class of vacancies shall not be considered together with
the vacancies of the year in which they are being filled up for determining the
ceiling of fifty per cent. reservation on total number of vacancies of that year.]
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch., for "under
   any State specified in the First Schedule or any local or other authority within its
   territory, any requirement as to residence within that State" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Seventy-seventh Amendment) Act, 1995, s. 2 (w.e.f. 17-6-1995).
3. Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty-fifth Amendment) Act, 2001, s. 2, for certain words
   (retrospectively) (w.e.f. 17-6-1995).
4. Ins. by the Constitution (Eighty-first Amendment) Act, 2000, s. 2 (w.e.f. 9-6-2000).
9                      THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                        (Part III.—Fundamental Rights)
       (5) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any law which
provides that the incumbent of an office in connection with the affairs of any
religious or denominational institution or any member of the governing body
thereof shall be a person professing a particular religion or belonging to a
particular denomination.
       1
         [(6) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any
provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any
economically weaker sections of citizens other than the classes mentioned in
clause (4), in addition to the existing reservation and subject to a maximum of
ten per cent. of the posts in each category.]
       17. Abolition of Untouchability.—“Untouchability” is abolished and its
practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out
of “Untouchability” shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
       18. Abolition of titles.—(1) No title, not being a military or academic
distinction, shall be conferred by the State.
       (2) No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State.
       (3) No person who is not a citizen of India shall, while he holds any
office of profit or trust under the State, accept without the consent of the
President any title from any foreign State.
      (4) No person holding any office of profit or trust under the State shall,
without the consent of the President, accept any present, emolument, or office
of any kind from or under any foreign State.
                                  Right to Freedom
       19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.—
(1) All citizens shall have the right—
           (a) to freedom of speech and expression;
           (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms;
           (c) to form associations or unions 2[or co-operative societies];
           (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India;

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and Third Amendment) Act, 2019, s. 3
   (w.e.f. 14-1-2019).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Ninety-seventh Amendment) Act, 2011, s. 2 (w.e.f. 8-2-2012).
10                       THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                          (Part III.—Fundamental Rights)
             (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; 1[and]
             2
                 [(f)*            *                 *               *                *]
           (g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or
        business.
       3
         [(2) Nothing in sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shall affect the operation of
any existing law, or prevent the State from making any law, in so far as such
law imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the
said sub-clause in the interests of 4[the sovereignty and integrity of India], the
security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order,
decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or
incitement to an offence.]
       (3) Nothing in sub-clause (b) of the said clause shall affect the operation
of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making
any law imposing, in the interests of 4[the sovereignty and integrity of India or]
public order, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by
the said sub-clause.
      (4) Nothing in sub-clause (c) of the said clause shall affect the operation
of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making
any law imposing, in the interests of 4[the sovereignty and integrity of India or]
public order or morality, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right
conferred by the said sub-clause.
      (5) Nothing in 5[sub-clauses (d) and (e)] of the said clause shall affect
the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State
from making any law imposing, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of any
of the rights conferred by the said sub-clauses either in the interests of the
general public or for the protection of the interests of any Scheduled Tribe.

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 2 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. Sub-clause (f) omitted by s.2, ibid. (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
3. Subs. by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 3, for cl. (2) (with retrospective
  effect).
4. Ins. by the Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 2 (w.e.f. 5-10-1963).
5. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 2, for "sub-clauses
    (d), (e) and (f)" (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
11                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                       (Part III.—Fundamental Rights)
        (6) Nothing in sub-clause (g) of the said clause shall affect the operation
of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making
any law imposing, in the interests of the general public, reasonable restrictions
on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause, and, in particular,
1
  [nothing in the said sub-clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in
so far as it relates to, or prevent the State from making any law relating to,—
          (i) the professional or technical qualifications necessary for practising
       any profession or carrying on any occupation, trade or business; or
          (ii) the carrying on by the State, or by a corporation owned or
       controlled by the State, of any trade, business, industry or service,
       whether to the exclusion, complete or partial, of citizens or otherwise.]
        20. Protection in respect of conviction for offences.—(1) No person
shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the
time of the commission of the Act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a
penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force
at the time of the commission of the offence.
      (2) No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence
more than once.
      (3) No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness
against himself.
       21. Protection of life and personal liberty.—No person shall be
deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure
established by law.
       2
      [21A. Right to education.—The State shall provide free and
compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such
manner as the State may, by law, determine.]
      22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.—(1) No
person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as
soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right
to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice.

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 3, for certain words
  (w.e.f. 18-6-1951).
2 Ins. by the Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1-4-2010).
12                          THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                            (Part III.—Fundamental Rights)
       (2) Every person who is arrested and detained in custody shall be
produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of twenty-four hours of
such arrest excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest
to the court of the magistrate and no such person shall be detained in custody
beyond the said period without the authority of a magistrate.
       (3) Nothing in clauses (1) and (2) shall apply—
           (a) to any person who for the time being is an enemy alien; or
           (b) to any person who is arrested or detained under any law providing
       for preventive detention.
      (4) No law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the
detention of a person for a longer period than three months unless—
           (a) an Advisory Board consisting of persons who are, or have been,
       or are qualified to be appointed as, Judges of a High Court has reported
       before the expiration of the said period of three months that there is in its
       opinion sufficient cause for such detention:
______________________________________________
 Cl. (4) shall stand substituted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 3 (date
  yet to be notified) as—
           "(4) No law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the detention of a person for
  a longer period than two months unless an Advisory Board constituted in accordance with the
  recommendations of the Chief Justice of the appropriate High Court has reported before the
  expiration of the said period of two months that there is in its opinion sufficient cause for such
  detention:
           Provided that an Advisory Board shall consist of a Chairman and not less than two other
  members, and the Chairman shall be a serving Judge of the appropriate High Court and the other
  members shall be serving or retired Judges of any High Court :
           Provided further that nothing in this clause shall authorise the detention of any person
  beyond the maximum period prescribed by any law made by Parliament under sub-clause (a) of
  clause (7).
          Explanation.—In this clause, "appropriate High Court" means,—
                   (i) in the case of the detention of a person in pursuance of an order of detention
          made by the Government of India or an officer or authority subordinate to that
          Government, the High Court for the Union territory of Dehli;
                   (ii) in the case of the detention of a person in pursuance of an order of detention
          made by the Government of any State (other than a Union territory), the High Court for
          that State; and
                   (iii) in the case of the detention of a person in pursuance of an order of detention
          made by the administrator of a Union territory or an officer or authority subordinate to such
          administrator, such High Court as may be specified by or under any law made by
          Parliament in this behalf.".
13                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                         (Part III.—Fundamental Rights)
         Provided that nothing in this sub-clause shall authorise the detention
      of any person beyond the maximum period prescribed by any law made
      by Parliament under sub-clause (b) of clause (7); or
         (b) such person is detained in accordance with the provisions of any
      law made by Parliament under sub-clauses (a) and (b) of clause (7).
        (5) When any person is detained in pursuance of an order made under
any law providing for preventive detention, the authority making the order
shall, as soon as may be, communicate to such person the grounds on which the
order has been made and shall afford him the earliest opportunity of making a
representation against the order.
      (6) Nothing in clause (5) shall require the authority making any such
order as is referred to in that clause to disclose facts which such authority
considers to be against the public interest to disclose.
      (7) Parliament may by law prescribe—
          (a) the circumstances under which, and the class or classes of cases
      in which, a person may be detained for a period longer than three months
      under any law providing for preventive detention without obtaining the
      opinion of an Advisory Board in accordance with the provisions of
      sub-clause (a) of clause (4);
           (b) the maximum period for which any person may in any class or
      classes of cases be detained under any law providing for preventive
      detention; and
            (c) the procedure to be followed by an Advisory Board in an
      inquiry under    sub-clause (a) of clause (4).

______________________________________________
 Sub-clause (a) shall stand omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act,
 1978, s. 3(b)(i) (date to be notified).
  Sub-clause (b) shall stand re-lettered as sub-clause (a) by s. 3(b)(ii), ibid. (date to be
 notified).
   Sub-clause (c) shall stand re-lettered as sub-clause (b) by s. 3(b)(iii), ibid. (date to be
 notified).
     Sub-clause (a) of clause (4) shall stand substituted as "clause (4)" by s. 3(b)(iii),
 ibid. (date to be notified).
14                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                       (Part III.—Fundamental Rights)
                            Right against Exploitation
       23. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.—(1)
Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are
prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence
punishable in accordance with law.
       (2) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from imposing
compulsory service for public purposes, and in imposing such service the State
shall not make any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste or
class or any of them.
       24. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.—No child
below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or
mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.
                           Right to Freedom of Religion
       25. Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and
propagation of religion.—(1) Subject to public order, morality and health and
to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom
of conscience and the right freely to profess, practice and propagate religion.
       (2) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or
prevent the State from making any law—
              (a) regulating or restricting any economic, financial, political or
       other secular activity which may be associated with religious practice;
              (b) providing for social welfare and reform or the throwing open
       of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and
       sections of Hindus.
       Explanation I.—The wearing and carrying of kirpans shall be deemed to
be included in the profession of the Sikh religion.
       Explanation II.—In sub-clause (b) of clause (2), the reference to Hindus
shall be construed as including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Jaina
or Buddhist religion, and the reference to Hindu religious institutions shall be
construed accordingly.
       26. Freedom to manage religious affairs.—Subject to public order,
morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall
have the right—
           (a) to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable
       purposes;
15                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                      (Part III.—Fundamental Rights)
           (b) to manage its own affairs in matters of religion;
           (c) to own and acquire movable and immovable property; and
           (d) to administer such property in accordance with law.
        27. Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular
religion.—No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of
which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion
or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination.
        28. Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious
worship in certain educational institutions.—(1) No religious instruction
shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State
funds.
        (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall apply to an educational institution which
is administered by the State but has been established under any endowment or
trust which requires that religious instruction shall be imparted in such
institution.
        (3) No person attending any educational institution recognised by the
State or receiving aid out of State funds shall be required to take part in any
religious instruction that may be imparted in such institution or to attend any
religious worship that may be conducted in such institution or in any premises
attached thereto unless such person or, if such person is a minor, his guardian
has given his consent thereto.
                          Cultural and Educational Rights
        29. Protection of interests of minorities.—(1) Any section of the
citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct
language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.
        (2) No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution
maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of
religion, race, caste, language or any of them.
        30. Right of minorities to establish and administer educational
institutions.—(1) All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall
have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their
choice.
16                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                         (Part III.—Fundamental Rights)
       1
         [(1A) In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of
any property of an educational institution established and administered by a
minority, referred to in clause (1), the State shall ensure that the amount fixed
by or determined under such law for the acquisition of such property is such as
would not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under that clause.]
       (2) The State shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions,
discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under
the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language.
           2
               *                    *                    *                     *
      31. [Compulsory acquisition of property.].—Omitted by the Constitution
(Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 6 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
                              3
                                  [Saving of Certain Laws]
       4
      [31A. Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.—
5
 [(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law providing
for—
           (a) the acquisition by the State of any estate or of any rights therein
       or the extinguishment or modification of any such rights; or
          (b) the taking over of the management of any property by the State
       for a limited period either in the public interest or in order to secure the
       proper management of the property; or
           (c) the amalgamation of two or more corporations either in the public
       interest or in order to secure the proper management of any of the
       corporations; or
          (d) the extinguishment or modification of any rights of managing
       agents, secretaries and treasurers, managing directors, directors or
       managers of corporations, or of any voting rights of shareholders
       thereof; or

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 4 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. Sub-heading "Right to Property" omitted by s. 5, ibid. (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 3 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
4. Ins. by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 4, (with retrospective effect).
5. Subs. by the Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act, 1955, s. 3, for cl. (1) (with
   retrospective effect).
17                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                        (Part III.—Fundamental Rights)
           (e) the extinguishment or modification of any rights accruing by
       virtue of any agreement, lease or licence for the purpose of searching for,
       or winning, any mineral or mineral oil, or the premature termination or
       cancellation of any such agreement, lease or licence,
shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes
away or abridges any of the rights conferred by 1[article 14 or article 19]:
      Provided that where such law is a law made by the Legislature of a State,
the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having
been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent:]
       2
         [Provided further that where any law makes any provision for the
acquisition by the State of any estate and where any land comprised therein is
held by a person under his personal cultivation, it shall not be lawful for the
State to acquire any portion of such land as is within the ceiling limit applicable
to him under any law for the time being in force or any building or structure
standing thereon or appurtenant thereto, unless the law relating to the
acquisition of such land, building or structure, provides for payment of
compensation at a rate which shall not be less than the market value thereof.]
        (2) In this article,—
          3
            [(a) the expression “estate” shall, in relation to any local area, have
       the same meaning as that expression or its local equivalent has in the
       existing law relating to land tenures in force in that area and shall also
       include—
               (i) any jagir, inam or muafi or other similar grant and in the States
           of 4[Tamil Nadu] and Kerala, any janmam right;
               (ii) any land held under ryotwari settlement;
              (iii) any land held or let for purposes of agriculture or for
           purposes ancillary thereto, including waste land, forest land, land for
           pasture or sites of buildings and other structures occupied by
           cultivators of land, agricultural labourers and village artisans;]

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 7, for "article 14,
   article 19 or article 31" (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Seventeenth Amendment) Act, 1964, s. 2(i) (w.e.f. 20-6-1964).
3. Subs. by s.2(ii), ibid., for sub-clause (a) (with retrospective effect).
4. Subs. by the Madras State (Alteration of Name) Act, 1968 (53 of 1968), s. 4, for
   "Madras" (w.e.f. 14-1-1969).
18                      THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                          (Part III.—Fundamental Rights)
          (b) the expression “rights”, in relation to an estate, shall include any
       rights vesting in a proprietor, sub-proprietor, under-proprietor, tenure-
       holder, 1[raiyat, under-raiyat] or other intermediary and any rights or
       privileges in respect of land revenue.]
       2
         [31B. Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.—Without
prejudice to the generality of the provisions contained in article 31A, none of
the Acts and Regulations specified in the Ninth Schedule nor any of the
provisions thereof shall be deemed to be void, or ever to have become void, on
the ground that such Act, Regulation or provision is inconsistent with, or takes
away or abridges any of the rights conferred by, any provisions of this Part, and
notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court or Tribunal to the
contrary, each of the said Acts and Regulations shall, subject to the power of
any competent Legislature to repeal or amend it, continue in force.]
       3
         [31C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles.—
Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law giving effect to the
policy of the State towards securing 4[all or any of the principles laid down in
Part IV] shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or
takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by 5[article 14 or article 19;]
6
  [and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy
shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect
to such policy]:
       Provided that where such law is made by the Legislature of a State, the
provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been
reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent.]
       7
         31D. [Saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities.].—Omitted
by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act,1977, s. 2 (w.e.f.13-4-1978).
______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act, 1955, s. 3 (with retrospective effect).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 5 (w.e.f. 18-6-1951).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 3 (w.e.f. 20-4-1972).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 4, for “the principles
    specified in clause (b) or clause (c) of article 39” (w.e.f. 3-1-1977). Section 4 has been
    declared invalid by the Supreme Court in Minerva Mills Ltd. and Others Vs Union of India
    and Others, AIR 1980 SC 1789.
5. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 8, for “article 14, article
    19 or article 31” (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
6. The words in italics struck down by the Supreme Court in Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of
    Kerala, AIR 1973, SC 1461.
7. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 5 (w.e.f. 03-01-1977).
19                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                        (Part III.—Fundamental Rights)
                         Right to Constitutional Remedies
      32. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part.—(1)
The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the
enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed.
       (2) The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or
writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition,
quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the
enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part.
      (3) Without prejudice to the powers conferred on the Supreme Court by
clauses (1) and (2), Parliament may by law empower any other court to exercise
within the local limits of its jurisdiction all or any of the powers exercisable by
the Supreme Court under clause (2).
      (4) The right guaranteed by this article shall not be suspended except as
otherwise provided for by this Constitution.
      1
        32A. [Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in
proceedings under article 32.].—Omitted by the Constitution (Forty-third
Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 3 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).
       2
         [33. Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part
in their application to Forces, etc.—Parliament may, by law, determine to what
extent any of the rights conferred by this Part shall, in their application to,—
          (a) the members of the Armed Forces; or
         (b) the members of the Forces charged with the maintenance of
       public order; or
          (c) persons employed in any bureau or other organisation established
       by the State for purposes of intelligence or counter intelligence; or
          (d) person employed in, or in connection with, the telecommunication
       systems set up for the purposes of any Force, bureau or organisation
       referred to in clauses (a) to (c),
be restricted or abrogated so as to ensure the proper discharge of their duties
and the maintenance of discipline among them.]

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 6 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Fiftieth Amendment) Act, 1984, s. 2, for art. 33
    (w.e.f. 11-9-1984).
20                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                      (Part III.—Fundamental Rights)
        34. Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is
in force in any area.—Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions
of this Part, Parliament may by law indemnify any person in the service of the
Union or of a State or any other person in respect of any act done by him in
connection with the maintenance or restoration of order in any area within the
territory of India where martial law was in force or validate any sentence
passed, punishment inflicted, forfeiture ordered or other act done under martial
law in such area.
        35. Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.—
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—
            (a) Parliament shall have, and the Legislature of a State shall not
        have, power to make laws—
                (i) with respect to any of the matters which under clause (3) of
            article 16, clause (3) of article 32, article 33 and article 34 may be
            provided for by law made by Parliament; and
                (ii) for prescribing punishment for those acts which are declared
            to be offences under this Part,
        and Parliament shall, as soon as may be after the commencement of this
        Constitution, make laws for prescribing punishment for the acts referred
        to in sub-clause (ii);
            (b) any law in force immediately before the commencement of this
        Constitution in the territory of India with respect to any of the matters
        referred to in sub-clause (i) of clause (a) or providing for punishment for
        any act referred to in sub-clause (ii) of that clause shall, subject to the
        terms thereof and to any adaptations and modifications that may be made
        therein under article 372, continue in force until altered or repealed or
        amended by Parliament.
        Explanation.—In this article, the expression "law in force'' has the same
meaning as in article 372.
                                        PART IV
                  DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
        36. Definition.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the
State” has the same meaning as in Part III.
        37. Application of the principles contained in this Part.—The
provisions contained in this Part shall not be enforceable by any court, but the
principles therein laid down are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of
the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in
making laws.
        38. State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the
people.—1[(1)] The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by
securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice,
social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life.
        2
          [(2) The State shall, in particular, strive to minimise the inequalities in
income, and endeavour to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and
opportunities, not only amongst individuals but also amongst groups of people
residing in different areas or engaged in different vocations.]
        39. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State.—The
State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing—
                (a) that the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an
        adequate means of livelihood;
                (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the
        community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good;
                (c) that the operation of the economic system does not result in the
        concentration of wealth and means of production to the common
        detriment;
                (d) that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women;
                (e) that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and
        the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced
        by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or
        strength;

______________________________________________
1. Art. 38 renumbered as cl. (1) by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act,
  1978, s. 9 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. Ins. by s. 9, ibid. (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).

                                          21
22                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
             (Part IV.— Directive Principles of State Policy)
            1
              [(f) that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop
      in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that
      childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral
      and material abandonment.]
       2
         [39A. Equal justice and free legal aid.—The State shall secure that the
operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity,
and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes
or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not
denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.]
      40. Organisation of village panchayats.—The State shall take steps to
organise village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as
may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government.
      41. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain
cases.—The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and
development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to
education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness
and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want.
       42. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity
relief.—The State shall make provision for securing just and humane
conditions of work and for maternity relief.
       43. Living wage, etc., for workers.—The State shall endeavour to
secure, by suitable legislation or economic organisation or in any other way, to
all workers, agricultural, industrial or otherwise, work, a living wage,
conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of
leisure and social and cultural opportunities and, in particular, the State shall
endeavour to promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operative basis
in rural areas.
       3
         [43A. Participation of workers in management of industries.—The
State shall take steps, by suitable legislation or in any other way, to secure the
participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments or
other organisations engaged in any industry.]

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 7, for cl. (f)
   (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. Ins. by s. 8, ibid. (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
3. Ins. by s. 9, ibid. (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
23                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
               (Part IV.— Directive Principles of State Policy)
      1
        [43B. Promotion of co-operative societies.—The State shall endeavour
to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control
and professional management of co-operative societies.]
      44. Uniform civil code for the citizens.—The State shall endeavour to
secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.
       2
         [45. Provision for early childhood care and education to children
below the age of six years.—The State shall endeavour to provide early
childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six
years.]
       46. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled
Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections.—The State shall
promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker
sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the
Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of
exploitation.
       47. Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard
of living and to improve public health.—The State shall regard the raising of
the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the
improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the
State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for
medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to
health.
       48. Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.—The State
shall endeavour to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and
scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and improving
the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch
and draught cattle.
      3
        [48A. Protection and improvement of environment and
safeguarding of forests and wild life.—The State shall endeavour to protect
and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the
country.]

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Ninety-seventh Amendment) Act, 2011, s. 3 (w.e.f. 15-2-2012).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002, s. 3, for art. 45
   (w.e.f. 1-4-2010).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 10 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
24                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
             (Part IV.— Directive Principles of State Policy)
       49. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national
importance.—It shall be the obligation of the State to protect every monument
or place or object of artistic or historic interest, 1[declared by or under law
made by Parliament] to be of national importance, from spoliation,
disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal or export, as the case may be.
       50. Separation of judiciary from executive.—The State shall take steps
to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.
      51. Promotion of international peace and security.—The State shall
endeavour to—
             (a) promote international peace and security;
             (b) maintain just and honourable relations between nations;
            (c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the
      dealings of organised peoples with one another; and
             (d) encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.




______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 27, for "declared by
   Parliament by law" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
                                       1
                                           [PART IVA

                               FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
      51A. Fundamental duties.—It shall be the duty of every citizen of
India—
              (a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and
      institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;
              (b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our
      national struggle for freedom;
              (c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of
      India;
              (d) to defend the country and render national service when called
      upon to do so;
              (e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood
      amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and
      regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the
      dignity of women;
              (f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite
      culture;
              (g) to protect and improve the natural environment including
      forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living
      creatures;
              (h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of
      inquiry and reform;
              (i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
              (j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and
      collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of
      endeavour and achievement; ]
              2
                [(k) who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for
      education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of
      six and fourteen years.]


______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 11 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002, s. 4 (w.e.f. 1-4-2010).

                                            25
                                     PART V
                                   THE UNION
                            CHAPTER I.—THE EXECUTIVE
                          The President and Vice-President
       52. The President of India.—There shall be a President of India.
       53. Executive power of the Union.—(1) The executive power of the Union
shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised by him either directly or
through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution.
       (2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provision, the
supreme command of the Defence Forces of the Union shall be vested in the
President and the exercise thereof shall be regulated by law.
       (3) Nothing in this article shall—
               (a) be deemed to transfer to the President any functions conferred
       by any existing law on the Government of any State or other authority; or
               (b) prevent Parliament from conferring by law functions on
       authorities other than the President.
       54. Election of President.—The President shall be elected by the
members of an electoral college consisting of—
               (a) the elected members of both Houses of Parliament; and
               (b) the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
       1
         [Explanation.—In this article and in article 55, “State” includes the
National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Union territory of *Puducherry.]
       55. Manner of election of President.—(1) As far as practicable, there
shall be uniformity in the scale of representation of the different States at the
election of the President.
       (2) For the purpose of securing such uniformity among the States inter se
as well as parity between the States as a whole and the Union, the number of
votes which each elected member of Parliament and of the Legislative
Assembly of each State is entitled to cast at such election shall be determined in
the following manner:—
           (a) every elected member of the Legislative Assembly of a State shall
       have as many votes as there are multiples of one thousand in the quotient
       obtained by dividing the population of the State by the total number of
       the elected members of the Assembly;
______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Seventieth Amendment) Act, 1992, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1-6-1995).
* Now Puducherry vide the Pondicherry (Alteration of Name) Act, 2006 (44 of 2006),
  s. 3 (w.e.f. 1-10-2006).

                                         26
27                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part V.—The Union)
           (b) if, after taking the said multiples of one thousand, the remainder is
       not less than five hundred, then the vote of each member referred to in
       sub-clause (a) shall be further increased by one;
           (c) each elected member of either House of Parliament shall have
       such number of votes as may be obtained by dividing the total number of
       votes assigned to the members of the Legislative Assemblies of the
       States under sub-clauses (a) and (b) by the total number of the elected
       members of both Houses of Parliament, fractions exceeding one-half
       being counted as one and other fractions being disregarded.
       (3) The election of the President shall be held in accordance with the
system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote
and the voting at such election shall be by secret ballot.
       1
         [Explanation.—In this article, the expression “population” means the
population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant
figures have been published:
       Provided that the reference in this Explanation to the last preceding
census of which the relevant figures have been published shall, until the
relevant figures for the first census taken after the year 2[2026] have been
published, be construed as a reference to the 1971 census.]
       56. Term of office of President.—(1) The President shall hold office for
a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office:
       Provided that—
           (a) the President may, by writing under his hand addressed to the
       Vice-President, resign his office;
           (b) the President may, for violation of the Constitution, be removed
       from office by impeachment in the manner provided in article 61;
           (c) the President shall, notwithstanding the expiration of his term,
       continue to hold office until his successor enters upon his office.
       (2) Any resignation addressed to the Vice-President under clause (a) of
the proviso to clause (1) shall forthwith be communicated by him to the
Speaker of the House of the People.
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 12, for the
   Explanation (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Act, 2001, s. 2, for "2000"
   (w.e.f. 21-2-2002).
28                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                            (Part V.—The Union)
       57. Eligibility for re-election.—A person who holds, or who has held,
office as President shall, subject to the other provisions of this Constitution, be
eligible for re-election to that office.
       58. Qualifications for election as President.—(1) No person shall be
eligible for election as President unless he—
           (a) is a citizen of India,
           (b) has completed the age of thirty-five years, and
           (c) is qualified for election as a member of the House of the People.
        (2) A person shall not be eligible for election as President if he holds
any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any
State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the
said Governments.
       Explanation.—For the purposes of this article, a person shall not be
deemed to hold any office of profit by reason only that he is the President or
Vice-President of the Union or the Governor 1*** of any State or is a Minister
either for the Union or for any State.
       59. Conditions of President's office.—(1) The President shall not be a
member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any
State, and if a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the
Legislature of any State be elected President, he shall be deemed to have
vacated his seat in that House on the date on which he enters upon his office as
President.
       (2) The President shall not hold any other office of profit.
       (3) The President shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of
his official residences and shall be also entitled to such emoluments,
allowances and privileges as may be determined by Parliament by law and,
until provision in that behalf is so made, such emoluments, allowances and
privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule.
       (4) The emoluments and allowances of the President shall not be
diminished during his term of office.
       60. Oath or affirmation by the President.—Every President and every
person acting as President or discharging the functions of the President shall,
before entering upon his office, make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief
Justice of India or, in his absence, the senior-most Judge of the Supreme Court
available, an oath or affirmation in the following form, that is to say—

______________________________________________
1. The words "or Rajpramukh or Uparajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh
   Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
29                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part V.—The Union)
       "I, A.B., do swear in the name of God that I will faithfully execute the office
                       solemnly affirm
of President (or discharge the functions of the President) of India and will to the best
of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law and that
I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of India.".
       61. Procedure for impeachment of the President.—(1) When a
President is to be impeached for violation of the Constitution, the charge shall
be preferred by either House of Parliament.
       (2) No such charge shall be preferred unless—
           (a) the proposal to prefer such charge is contained in a resolution
       which has been moved after at least fourteen days' notice in writing
       signed by not less than one-fourth of the total number of members of the
       House has been given of their intention to move the resolution, and
           (b) such resolution has been passed by a majority of not less than
       two-thirds of the total membership of the House.
       (3) When a charge has been so preferred by either House of Parliament,
the other House shall investigate the charge or cause the charge to be
investigated and the President shall have the right to appear and to be
represented at such investigation.
       (4) If as a result of the investigation a resolution is passed by a majority
of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the House by which the
charge was investigated or caused to be investigated, declaring that the charge
preferred against the President has been sustained, such resolution shall have
the effect of removing the President from his office as from the date on which
the resolution is so passed.
       62. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President
and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.—(1) An
election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office of
President shall be completed before the expiration of the term.
        (2) An election to fill a vacancy in the office of President occurring by
reason of his death, resignation or removal, or otherwise shall be held as soon
as possible after, and in no case later than six months from, the date of
occurrence of the vacancy; and the person elected to fill the vacancy shall,
subject to the provisions of article 56, be entitled to hold office for the full term
of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office.
       63. The Vice-President of India.—There shall be a Vice-President of India.
       64. The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of
States.—The Vice-President shall be ex officio Chairman of the Council of the
States and shall not hold any other office of profit:
30                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part V.—The Union)
       Provided that during any period when the Vice-President acts as
President or discharges the functions of the President under article 65, he shall
not perform the duties of the office of Chairman of the Council of States and
shall not be entitled to any salary or allowance payable to the Chairman of the
Council of States under article 97.
        65. The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his
functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence,
of President.—(1) In the event of the occurrence of any vacancy in the office
of the President by reason of his death, resignation or removal, or otherwise,
the Vice-President shall act as President until the date on which a new
President elected in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter to fill such
vacancy enters upon his office.
       (2) When the President is unable to discharge his functions owing to
absence, illness or any other cause, the Vice-President shall discharge his
functions until the date on which the President resumes his duties.
       (3) The Vice-President shall, during, and in respect of, the period while
he is so acting as, or discharging the functions of, President, have all the
powers and immunities of the President and be entitled to such emoluments,
allowances and privileges as may be determined by Parliament by law and,
until provision in that behalf is so made, such emoluments, allowances and
privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule.
       66. Election of Vice-President.—(1) The Vice-President shall be
elected by the 1[members of an electoral college consisting of the members of
both Houses of Parliament] in accordance with the system of proportional
representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting at such
election shall be by secret ballot.
       (2) The Vice-President shall not be a member of either House of
Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State, and if a member of
either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State be
elected Vice-President, he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in that
House on the date on which he enters upon his office as Vice-President.
       (3) No person shall be eligible for election as Vice-President unless he—
           (a) is a citizen of India;
           (b) has completed the age of thirty-five years; and
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Eleventh Amendment) Act, 1961, s. 2, for "members of both
   Houses of Parliament assembled at a joint meeting" (w.e.f. 19-12-1961).
31                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                            (Part V.—The Union)
           (c) is qualified for election as a member of the Council of States.
       (4) A person shall not be eligible for election as Vice-President if he
holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of
any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of
the said Governments.
       Explanation.—For the purposes of this article, a person shall not be
deemed to hold any office of profit by reason only that he is the President or
Vice-President of the Union or the Governor 1*** of any State or is a Minister
either for the Union or for any State.
       67. Term of office of Vice-President.—The Vice-President shall hold
office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office:
       Provided that—
           (a) a Vice-President may, by writing under his hand addressed to the
       President, resign his office;
           (b) a Vice-President may be removed from his office by a resolution
       of the Council of States passed by a majority of all the then members of
       the Council and agreed to by the House of the People; but no resolution
       for the purpose of this clause shall be moved unless at least fourteen
       days' notice has been given of the intention to move the resolution;
            (c) a Vice-President shall, notwithstanding the expiration of his term,
       continue to hold office until his successor enters upon his office.
         68. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-
President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.—
(1) An election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office
of Vice-President shall be completed before the expiration of the term.
         (2) An election to fill a vacancy in the office of Vice-President
occurring by reason of his death, resignation or removal, or otherwise shall be
held as soon as possible after the occurrence of the vacancy, and the person
elected to fill the vacancy shall, subject to the provisions of article 67, be
entitled to hold office for the full term of five years from the date on which he
enters upon his office.
        69. Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President.—Every Vice-
President shall, before entering upon his office, make and subscribe before the
______________________________________________
1. The words "or Rajpramukh or Uparajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh
   Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
32                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part V.—The Union)
President, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or
affirmation in the following form, that is to say—
          "I, A.B., do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith and
                        solemnly affirm
allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and that I will faithfully
discharge the duty upon which I am about to enter.".
       70. Discharge of President's functions in other contingencies.—
Parliament may make such provision as it thinks fit for the discharge of the
functions of the President in any contingency not provided for in this Chapter.
       1
         [71. Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a
President or Vice-President.—(1) All doubts and disputes arising out of or in
connection with the election of a President or Vice-President shall be inquired
into and decided by the Supreme Court whose decision shall be final.
       (2) If the election of a person as President or Vice-President is declared
void by the Supreme Court, acts done by him in the exercise and performance
of the powers and duties of the office of President or Vice-President, as the
case may be, on or before the date of the decision of the Supreme Court shall
not be invalidated by reason of that declaration.
       (3) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Parliament may by law
regulate any matter relating to or connected with the election of a President or
Vice-President.
       (4) The election of a person as President or Vice-President shall not be
called in question on the ground of the existence of any vacancy for whatever
reason among the members of the electoral college electing him.]
       72. Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit
or commute sentences in certain cases.—(1) The President shall have the
power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to
suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any
offence—
            (a) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a Court
       Martial;

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Thirty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 2 (w.e.f 10-8-1975) and
   further subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 10.
   (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
33                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part V.—The Union)
          (b) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an offence
       against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the
       Union extends;
           (c) in all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death.
       (2) Nothing in sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shall affect the power
conferred by law on any officer of the Armed Forces of the Union to suspend,
remit or commute a sentence passed by a Court Martial.
       (3) Nothing in sub-clause (c) of clause (1) shall affect the power to
suspend, remit or commute a sentence of death exercisable by the Governor 1***
of a State under any law for the time being in force.
       73. Extent of executive power of the Union.—(1) Subject to the
provisions of this Constitution, the executive power of the Union shall extend—
          (a) to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make
       laws; and
          (b) to the exercise of such rights, authority and jurisdiction as are
       exercisable by the Government of India by virtue of any treaty or
       agreement:
       Provided that the executive power referred to in sub-clause (a) shall not,
save as expressly provided in this Constitution or in any law made by Parliament,
extend in any State 2*** to matters with respect to which the Legislature of the
State has also power to make laws.
       (2) Until otherwise provided by Parliament, a State and any officer or
authority of a State may, notwithstanding anything in this article, continue to
exercise in matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws for
that State such executive power or functions as the State or officer or authority
thereof could exercise immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution.


______________________________________________
1. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act,
   1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. The words and letters "specified in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule" omitted by
   the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
34                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part V.—The Union)
                              Council of Ministers
       74. Council of Ministers to aid and advise President.—1[(1) There shall
be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise
the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with
such advice:]
       2
         [Provided that the President may require the Council of Ministers to
reconsider such advice, either generally or otherwise, and the President shall act
in accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration.]
      (2) The question whether any, and if so what, advice was tendered by
Ministers to the President shall not be inquired into in any court.
       75. Other provisions as to Ministers.—(1) The Prime Minister shall be
appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the
President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
       3
        [(1A) The total number of Ministers, including the Prime Minister, in the
Council of Ministers shall not exceed fifteen per cent. of the total number of
members of the House of the People.
       (1B) A member of either House of Parliament belonging to any political
party who is disqualified for being a member of that House under paragraph 2 of
the Tenth Schedule shall also be disqualified to be appointed as a Minister under
clause (1) for duration of the period commencing from the date of his
disqualification till the date on which the term of his office as such member
would expire or where he contests any election to either House of Parliament
before the expiry of such period, till the date on which he is declared elected,
whichever is earlier.]
       (2) The Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the President.
       (3) The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the House
of the People.
       (4) Before a Minister enters upon his office, the President shall administer
to him the oaths of office and of secrecy according to the forms set out for the
purpose in the Third Schedule.

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s.13, for cl. (1)
   (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 11 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Ninety-first Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1-1-2004).
35                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                            (Part V.—The Union)
       (5) A Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a
member of either House of Parliament shall at the expiration of that period cease
to be a Minister.
        (6) The salaries and allowances of Ministers shall be such as Parliament
may from time to time by law determine and, until Parliament so determines,
shall be as specified in the Second Schedule.
                           The Attorney-General for India
       76. Attorney-General for India.—(1) The President shall appoint a
person who is qualified to be appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court to be
Attorney-General for India.
       (2) It shall be the duty of the Attorney-General to give advice to the
Government of India upon such legal matters, and to perform such other duties
of a legal character, as may from time to time be referred or assigned to him by
the President, and to discharge the functions conferred on him by or under this
Constitution or any other law for the time being in force.
       (3) In the performance of his duties the Attorney-General shall have
right of audience in all courts in the territory of India.
       (4) The Attorney-General shall hold office during the pleasure of the
President, and shall receive such remuneration as the President may determine.
                          Conduct of Government Business
       77. Conduct of business of the Government of India.—(1) All
executive action of the Government of India shall be expressed to be taken in
the name of the President.
       (2) Orders and other instruments made and executed in the name of the
President shall be authenticated in such manner as may be specified in rules1 to
be made by the President, and the validity of an order or instrument which is so
authenticated shall not be called in question on the ground that it is not an order
or instrument made or executed by the President.
       (3) The President shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of
the business of the Government of India, and for the allocation among
Ministers of the said business.
       2
         (4) *                 *                    *                       *
______________________________________________
1. See notifin No. S.O. 2297, dated the 3rd November, 1958, Gazette of India,
    Extraordinary, Pt. II, Sec. 3 (ii), p. 1315, as amended from time to time.
2. Cl. (4) was ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s.14
   (w.e.f. 3-1-1977) and omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment)
   Act, 1978, s. 12 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
36                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part V.—The Union)
       78. Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information
to the President, etc.—It shall be the duty of the Prime Minister—
           (a) to communicate to the President all decisions of the Council of
       Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the Union and
       proposals for legislation;
           (b) to furnish such information relating to the administration of the
       affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation as the President may
       call for; and
           (c) if the President so requires, to submit for the consideration of the
       Council of Ministers any matter on which a decision has been taken by a
       Minister but which has not been considered by the Council.
                             CHAPTER II.—PARLIAMENT
                                       General
        79. Constitution of Parliament.—There shall be a Parliament for the
Union which shall consist of the President and two Houses to be known
respectively as the Council of States and the House of the People.
       80. Composition of the Council of States.—(1) 1[2*** The Council of
States] shall consist of—
             (a) twelve members to be nominated by the President in accordance
       with the provisions of clause (3); and
             (b) not more than two hundred and thirty-eight representatives of
       the States 3[and of the Union territories].
       (2) The allocation of seats in the Council of States to be filled by
representatives of the States 3[and of the Union territories] shall be in
accordance with the provisions in that behalf contained in the Fourth Schedule.
       (3) The members to be nominated by the President under sub-clause (a)
of clause (1) shall consist of persons having special knowledge or practical
experience in respect of such matters as the following, namely:—
               Literature, science, art and social service.

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Thirty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1974, s. 3, for "The Council
   of States" (w.e.f. 1-3-1975).
2. The words "Subject to the provisions of para. 4 of the Tenth Schedule," omitted by the
   Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 5 (w.e.f. 26-4-1975).
3. Added by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 3 (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
37                      THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Part V.—The Union)
       (4) The representatives of each State 1*** in the Council of States shall
be elected by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of the State in
accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the
single transferable vote.
       (5) The representatives of the 2[Union territories] in the Council of States
shall be chosen in such manner as Parliament may by law prescribe.
       3
         [81. Composition of the House of the People.—(1) 4[Subject to the
provisions of article 331 5***], the House of the People shall consist of—
           (a) not more than 6[five hundred and thirty members] chosen by
       direct election from territorial constituencies in the States; and
           (b) not more than 7[twenty members] to represent the Union
       territories, chosen in such manner as Parliament may by law provide.
       (2) For the purposes of sub-clause (a) of clause (1),—
           (a) there shall be allotted to each State a number of seats in the House
       of the People in such manner that the ratio between that number and the
       population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States;
       and
           (b) each State shall be divided into territorial constituencies in such
       manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and
       the number of seats allotted to it is, so far as practicable, the same
       throughout the State:
       8
         [Provided that the provisions of sub-clause (a) of this clause shall not be
applicable for the purpose of allotment of seats in the House of the People to
any State so long as the population of that State does not exceed six millions.]

______________________________________________
1. The words and letters "specified in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule" omitted by
   the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 3 (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Subs. by s. 3, ibid, for "States specified in Part C of First Schedule" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Subs. by s. 4, ibid. for arts. 81 and 82 (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Thirty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1974, s. 4, for "subject to the
   provisions of art. 331" (w.e.f. 1-3-1975).
5. The words and figure "and para. 4 of the Tenth Schedule" omitted by the Constitution
   (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 5 (w.e.f. 26-4-1975).
6. Subs. by the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987 (18 of 1987), s. 63, for
   "five hundred and twenty-five members" (w.e.f. 30-5-1987).
7. Subs. by the Constitution (Thirty-first Amendment) Act, 1973, s. 2, for "twenty-five
   members" (w.e.f. 17-10-1973).
8. Ins. by s. 2, ibid. (w.e.f. 17-10-1973).
38                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part V.—The Union)
       (3) In this article, the expression “population” means the population as
ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been
published:
       1
        [Provided that the reference in this clause to the last preceding census of
which the relevant figures have been published shall, until the relevant figures for
the first census taken after the year 2[2026] have been published, 3[be
construed,—
          (i) for the purposes of sub-clause (a) of clause (2) and the proviso to
       that clause, as a reference to the 1971 census; and
          (ii) for the purposes of sub-clause (b) of clause (2) as a reference to
       the 4[2001] census.]]
          82. Readjustment after each census.—Upon the completion of each
census, the allocation of seats in the House of the People to the States and the
division of each State into territorial constituencies shall be readjusted by such
authority and in such manner as Parliament may by law determine:
        Provided that such readjustment shall not affect representation in the
House of the People until the dissolution of the then existing House:
        5
          [Provided further that such readjustment shall take effect from such date
as the President may, by order, specify and until such readjustment takes effect,
any election to the House may be held on the basis of the territorial
constituencies existing before such readjustment:
        Provided also that until the relevant figures for the first census taken
after the year 6[2026] have been published, it shall not be necessary to
7
  [readjust,—


______________________________________________
1. Added by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 15 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Act, 2001, s. 3, for "2000"
   (w.e.f. 21-2-2002).
3. Subs. by s.3, ibid, for certain words (w.e.f. 21-2-2002).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty-seventh Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 2, for "1991"
   (w.e.f. 22-6-2003).
5. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 16 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
6. Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Act, 2001, s. 4, for "2000"
   (w.e.f. 21-2-2002).
7. Subs. by s.4, ibid., for certain words (w.e.f. 21-2-2002).
39                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part V.—The Union)
            (i) the allocation of seats in the House of the People to the States as
        readjusted on the basis of the 1971 census; and
            (ii) the division of each State into territorial constituencies as may be
        readjusted on the basis of the 1[2001] census,
under this article.]]
        83. Duration of Houses of Parliament.—(1) The Council of States
shall not be subject to dissolution, but as nearly as possible one-third of the
members thereof shall retire as soon as may be on the expiration of every
second year in accordance with the provisions made in that behalf by
Parliament by law.
        (2) The House of the People, unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for
2
  [five years] from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer and the
expiration of the said period of 2[five years] shall operate as a dissolution of
the House:
        Provided that the said period may, while a Proclamation of Emergency is
in operation, be extended by Parliament by law for a period not exceeding one
year at a time and not extending in any case beyond a period of six months after
the Proclamation has ceased to operate.
        84. Qualification for membership of Parliament.—A person shall not
be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in Parliament unless he—
            3
              [(a) is a citizen of India, and makes and subscribes before some
        person authorised in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or
        affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third
        Schedule;]
            (b) is, in the case of a seat in the Council of States, not less than thirty
        years of age and, in the case of a seat in the House of the People, not less
        than twenty-five years of age; and
            (c) possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that
        behalf by or under any law made by Parliament.
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty-seventh Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 3, for "1991"
   (w.e.f. 22-6-2003).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 17, for "five years"
   (w.e.f. 3-1-1977) and further subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act,
   1978, s. 13, for "six years" (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
3. Subs. by the Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 3, for cl.(a)
   (w.e.f. 5-10-1963).
40                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part V.—The Union)
        1
          [85. Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution.—(1) The
President shall from time to time summon each House of Parliament to meet at
such time and place as he thinks fit, but six months shall not intervene between
its last sitting in one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the
next session.
       (2) The President may from time to time—
           (a) prorogue the Houses or either House;
           (b) dissolve the House of the People.]
     86. Right of President to address and send messages to Houses.—(1)
The President may address either House of Parliament or both Houses
assembled together, and for that purpose require the attendance of members.
      (2) The President may send messages to either House of Parliament,
whether with respect to a Bill then pending in Parliament or otherwise, and a
House to which any message is so sent shall with all convenient despatch
consider any matter required by the message to be taken into consideration.
       87. Special address by the President.—(1) At the commencement of
2
 [the first session after each general election to the House of the People and at
the commencement of the first session of each year] the President shall address
both Houses of Parliament assembled together and inform Parliament of the
causes of its summons.
       (2) Provision shall be made by the rules regulating the procedure of
either House for the allotment of time for discussion of the matters referred to
in such address 3***.
       88. Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses.—
Every Minister and the Attorney-General of India shall have the right to speak
in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings of, either House, any joint
sitting of the Houses, and any committee of Parliament of which he may be
named a member, but shall not by virtue of this article be entitled to vote.

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 6, for art. 85
   (w.e.f. 18-6-1951).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 7, for "every session"
   (w.e.f. 18-6-1951).
3. The words "and for the precedence of such discussion over other business of the House"
   omitted by s. 7, ibid. (w.e.f. 18-6-1951).
41                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part V.—The Union)
                              Officers of Parliament
       89. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.—(1)
The Vice- President of India shall be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.
       (2) The Council of States shall, as soon as may be, choose a member of
the Council to be Deputy Chairman thereof and, so often as the office of
Deputy Chairman becomes vacant, the Council shall choose another member to
be Deputy Chairman thereof.
       90. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of
Deputy Chairman.—A member holding office as Deputy Chairman of the
Council of States—
           (a) shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the Council;
           (b) may at any time, by writing under his hand addressed to the
       Chairman, resign his office; and
           (c) may be removed from his office by a resolution of the Council
       passed by a majority of all the then members of the Council:
       Provided that no resolution for the purpose of clause (c) shall be moved
unless at least fourteen days’ notice has been given of the intention to move the
resolution.
       91. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the
duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.—(1) While the office of
Chairman is vacant, or during any period when the Vice-President is acting as,
or discharging the functions of, President, the duties of the office shall be
performed by the Deputy Chairman, or, if the office of Deputy Chairman is
also vacant, by such member of the Council of States as the President may
appoint for the purpose.
       (2) During the absence of the Chairman from any sitting of the Council of
States the Deputy Chairman, or, if he is also absent, such person as may be
determined by the rules of procedure of the Council, or, if no such person is present,
such other person as may be determined by the Council, shall act as Chairman.
       92. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a
resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.—(1) At any
sitting of the Council of States, while any resolution for the removal of the
Vice-President from his office is under consideration, the Chairman, or while
any resolution for the removal of the Deputy Chairman from his office is under
consideration, the Deputy Chairman, shall not, though he is present, preside,
and the provisions of clause (2) of article 91 shall apply in relation to every
such sitting as they apply in relation to a sitting from which the Chairman, or,
as the case may be, the Deputy Chairman, is absent.
42                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part V.—The Union)
       (2) The Chairman shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take
part in the proceedings of, the Council of States while any resolution for the
removal of the Vice-President from his office is under consideration in the
Council, but, notwithstanding anything in article 100, shall not be entitled to
vote at all on such resolution or on any other matter during such proceedings.
       93. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People.—
The House of the People shall, as soon as may be, choose two members of the
House to be respectively Speaker and Deputy Speaker thereof and, so often as
the office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker becomes vacant, the House shall
choose another member to be Speaker or Deputy Speaker, as the case may be.
       94. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of
Speaker and Deputy Speaker.— A member holding office as Speaker or
Deputy Speaker of the House of the People—
           (a) shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the House of
       the People;
           (b) may at any time, by writing under his hand addressed, if such
       member is the Speaker, to the Deputy Speaker, and if such member is
       the Deputy Speaker, to the Speaker, resign his office; and
           (c) may be removed from his office by a resolution of the House of
       the People passed by a majority of all the then members of the House:
       Provided that no resolution for the purpose of clause (c) shall be moved
unless at least fourteen days’ notice has been given of the intention to move the
resolution:
      Provided further that, whenever the House of the People is dissolved, the
Speaker shall not vacate his office until immediately before the first meeting of
the House of the People after the dissolution.
      95. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the
duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.—(1) While the office of Speaker
is vacant, the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy Speaker or,
if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the House of
the People as the President may appoint for the purpose.
       (2) During the absence of the Speaker from any sitting of the House of the
People the Deputy Speaker or, if he is also absent, such person as may be determined
by the rules of procedure of the House, or, if no such person is present, such other
person as may be determined by the House, shall act as Speaker.
43                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part V.—The Union)
       96. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a
resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.—(1) At any
sitting of the House of the People, while any resolution for the removal of the
Speaker from his office is under consideration, the Speaker, or while any
resolution for the removal of the Deputy Speaker from his office is under
consideration, the Deputy Speaker, shall not, though he is present, preside, and
the provisions of clause (2) of article 95 shall apply in relation to every such
sitting as they apply in relation to a sitting from which the Speaker, or, as the
case may be, the Deputy Speaker, is absent.
       (2) The Speaker shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take
part in the proceedings of, the House of the People while any resolution for his
removal from office is under consideration in the House and shall,
notwithstanding anything in article 100, be entitled to vote only in the first
instance on such resolution or on any other matter during such proceedings but
not in the case of an equality of votes.
       97. Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman
and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker.—There shall be paid to the Chairman
and the Deputy Chairman of the Council of States, and to the Speaker and the
Deputy Speaker of the House of the People, such salaries and allowances as may
be respectively fixed by Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is so
made, such salaries and allowances as are specified in the Second Schedule.
       98. Secretariat of Parliament.—(1) Each House of Parliament shall
have a separate secretarial staff:
       Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the
creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament.
      (2) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment, and the conditions
of service of persons appointed, to the secretarial staff of either House of
Parliament.
       (3) Until provision is made by Parliament under clause (2), the President
may, after consultation with the Speaker of the House of the People or the
Chairman of the Council of States, as the case may be, make rules regulating
the recruitment, and the conditions of service of persons appointed, to the
secretarial staff of the House of the People or the Council of States, and any
rules so made shall have effect subject to the provisions of any law made under
the said clause.
44                        THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                  (Part V.—The Union)
                                     Conduct of Business
      99. Oath or affirmation by members.—Every member of either House
of Parliament shall, before taking his seat, make and subscribe before the
President, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or
affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
       100. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding
vacancies and quorum.—(1) Save as otherwise provided in this Constitution,
all questions at any sitting of either House or joint sitting of the Houses shall be
determined by a majority of votes of the members present and voting, other
than the Speaker or person acting as Chairman or Speaker.
        The Chairman or Speaker, or person acting as such, shall not vote in the
first instance, but shall have and exercise a casting vote in the case of an
equality of votes.
       (2) Either House of Parliament shall have power to act notwithstanding
any vacancy in the membership thereof, and any proceedings in Parliament shall
be valid notwithstanding that it is discovered subsequently that some person who
was not entitled so to do sat or voted or otherwise took part in the proceedings.
       1
         [(3) Until Parliament by law otherwise provides, the quorum to
constitute a meeting of either House of Parliament shall be one-tenth of the
total number of members of the House.
      (4) If at any time during a meeting of a House there is no quorum, it shall
be the duty of the Chairman or Speaker, or person acting as such, either to
adjourn the House or to suspend the meeting until there is a quorum.]
                               Disqualifications of Members
       101. Vacation of seats.— (1) No person shall be a member of both
Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the
vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one
House or the other.
______________________________________________
1. Cls. (3) and (4) omitted by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 18 (date not
   notified). This amendment was omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978,
   s. 45 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
45                       THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Part V.—The Union)
       (2) No person shall be a member both of Parliament and of a House of
the Legislature of a State 1***, and if a person is chosen a member both of
Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of 2[a State], then, at the
expiration of such period as may be specified in rules made by the President,
that person’s seat in Parliament shall become vacant, unless he has previously
resigned his seat in the Legislature of the State.
       (3) If a member of either House of Parliament—
            (a) becomes subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in
       3
         [clause (1) or clause (2) of article 102]; or
            4
              [(b) resigns his seat by writing under his hand addressed to the
       Chairman or the Speaker, as the case may be, and his resignation is
       accepted by the Chairman or the Speaker, as the case may be,]
his seat shall thereupon become vacant:
       5
           [Provided that in the case of any resignation referred to in sub-clause (b),
if from information received or otherwise and after making such inquiry as he
thinks fit, the Chairman or the Speaker, as the case may be, is satisfied that
such resignation is not voluntary or genuine, he shall not accept such
resignation.]
       (4) If for a period of sixty days a member of either House of Parliament
is without permission of the House absent from all meetings thereof, the House
may declare his seat vacant:
       Provided that in computing the said period of sixty days no account shall
be taken of any period during which the House is prorogued or is adjourned for
more than four consecutive days.

______________________________________________
1. The words and letters "specified in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule" omitted by
   the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Subs. by s. 29 and Sch., ibid., for "such a State" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
    See the Prohibition of Simultaneous Membership Rules, 1950, published with the
   Ministry of Law, notifn. No. F. 46/50-C, dated the 26th January, 1950, Gazette of
   India, Extraordinary, P. 678.
3. Subs. by the Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985, s. 2, for "cl. (1) of art.
   102" (w.e.f. 1-3-1985).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Thirty-third Amendment) Act, 1974, s. 2 (w.e.f. 19-5-1974).
5. Ins. by s.2, ibid. (w.e.f. 19-5-1974).
46                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part V.—The Union)
      102. Disqualifications for membership.—(1) A person shall be
disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of either House of
Parliament—
          1
            [(a) if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India
       or the Government of any State, other than an office declared by
       Parliament by law not to disqualify its holder;]
          (b) if he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent
       court;
           (c) if he is an undischarged insolvent;
           (d) if he is not a citizen of India, or has voluntarily acquired the
       citizenship of a foreign State, or is under any acknowledgment of
       allegiance or adherence to a foreign State;
           (e) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament.
       2
      [Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause] a person shall not be
deemed to hold an office of profit under the Government of India or the
Government of any State by reason only that he is a Minister either for the
Union or for such State.
       3
         [(2) A person shall be disqualified for being a member of either House
of Parliament if he is so disqualified under the Tenth Schedule.]
        4
          [103. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.—
(1) If any question arises as to whether a member of either House of Parliament
has become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause (1) of
article 102, the question shall be referred for the decision of the President and
his decision shall be final.
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 19 to read as "(a) if
   he holds any such office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of
   any State as is declared by Parliament by law to disqualify its holder" (date not
   notified). This amendment was omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment)
   Act, 1978, s. 45 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985, s. 3, for "(2) for the
   purposes of this art." (w.e.f. 1-3-1985).
3. Ins. by s. 3, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-3-1985).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 20, for art. 103
   (w.e.f. 3-1-1977) and further subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment)
   Act, 1978, s. 14, for art. 103 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
47                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part V.—The Union)
      (2) Before giving any decision on any such question, the President shall
obtain the opinion of the Election Commission and shall act according to such
opinion.]
        104. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation
under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified.—If a person
sits or votes as a member of either House of Parliament before he has complied
with the requirements of article 99, or when he knows that he is not qualified or
that he is disqualified for membership thereof, or that he is prohibited from so
doing by the provisions of any law made by Parliament, he shall be liable in
respect of each day on which he so sits or votes to a penalty of five hundred
rupees to be recovered as a debt due to the Union.
       Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members
      105. Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the
members and committees thereof.—(1) Subject to the provisions of this
Constitution and to the rules and standing orders regulating the procedure of
Parliament, there shall be freedom of speech in Parliament.
       (2) No member of Parliament shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in
respect of anything said or any vote given by him in Parliament or any committee
thereof, and no person shall be so liable in respect of the publication by or under the
authority of either House of Parliament of any report, paper, votes or proceedings.
       1
        [(3) In other respects, the powers, privileges and immunities of each
House of Parliament, and of the members and the committees of each House,
shall be such as may from time to time be defined by Parliament by law, and,
until so defined, 2[shall be those of that House and of its members and
committees immediately before the coming into force of section 15 of the
Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978.]].
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 21 (date to be
   notified). This amendment was omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment)
   Act, 1978, s. 45 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 15, for certain
   words (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
48                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                           (Part V.—The Union)
      (4) The provisions of clauses (1), (2) and (3) shall apply in relation to
persons who by virtue of this Constitution have the right to speak in, and
otherwise to take part in the proceedings of, a House of Parliament or any
committee thereof as they apply in relation to members of Parliament.
       106. Salaries and allowances of members.—Members of either House
of Parliament shall be entitled to receive such salaries and allowances as may
from time to time be determined by Parliament by law and, until provision in
that respect is so made, allowances at such rates and upon such conditions as
were immediately before the commencement of this Constitution applicable in
the case of members of the Constituent Assembly of the Dominion of India.
                               Legislative Procedure
       107. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.—(1) Subject
to the provisions of articles 109 and 117 with respect to Money Bills and other
financial Bills, a Bill may originate in either House of Parliament.
      (2) Subject to the provisions of articles 108 and 109, a Bill shall not be
deemed to have been passed by the Houses of Parliament unless it has been
agreed to by both Houses, either without amendment or with such amendments
only as are agreed to by both Houses.
      (3) A Bill pending in Parliament shall not lapse by reason of the
prorogation of the Houses.
       (4) A Bill pending in the Council of States which has not been passed by
the House of the People shall not lapse on a dissolution of the House of the
People.
       (5) A Bill which is pending in the House of the People, or which having
been passed by the House of the People is pending in the Council of States,
shall, subject to the provisions of article 108, lapse on a dissolution of the
House of the People.
       108. Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases.—(1) If after a Bill
has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House—
           (a) the Bill is rejected by the other House; or
           (b) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be
       made in the Bill; or
           (c) more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the
       Bill by the other House without the Bill being passed by it,
49                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part V.—The Union)
the President may, unless the Bill has elapsed by reason of a dissolution of the
House of the People, notify to the Houses by message if they are sitting or by
public notification if they are not sitting, his intention to summon them to meet
in a joint sitting for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill:
        Provided that nothing in this clause shall apply to a Money Bill.
        (2) In reckoning any such period of six months as is referred to in
clause (1), no account shall be taken of any period during which the House
referred to in sub-clause (c) of that clause is prorogued or adjourned for more
than four consecutive days.
        (3) Where the President has under clause (1) notified his intention of
summoning the Houses to meet in a joint sitting, neither House shall proceed
further with the Bill, but the President may at any time after the date of his
notification summon the Houses to meet in a joint sitting for the purpose specified
in the notification and, if he does so, the Houses shall meet accordingly.
        (4) If at the joint sitting of the two Houses the Bill, with such amendments,
if any, as are agreed to in joint sitting, is passed by a majority of the total number
of members of both Houses present and voting, it shall be deemed for the
purposes of this Constitution to have been passed by both Houses:
        Provided that at a joint sitting—
            (a) if the Bill, having been passed by one House, has not been passed
        by the other House with amendments and returned to the House in which
        it originated, no amendment shall be proposed to the Bill other than such
        amendments (if any) as are made necessary by the delay in the passage
        of the Bill;
            (b) if the Bill has been so passed and returned, only such amendments as
        aforesaid shall be proposed to the Bill and such other amendments as are
        relevant to the matters with respect to which the Houses have not agreed,
and the decision of the person presiding as to the amendments which are admissible
under this clause shall be final.
        (5) A joint sitting may be held under this article and a Bill passed
thereat, notwithstanding that a dissolution of the House of the People has
intervened since the President notified his intention to summon the Houses to
meet therein.
        109. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.—(1) A Money Bill
shall not be introduced in the Council of States.
50                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part V.—The Union)
       (2) After a Money Bill has been passed by the House of the People it
shall be transmitted to the Council of States for its recommendations and the
Council of States shall within a period of fourteen days from the date of its
receipt of the Bill return the Bill to the House of the People with its
recommendations and the House of the People may thereupon either accept or
reject all or any of the recommendations of the Council of States.
       (3) If the House of the People accepts any of the recommendations of the
Council of States, the Money Bill shall be deemed to have been passed by both
Houses with the amendments recommended by the Council of States and
accepted by the House of the People.
       (4) If the House of the People does not accept any of the
recommendations of the Council of States, the Money Bill shall be deemed to
have been passed by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by the
House of the People without any of the amendments recommended by the
Council of States.
       (5) If a Money Bill passed by the House of the People and transmitted to
the Council of States for its recommendations is not returned to the House of
the People within the said period of fourteen days, it shall be deemed to have
been passed by both Houses at the expiration of the said period in the form in
which it was passed by the House of the People.
       110. Definition of “Money Bills”.—(1) For the purposes of this
Chapter, a Bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions
dealing with all or any of the following matters, namely:—
            (a) the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any
       tax;
            (b) the regulation of the borrowing of money or the giving of any
       guarantee by the Government of India, or the amendment of the law with
       respect to any financial obligations undertaken or to be undertaken by
       the Government of India;
            (c) the custody of the Consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund of
       India, the payment of moneys into or the withdrawal of moneys from any
       such Fund;
            (d) the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India;
            (e) the declaring of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on the
       Consolidated Fund of India or the increasing of the amount of any such
       expenditure;
51                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                            (Part V.—The Union)
           (f) the receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund of India
       or the public account of India or the custody or issue of such money or
       the audit of the accounts of the Union or of a State; or
           (g) any matter incidental to any of the matters specified in
       sub-clauses (a) to (f).
       (2) A Bill shall not be deemed to be a Money Bill by reason only that it
provides for the imposition of fines or other pecuniary penalties, or for the
demand or payment of fees for licences or fees for services rendered, or by
reason that it provides for the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or
regulation of any tax by any local authority or body for local purposes.
       (3) If any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the
decision of the Speaker of the House of the People thereon shall be final.
       (4) There shall be endorsed on every Money Bill when it is transmitted
to the Council of States under article 109, and when it is presented to the
President for assent under article 111, the certificate of the Speaker of the
House of the People signed by him that it is a Money Bill.
       111. Assent to Bills.—When a Bill has been passed by the Houses of
Parliament, it shall be presented to the President, and the President shall declare
either that he assents to the Bill, or that he withholds assent therefrom:
       Provided that the President may, as soon as possible after the
presentation to him of a Bill for assent, return the Bill if it is not a Money Bill
to the Houses with a message requesting that they will reconsider the Bill or
any specified provisions thereof and, in particular, will consider the desirability
of introducing any such amendments as he may recommend in his message,
and when a Bill is so returned, the Houses shall reconsider the Bill accordingly,
and if the Bill is passed again by the Houses with or without amendment and
presented to the President for assent, the President shall not withhold assent
therefrom.
                           Procedure in Financial Matters
       112. Annual financial statement.—(1) The President shall in respect of
every financial year cause to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament a
statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India
for that year, in this Part referred to as the "annual financial statement''.
       (2) The estimates of expenditure embodied in the annual financial
statement shall show separately—
52                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                            (Part V.—The Union)
               (a) the sums required to meet expenditure described by this
       Constitution as expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of
       India; and
               (b) the sums required to meet other expenditure proposed to be
       made from the Consolidated Fund of India,
and shall distinguish expenditure on revenue account from other expenditure.
       (3) The following expenditure shall be expenditure charged on the
Consolidated Fund of India—
               (a) the emoluments and allowances of the President and other
       expenditure relating to his office;
               (b) the salaries and allowances of the Chairman and the Deputy
       Chairman of the Council of States and the Speaker and the Deputy
       Speaker of the House of the People;
               (c) debt charges for which the Government of India is liable
       including interest, sinking fund charges and redemption charges, and
       other expenditure relating to the raising of loans and the service and
       redemption of debt;
               (d) (i) the salaries, allowances and pensions payable to or in
       respect of Judges of the Supreme Court;
               (ii) the pensions payable to or in respect of Judges of the Federal
       Court;
               (iii) the pensions payable to or in respect of Judges of any High
       Court which exercises jurisdiction in relation to any area included in the
       territory of India or which at any time before the commencement of this
       Constitution exercised jurisdiction in relation to any area included in
       1
         [a Governor's Province of the Dominion of India];
               (e) the salary, allowances and pension payable to or in respect of
       the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India;
               (f) any sums required to satisfy any judgment, decree or award of
       any court or arbitral tribunal;
               (g) any other expenditure declared by this Constitution or by
       Parliament by law to be so charged.
       113. Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates.—(1) So
much of the estimates as relates to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated
Fund of India shall not be submitted to the vote of Parliament, but nothing in
this clause shall be construed as preventing the discussion in either House of
Parliament of any of those estimates.
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch., for
   "a Province corresponding to a State specified in Part A of the First Schedule"
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
53                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                            (Part V.—The Union)
       (2) So much of the said estimates as relates to other expenditure shall be
submitted in the form of demands for grants to the House of the People, and the
House of the People shall have power to assent, or to refuse to assent, to any
demand, or to assent to any demand subject to a reduction of the amount
specified therein.
       (3) No demand for a grant shall be made except on the recommendation
of the President.
       114. Appropriation Bills.—(1) As soon as may be after the grants under
article 113 have been made by the House of the People, there shall be
introduced a Bill to provide for the appropriation out of the Consolidated Fund
of India of all moneys required to meet—
           (a) the grants so made by the House of the People; and
           (b) the expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India but
       not exceeding in any case the amount shown in the statement previously
       laid before Parliament.
       (2) No amendment shall be proposed to any such Bill in either House of
Parliament which will have the effect of varying the amount or altering the
destination of any grant so made or of varying the amount of any expenditure
charged on the Consolidated Fund of India, and the decision of the person
presiding as to whether an amendment is inadmissible under this clause shall be
final.
       (3) Subject to the provisions of articles 115 and 116, no money shall be
withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India except under appropriation
made by law passed in accordance with the provisions of this article.
       115. Supplementary, additional or excess grants.—(1) The President
shall—
            (a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the
       provisions of article 114 to be expended for a particular service for the
       current financial year is found to be insufficient for the purposes of that
       year or when a need has arisen during the current financial year for
       supplementary or additional expenditure upon some new service not
       contemplated in the annual financial statement for that year; or
            (b) if any money has been spent on any service during a financial
       year in excess of the amount granted for that service and for that year,
cause to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament another statement
showing the estimated amount of that expenditure or cause to be presented to
the House of the People a demand for such excess, as the case may be.
54                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                            (Part V.—The Union)
       (2) The provisions of articles 112, 113 and 114 shall have effect in
relation to any such statement and expenditure or demand and also to any law
to be made authorising the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated
Fund of India to meet such expenditure or the grant in respect of such demand
as they have effect in relation to the annual financial statement and the
expenditure mentioned therein or to a demand for a grant and the law to be
made for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated
Fund of India to meet such expenditure or grant.
      116. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional
grants.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this
Chapter, the House of the People shall have power—
          (a) to make any grant in advance in respect of the estimated
      expenditure for a part of any financial year pending the completion of
      the procedure prescribed in article 113 for the voting of such grant and
      the passing of the law in accordance with the provisions of article 114 in
      relation to that expenditure;
         (b) to make a grant for meeting an unexpected demand upon the
      resources of India when on account of the magnitude or the indefinite
      character of the service the demand cannot be stated with the details
      ordinarily given in an annual financial statement;
         (c) to make an exceptional grant which forms no part of the current
      service of any financial year,
and Parliament shall have power to authorise by law the withdrawal of moneys from
the Consolidated Fund of India for the purposes for which the said grants are made.
       (2) The provisions of articles 113 and 114 shall have effect in relation to
the making of any grant under clause (1) and to any law to be made under that
clause as they have effect in relation to the making of a grant with regard to any
expenditure mentioned in the annual financial statement and the law to be made
for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund
of India to meet such expenditure.
       117. Special provisions as to financial Bills.—(1) A Bill or amendment
making provision for any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f) of
clause (1) of article 110 shall not be introduced or moved except on the
recommendation of the President and a Bill making such provision shall not be
introduced in the Council of States:
      Provided that no recommendation shall be required under this clause for
the moving of an amendment making provision for the reduction or abolition of
any tax.
55                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part V.—The Union)
       (2) A Bill or amendment shall not be deemed to make provision for any
of the matters aforesaid by reason only that it provides for the imposition of
fines or other pecuniary penalties, or for the demand or payment of fees for
licences or fees for services rendered, or by reason that it provides for the
imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax by any local
authority or body for local purposes.
       (3) A Bill which, if enacted and brought into operation, would involve
expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India shall not be passed by either
House of Parliament unless the President has recommended to that House the
consideration of the Bill.
                               Procedure Generally
       118. Rules of procedure.—(1) Each House of Parliament may make
rules for regulating, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, its procedure
and the conduct of its business.
       (2) Until rules are made under clause (1), the rules of procedure and
standing orders in force immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution with respect to the Legislature of the Dominion of India shall have
effect in relation to Parliament subject to such modifications and adaptations as
may be made therein by the Chairman of the Council of States or the Speaker
of the House of the People, as the case may be.
       (3) The President, after consultation with the Chairman of the Council of
States and the Speaker of the House of the People, may make rules as to the
procedure with respect to joint sittings of, and communications between, the
two Houses.
       (4) At a joint sitting of the two Houses the Speaker of the House of the
People, or in his absence such person as may be determined by rules of
procedure made under clause (3), shall preside.
       119. Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to
financial business.— Parliament may, for the purpose of the timely completion
of financial business, regulate by law the procedure of, and the conduct of
business in, each House of Parliament in relation to any financial matter or to
any Bill for the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India,
and, if and so far as any provision of any law so made is inconsistent with any
rule made by a House of Parliament under clause (1) of article 118 or with any
rule or standing order having effect in relation to Parliament under clause (2) of
that article, such provision shall prevail.

______________________________________________
 The brackets and words "(including the quorum to constitute a meeting of the House"
 ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 22 (date not notified).
 This amendment was omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act,
 1978, s. 45 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
56                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                            (Part V.—The Union)
       120. Language to be used in Parliament.—(1) Notwithstanding
anything in Part XVII, but subject to the provisions of article 348, business in
Parliament shall be transacted in Hindi or in English:
       Provided that the Chairman of the Council of States or Speaker of the
House of the People, or person acting as such, as the case may be, may permit
any member who cannot adequately express himself in Hindi or in English to
address the House in his mother-tongue.
       (2) Unless Parliament by law otherwise provides, this article shall, after
the expiration of a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this
Constitution, have effect as if the words “or in English” were omitted
therefrom.
       121. Restriction on discussion in Parliament.—No discussion shall
take place in Parliament with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the
Supreme Court or of a High Court in the discharge of his duties except upon a
motion for presenting an address to the President praying for the removal of the
Judge as hereinafter provided.
       122. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.—(1) The
validity of any proceedings in Parliament shall not be called in question on the
ground of any alleged irregularity of procedure.
       (2) No officer or member of Parliament in whom powers are vested by
or under this Constitution for regulating procedure or the conduct of business,
or for maintaining order, in Parliament shall be subject to the jurisdiction of any
court in respect of the exercise by him of those powers.
              CHAPTER III.—LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
       123. Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of
Parliament.—(1) If at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are in
session, the President is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it
necessary for him to take immediate action, he may promulgate such
Ordinances as the circumstances appear to him to require.
       (2) An Ordinance promulgated under this article shall have the same
force and effect as an Act of Parliament, but every such Ordinance—
           (a) shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament and shall cease to
       operate at the expiration of six weeks from the reassembly of Parliament,
       or, if before the expiration of that period resolutions disapproving it are
       passed by both Houses, upon the passing of the second of those
       resolutions; and
57                        THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                  (Part V.—The Union)
            (b) may be withdrawn at any time by the President.
       Explanation.—Where the Houses of Parliament are summoned to
reassemble on different dates, the period of six weeks shall be reckoned from
the later of those dates for the purposes of this clause.
       (3) If and so far as an Ordinance under this article makes any provision
which Parliament would not under this Constitution be competent to enact, it
shall be void.
       1
         (4)*               *                *               *      *
                       CHAPTER IV.—THE UNION JUDICIARY
       124. Establishment and constitution of the Supreme Court.—(1)
There shall be a Supreme Court of India consisting of a Chief Justice of India
and, until Parliament by law prescribes a larger number, of not more than
 [seven] other Judges.
       (2) Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the
President by warrant under his hand and seal 2[on the recommendation of the
National Judicial Appointments Commission referred to in article 124A] and
shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty-five years:
       3
         [*             *                 *                 *         *]
       4
         [Provided that]—
                (a) a Judge may, by writing under his hand addressed to the
       President, resign his office;
                (b) a Judge may be removed from his office in the manner
       provided in clause (4).
______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 2 (with retrospective effect) and
   omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 16 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
   Now “thirty-three” vide the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Amendment Act, 2019 (37 of 2019),
    s. 2 (w.e.f. 9-8-2019).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Ninety-ninth Amendment) Act, 2014, s. 2, for "after consultation with
    such of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Court in the States as the President may
    deem necessary for the purpose" (w.e.f. 13-4-2015). This amendment has been struck down by the
    Supreme Court in the case of Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association and another Vs.
    Union of India in its judgment dated 16-10-2015, AIR 2016 SC 117.
3. The first proviso was omitted by s. 2, ibid. The proviso was as under:—
         "Provided that in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief
    Justice of India shall always be consulted:" This amendment has been struck down by the Supreme
    Court in the case of Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association and another Vs. Union of
    India in its judgment dated 16-10-2015, AIR 2016 SC 117.
4. Subs. by s. 2, ibid. for "provided further that" This amendment has been struck down by the Supreme
    Court in the Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association and another Vs Union of India
    judgment dated 16-10-2015, AIR 2016 SC 117.
58                      THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Part V.—The Union)
      1
        [(2A) The age of a Judge of the Supreme Court shall be determined by
such authority and in such manner as Parliament may by law provide.]
      (3) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Judge of the
Supreme Court unless he is a citizen of India and—
             (a) has been for at least five years a Judge of a High Court or of
      two or more such Courts in succession; or
             (b) has been for at least ten years an advocate of a High Court or
      of two or more such Courts in succession; or
             (c) is, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.
       Explanation I.—In this clause "High Court'' means a High Court which
exercises, or which at any time before the commencement of this Constitution
exercised, jurisdiction in any part of the territory of India.
       Explanation II.—In computing for the purpose of this clause the period
during which a person has been an advocate, any period during which a person has
held judicial office not inferior to that of a district judge after he became an
advocate shall be included.
       (4) A Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be removed from his office
except by an order of the President passed after an address by each House of
Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a
majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting
has been presented to the President in the same session for such removal on the
ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.
       (5) Parliament may by law regulate the procedure for the presentation of an
address and for the investigation and proof of the misbehaviour or incapacity of a
Judge under clause (4).
       (6) Every person appointed to be a Judge of the Supreme Court shall,
before he enters upon his office, make and subscribe before the President, or
some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according
to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
       (7) No person who has held office as a Judge of the Supreme Court shall
plead or act in any court or before any authority within the territory of India.
       2
         [124A. National Judicial Appointments Commission.—(1) There
shall be a Commission to be known as the National Judicial Appointments
Commission consisting of the following, namely:—
______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 2 (w.e.f. 5-10-1963).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Ninety-ninth Amendment) Act, 2014, s. 3 (w.e.f. 13-4-2015). This
    amendment has been struck down by the Supreme Court in the case of Supreme Court Advocates-
    on-Record Association and another Vs Union of India in its judgment dated 16-10-2015,
    AIR 2016 SC 117.
59                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part V.—The Union)
                (a) the Chief Justice of India, Chairperson, ex officio;
                (b) two other senior Judges of the Supreme Court next to the
        Chief Justice of India––Members, ex officio;
                (c) the Union Minister in charge of Law and Justice––Member,
        ex officio;
                (d) two eminent persons to be nominated by the committee
        consisting of the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice of India and the
        Leader of Opposition in the House of the People or where there is no
        such Leader of Opposition, then, the Leader of single largest Opposition
        Party in the House of the People––Members:
                Provided that one of the eminent person shall be nominated from
        amongst the persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled
        Tribes, Other Backward Classes, Minorities or Women:
                Provided further that an eminent person shall be nominated for a
        period of three years and shall not be eligible for renomination.
        (2) No act or proceedings of the National Judicial Appointments
Commission shall be questioned or be invalidated merely on the ground of the
existence of any vacancy or defect in the constitution of the Commission.
        124B. Functions of Commission.––It shall be the duty of the National
Judicial Appointments Commission to—
                (a) recommend persons for appointment as Chief Justice of India,
        Judges of the Supreme Court, Chief Justices of High Courts and other
        Judges of High Courts;
                (b) recommend transfer of Chief Justices and other Judges of High
        Courts from one High Court to any other High Court; and
                (c) ensure that the person recommended is of ability and integrity.
        124C. Power of Parliament to make law.––Parliament may, by law,
regulate the procedure for the appointment of Chief Justice of India and other
Judges of the Supreme Court and Chief Justices and other Judges of High
Courts and empower the Commission to lay down by regulations the procedure
for the discharge of its functions, the manner of selection of persons for
appointment and such other matters as may be considered necessary by it.]
        125. Salaries, etc., of Judges.— 1[(1) There shall be paid to the Judges
of the Supreme Court such salaries as may be determined by Parliament by law
and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such salaries as are specified in
the Second Schedule.]
        (2) Every Judge shall be entitled to such privileges and allowances and to such
rights in respect of leave of absence and pension as may from time to time be
determined by or under law made by Parliament and, until so determined, to such
privileges, allowances and rights as are specified in the Second Schedule:
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Fifty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1986, s. 2, for cl. (1)
   (w.e.f. 1-4-1986).
60                      THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part V.—The Union)
        Provided that neither the privileges nor the allowances of a Judge nor his
rights in respect of leave of absence or pension shall be varied to his
disadvantage after his appointment.
        126. Appointment of acting Chief Justice.—When the office of Chief
Justice of India is vacant or when the Chief Justice is, by reason of absence or
otherwise, unable to perform the duties of his office, the duties of the office
shall be performed by such one of the other Judges of the Court as the President
may appoint for the purpose.
        127. Appointment of ad hoc Judges.—(1) If at any time there should
not be a quorum of the Judges of the Supreme Court available to hold or
continue any session of the Court, 1[the National Judicial Appointments
Commission on a reference made to it by the Chief Justice of India, may with
the previous consent of the President] and after consultation with the Chief
Justice of the High Court concerned, request in writing the attendance at the
sittings of the Court, as an ad hoc Judge, for such period as may be necessary,
of a Judge of a High Court duly qualified for appointment as a Judge of the
Supreme Court to be designated by the Chief Justice of India.
        (2) It shall be the duty of the Judge who has been so designated, in
priority to other duties of his office, to attend the sittings of the Supreme Court
at the time and for the period for which his attendance is required, and while so
attending he shall have all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges, and shall
discharge the duties, of a Judge of the Supreme Court.
        128. Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme
Court.—Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, 2[the National Judicial
Appointments Commission] may at any time, with the previous consent of the
President, request any person who has held the office of a Judge of the
Supreme Court or of the Federal Court 3[or who has held the office of a Judge
of a High Court and is duly qualified for appointment as a Judge of the
Supreme Court] to sit and act as a Judge of the Supreme Court, and every such
person so requested shall, while so sitting and acting, be entitled to such
allowances as the President may by order determine and have all the
jurisdiction, powers and privileges of, but shall not otherwise be deemed to be,
a Judge of that Court:

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Ninety-ninth Amendment) Act, 2014, s. 4, for "the Chief
   Justice of India may, with the previous consent of the President" (w.e.f. 13-4-2015).
   This amendment has been struck down by the Supreme Court in the case of Supreme
   Court Advocates-on-Record Association and another vs. Union of India in its
   judgment dated 16-10-2015, AIR 2016 SC 117.
2. Subs. by s. 5, ibid., for "the Chief Justice of India" (w.e.f. 13-4-2015). This amendment
   has been struck down by the Supreme Court in the case of Supreme Court Advocates-
   on-Record Association and another Vs. Union of India in its judgment dated 16-10-
   2015, AIR 2016 SC 117.
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 3 (w.e.f. 5-10-1963).
61                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part V.—The Union)
        Provided that nothing in this article shall be deemed to require any such
person as aforesaid to sit and act as a Judge of that Court unless he consents so
to do.
        129. Supreme Court to be a court of record.—The Supreme Court
shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court including
the power to punish for contempt of itself.
        130. Seat of Supreme Court.—The Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi or
in such other place or places, as the Chief Justice of India may, with the
approval of the President, from time to time, appoint.
        131. Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.—Subject to the
provisions of this Constitution, the Supreme Court shall, to the exclusion of any
other court, have original jurisdiction in any dispute—
            (a) between the Government of India and one or more States; or
            (b) between the Government of India and any State or States on one
        side and one or more other States on the other; or
            (c) between two or more States,
if and in so far as the dispute involves any question (whether of law or fact) on which
the existence or extent of a legal right depends:
        1
          [Provided that the said jurisdiction shall not extend to a dispute arising
out of any treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement, sanad or other similar
instrument which, having been entered into or executed before the
commencement of this Constitution, continues in operation after such
commencement, or which provides that the said jurisdiction shall not extend to
such a dispute.]
        2
          [131A. Exclusive jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in regard to
questions as to constitutional validity of Central laws.].—Omitted by the
Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 4 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).
        132. Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in appeals from
High Courts in certain cases.—(1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court
from any judgment, decree or final order of a High Court in the territory of
India, whether in a civil, criminal or other proceeding, 3[if the High Court
certifies under article 134A] that the case involves a substantial question of law
as to the interpretation of this Constitution.

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 5, for the proviso
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 23 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
3. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 17, for "if the High
   Court certifies" (w.e.f. 1-8-1979).
62                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part V.—The Union)
       1
        (2)*                 *              *                *                 *
       (3) Where such a certificate is given, 2*** any party in the case may
appeal to the Supreme Court on the ground that any such question as aforesaid
has been wrongly decided 2***.
       Explanation.—For the purposes of this article, the expression “final
order” includes an order deciding an issue which, if decided in favour of the
appellant, would be sufficient for the final disposal of the case.
       133. Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in appeals from
High Courts in regard to civil matters.—3[(1) An appeal shall lie to the
Supreme Court from any judgment, decree or final order in a civil proceeding
of a High Court in the territory of India 4[if the High Court certifies under
article 134A—]
           (a) that the case involves a substantial question of law of general
       importance; and
           (b) that in the opinion of the High Court the said question needs to be
       decided by the Supreme Court.]
       (2) Notwithstanding anything in article 132, any party appealing to the
Supreme Court under clause (1) may urge as one of the grounds in such appeal
that a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this Constitution has
been wrongly decided.
       (3) Notwithstanding anything in this article, no appeal shall, unless Parliament
by law otherwise provides, lie to the Supreme Court from the judgment, decree or final
order of one Judge of a High Court.
       134. Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in regard to
criminal matters.—(1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any
judgment, final order or sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High Court in
the territory of India if the High Court—
           (a) has on appeal reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person
       and sentenced him to death; or
           (b) has withdrawn for trial before itself any case from any court
       subordinate to its authority and has in such trial convicted the accused
       person and sentenced him to death; or
           (c) 5[certifies under article 134A] that the case is a fit one for appeal
       to the Supreme Court:
______________________________________________
1. Cl. (2) omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 17, for "if
   the High Court certifies" (w.e.f. 1-8-1979).
2. Certain words omitted by s. 17, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-8-1979).
3. Subs. by the Constitution (Thirtieth Amendment) Act, 1972, s. 2, for cl. (1)
   (w.e.f. 27-2-1973).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s.18, for "if the High
   Court certifies.—" (w.e.f. 1-8-1979).
5. Subs. by s. 19, ibid., for "certifies" (w.e.f. 1-8-1979).
63                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part V.—The Union)
        Provided that an appeal under sub-clause (c) shall lie subject to such
provisions as may be made in that behalf under clause (1) of article 145 and to
such conditions as the High Court may establish or require.
        (2) Parliament may by law confer on the Supreme Court any further
powers to entertain and hear appeals from any judgment, final order or sentence
in a criminal proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India subject to such
conditions and limitations as may be specified in such law.
        1
          [134A. Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court.—Every High
Court, passing or making a judgment, decree, final order, or sentence, referred to
in clause (1) of article 132 or clause (1) of article 133, or clause (1) of article
134,—
            (a) may, if it deems fit so to do, on its own motion; and
            (b) shall, if an oral application is made, by or on behalf of the party
        aggrieved, immediately after the passing or making of such judgment,
        decree, final order or sentence,
determine, as soon as may be after such passing or making, the question
whether a certificate of the nature referred to in clause (1) of article 132, or
clause (1) of article 133 or, as the case may be, sub-clause (c) of clause (1) of
article 134, may be given in respect of that case.]
        135. Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing
law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court.—Until Parliament by law
otherwise provides, the Supreme Court shall also have jurisdiction and powers
with respect to any matter to which the provisions of article 133 or article 134
do not apply if jurisdiction and powers in relation to that matter were
exercisable by the Federal Court immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution under any existing law.
        136. Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.—(1)
Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the Supreme Court may, in its
discretion, grant special leave to appeal from any judgment, decree,
determination, sentence or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any
court or tribunal in the territory of India.
        (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall apply to any judgment, determination,
sentence or order passed or made by any court or tribunal constituted by or
under any law relating to the Armed Forces.
        137. Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court.—Subject
to the provisions of any law made by Parliament or any rules made under
article 145, the Supreme Court shall have power to review any judgment
pronounced or order made by it.
______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 20 (w.e.f. 1-8-1979).
64                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part V.—The Union)
       138. Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.—(1) The
Supreme Court shall have such further jurisdiction and powers with respect to
any of the matters in the Union List as Parliament may by law confer.
       (2) The Supreme Court shall have such further jurisdiction and powers
with respect to any matter as the Government of India and the Government of
any State may by special agreement confer, if Parliament by law provides for
the exercise of such jurisdiction and powers by the Supreme Court.
       139. Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain
writs.—Parliament may by law confer on the Supreme Court power to issue
directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus,
mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, or any of them, for any
purposes other than those mentioned in clause (2) of article 32.
       1
         [139A. Transfer of certain cases.—2[(1) Where cases involving the
same or substantially the same questions of law are pending before the
Supreme Court and one or more High Courts or before two or more High
Courts and the Supreme Court is satisfied on its own motion or on an
application made by the Attorney-General of India or by a party to any such
case that such questions are substantial questions of general importance, the
Supreme Court may withdraw the case or cases pending before the High Court
or the High Courts and dispose of all the cases itself:
       Provided that the Supreme Court may after determining the said
questions of law return any case so withdrawn together with a copy of its
judgment on such questions to the High Court from which the case has been
withdrawn, and the High Court shall on receipt thereof, proceed to dispose of
the case in conformity with such judgment.]
       (2) The Supreme Court may, if it deems it expedient so to do for the ends
of justice, transfer any case, appeal or other proceedings pending before any
High Court to any other High Court.]
       140. Ancillary powers of the Supreme Court.—Parliament may by
law make provision for conferring upon the Supreme Court such supplemental
powers not inconsistent with any of the provisions of this Constitution as may
appear to be necessary or desirable for the purpose of enabling the Court more
effectively to exercise the jurisdiction conferred upon it by or under this
Constitution.
______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 24 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 21, for cl. (1)
   (w.e.f. 1-8-1979).
65                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part V.—The Union)
        141. Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts.—
The law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within
the territory of India.
        142. Enforcement of decrees and orders of the Supreme Court and
orders as to discovery, etc.—(1) The Supreme Court in the exercise of its
jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing
complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it, and any decree so
passed or order so made shall be enforceable throughout the territory of India in
such manner as may be prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament
and, until provision in that behalf is so made, in such manner as the President
may by order1 prescribe.
        (2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by
Parliament, the Supreme Court shall, as respects the whole of the territory of
India, have all and every power to make any order for the purpose of securing
the attendance of any person, the discovery or production of any documents, or
the investigation or punishment of any contempt of itself.
        143. Power of the President to consult the Supreme Court.—(1) If at
any time it appears to the President that a question of law or fact has arisen, or
is likely to arise, which is of such a nature and of such public importance that it
is expedient to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court upon it, he may refer
the question to that Court for consideration and the Court may, after such
hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon.
        (2) The President may, notwithstanding anything in 2*** the proviso to
article 131, refer a dispute of the kind mentioned in the 3[said proviso] to the
Supreme Court for opinion and the Supreme Court shall, after such hearing as it
thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon.
        144. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme
Court.—All authorities, civil and judicial, in the territory of India shall act in
aid of the Supreme Court.
        4
          [144A. [Special provisions as to disposal of questions relating to
constitutional validity of laws.].—Omitted by the Constitution (Forty-third
Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 5 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).]
        145. Rules of Court, etc.—(1) Subject to the provisions of any law
made by Parliament, the Supreme Court may from time to time, with the
approval of the President, make rules for regulating generally the practice and
procedure of the Court including—
               (a) rules as to the persons practising before the Court;
______________________________________________
1. See the Supreme Court (Decrees and Orders) Enforcement Order, 1954 (C.O. 47).
2. The words, brackets and figure "clause (i) of" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh
   Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Subs. by s. 29 and Sch., ibid., for "said clause" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
4. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 25 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
66                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part V.—The Union)
               (b) rules as to the procedure for hearing appeals and other matters
        pertaining to appeals including the time within which appeals to the
        Court are to be entered;
               (c) rules as to the proceedings in the Court for the enforcement of
        any of the rights conferred by Part III;
               1
                 [(cc) rules as to the proceedings in the Court under 2[article
        139A];]
               (d) rules as to the entertainment of appeals under sub-clause (c) of
        clause (1) of article 134;
               (e) rules as to the conditions subject to which any judgment
        pronounced or order made by the Court may be reviewed and the
        procedure for such review including the time within which applications
        to the Court for such review are to be entered;
               (f) rules as to the costs of and incidental to any proceedings in the
        Court and as to the fees to be charged in respect of proceedings therein;
               (g) rules as to the granting of bail;
               (h) rules as to stay of proceedings;
               (i) rules providing for the summary determination of any appeal
        which appears to the Court to be frivolous or vexatious or brought for
        the purpose of delay;
               (j) rules as to the procedure for inquiries referred to in
        clause (1) of article 317.
        (2) Subject to the 3[provisions of 4*** clause (3)], rules made under this
article may fix the minimum number of Judges who are to sit for any purpose,
and may provide for the powers of single Judges and Division Courts.
        (3) 5[4***The minimum number] of Judges who are to sit for the purpose
of deciding any case involving a substantial question of law as to the
interpretation of this Constitution or for the purpose of hearing any reference
under article 143 shall be five:

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 26 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 6, for "articles 131A
   and 139A" (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).
3. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 26, for "provisions
   of clause (3)" (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
4. Certain words omitted by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 6
   (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).
5. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 26, for "The
   minimum number" (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
67                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                            (Part V.—The Union)
       Provided that, where the Court hearing an appeal under any of the
provisions of this Chapter other than article 132 consists of less than five
Judges and in the course of the hearing of the appeal the Court is satisfied that
the appeal involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this
Constitution the determination of which is necessary for the disposal of the
appeal, such Court shall refer the question for opinion to a Court constituted as
required by this clause for the purpose of deciding any case involving such a
question and shall on receipt of the opinion dispose of the appeal in conformity
with such opinion.
      (4) No judgment shall be delivered by the Supreme Court save in open
Court, and no report shall be made under article 143 save in accordance with an
opinion also delivered in open Court.
      (5) No judgment and no such opinion shall be delivered by the Supreme
Court save with the concurrence of a majority of the Judges present at the
hearing of the case, but nothing in this clause shall be deemed to prevent a
Judge who does not concur from delivering a dissenting judgment or opinion.
      146. Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court.—
(1) Appointments of officers and servants of the Supreme Court shall be made
by the Chief Justice of India or such other Judge or officer of the Court as he
may direct:
      Provided that the President may by rule require that in such cases as may
be specified in the rule, no person not already attached to the Court shall be
appointed to any office connected with the Court, save after consultation with
the Union Public Service Commission.
       (2) Subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, the
conditions of service of officers and servants of the Supreme Court shall be
such as may be prescribed by rules made by the Chief Justice of India or by
some other Judge or officer of the Court authorised by the Chief Justice of
India to make rules for the purpose:
       Provided that the rules made under this clause shall, so far as they relate
to salaries, allowances, leave or pensions, require the approval of the President.
       (3) The administrative expenses of the Supreme Court, including all
salaries, allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of the officers and
servants of the Court, shall be charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India,
and any fees or other moneys taken by the Court shall form part of that Fund.
68                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                            (Part V.—The Union)
        147. Interpretation.—In this Chapter and in Chapter V of Part VI,
references to any substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this
Constitution shall be construed as including references to any substantial
question of law as to the interpretation of the Government of India Act, 1935
(including any enactment amending or supplementing that Act), or of any
Order in Council or order made thereunder, or of the Indian Independence
Act, 1947, or of any order made thereunder.
          CHAPTER V.—COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA
        148. Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.—(1) There shall be a
Comptroller and Auditor-General of India who shall be appointed by the
President by warrant under his hand and seal and shall only be removed from
office in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court.
        (2) Every person appointed to be the Comptroller and Auditor-General
of India shall, before he enters upon his office, make and subscribe before the
President, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or
affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
        (3) The salary and other conditions of service of the Comptroller and
Auditor-General shall be such as may be determined by Parliament by law and,
until they are so determined, shall be as specified in the Second Schedule:
        Provided that neither the salary of a Comptroller and Auditor-General
nor his rights in respect of leave of absence, pension or age of retirement shall
be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.
        (4) The Comptroller and Auditor-General shall not be eligible for further
office either under the Government of India or under the Government of any
State after he has ceased to hold his office.
        (5) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and of any law made by
Parliament, the conditions of service of persons serving in the Indian Audit and
Accounts Department and the administrative powers of the Comptroller and
Auditor-General shall be such as may be prescribed by rules made by the
President after consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor-General.
        (6) The administrative expenses of the office of the Comptroller and
Auditor-General, including all salaries, allowances and pensions payable to or
in respect of persons serving in that office, shall be charged upon the
Consolidated Fund of India.
69                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                            (Part V.—The Union)
       149. Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General.—
The Comptroller and Auditor-General shall perform such duties and exercise
such powers in relation to the accounts of the Union and of the States and of
any other authority or body as may be prescribed by or under any law made by
Parliament and, until provision in that behalf is so made, shall perform such
duties and exercise such powers in relation to the accounts of the Union and of
the States as were conferred on or exercisable by the Auditor-General of India
immediately before the commencement of this Constitution in relation to the
accounts of the Dominion of India and of the Provinces respectively.
       1
         [150. Form of accounts of the Union and of the States.—The
accounts of the Union and of the States shall be kept in such form as the
President may, 2[on the advice of] the Comptroller and Auditor-General of
India, prescribe.]
       151. Audit reports.—(1) The reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-
General of India relating to the accounts of the Union shall be submitted to the
President, who shall cause them to be laid before each House of Parliament.
       (2) The reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India relating
to the accounts of a State shall be submitted to the Governor 3*** of the State,
who shall cause them to be laid before the Legislature of the State.




______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 27, for art.150
   (w.e.f. 1-4-1977).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 22, for "after
   consultation with" (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
3. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment)
   Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
                                   PART VI
                              THE STATES 1***
                            CHAPTER I.—GENERAL
      152. Definition.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, the
expression “State” 2[does not include the State of Jammu and Kashmir].
                        CHAPTER II.—THE EXECUTIVE
                                 The Governor
      153. Governors of States.—There shall be a Governor for each State:
      3
        [Provided that nothing in this article shall prevent the appointment of
the same person as Governor for two or more States.]
       154. Executive power of State.—(1) The executive power of the State
shall be vested in the Governor and shall be exercised by him either directly or
through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution.
       (2) Nothing in this article shall—
          (a) be deemed to transfer to the Governor any functions conferred by
       any existing law on any other authority; or
          (b) prevent Parliament or the Legislature of the State from conferring
       by law functions on any authority subordinate to the Governor.
      155. Appointment of Governor.—The Governor of a State shall be
appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.
      156. Term of office of Governor.—(1) The Governor shall hold office
during the pleasure of the President.
      (2) The Governor may, by writing under his hand addressed to the
President, resign his office.
        (3) Subject to the foregoing provisions of this article, a Governor shall
hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his
office:
______________________________________________
1. The words "IN PART A OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE" omitted by the Constitution
   (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Subs. by s. 29 and Sch. ibid., for "means a State specified in Part A of the First
   Schedule" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Added by s. 6, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).

                                         70
71                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)

       Provided that a Governor shall, notwithstanding the expiration of his
term, continue to hold office until his successor enters upon his office.
       157. Qualifications for appointment as Governor.—No person shall
be eligible for appointment as Governor unless he is a citizen of India and has
completed the age of thirty-five years.
       158. Conditions of Governor's office.—(1) The Governor shall not be a
member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any
State specified in the First Schedule, and if a member of either House of
Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any such State be appointed
Governor, he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in that House on the date
on which he enters upon his office as Governor.
       (2) The Governor shall not hold any other office of profit.
       (3) The Governor shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of
his official residences and shall be also entitled to such emoluments,
allowances and privileges as may be determined by Parliament by law and,
until provision in that behalf is so made, such emoluments, allowances and
privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule.
       1
         [(3A) Where the same person is appointed as Governor of two or more
States, the emoluments and allowances payable to the Governor shall be allocated
among the States in such proportion as the President may by order determine.]
       (4) The emoluments and allowances of the Governor shall not be
diminished during his term of office.
       159. Oath or affirmation by the Governor.—Every Governor and
every person discharging the functions of the Governor shall, before entering
upon his office, make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice of the
High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to the State, or, in his absence, the
senior most Judge of that Court available, an oath or affirmation in the
following form, that is to say—
             “I, A. B., do swear in the name of God that I will faithfully execute the
                                  solemnly affirm
       office of Governor (or discharge the functions of the Governor) of
       .........(name of the State) and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect
       and defend the Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to the
       service and well-being of the people of ..……(name of the State).”.
______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 7 (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
72                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part VI.—The States)

       160. Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain
contingencies.—The President may make such provision as he thinks fit for the
discharge of the functions of the Governor of a State in any contingency not
provided for in this Chapter.
       161. Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit
or commute sentences in certain cases.—The Governor of a State shall have
the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or
to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any
offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the
State extends.
       162. Extent of executive power of State.—Subject to the provisions of
this Constitution, the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with
respect to which the Legislature of the State has power to make laws:
       Provided that in any matter with respect to which the Legislature of a
State and Parliament have power to make laws, the executive power of the
State shall be subject to, and limited by, the executive power expressly
conferred by this Constitution or by any law made by Parliament upon the
Union or authorities thereof.
                               Council of Ministers
       163. Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor.—(1) There shall
be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the
Governor in the exercise of his functions, except in so far as he is by or under this
Constitution required to exercise his functions or any of them in his discretion.
       (2) If any question arises whether any matter is or is not a matter as
respects which the Governor is by or under this Constitution required to act in
his discretion, the decision of the Governor in his discretion shall be final, and
the validity of anything done by the Governor shall not be called in question on
the ground that he ought or ought not to have acted in his discretion.
       (3) The question whether any, and if so what, advice was tendered by
Ministers to the Governor shall not be inquired into in any court.
       164. Other provisions as to Ministers.—(1) The Chief Minister shall
be appointed by the Governor and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the
Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister, and the Ministers shall hold
office during the pleasure of the Governor:
73                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)

       Provided that in the States of 1[Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand], Madhya
Pradesh and 2[Odisha] there shall be a Minister in charge of tribal welfare who
may in addition be in charge of the welfare of the Scheduled Castes and
backward classes or any other work.
       3
         [(1A) The total number of Ministers, including the Chief Minister, in
the Council of Ministers in a State shall not exceed fifteen per cent. of the total
number of members of the Legislative Assembly of that State:
       Provided that the number of Ministers, including the Chief Minister in a
State shall not be less than twelve:
       Provided further that where the total number of Ministers including the
Chief Minister in the Council of Ministers in any State at the commencement of
the Constitution (Ninety-first Amendment) Act, 2003 exceeds the said fifteen
per cent. or the number specified in the first proviso, as the case may be, then
the total number of Ministers in that State shall be brought in conformity with
the provisions of this clause within six months from such date4 as the President
may by public notification appoint.
       (1B) A member of the Legislative Assembly of a State or either House of
the Legislature of a State having Legislative Council belonging to any political
party who is disqualified for being a member of that House under paragraph 2
of the Tenth Schedule shall also be disqualified to be appointed as a Minister
under clause (1) for duration of the period commencing from the date of his
disqualification till the date on which the term of his office as such member
would expire or where he contests any election to the Legislative Assembly of
a State or either House of the Legislature of a State having Legislative Council,
as the case may be, before the expiry of such period, till the date on which he is
declared elected, whichever is earlier.]
       (2) The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the
Legislative Assembly of the State.
       (3) Before a Minister enters upon his office, the Governor shall
administer to him the oaths of office and of secrecy according to the forms set
out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Ninety-fourth Amendment) Act, 2006, s. 2, for "Bihar"
   (w.e.f. 12-6-2006).
2. Subs. by the Orissa (Alteration of Name) Act, 2011 (15 of 2011), s. 4, for "Orissa"
   (w.e.f. 1-11-2011).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Ninety-first Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 3 (w.e.f. 1-1-2004).
4. 7-1-2004, vide notification number S.O. 21(E), dated 7-1-2004.
74                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part VI.—The States)

       (4) A Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a
member of the Legislature of the State shall at the expiration of that period
cease to be a Minister.
       (5) The salaries and allowances of Ministers shall be such as the Legislature
of the State may from time to time by law determine and, until the Legislature of the
State so determines, shall be as specified in the Second Schedule.
                     The Advocate-General for the State
       165. Advocate-General for the State.—(1) The Governor of each State
shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed a Judge of a High Court
to be Advocate-General for the State.
       (2) It shall be the duty of the Advocate-General to give advice to the
Government of the State upon such legal matters, and to perform such other
duties of a legal character, as may from time to time be referred or assigned to
him by the Governor, and to discharge the functions conferred on him by or
under this Constitution or any other law for the time being in force.
       (3) The Advocate-General shall hold office during the pleasure of the
Governor, and shall receive such remuneration as the Governor may determine.
                         Conduct of Government Business
       166. Conduct of Business of the Government of a State.—(1) All
executive action of the Government of a State shall be expressed to be taken in
the name of the Governor.
       (2) Orders and other instruments made and executed in the name of the
Governor shall be authenticated in such manner as may be specified in rules to
be made by the Governor, and the validity of an order or instrument which is so
authenticated shall not be called in question on the ground that it is not an order
or instrument made or executed by the Governor.
       (3) The Governor shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of
the business of the Government of the State, and for the allocation among
Ministers of the said business in so far as it is not business with respect to which
the Governor is by or under this Constitution required to act in his discretion.
75                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)
       1
         (4)*                  *                *                  *           *
       167. Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of
information to Governor, etc.—It shall be the duty of the Chief Minister of
each State—
           (a) to communicate to the Governor of the State all decisions of the
       Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the
       State and proposals for legislation;
           (b) to furnish such information relating to the administration of the
       affairs of the State and proposals for legislation as the Governor may call
       for; and
           (c) if the Governor so requires, to submit for the consideration of the
       Council of Ministers any matter on which a decision has been taken by a
       Minister but which has not been considered by the Council.
                      CHAPTER III.—THE STATE LEGISLATURE
                                       General
       168. Constitution of Legislatures in States.—(1) For every State there
shall be a Legislature which shall consist of the Governor, and—
               (a) in the States of 2*** 3[Andhra Pradesh], Bihar, 4*** 5[Madhya
       Pradesh], 6*** 7[Maharashtra], 8[Karnataka], 9***



______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 28 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977)
   and omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 23
   (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. The words "Andhra Pradesh," omitted by the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council
   (Abolition) Act, 1985 (34 of 1985), s. 4 (w.e.f. 1-6-1985).
3. Ins. by the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council Act, 2005 (1 of 2006), s. 3
   (w.e.f. 30-3-2007).
4. The word "Bombay" omitted by the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960 (11 of 1960)
   s. 20 (w.e.f. 1-5-1960).
5. Ins. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 8 (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
6. The words "Tamil Nadu," omitted by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council (Abolition)
   Act, 1986 (40 of 1986), s. 4 (w.e.f. 1-11-1986).
7. Ins. by the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960 (11 of 1960), s. 20 (w.e.f. 1-5-1960).
8. Subs. by the Mysore State (Alteration of Name) Act, 1973 (31 of 1973), s. 4, for
   "Mysore" (w.e.f. 1-11-1973), which was inserted by the Constitution (Seventh
   Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 8(1) (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
9. The word "Punjab," omitted by the Punjab Legislative Council (Abolition) Act, 1969
   (46 of 1969), s. 4 (w.e.f. 7-1-1970).
76                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)
              1 2
                 [ [Tamil Nadu, Telangana]] 3[and Uttar Pradesh], two Houses;
                (b) in other States, one House.
        (2) Where there are two Houses of the Legislature of a State, one shall
be known as the Legislative Council and the other as the Legislative Assembly,
and where there is only one House, it shall be known as the Legislative
Assembly.
        169. Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.—(1)
Notwithstanding anything in article 168, Parliament may by law provide for the
abolition of the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council or for the
creation of such a Council in a State having no such Council, if the Legislative
Assembly of the State passes a resolution to that effect by a majority of the
total membership of the Assembly and by a majority of not less than two-thirds
of the members of the Assembly present and voting.
        (2) Any law referred to in clause (1) shall contain such provisions for the
amendment of this Constitution as may be necessary to give effect to the
provisions of the law and may also contain such supplemental, incidental and
consequential provisions as Parliament may deem necessary.
        (3) No such law as aforesaid shall be deemed to be an amendment of this
Constitution for the purposes of article 368.
        4
          [170. Composition of the Legislative Assemblies.—(1) Subject to the
provisions of article 333, the Legislative Assembly of each State shall consist
of not more than five hundred, and not less than sixty, members chosen by
direct election from territorial constituencies in the State.
        (2) For the purposes of clause (1), each State shall be divided into
territorial constituencies in such manner that the ratio between the population
of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it shall, so far as
practicable, be the same throughout the State.
______________________________________________
2. The words "Tamil Nadu" ins. by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council Act, 2010
   (16 of 2010), s. 3 (date to be notified).
2. Subs. by the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 (6 of 2014), s. 96, for "Tamil
   Nadu" (w.e.f. 1-6-2014).
3. Subs. by the West Bengal Legislative Council (Abolition) Act, 1969 (20 of 1969), s. 4
   for "Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal" (w.e.f. 1-8-1969).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 9, for art, 170
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
77                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Part VI.—The States)


        1
          [Explanation.—In this clause, the expression “population” means the
population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant
figures have been published:
        Provided that the reference in this Explanation to the last preceding
census of which the relevant figures have been published shall, until the
relevant figures for the first census taken after the year 2[2026] have been
published, be construed as a reference to the 3[2001] census.]
        (3) Upon the completion of each census, the total number of seats in the
Legislative Assembly of each State and the division of each State into territorial
constituencies shall be readjusted by such authority and in such manner as
Parliament may by law determine:
        Provided that such readjustment shall not affect representation in the
Legislative Assembly until the dissolution of the then existing Assembly:
        4
          [Provided further that such readjustment shall take effect from such date
as the President may, by order, specify and until such readjustment takes effect,
any election to the Legislative Assembly may be held on the basis of the
territorial constituencies existing before such readjustment:
        Provided also that until the relevant figures for the first census taken
after the year 2[2026] have been published, it shall not be necessary to
5
  [readjust—
            (i) the total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of each State
        as readjusted on the basis of the 1971 census; and
            (ii) the division of such State into territorial constituencies as may be
        readjusted on the basis of the 3[2001] census,
under this clause.]
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 29, for the
   Explanation (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Act, 2001, s. 5, for "2000"
   (w.e.f. 21-2-2002).
3. Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty-seventh Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 4, for "1991"
   (w.e.f. 22-6-2003). The figures "1991" were substituted for the original figures "1971"
   by the Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Act, 2001, s. 5 (w.e.f. 21-2-2002).
4. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 29 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
5. Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Act, 2001, s. 5, for certain
   words (w.e.f. 21-2-2002).
78                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part VI.—The States)

       171. Composition of the Legislative Councils.—(1) The total number
of members in the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council shall
not exceed 1[one-third] of the total number of members in the Legislative
Assembly of that State:
       Provided that the total number of members in the Legislative Council of
a State shall in no case be less than forty.
       (2) Until Parliament by law otherwise provides, the composition of the
Legislative Council of a State shall be as provided in clause (3).
       (3) Of the total number of members of the Legislative Council of a
State—
           (a) as nearly as may be, one-third shall be elected by electorates
       consisting of members of municipalities, district boards and such other
       local authorities in the State as Parliament may by law specify;
           (b) as nearly as may be, one-twelfth shall be elected by electorates
       consisting of persons residing in the State who have been for at least
       three years graduates of any university in the territory of India or have
       been for at least three years in possession of qualifications prescribed by
       or under any law made by Parliament as equivalent to that of a graduate
       of any such university;
           (c) as nearly as may be, one-twelfth shall be elected by electorates
       consisting of persons who have been for at least three years engaged in
       teaching in such educational institutions within the State, not lower in
       standard than that of a secondary school, as may be prescribed by or
       under any law made by Parliament;
           (d) as nearly as may be, one-third shall be elected by the members of
       the Legislative Assembly of the State from amongst persons who are not
       members of the Assembly;
           (e) the remainder shall be nominated by the Governor in accordance
       with the provisions of clause (5).
       (4) The members to be elected under sub-clauses (a), (b) and (c) of
clause (3) shall be chosen in such territorial constituencies as may be prescribed

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 10, for "one-fourth"
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
79                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)

by or under any law made by Parliament, and the elections under the said
sub-clauses and under sub-clause (d) of the said clause shall be held in
accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the
single transferable vote.
       (5) The members to be nominated by the Governor under sub-clause (e)
of clause (3) shall consist of persons having special knowledge or practical
experience in respect of such matters as the following, namely:—
              Literature, science, art, co-operative movement and social service.
       172. Duration of State Legislatures.—(1) Every Legislative Assembly
of every State, unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for 1[five years] from the
date appointed for its first meeting and no longer and the expiration of the said
period of 1[five years] shall operate as a dissolution of the Assembly:
       Provided that the said period may, while a Proclamation of Emergency is
in operation, be extended by Parliament by law for a period not exceeding one
year at a time and not extending in any case beyond a period of six months after
the Proclamation has ceased to operate.
       (2) The Legislative Council of a State shall not be subject to dissolution,
but as nearly as possible one-third of the members thereof shall retire as soon as
may be on the expiration of every second year in accordance with the
provisions made in that behalf by Parliament by law.
       173. Qualification for membership of the State Legislature.—A
person shall not be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in the Legislature of a
State unless he—
           2
             [(a) is a citizen of India, and makes and subscribes before some
       person authorised in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or
       affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third
       Schedule;]

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 30, for "five years"
   (w.e.f. 3-1-1977) and further subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment)
   Act, 1978, s. 24, for "six years" (w.e.f. 6-9-1979).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 4, for cl. (a)
   (w.e.f. 5-10-1963).
80                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part VI.—The States)

         (b) is, in the case of a seat in the Legislative Assembly, not less than
      twenty-five years of age and, in the case of a seat in the Legislative
      Council, not less than thirty years of age; and
         (c) possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that
      behalf by or under any law made by Parliament.
         1
           [174. Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and
dissolution.—(1) The Governor shall from time to time summon the House or
each House of the Legislature of the State to meet at such time and place as he
thinks fit, but six months shall not intervene between its last sitting in one
session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next session.
         (2) The Governor may from time to time—
             (a) prorogue the House or either House;
             (b) dissolve the Legislative Assembly.]
         175. Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House
or Houses.—(1) The Governor may address the Legislative Assembly or, in
the case of a State having a Legislative Council, either House of the Legislature
of the State, or both Houses assembled together, and may for that purpose
require the attendance of members.
         (2) The Governor may send messages to the House or Houses of the
Legislature of the State, whether with respect to a Bill then pending in the
Legislature or otherwise, and a House to which any message is so sent shall
with all convenient despatch consider any matter required by the message to be
taken into consideration.
         176. Special address by the Governor.—(1) At the commencement of
2
  [the first session after each general election to the Legislative Assembly and at
the commencement of the first session of each year], the Governor shall
address the Legislative Assembly or, in the case of a State having a Legislative
Council, both Houses assembled together and inform the Legislature of the
causes of its summons.
         (2) Provision shall be made by the rules regulating the procedure of the
House or either House for the allotment of time for discussion of the matters
referred to in such address 3***.

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 8, for art.174
   (w.e.f. 18-6-1951).
2. Subs. by s. 9, ibid., for "every session" (w.e.f. 18-6-1951).
3. The words "and for the precedence of such discussion over other business of the
   House" omitted by s. 9, ibid. (w.e.f. 18-6-1951).
81                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)

        177. Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the
Houses.—Every Minister and the Advocate-General for a State shall have the
right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings of, the
Legislative Assembly of the State or, in the case of a State having a Legislative
Council, both Houses, and to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the
proceedings of, any committee of the Legislature of which he may be named a
member, but shall not, by virtue of this article, be entitled to vote.
                           Officers of the State Legislature
        178. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative
Assembly.—Every Legislative Assembly of a State shall, as soon as may be,
choose two members of the Assembly to be respectively Speaker and Deputy
Speaker thereof and, so often as the office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker
becomes vacant, the Assembly shall choose another member to be Speaker or
Deputy Speaker, as the case may be.
        179. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of
Speaker and Deputy Speaker.—A member holding office as Speaker or
Deputy Speaker of an Assembly—
               (a) shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the Assembly;
               (b) may at any time by writing under his hand addressed, if such
        member is the Speaker, to the Deputy Speaker, and if such member is
        the Deputy Speaker, to the Speaker, resign his office; and
               (c) may be removed from his office by a resolution of the
        Assembly passed by a majority of all the then members of the Assembly:
        Provided that no resolution for the purpose of clause (c) shall be moved
unless at least fourteen days' notice has been given of the intention to move the
resolution:
        Provided further that, whenever the Assembly is dissolved, the Speaker
shall not vacate his office until immediately before the first meeting of the
Assembly after the dissolution.
        180. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the
duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.—(1) While the office of Speaker
is vacant, the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy Speaker or,
if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the Assembly
as the Governor may appoint for the purpose.
        (2) During the absence of the Speaker from any sitting of the Assembly
the Deputy Speaker or, if he is also absent, such person as may be determined
by the rules of procedure of the Assembly, or, if no such person is present, such
other person as may be determined by the Assembly, shall act as Speaker.
82                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)

        181. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a
resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.—(1) At any
sitting of the Legislative Assembly, while any resolution for the removal of the
Speaker from his office is under consideration, the Speaker, or while any
resolution for the removal of the Deputy Speaker from his office is under
consideration, the Deputy Speaker, shall not, though he is present, preside, and
the provisions of clause (2) of article 180 shall apply in relation to every such
sitting as they apply in relation to a sitting from which the Speaker or, as the
case may be, the Deputy Speaker, is absent.
        (2) The Speaker shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take
part in the proceedings of, the Legislative Assembly while any resolution for
his removal from office is under consideration in the Assembly and shall,
notwithstanding anything in article 189, be entitled to vote only in the first
instance on such resolution or on any other matter during such proceedings but
not in the case of an equality of votes.
        182. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative
Council.—The Legislative Council of every State having such Council shall, as
soon as may be, choose two members of the Council to be respectively
Chairman and Deputy Chairman thereof and, so often as the office of Chairman
or Deputy Chairman becomes vacant, the Council shall choose another member
to be Chairman or Deputy Chairman, as the case may be.
        183. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of
Chairman and Deputy Chairman.—A member holding office as Chairman or
Deputy Chairman of a Legislative Council—
            (a) shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the Council;
            (b) may at any time by writing under his hand addressed, if such
        member is the Chairman, to the Deputy Chairman, and if such member is
        the Deputy Chairman, to the Chairman, resign his office; and
            (c) may be removed from his office by a resolution of the Council
        passed by a majority of all the then members of the Council:
        Provided that no resolution for the purpose of clause (c) shall be moved unless
at least fourteen days' notice has been given of the intention to move the resolution.
        184. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the
duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.—(1) While the office of
Chairman is vacant, the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy
Chairman or, if the office of Deputy Chairman is also vacant, by such member
of the Council as the Governor may appoint for the purpose.
83                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part VI.—The States)

       (2) During the absence of the Chairman from any sitting of the Council
the Deputy Chairman or, if he is also absent, such person as may be determined
by the rules of procedure of the Council, or, if no such person is present, such
other person as may be determined by the Council, shall act as Chairman.
       185. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a
resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.—(1) At any
sitting of the Legislative Council, while any resolution for the removal of the
Chairman from his office is under consideration, the Chairman, or while any
resolution for the removal of the Deputy Chairman from his office is under
consideration, the Deputy Chairman, shall not, though he is present, preside,
and the provisions of clause (2) of article 184 shall apply in relation to every
such sitting as they apply in relation to a sitting from which the Chairman or, as
the case may be, the Deputy Chairman is absent.
       (2) The Chairman shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take
part in the proceedings of, the Legislative Council while any resolution for his
removal from office is under consideration in the Council and shall,
notwithstanding anything in article 189, be entitled to vote only in the first
instance on such resolution or on any other matter during such proceedings but
not in the case of an equality of votes.
       186. Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker
and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman.—There shall be paid to the
Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, and to the
Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council, such salaries
and allowances as may be respectively fixed by the Legislature of the State by
law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such salaries and allowances
as are specified in the Second Schedule.
       187. Secretariat of State Legislature.—(1) The House or each House
of the Legislature of a State shall have a separate secretarial staff:
       Provided that nothing in this clause shall, in the case of the Legislature
of a State having a Legislative Council, be construed as preventing the creation
of posts common to both Houses of such Legislature.
       (2) The Legislature of a State may by law regulate the recruitment, and
the conditions of service of persons appointed, to the secretarial staff of the
House or Houses of the Legislature of the State.
84                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part VI.—The States)

        (3) Until provision is made by the Legislature of the State under clause (2),
the Governor may, after consultation with the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
or the Chairman of the Legislative Council, as the case may be, make rules
regulating the recruitment, and the conditions of service of persons appointed, to the
secretarial staff of the Assembly or the Council, and any rules so made shall have
effect subject to the provisions of any law made under the said clause.
                                 Conduct of Business
        188. Oath or affirmation by members.—Every member of the
Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of a State shall, before taking
his seat, make and subscribe before the Governor, or some person appointed in
that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the
purpose in the Third Schedule.
        189. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding
vacancies and quorum.—(1) Save as otherwise provided in this Constitution,
all questions at any sitting of a House of the Legislature of a State shall be
determined by a majority of votes of the members present and voting, other
than the Speaker or Chairman, or person acting as such.
        The Speaker or Chairman, or person acting as such, shall not vote in the
first instance, but shall have and exercise a casting vote in the case of an
equality of votes.
        (2) A House of the Legislature of a State shall have power to act
notwithstanding any vacancy in the membership thereof, and any proceedings
in the Legislature of a State shall be valid notwithstanding that it is discovered
subsequently that some person who was not entitled so to do sat or voted or
otherwise took part in the proceedings.
        1
          [(3) Until the Legislature of the State by law otherwise provides, the
quorum to constitute a meeting of a House of the Legislature of a State shall be
ten members or one-tenth of the total number of members of the House,
whichever is greater.
        (4) If at any time during a meeting of the Legislative Assembly or the
Legislative Council of a State there is no quorum, it shall be the duty of the
Speaker or Chairman, or person acting as such, either to adjourn the House or
to suspend the meeting until there is a quorum.]
______________________________________________
1. Omitted by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 31 (date not
   notified). This amendment was omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment)
   Act, 1978, s. 45 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
85                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)

                          Disqualifications of Members
       190. Vacation of seats.—(1) No person shall be a member of both
Houses of the Legislature of a State and provision shall be made by the
Legislature of the State by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a
member of both Houses of his seat in one house or the other.
       (2) No person shall be a member of the Legislatures of two or more
States specified in the First Schedule and if a person is chosen a member of the
Legislatures of two or more such States, then, at the expiration of such period
as may be specified in rules1 made by the President, that person's seat in the
Legislatures of all such States shall become vacant, unless he has previously
resigned his seat in the Legislatures of all but one of the States.
       (3) If a member of a House of the Legislature of a State—
              (a) becomes subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in
       2
           [clause (1) or clause (2) of article 191]; or
             3
           [(b) resigns his seat by writing under his hand addressed to the
       speaker or the Chairman, as the case may be, and his resignation is
       accepted by the Speaker or the Chairman, as the case may be,]
his seat shall thereupon become vacant:
       4
        [Provided that in the case of any resignation referred to in sub-clause (b),
if from information received or otherwise and after making such inquiry as he
thinks fit, the Speaker or the Chairman, as the case may be, is satisfied that such
resignation is not voluntary or genuine, he shall not accept such resignation.]
       (4) If for a period of sixty days a member of a House of the Legislature
of a State is without permission of the House absent from all meetings thereof,
the House may declare his seat vacant:
      Provided that in computing the said period of sixty days no account shall
be taken of any period during which the House is prorogued or is adjourned for
more than four consecutive days.
______________________________________________
1. See the Prohibition of Simultaneous Membership Rules, 1950 published by the
   Ministry of Law Notification number F. 46/50-C, dated the 26th January, 1950,
   Gazette of India, Extraordinary, p. 678.
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985, s. 4, for "clause (1) of
   article 191" (w.e.f. 1-3-1985).
3 Subs. by the Constitution (Thirty-third Amendment) Act, 1974, s. 3 (w.e.f. 19-5-1974).
4. Ins. by s. 3, ibid. (w.e.f. 19-5-1974).
86                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)

      191. Disqualifications for membership.—(1) A person shall be
disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of the Legislative
Assembly or Legislative Council of a State—
           1
             [(a) if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or
       the Government of any State specified in the First Schedule, other than
       an office declared by the Legislature of the State by law not to disqualify
       its holder;]
            (b) if he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent
       court;
            (c) if he is an undischarged insolvent;
            (d) if he is not a citizen of India, or has voluntarily acquired the
       citizenship of a foreign State, or is under any acknowledgment of
       allegiance or adherence to a foreign State;
            (e) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament.
       2
         [Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause], a person shall not be
deemed to hold an office of profit under the Government of India or the
Government of any State specified in the First Schedule by reason only that he
is a Minister either for the Union or for such State.
       3
         [(2) A person shall be disqualified for being a member of the
Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of a State if he is so disqualified
under the Tenth Schedule.]
        4
          [192. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.—(1)
If any question arises as to whether a member of a House of the Legislature of a
State has become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause (1)
of article 191, the question shall be referred for the decision of the Governor
and his decision shall be final.
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 32 to read as "(a) if
   he holds any such office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of
   any State specified in the First Schedule as is declared by Parliament by law to
   disqualify its holder" (date not notified). This amendment was omitted by the
   Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 45 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985, s. 5, for "(2) For the
   purposes of this article" (w.e.f. 1-3-1985).
3. Ins. by s. 5, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-3-1985).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 33, for art. 192
   (w.e.f. 3-1-1977) and further subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment)
   Act, 1978, s. 25, for art. 192 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
87                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)

        (2) Before giving any decision on any such question, the Governor shall
obtain the opinion of the Election Commission and shall act according to such
opinion.]
       193. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation
under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified.—If a person
sits or votes as a member of the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative
Council of a State before he has complied with the requirements of article 188,
or when he knows that he is not qualified or that he is disqualified for
membership thereof, or that he is prohibited from so doing by the provisions of
any law made by Parliament or the Legislature of the State, he shall be liable in
respect of each day on which he so sits or votes to a penalty of five hundred
rupees to be recovered as a debt due to the State.
              Powers, Privileges and Immunities of State Legislatures
                                  and their Members
       194. Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the
members and committees thereof.—(1) Subject to the provisions of this
Constitution and to the rules and standing orders regulating the procedure of the
Legislature, there shall be freedom of speech in the Legislature of every State.
       (2) No member of the Legislature of a State shall be liable to any
proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by him in
the Legislature or any committee thereof, and no person shall be so liable in
respect of the publication by or under the authority of a House of such a
Legislature of any report, paper, votes or proceedings.
       1
         [(3) In other respects, the powers, privileges and immunities of a House
of the Legislature of a State, and of the members and the committees of a
House of such Legislature, shall be such as may from time to time be defined

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 34 to read as
   follows :
       "(3) In other respects, the powers, privileges and immunities of a House of the
   Legislature of a State, and of the members and the committees of a House of such
   Legislature, shall be those of that House, and of its members and Committees, at the
   commencement of section 34 of the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act,
   1976, and as may be evolved by such House of the House of the People, and of its
   members and committees where such House is the Legislative Assembly and in
   accordance with those of the Council of States, and of its members and committees
   where such House is the Legislative Council." (date not notified). This amendment
   was omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 45
   (w.e.f. 19-6-1979)."
88                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part VI.—The States)

by the Legislature by law, and, until so defined, 1[shall be those of that House
and of its members and committees immediately before the coming into force
of section 26 of the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978].
       (4) The provisions of clauses (1), (2) and (3) shall apply in relation to
persons who by virtue of this Constitution have the right to speak in, and
otherwise to take part in the proceedings of, a House of the Legislature of a State
or any committee thereof as they apply in relation to members of that Legislature.
       195. Salaries and allowances of members.—Members of the
Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council of a State shall be entitled to
receive such salaries and allowances as may from time to time be determined,
by the Legislature of the State by law and, until provision in that respect is so
made, salaries and allowances at such rates and upon such conditions as were
immediately before the commencement of this Constitution applicable in the
case of members of the Legislative Assembly of the corresponding Province.
                               Legislative Procedure
       196. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.—(1) Subject
to the provisions of articles 198 and 207 with respect to Money Bills and other
financial Bills, a Bill may originate in either House of the Legislature of a State
which has a Legislative Council.
       (2) Subject to the provisions of articles 197 and 198, a Bill shall not be
deemed to have been passed by the Houses of the Legislature of a State having
a Legislative Council unless it has been agreed to by both Houses, either
without amendment or with such amendments only as are agreed to by both
Houses.
        (3) A Bill pending in the Legislature of a State shall not lapse by reason
of the prorogation of the House or Houses thereof.
        (4) A Bill pending in the Legislative Council of a State which has not
been passed by the Legislative Assembly shall not lapse on a dissolution of the
Assembly.
        (5) A Bill which is pending in the Legislative Assembly of a State, or
which having been passed by the Legislative Assembly is pending in the
Legislative Council, shall lapse on a dissolution of the Assembly.
        197. Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other
than Money Bills.—(1) If after a Bill has been passed by the Legislative
Assembly of a State having a Legislative Council and transmitted to the
Legislative Council—
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 26, for certain
   words (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
89                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)

            (a) the Bill is rejected by the Council; or
            (b) more than three months elapse from the date on which the Bill is
        laid before the Council without the Bill being passed by it; or
            (c) the Bill is passed by the Council with amendments to which the
        Legislative Assembly does not agree;
the Legislative Assembly may, subject to the rules regulating its procedure, pass the
Bill again in the same or in any subsequent session with or without such amendments,
if any, as have been made, suggested or agreed to by the Legislative Council and then
transmit the Bill as so passed to the Legislative Council.
         (2) If after a Bill has been so passed for the second time by the
Legislative Assembly and transmitted to the Legislative Council—
            (a) the Bill is rejected by the Council; or
            (b) more than one month elapses from the date on which the Bill is
        laid before the Council without the Bill being passed by it; or
            (c) the Bill is passed by the Council with amendments to which the
        Legislative Assembly does not agree;
the Bill shall be deemed to have been passed by the Houses of the Legislature of the
State in the form in which it was passed by the Legislative Assembly for the second
time with such amendments, if any, as have been made or suggested by the Legislative
Council and agreed to by the Legislative Assembly.
        (3) Nothing in this article shall apply to a Money Bill.
        198. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.—(1) A Money Bill
shall not be introduced in a Legislative Council.
        (2) After a Money Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a
State having a Legislative Council, it shall be transmitted to the Legislative
Council for its recommendations, and the Legislative Council shall within a
period of fourteen days from the date of its receipt of the Bill return the Bill to the
Legislative Assembly with its recommendations, and the Legislative Assembly
may thereupon either accept or reject all or any of the recommendations of the
Legislative Council.
        (3) If the Legislative Assembly accepts any of the recommendations of
the Legislative Council, the Money Bill shall be deemed to have been passed
by both Houses with the amendments recommended by the Legislative Council
and accepted by the Legislative Assembly.
        (4) If the Legislative Assembly does not accept any of the
90                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)

recommendations of the Legislative Council, the Money Bill shall be deemed
to have been passed by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by the
Legislative Assembly without any of the amendments recommended by the
Legislative Council.
       (5) If a Money Bill passed by the Legislative Assembly and transmitted
to the Legislative Council for its recommendations is not returned to the
Legislative Assembly within the said period of fourteen days, it shall be
deemed to have been passed by both Houses at the expiration of the said period
in the form in which it was passed by the Legislative Assembly.
      199. Definition of “Money Bills”.—(1) For the purposes of this
Chapter, a Bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions
dealing with all or any of the following matters, namely:—
            (a) the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax;
            (b) the regulation of the borrowing of money or the giving of any
      guarantee by the State, or the amendment of the law with respect to any
      financial obligations undertaken or to be undertaken by the State;
            (c) the custody of the Consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund
      of the State, the payment of moneys into or the withdrawal of moneys
      from any such Fund;
            (d) the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of
      the State;
            (e) the declaring of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on
      the Consolidated Fund of the State, or the increasing of the amount of
      any such expenditure;
            (f) the receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund of the
      State or the public account of the State or the custody or issue of such
      money; or
            (g) any matter incidental to any of the matters specified in
      sub-clauses (a) to (f).
       (2) A Bill shall not be deemed to be a Money Bill by reason only that it
provides for the imposition of fines or other pecuniary penalties, or for the
demand or payment of fees for licences or fees for services rendered, or by
reason that it provides for the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or
regulation of any tax by any local authority or body for local purposes.
      (3) If any question arises whether a Bill introduced in the Legislature of
91                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part VI.—The States)

a State which has a Legislative Council is a Money Bill or not, the decision of
the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of such State thereon shall be final.
       (4) There shall be endorsed on every Money Bill when it is transmitted
to the Legislative Council under article 198, and when it is presented to the
Governor for assent under article 200, the certificate of the Speaker of the
Legislative Assembly signed by him that it is a Money Bill.
       200. Assent to Bills.—When a Bill has been passed by the Legislative
Assembly of a State or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, has
been passed by both Houses of the Legislature of the State, it shall be presented
to the Governor and the Governor shall declare either that he assents to the Bill
or that he withholds assent therefrom or that he reserves the Bill for the
consideration of the President:
       Provided that the Governor may, as soon as possible after the
presentation to him of the Bill for assent, return the Bill if it is not a Money Bill
together with a message requesting that the House or Houses will reconsider
the Bill or any specified provisions thereof and, in particular, will consider the
desirability of introducing any such amendments as he may recommend in his
message and, when a Bill is so returned, the House or Houses shall reconsider
the Bill accordingly, and if the Bill is passed again by the House or Houses
with or without amendment and presented to the Governor for assent, the
Governor shall not withhold assent therefrom:
       Provided further that the Governor shall not assent to, but shall reserve
for the consideration of the President, any Bill which in the opinion of the
Governor would, if it became law, so derogate from the powers of the High
Court as to endanger the position which that Court is by this Constitution
designed to fill.
       201. Bills reserved for consideration.—When a Bill is reserved by a
Governor for the consideration of the President, the President shall declare
either that he assents to the Bill or that he withholds assent therefrom:
       Provided that, where the Bill is not a Money Bill, the President may
direct the Governor to return the Bill to the House or, as the case may be, the
Houses of the Legislature of the State together with such a message as is
mentioned in the first proviso to article 200 and, when a Bill is so returned, the
House or Houses shall reconsider it accordingly within a period of six months
from the date of receipt of such message and, if it is again passed by the House
92                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part VI.—The States)

or Houses with or without amendment, it shall be presented again to the
President for his consideration.
                          Procedure in Financial Matters
      202. Annual financial statement.—(1) The Governor shall in respect of
every financial year cause to be laid before the House or Houses of the
Legislature of the State a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of
the State for that year, in this Part referred to as the “annual financial
statement”.
      (2) The estimates of expenditure embodied in the annual financial
statement shall show separately—
          (a) the sums required to meet expenditure described by this
      Constitution as expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of the
      State; and
          (b) the sums required to meet other expenditure proposed to be made
      from the Consolidated Fund of the State,
and shall distinguish expenditure on revenue account from other expenditure.
      (3) The following expenditure shall be expenditure charged on the
Consolidated Fund of each State—
          (a) the emoluments and allowances of the Governor and other
      expenditure relating to his office;
          (b) the salaries and allowances of the Speaker and the Deputy
      Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and, in the case of a State having a
      Legislative Council, also of the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of
      the Legislative Council;
          (c) debt charges for which the State is liable including interest,
      sinking fund charges and redemption charges, and other expenditure
      relating to the raising of loans and the service and redemption of debt;
          (d) expenditure in respect of the salaries and allowances of Judges of
      any High Court;
          (e) any sums required to satisfy any judgment, decree or award of any
      court or arbitral tribunal;
          (f) any other expenditure declared by this Constitution, or by the
      Legislature of the State by law, to be so charged.
      203. Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates.—(1) So
much of the estimates as relates to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated
Fund of a State shall not be submitted to the vote of the Legislative Assembly,
93                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part VI.—The States)

but nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the discussion in the
Legislature of any of those estimates.
        (2) So much of the said estimates as relates to other expenditure shall be
submitted in the form of demands for grants to the Legislative Assembly, and
the Legislative Assembly shall have power to assent, or to refuse to assent, to
any demand, or to assent to any demand subject to a reduction of the amount
specified therein.
        (3) No demand for a grant shall be made except on the recommendation
of the Governor.
       204. Appropriation Bills.—(1) As soon as may be after the grants under
article 203 have been made by the Assembly, there shall be introduced a Bill to
provide for the appropriation out of the Consolidated Fund of the State of all
moneys required to meet—
            (a) the grants so made by the Assembly; and
          (b) the expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State but
      not exceeding in any case the amount shown in the statement previously
      laid before the House or Houses.
       (2) No amendment shall be proposed to any such Bill in the House or
either House of the Legislature of the State which will have the effect of
varying the amount or altering the destination of any grant so made or of
varying the amount of any expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of
the State, and the decision of the person presiding as to whether an amendment
is inadmissible under this clause shall be final.
      (3) Subject to the provisions of articles 205 and 206, no money shall be
withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of the State except under appropriation
made by law passed in accordance with the provisions of this article.
      205. Supplementary, additional or excess grants.—(1) The Governor
shall—
         (a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the
      provisions of article 204 to be expended for a particular service for the
      current financial year is found to be insufficient for the purposes of that
      year or when a need has arisen during the current financial year for
      supplementary or additional expenditure upon some new service not
      contemplated in the annual financial statement for that year; or
94                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part VI.—The States)

         (b) if any money has been spent on any service during a financial
      year in excess of the amount granted for that service and for that year,
cause to be laid before the House or the Houses of the Legislature of the State
another statement showing the estimated amount of that expenditure or cause to
be presented to the Legislative Assembly of the State a demand for such excess,
as the case may be.
       (2) The provisions of articles 202, 203 and 204 shall have effect in
relation to any such statement and expenditure or demand and also to any law
to be made authorising the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated
Fund of the State to meet such expenditure or the grant in respect of such
demand as they have effect in relation to the annual financial statement and the
expenditure mentioned therein or to a demand for a grant and the law to be
made for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated
Fund of the State to meet such expenditure or grant.
      206. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.—(1)
Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the
Legislative Assembly of a State shall have power—
          (a) to make any grant in advance in respect of the estimated
      expenditure for a part of any financial year pending the completion of
      the procedure prescribed in article 203 for the voting of such grant and
      the passing of the law in accordance with the provisions of article 204 in
      relation to that expenditure;
         (b) to make a grant for meeting an unexpected demand upon the
      resources of the State when on account of the magnitude or the indefinite
      character of the service the demand cannot be stated with the details
      ordinarily given in an annual financial statement;
         (c) to make an exceptional grant which forms no part of the current
      service of any financial year,
and the Legislature of the State shall have power to authorise by law the
withdrawal of moneys from the Consolidated Fund of the State for the purposes
for which the said grants are made.
       (2) The provisions of articles 203 and 204 shall have effect in relation to
the making of any grant under clause (1) and to any law to be made under that
clause as they have effect in relation to the making of a grant with regard to any
expenditure mentioned in the annual financial statement and the law to be made
95                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)

for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund
of the State to meet such expenditure.
       207. Special provisions as to financial Bills.—(1) A Bill or amendment
making provision for any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f) of
clause (1) of article 199 shall not be introduced or moved except on the
recommendation of the Governor, and a Bill making such provision shall not be
introduced in a Legislative Council:
       Provided that no recommendation shall be required under this clause for
the moving of an amendment making provision for the reduction or abolition of
any tax.
       (2) A Bill or amendment shall not be deemed to make provision for any
of the matters aforesaid by reason only that it provides for the imposition of
fines or other pecuniary penalties, or for the demand or payment of fees for
licences or fees for services rendered, or by reason that it provides for the
imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax by any local
authority or body for local purposes.
       (3) A Bill which, if enacted and brought into operation, would involve
expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of a State shall not be passed by a
House of the Legislature of the State unless the Governor has recommended to
that House the consideration of the Bill.
                                Procedure Generally
       208. Rules of procedure.—(1) A House of the Legislature of a State
may make rules for regulating, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, its
procedure and the conduct of its business.
       (2) Until rules are made under clause (1), the rules of procedure and
standing orders in force immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution with respect to the Legislature for the corresponding Province shall
have effect in relation to the Legislature of the State subject to such modifications
and adaptations as may be made therein by the Speaker of the Legislative
Assembly, or the Chairman of the Legislative Council, as the case may be.
       (3) In a State having a Legislative Council the Governor, after
consultation with the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the Chairman of
______________________________________________
 The brackets and words "(including the quorum to constitute a meeting of the House)"
 ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 35 (date not notified).
 This amendment was omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act,
 1978, s. 45 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
96                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Part VI.—The States)

the Legislative Council, may make rules as to the procedure with respect to
communications between the two Houses.
       209. Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in
relation to financial business.—The Legislature of a State may, for the purpose
of the timely completion of financial business, regulate by law the procedure of,
and the conduct of business in, the House or Houses of the Legislature of the
State in relation to any financial matter or to any Bill for the appropriation of
moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the State, and, if and so far as any
provision of any law so made is inconsistent with any rule made by the House or
either House of the Legislature of the State under clause (1) of article 208 or with
any rule or standing order having effect in relation to the Legislature of the State
under clause (2) of that article, such provision shall prevail.
       210. Language to be used in the Legislature.—(1) Notwithstanding
anything in Part XVII, but subject to the provisions of article 348, business in
the Legislature of a State shall be transacted in the official language or
languages of the State or in Hindi or in English:
       Provided that the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly or Chairman of
the Legislative Council, or person acting as such, as the case may be, may
permit any member who cannot adequately express himself in any of the
languages aforesaid to address the House in his mother-tongue.
       (2) Unless the Legislature of the State by law otherwise provides, this
article shall, after the expiration of a period of fifteen years from the
commencement of this Constitution, have effect as if the words “or in English”
were omitted therefrom:
       1
         [Provided that in relation to the 2[Legislatures of the States of Himachal
Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura] this clause shall have effect as if for
the words “fifteen years” occurring therein, the words “twenty-five years” were
substituted:]
       3
         [Provided further that in relation to the 4[Legislatures of the States of
5
  [Arunachal Pradesh, Goa and Mizoram]], this clause shall have effect as if for
______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970 (53 of 1970), s. 46 (w.e.f. 25-1-1971).
2. Subs. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971) s. 71, for
   "Legislature of the State of Himachal Pradesh" (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
3. Ins. by the State of Mizoram Act, 1986 (34 of 1986), s. 39 (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).
4. Subs. by the State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986 (69 of 1986), s. 42, for "Legislature
   of the State of Mizoram" (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).
5. Subs. by the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987 (18 of 1987), s. 63, for
   "Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram" (w.e.f. 30-5-1987).
97                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part VI.—The States)

the words "fifteen years" occurring therein, the words "forty years" were
substituted.]
       211. Restriction on discussion in the Legislature.—No discussion
shall take place in the Legislature of a State with respect to the conduct of any
Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court in the discharge of his duties.
       212. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.—(1)
The validity of any proceedings in the Legislature of a State shall not be called
in question on the ground of any alleged irregularity of procedure.
       (2) No officer or member of the Legislature of a State in whom powers
are vested by or under this Constitution for regulating procedure or the conduct
of business, or for maintaining order, in the Legislature shall be subject to the
jurisdiction of any court in respect of the exercise by him of those powers.
             CHAPTER IV.—LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR
       213. Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of
Legislature.—(1) If at any time, except when the Legislative Assembly of a
State is in session, or where there is a Legislative Council in a State, except
when both Houses of the Legislature are in session, the Governor is satisfied
that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate
action, he may promulgate such Ordinances as the circumstances appear to
him to require:
       Provided that the Governor shall not, without instructions from the
President, promulgate any such Ordinance if—
              (a) a Bill containing the same provisions would under this
       Constitution have required the previous sanction of the President for the
       introduction thereof into the Legislature; or
              (b) he would have deemed it necessary to reserve a Bill containing
       the same provisions for the consideration of the President; or
              (c) an Act of the Legislature of the State containing the same
       provisions would under this Constitution have been invalid unless,
       having been reserved for the consideration of the President, it had
       received the assent of the President.
       (2) An Ordinance promulgated under this article shall have the same
force and effect as an Act of the Legislature of the State assented to by the
Governor, but every such Ordinance—
98                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)

               (a) shall be laid before the Legislative Assembly of the State, or
        where there is a Legislative Council in the State, before both the Houses,
        and shall cease to operate at the expiration of six weeks from the
        reassembly of the Legislature, or if before the expiration of that period a
        resolution disapproving it is passed by the Legislative Assembly and
        agreed to by the Legislative Council, if any, upon the passing of the
        resolution or, as the case may be, on the resolution being agreed to by
        the Council; and
               (b) may be withdrawn at any time by the Governor.
        Explanation.—Where the Houses of the Legislature of a State having a
Legislative Council are summoned to reassemble on different dates, the period
of six weeks shall be reckoned from the later of those dates for the purposes of
this clause.
        (3) If and so far as an Ordinance under this article makes any provision
which would not be valid if enacted in an Act of the Legislature of the State
assented to by the Governor, it shall be void:
        Provided that, for the purposes of the provisions of this Constitution
relating to the effect of an Act of the Legislature of a State which is repugnant
to an Act of Parliament or an existing law with respect to a matter enumerated
in the Concurrent List, an Ordinance promulgated under this article in
pursuance of instructions from the President shall be deemed to be an Act of
the Legislature of the State which has been reserved for the consideration of the
President and assented to by him.
        1
          (4)*                 *                *                  *




______________________________________________
1. Cl. (4) was ins. by the Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 3 (with
   retrospective effect) and omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment)
   Act, 1978, s. 27 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
99                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Part VI.—The States)

                 CHAPTER V.—THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES
         214. High Courts for States.—1*** There shall be a High Court for each
State.
         2
        (2)*                  *                   *              *
         2
        (3)*                  *                   *              *
       215. High Courts to be courts of record.—Every High Court shall be a
court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court including the
power to punish for contempt of itself.
       216. Constitution of High Courts.—Every High Court shall consist of a
Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may from time to time
deem it necessary to appoint.
       3
         *                *                *                 *             *
       217. Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High
Court.—(1) Every Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President
by warrant under his hand and seal 4[on the recommendation of the National
Judicial Appointments Commission referred to in article 124A], and the
Governor of the State, and, in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the
Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court, 5[shall hold office, in the
case of an additional or acting Judge, as provided in article 224, and in any
other case, until he attains the age of 6[sixty-two years:]]
       Provided that—
           (a) a Judge may, by writing under his hand addressed to the
       President, resign his office;
           (b) a Judge may be removed from his office by the President in the
______________________________________________
1. The bracket and figure "(1)" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act,
   1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Cls. (2) and (3) omitted by s. 29 and Sch., ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Proviso omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 11
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Ninety-ninth Amendment) Act, 2014, s. 6, for "after
   consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and, in the case
   of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High
   Court" (w.e.f. 13-4-2015). This amendment has been struck down by the Supreme
   Court in the case of Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association and Another Vs.
   Union of India in its judgment dated 16-10-2015, AIR 2016 SC 117.
5. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 12, for "shall hold office
   until he attains the age of sixty years" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
6. Subs. by the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 4(a), for "sixty years"
   (w.e.f. 5-10-1963).
100                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Part VI.—The States)

      manner provided in clause (4) of article 124 for the removal of a Judge
      of the Supreme Court;
          (c) the office of a Judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by
      the President to be a Judge of the Supreme Court or by his being
      transferred by the President to any other High Court within the territory
      of India.
      (2) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High
Court unless he is a citizen of India and—
               (a) has for at least ten years held a judicial office in the territory of
      India; or
               (b) has for at least ten years been an advocate of a High Court
      1
        *** or of two or more such Courts in succession.2***
               2
                 (c)*            *               *                 *                 *
      Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause—
               3
                 [(a) in computing the period during which a person has held
      judicial office in the territory of India, there shall be included any period,
      after he has held any judicial office, during which the person has been an
      advocate of a High Court or has held the office of a member of a tribunal
      or any post, under the Union or a State, requiring special knowledge of
      law;]
          4
            [(aa)] in computing the period during which a person has been an
      advocate of a High Court, there shall be included any period during
      which the person 5[has held judicial office or the office of a member of a
      tribunal or any post, under the Union or a State, requiring special
      knowledge of law] after he became an advocate;
          (b) in computing the period during which a person has held judicial
      office in the territory of India or been an advocate of a High Court, there
      shall be included any period before the commencement of this

______________________________________________
1. The words "in any State specified in the First Schedule" omitted by the Constitution
   (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. The word "or" and sub-clause (c) were ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second
   Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 36 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977) and omitted by the Constitution
   (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 28 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 28 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
4. Cl. (a) re-lettered as cl. (aa) by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978,
   s. 28 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
5. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 36, for "has held
   judicial office" (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
101                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)

       Constitution during which he has held judicial office in any area which
       was comprised before the fifteenth day of August, 1947, within India as
       defined by the Government of India Act, 1935, or has been an advocate
       of any High Court in any such area, as the case may be.
       1
         [(3) If any question arises as to the age of a Judge of a High Court, the
question shall be decided by the President after consultation with the Chief
Justice of India and the decision of the President shall be final.]
       218. Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to
High Courts.—The provisions of clauses (4) and (5) of article 124 shall apply
in relation to a High Court as they apply in relation to the Supreme Court with
the substitution of references to the High Court for references to the Supreme
Court.
       219. Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts.—Every person
appointed to be a Judge of a High Court 2*** shall, before he enters upon his
office, make and subscribe before the Governor of the State, or some person
appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to the form
set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
       3
         [220. Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge.—No
person who, after the commencement of this Constitution, has held office as a
permanent Judge of a High Court shall plead or act in any court or before any
authority in India except the Supreme Court and the other High Courts.
       Explanation.—In this article, the expression “High Court” does not
include a High Court for a State specified in Part B of the First Schedule as it
existed before the commencement4 of the Constitution (Seventh Amendment)
Act, 1956.]
       221. Salaries, etc., of Judges.—5[(1) There shall be paid to the Judges
of each High Court such salaries as may be determined by Parliament by law
______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 4(b), (with retrospective
   effect).
2. The words "in a State" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956,
   s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Subs. by s. 13, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
4. 1st November, 1956.
5. Subs. by the Constitution (Fifty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1986, s. 3, for clause (1)
   (w.e.f. 1-4-1986).
102                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)

and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such salaries as are specified in
the Second Schedule.]
       (2) Every Judge shall be entitled to such allowances and to such rights in
respect of leave of absence and pension as may from time to time be
determined by or under law made by Parliament and, until so determined, to
such allowances and rights as are specified in the Second Schedule:
       Provided that neither the allowances of a Judge nor his rights in respect
to leave of absence or pension shall be varied to his disadvantage after his
appointment.
       222. Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another.—(1) The
President may, 1[on the recommendation of the National Judicial Appointments
Commission referred to in article 124A], transfer a Judge from one High Court
to any other High Court 2***.
       3
         [(2) When a Judge has been or is so transferred, he shall, during the
period he serves, after the commencement of the Constitution (Fifteenth
Amendment) Act, 1963, as a Judge of the other High Court, be entitled to
receive in addition to his salary such compensatory allowance as may be
determined by Parliament by law and, until so determined, such compensatory
allowance as the President may by order fix.]
       223. Appointment of acting Chief Justice.—When the office of Chief
Justice of a High Court is vacant or when any such Chief Justice is, by reason
of absence or otherwise, unable to perform the duties of his office, the duties of
the office shall be performed by such one of the other Judges of the Court as
the President may appoint for the purpose.
       4
         [224. Appointment of additional and acting Judges.—(1) If by
reason of any temporary increase in the business of a High Court or by reason

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Ninety-ninth Amendment) Act, 2014, s. 7, for "after
   consultation with the Chief Justice of India" (w.e.f. 13-4-2015). This amendment has
   been struck down by the Supreme Court in the case of Supreme Court Advocates-on-
   Record Association and Another Vs. Union of India in its judgment dated 16-10-2015,
   AIR 2016 SC 117.
2. The words "within the territory of India" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh
   Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 14 (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 5 (w.e.f. 5-10-1963).
   Original cl. (2) was omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956,
   s. 14 (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 15 for art. 224
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
103                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Part VI.—The States)

of arrears of work therein, it appears to the President that the number of the
Judges of that Court should be for the time being increased, 1[the President
may, in consultation with the National Judicial Appointments Commission,
appoint] duly qualified persons to be additional Judges of the Court for such
period not exceeding two years as he may specify.
        (2) When any Judge of a High Court other than the Chief Justice is by
reason of absence or for any other reason unable to perform the duties of his
office or is appointed to act temporarily as Chief Justice, 1[the President may,
in consultation with the National Judicial Appointments Commission, appoint]
a duly qualified person to act as a Judge of that Court until the permanent Judge
has resumed his duties.
        (3) No person appointed as an additional or acting Judge of a High
Court shall hold office after attaining the age of 2[sixty-two years].]
       3
         [224A. Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts.—
Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, 4[the National Judicial Appointments
Commission on a reference made to it by the Chief Justice of a High Court for
any State, may with the previous consent of the President], request any person
who has held the office of a Judge of that Court or of any other High Court to
sit and act as a Judge of the High Court for that State, and every such person so
requested shall, while so sitting and acting, be entitled to such allowances as
the President may by order determine and have all the jurisdiction, powers and
privileges of, but shall not otherwise be deemed to be, a Judge of that High
Court:
       Provided that nothing in this article shall be deemed to require any such
person as aforesaid to sit and act as a Judge of that High Court unless he
consents so to do.]



______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Ninety-ninth Amendment) Act, 2014, s. 8, for "the
   President may appoint" (w.e.f. 13-4-2015). This amendment has been struck down, by
   the Supreme Court in the case of Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association
   and Another Vs. Union of India in its judgment, dated 16-10-2015, AIR 2016 SC 117.
2 Subs. by the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 6, for "sixty years"
   (w.e.f. 5-10-1963).
3. Ins. by s. 7, ibid. (w.e.f. 5-10-1963).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Ninety-ninth Amendment) Act, 2014, s. 9, for "the Chief
   Justice of a High Court for any State may at any time, with the previous consent of the
   President" (w.e.f. 13-4-2015). This amendment has been struck down by the Supreme
   Court in the case of Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association and Another Vs.
   Union of India in its judgment dated 16-10-2015, AIR 2016 SC 117.
104                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Part VI.—The States)

        225. Jurisdiction of existing High Courts.—Subject to the provisions
of this Constitution and to the provisions of any law of the appropriate
Legislature made by virtue of powers conferred on that Legislature by this
Constitution, the jurisdiction of, and the law administered in, any existing High
Court, and the respective powers of the Judges thereof in relation to the
administration of justice in the Court, including any power to make rules of
Court and to regulate the sittings of the Court and of members thereof sitting
alone or in Division Courts, shall be the same as immediately before the
commencement of this Constitution:
        1
          [Provided that any restriction to which the exercise of original
jurisdiction by any of the High Courts with respect to any matter concerning
the revenue or concerning any act ordered or done in the collection thereof was
subject immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall no
longer apply to the exercise of such jurisdiction.]
        2
          [226. Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.—(1)
Notwithstanding anything in article 32 3***, every High Court shall have
power, throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction, to
issue to any person or authority, including in appropriate cases, any
Government, within those territories directions, orders or writs, including
4
  [writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto
and certiorari, or any of them, for the enforcement of any of the rights
conferred by Part III and for any other purpose.]
        (2) The power conferred by clause (1) to issue directions, orders or writs
to any Government, authority or person may also be exercised by any High
Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to the territories within which the cause
of action, wholly or in part, arises for the exercise of such power,
______________________________________________
1. Omitted by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 37
   (w.e.f. 1-2-1977) and subsequently ins. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment)
   Act, 1978, s. 29 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 38 for art. 226
   (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
3. The words, figures and letters "but subject to the provisions of article 131A and article
   226A" omitted by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 7
   (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 30, for the portion
   beginning with "writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo
   warranto and certiorari, or any of them" and ending with "such illegality has resulted
   in substantial failure of justice." (w.e.f. 1-8-1979).
105                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)

notwithstanding that the seat of such Government or authority or the residence
of such person is not within those territories.
        1
          [(3) Where any party against whom an interim order, whether by way of
injunction or stay or in any other manner, is made on, or in any proceedings
relating to, a petition under clause (1), without—
             (a) furnishing to such party copies of such petition and all documents
        in support of the plea for such interim order; and
             (b) giving such party an opportunity of being heard,
makes an application to the High Court for the vacation of such order and
furnishes a copy of such application to the party in whose favour such order has
been made or the counsel of such party, the High Court shall dispose of the
application within a period of two weeks from the date on which it is received or
from the date on which the copy of such application is so furnished, whichever is
later, or where the High Court is closed on the last day of that period, before the
expiry of the next day afterwards on which the High Court is open; and if the
application is not so disposed of, the interim order shall, on the expiry of that
period, or, as the case may be, the expiry of the said next day, stand vacated.]
      2
        [(4) The power conferred on a High Court by this article shall not be in
derogation of the power conferred on the Supreme Court by clause (2) of article 32.]
      3
        [226A. Constitutional validity of Central laws not to be considered in
proceedings under article 226.].—Omitted by the Constitution (Forty-third
Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 8 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).
       227. Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court.—
4
 [(1) Every High Court shall have superintendence over all courts and tribunals
throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction.]




______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s.30, for cls. (3), (4),
    (5) and (6) (w.e.f. 1-8-1979).
2. Cl. (7) renumbered as cl. (4) by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978,
   s. 30 (w.e.f. 1-8-1979).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 39 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 40, for cl. (1)
   (w.e.f. 1-2-1977) and further subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment)
   Act, 1978, s. 31, for cl. (1) (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
106                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)

        (2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provision, the
High Court may—
             (a) call for returns from such courts;
             (b) make and issue general rules and prescribe forms for regulating
        the practice and proceedings of such courts; and
             (c) prescribe forms in which books, entries and accounts shall be kept
        by the officers of any such courts.
        (3) The High Court may also settle tables of fees to be allowed to the
sheriff and all clerks and officers of such courts and to attorneys, advocates and
pleaders practising therein:
        Provided that any rules made, forms prescribed or tables settled under
clause (2) or clause (3) shall not be inconsistent with the provision of any law
for the time being in force, and shall require the previous approval of the
Governor.
        (4) Nothing in this article shall be deemed to confer on a High Court
powers of superintendence over any court or tribunal constituted by or under
any law relating to the Armed Forces.
        1
          (5)*                    *                    *               *
        228. Transfer of certain cases to High Court.—If the High Court is
satisfied that a case pending in a court subordinate to it involves a substantial
question of law as to the interpretation of this Constitution the determination of
which is necessary for the disposal of the case, 2[it shall withdraw the case and
3
  *** may—]
                 (a) either dispose of the case itself, or
                 (b) determine the said question of law and return the case to the
        court from which the case has been so withdrawn together with a copy of
        its judgment on such question, and the said court shall on receipt thereof
        proceed to dispose of the case in conformity with such judgment.
______________________________________________
1. Cl. (5) was ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 40
   (w.e.f. 1-2-1977) and omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment)
   Act, 1978, s. 31 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 41, for "it shall
   withdraw the case and may—" (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
3. The words, figures and letter, "subject to the provisions of article 131A," omitted by
   the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 9 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).
107                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)
       1
        [228A. Special provisions as to disposal of questions relating to
constitutional validity of State laws.].—Omitted by the Constitution (Forty-
third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 10 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).
        229. Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts.—(1)
Appointments of officers and servants of a High Court shall be made by the Chief
Justice of the Court or such other Judge or officer of the Court as he may direct:
        Provided that the Governor of the State 2*** may by rule require that in
such cases as may be specified in the rule no person not already attached to the
Court shall be appointed to any office connected with the Court save after
consultation with the State Public Service Commission.
        (2) Subject to the provisions of any law made by the Legislature of the
State, the conditions of service of officers and servants of a High Court shall be
such as may be prescribed by rules made by the Chief Justice of the Court or by
some other Judge or officer of the Court authorised by the Chief Justice to
make rules for the purpose:
        Provided that the rules made under this clause shall, so far as they relate
to salaries, allowances, leave or pensions, require the approval of the Governor
of the State 2***.
        (3) The administrative expenses of a High Court, including all salaries,
allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of the officers and servants of
the Court, shall be charged upon the Consolidated Fund of the State, and any
fees or other moneys taken by the Court shall form part of that Fund.
        3
          [230. Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union
territories.—(1) Parliament may by law extend the jurisdiction of a High Court
to, or exclude the jurisdiction of a High Court from, any Union territory.
        (2) Where the High Court of a State exercises jurisdiction in relation to a
Union territory,—
            (a) nothing in this Constitution shall be construed as empowering the
        Legislature of the State to increase, restrict or abolish that jurisdiction; and
            (b) the reference in article 227 to the Governor shall, in relation to

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 42 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
2. The words "in which the High Court has its principal seat" omitted by the Constitution
   (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Subs. by s. 16, ibid., for arts. 230, 231 and 232 (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
108                       THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Part VI.—The States)

       any rules, forms or tables for subordinate courts in that territory, be
       construed as a reference to the President.
       231. Establishment of a common High Court for two or more
States.—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the preceding provisions of
this Chapter, Parliament may by law establish a common High Court for two or
more States or for two or more States and a Union territory.
       (2) In relation to any such High Court,—
               1
                   (a)*     *                   *                 *                  *
              (b) the reference in article 227 to the Governor shall, in relation to
       any rules, forms or tables for subordinate courts, be construed as a
       reference to the Governor of the State in which the subordinate courts
       are situate; and
              (c) the references in articles 219 and 229 to the State shall be
       construed as a reference to the State in which the High Court has its
       principal seat:
       Provided that if such principal seat is in a Union territory, the references
in articles 219 and 229 to the Governor, Public Service Commission,
Legislature and Consolidated Fund of the State shall be construed respectively
as references to the President, Union Public Service Commission, Parliament
and Consolidated Fund of India.]
       [232. Interpretation.—Articles 230, 231 and 232 subs. by articles 230
and 231 by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 16
(w.e.f. 1-11-1956)].
                          CHAPTER VI.—SUBORDINATE COURTS
       233. Appointment of district judges.—(1) Appointments of persons to

______________________________________________
1. Sub-clause (a) was omitted by the Constitution (Ninety-ninth Amendment) Act, 2014,
   s. 10 (w.e.f. 13-4-2015). This amendment has been struck down by the Supreme Court
   vide its order the 16-10-2015 in the Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association
   and Another Vs. Union of India reported AIR 2016 SC 117. Before amendment,
   sub-clause (a) was as under:—
        "(a) the reference in article 217 to the Governor of the State shall be construed as
   reference to the Governors of all the States in relation to which the High Court
   exercises jurisdiction".
109                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part VI.—The States)

be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in any State shall be made
by the Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court exercising
jurisdiction in relation to such State.
       (2) A person not already in the service of the Union or of the State shall
only be eligible to be appointed a district judge if he has been for not less than
seven years an advocate or a pleader and is recommended by the High Court
for appointment.
      1
        [233A. Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc.,
delivered by, certain district judges.—Notwithstanding any judgment,
decree or order of any court,—
              (a) (i) no appointment of any person already in the judicial service
       of a State or of any person who has been for not less than seven years an
       advocate or a pleader, to be a district judge in that State, and
               (ii) no posting, promotion or transfer of any such person as a
       district judge, made at any time before the commencement of the
       Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966, otherwise than in
       accordance with the provisions of article 233 or article 235 shall be
       deemed to be illegal or void or ever to have become illegal or void by
       reason only of the fact that such appointment, posting, promotion or
       transfer was not made in accordance with the said provisions;
           (b) no jurisdiction exercised, no judgment, decree, sentence or order
       passed or made, and no other act or proceeding done or taken, before the
       commencement of the Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966
       by, or before, any person appointed, posted, promoted or transferred as a
       district judge in any State otherwise than in accordance with the
       provisions of article 233 or article 235 shall be deemed to be illegal or
       invalid or ever to have become illegal or invalid by reason only of the
       fact that such appointment, posting, promotion or transfer was not made
       in accordance with the said provisions.]
       234. Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial
service.—Appointments of persons other than district judges to the judicial service
of a State shall be made by the Governor of the State in accordance with rules made
by him in that behalf after consultation with the State Public Service Commission
and with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State.

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966, s. 2 (w.e.f. 22-12-1966).
110                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part VI.—The States)

       235. Control over subordinate courts.—The control over district
courts and courts subordinate thereto including the posting and promotion of,
and the grant of leave to, persons belonging to the judicial service of a State
and holding any post inferior to the post of district judge shall be vested in the
High Court, but nothing in this article shall be construed as taking away from
any such person any right of appeal which he may have under the law
regulating the conditions of his service or as authorising the High Court to deal
with him otherwise than in accordance with the conditions of his service
prescribed under such law.
       236. Interpretation.—In this Chapter—
         (a) the expression “district judge” includes judge of a city civil court,
      additional district judge, joint district judge, assistant district judge, chief
      judge of a small cause court, chief presidency magistrate, additional
      chief presidency magistrate, sessions judge, additional sessions judge
      and assistant sessions Judge;
         (b) the expression “judicial service” means a service consisting
      exclusively of persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other
      civil judicial posts inferior to the post of district judge.
       237. Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or
classes of magistrates.—The Governor may by public notification direct that
the foregoing provisions of this Chapter and any rules made thereunder shall
with effect from such date as may be fixed by him in that behalf apply in
relation to any class or classes of magistrates in the State as they apply in
relation to persons appointed to the judicial service of the State subject to such
exceptions and modifications as may be specified in the notification.
                              PART VII

               [The States in Part B of the First Schedule].




______________________________________________
Omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and
Sch. (w.e.f. 1 -11-1956)

                                 111
                                    PART VIII
                         1
                          [THE UNION TERRITORIES]
       2
        [239. Administration of Union territories.—(1) Save as otherwise
provided by Parliament by law, every Union territory shall be administered by
the President acting, to such extent as he thinks fit, through an administrator to
be appointed by him with such designation as he may specify.
        (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Part VI, the President may
appoint the Governor of a State as the administrator of an adjoining Union
territory, and where a Governor is so appointed, he shall exercise his functions
as such administrator independently of his Council of Ministers.]
       3
       *[239A. Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or
both for certain Union territories.—(1) Parliament may by law create 4[for
the Union territory of 5[Puducherry]]—
           (a) a body, whether elected or partly nominated and partly elected, to
       function as a Legislature for the Union territory, or
           (b) a Council of Ministers,
or both with such constitution, powers and functions, in each case, as may be
specified in the law.
      (2) Any such law as is referred to in clause (1) shall not be deemed to be
an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368
notwithstanding that it contains any provision which amends or has the effect
of amending this Constitution.]


______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 17, for the heading
   "THE STATES IN PART C OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Subs. by s. 17, ibid., for art. 239 (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act, 1962, s. 4 (w.e.f. 28-12-1962).
4. Subs. by the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987 (18 of 1987) s. 63, for
   "for any of the Union territories of Goa, Daman and Diu and Pondicherry"
   (w.e.f. 30-5-1987).
5. Subs. by the Pondicherry (Alteration of Name) Act, 2006 (44 of 2006), s. 4, for
   "Pondicherry" (w.e.f. 1-10-2006).
* Article 239A has been made applicable to Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir by
   the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 (34 of 2019) S.13
   (w.e.f. 31-10-2019)

                                         112
113                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                        (Part VIII.—The Union Territories)
       1
         [239AA. Special provisions with respect to Delhi.—(1) As from the
date of commencement of the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act,
1991, the Union territory of Delhi shall be called the National Capital Territory
of Delhi (hereafter in this Part referred to as the National Capital Territory) and
the administrator thereof appointed under article 239 shall be designated as the
Lieutenant Governor.
       (2)(a) There shall be a Legislative Assembly for the National Capital
Territory and the seats in such Assembly shall be filled by members chosen by
direct election from territorial constituencies in the National Capital Territory.
       (b) The total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly, the number of
seats reserved for Scheduled Castes, the division of the National Capital
Territory into territorial constituencies (including the basis for such division)
and all other matters relating to the functioning of the Legislative Assembly
shall be regulated by law made by Parliament.
       2
         [(ba) Seats shall be reserved for women in the Legislative Assembly of
the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
       (bb) As nearly as may be, one-third of the seats reserved for the
Scheduled Castes in the Legislative Assembly of the National Capital Territory
of Delhi shall be reserved for women.
       (bc) As nearly as may be, one-third of the total number of seats to be
filled by direct election in the Legislative Assembly of the National Capital
Territory of Delhi (including the numbers of seats reserved for women
belonging to the Scheduled Castes) shall be reserved for women in such
manner as Parliament may by law determine.]
       (c) The provisions of articles 324 to 327 and 329 shall apply in relation
to the National Capital Territory, the Legislative Assembly of the National
Capital Territory and the members thereof as they apply, in relation to a State,
the Legislative Assembly of a State and the members thereof respectively; and
any reference in articles 326 and 329 to “appropriate Legislature” shall be
deemed to be a reference to Parliament.

______________________________________________
1. Arts 239AA and 239 AB ins. by the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991,
   s. 2 (w.e.f. 1-2-1992).
2. ins. by the Constitution (One-hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023, s. 2 (date yet
   to be notified).
114                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                      (Part VIII.—The Union Territories)

        (3) (a) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislative
Assembly shall have power to make laws for the whole or any part of the
National Capital Territory with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the
State List or in the Concurrent List in so far as any such matter is applicable to
Union territories except matters with respect to Entries 1, 2 and 18 of the State
List and Entries 64, 65 and 66 of that List in so far as they relate to the said
Entries 1, 2 and 18.
        (b) Nothing in sub-clause (a) shall derogate from the powers of
Parliament under this Constitution to make laws with respect to any matter for
a Union territory or any part thereof.
        (c) If any provision of a law made by the Legislative Assembly with
respect to any matter is repugnant to any provision of a law made by Parliament
with respect to that matter, whether passed before or after the law made by the
Legislative Assembly, or of an earlier law, other than a law made by the
Legislative Assembly, then, in either case, the law made by Parliament, or, as
the case may be, such earlier law, shall prevail and the law made by the
Legislative Assembly shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, be void:
        Provided that if any such law made by the Legislative Assembly has
been reserved for the consideration of the President and has received his assent,
such law shall prevail in the National Capital Territory:
        Provided further that nothing in this sub-clause shall prevent Parliament
from enacting at any time any law with respect to the same matter including a
law adding to, amending, varying or repealing the law so made by the
Legislative Assembly.
        (4) There shall be a Council of Ministers consisting of not more than ten
percent. of the total number of members in the Legislative Assembly, with the
Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Lieutenant Governor in the
exercise of his functions in relation to matters with respect to which the
Legislative Assembly has power to make laws, except in so far as he is, by or
under any law, required to act in his discretion:
        Provided that in the case of difference of opinion between the Lieutenant
Governor and his Ministers on any matter, the Lieutenant Governor shall refer
it to the President for decision and act according to the decision given thereon
by the President and pending such decision it shall be competent for the
Lieutenant Governor in any case where the matter, in his opinion, is so urgent
that it is necessary for him to take immediate action, to take such action or to
give such direction in the matter as he deems necessary.
115                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                      (Part VIII.—The Union Territories)

        (5) The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the President and other
Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Chief
Minister and the Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the
President.
        (6) The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the
Legislative Assembly.
        1
          [(7) (a)] Parliament may, by law, make provisions for giving effect to,
or supplementing the provisions contained in the foregoing clauses and for all
matters incidental or consequential thereto.
        2
          [(b) Any such law as is referred to in sub-clause (a) shall not be deemed
to be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368
notwithstanding that it contains any provision which amends or has the effect
of amending, this Constitution.]
         (8) The provisions of article 239B shall, so far as may be, apply in
relation to the National Capital Territory, the Lieutenant Governor and the
Legislative Assembly, as they apply in relation to the Union territory of
3
  [Puducherry], the administrator and its Legislature, respectively; and any
reference in that article to “clause (1) of article 239A” shall be deemed to be a
reference to this article or article 239AB, as the case may be.
        239AB. Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.—If
the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor or otherwise,
is satisfied—
             (a) that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the
      National Capital Territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the
      provisions of article 239AA or of any law made in pursuance of that
      article; or
             (b) that for the proper administration of the National Capital
      Territory it is necessary or expedient so to do,
the President may by order suspend the operation of any provision of article
239AA or of all or any of the provisions of any law made in pursuance of that

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventieth Amendment) Act, 1992, s. 3, for "(7)"
   (w.e.f. 21-12-1991).
2. Ins. by s. 3, ibid. (w.e.f. 21-12-1991).
3. Subs. by the Pondicherry (Alteration of Name) Act, 2006 (44 of 2006), s. 4, for
   "Pondicherry" (w.e.f. 1-10-2006).
.
116                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                         (Part VIII.—The Union Territories)

article for such period and subject to such conditions as may be specified in
such law and make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear
to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the National Capital
Territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239 and article 239AA.]
        1
          [239B. Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during
recess of Legislature.—(1) If at any time, except when the Legislature of 2[the
Union territory of 3[Puducherry]] is in session, the administrator thereof is
satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take
immediate action, he may promulgate such Ordinances as the circumstances
appear to him to require:
        Provided that no such Ordinance shall be promulgated by the
administrator except after obtaining instructions from the President in that
behalf:
        Provided further that whenever the said Legislature is dissolved, or its
functioning remains suspended on account of any action taken under any such
law as is referred to in clause (1) of article 239A, the administrator shall not
promulgate any Ordinance during the period of such dissolution or suspension.
        (2) An Ordinance promulgated under this article in pursuance of
instructions from the President shall be deemed to be an Act of the Legislature
of the Union territory which has been duly enacted after complying with the
provisions in that behalf contained in any such law as is referred to in clause (1)
of article 239A, but every such Ordinance—
               (a) shall be laid before the Legislature of the Union territory and
        shall cease to operate at the expiration of six weeks from the reassembly
        of the Legislature or if, before the expiration of that period, a resolution
        disapproving it is passed by the Legislature, upon the passing of the
        resolution; and
               (b) may be withdrawn at any time by the administrator after
        obtaining instructions from the President in that behalf.
        (3) If and so far as an Ordinance under this article makes any provision
which would not be valid if enacted in an Act of the Legislature of the Union



______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 3 (w.e.f. 30-12-1971).
2. Subs. by the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987 (18 of 1987) s. 63, for "a Union
   territory referred to in clause (1) article 239A" (w.e.f. 30-5-1987).
3. Subs. by the Pondicherry (Alteration of Name) Act, 2006 (44 of 2006), s. 4, for
    "Pondicherry" (w.e.f. 1-10-2006).
117                      THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                          (Part VIII.—The Union Territories)

territory made after complying with the provisions in that behalf contained in
any such law as is referred to in clause (1) of article 239A, it shall be void.]
        1
          (4)*                        *                  *                    *
        2
          [240. Power of President to make regulations for certain Union
territories.—(1) The President may make regulations for the peace, progress
and good government of the Union territory of—
                (a) the Andaman and Nicobar Islands;
               3
                 [(b) Lakshadweep;]
               4
                 [(c) Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu;]
               5
                 [(d) **** ;]
               6
                 [(e) 7[Puducherry ];]
               8
                 (f) * * *
               9
                 (g) * * *
        10
           [Provided that when any body is created under article 239A to function
as a Legislature for the Union territory of 7[Puducherry], the President shall not
make any regulation for the peace, progress and good government of that
Union territory with effect from the date appointed for the first meeting of the
Legislature:]
______________________________________________
1. Clause (4) ins. by the Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 4 (with
   retrospective effect). This amendment was omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth
   Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 32 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 17, for art. 240 (w.e.f. 1-11-
   1956).
3. Subs. by the Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands (Alteration of Name) Act, 1973
   (34 of 1973), s. 4, for entry (b) (w.e.f. 1-11-1973).
4. Subs. by the Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (Merger of Union territories) Act,
   2019 (44 of 2019) s. 4(i) (w.e.f. 26-1-2020) for entry (c) which was ins. by the Constitution
   (Tenth Amendment) Act, 1961, s.3 (w.e.f. 11-8-1961).
5. Omitted by the Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (Merger of Union territories)
   Act, 2019 (44 of 2019) s. 4(ii) (w.e.f. 26-1-2020).
6. Ins. by the Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act, 1962, s. 5 (w.e.f. 16-8-1962).
7. Subs. by the Pondicherry (Alteration of Name) Act, 2006 (44 of 2006), s. 4 for
    "Pondicherry" (w.e.f. 1-10-2006).
8. The entry (f) relating to Mizoram omitted by the State of Mizoram Act, 1986
   (34 of 1986), s. 39 (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).
9. The entry (g) relating to Arunachal Pradesh omitted by the State of Arunachal Pradesh
   Act, 1986 (69 of 1986), s. 42 (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).
10. Ins. by the Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act, 1962, s. 5 (w.e.f. 28-12-1962).
118                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                        (Part VIII.—The Union Territories)
       1
         [Provided further that whenever the body functioning as a Legislature
for the Union territory of 2[Puducherry] is dissolved, or the functioning of that
body as such Legislature remains suspended on account of any action taken
under any such law as is referred to in clause (1) of article 239A, the President
may, during the period of such dissolution or suspension, make regulations for
the peace, progress and good government of that Union territory.]
       (2) Any regulation so made may repeal or amend any Act made by
Parliament or 3[any other law], which is for the time being applicable to the
Union territory and, when promulgated by the President, shall have the same
force and effect as an Act of Parliament which applies to that territory.]
       241. High Courts for Union territories.—(1) Parliament may by law
constitute a High Court for a 4[Union territory] or declare any court in any
5
  [such territory] to be a High Court for all or any of the purposes of this
Constitution.
       (2) The provisions of Chapter V of Part VI shall apply in relation to
every High Court referred to in clause (1) as they apply in relation to a High
Court referred to in article 214 subject to such modifications or exceptions as
Parliament may by law provide.
       6
         [(3) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the provisions
of any law of the appropriate Legislature made by virtue of powers conferred
on that Legislature by or under this Constitution, every High Court exercising
jurisdiction immediately before the commencement of the Constitution
(Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, in relation to any Union territory shall
continue to exercise such jurisdiction in relation to that territory after such
commencement.
       (4) Nothing in this article derogates from the power of Parliament to
extend or exclude the jurisdiction of a High Court for a State to, or from, any
Union territory or part thereof.]
       242. [Coorg.].—Omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act,
1956, s. 29 and Sch.(w.e.f. 1-11-1956).

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 4 (w.e.f. 15-2-1972).
2. Subs. by the Pondicherry (Alteration of Name) Act, 2006 (44 of 2006), s. 4, for
   "Pondicherry" (w.e.f. 1-10-2006).
3. Subs. by the Constitution (Twenty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 4, for "any existing
   law" (w.e.f. 15-2-1972).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch., for "State
   specified in Part C of the First Schedule" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
5. Subs. by s. 29. and Sch., ibid., for "such State" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
6. Subs. by s. 29, and Sch., ibid., for cls. (3) and (4) (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
                                      1
                                     [PART IX
                               THE PANCHAYATS
       243. Definitions.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,—
            (a) “district” means a district in a State;
            (b) “Gram Sabha” means a body consisting of persons registered in
       the electoral rolls relating to a village comprised within the area of
       Panchayat at the village level;
            (c) “intermediate level” means a level between the village and
       district levels specified by the Governor of a State by public notification
       to be the intermediate level for the purposes of this Part;
            (d) “Panchayat” means an institution (by whatever name called) of
       self-government constituted under article 243B, for the rural areas;
            (e) “Panchayat area” means the territorial area of a Panchayat;
            (f) “Population” means the population as ascertained at the last
       preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published;
            (g) “village” means a village specified by the Governor by public
       notification to be a village for the purposes of this Part and includes a
       group of villages so specified.
       243A. Gram Sabha.—A Gram Sabha may exercise such powers and
perform such functions at the village level as the Legislature of a State may, by
law, provide.
       243B. Constitution of Panchayats.—(1) There shall be constituted in
every State, Panchayats at the village, intermediate and district levels in
accordance with the provisions of this Part.
       (2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), Panchayats at the intermediate
level may not be constituted in a State having a population not exceeding
twenty lakhs.
       243C. Composition of Panchayats.—(1) Subject to the provisions of
this Part, the Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect
to the composition of Panchayats:
______________________________________________
1. Original Part IX relating to "The territories in Part D of the First Schedule and other
   territories not specified in that Schedule" was omitted by the Constitution (Seventh
   Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956) and subsequently ins. by the
   Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992, s. 2 (w.e.f. 24-4-1993).

                                          119
120                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                           (Part IX.—The Panchayats)

       Provided that the ratio between the population of the territorial area of a
Panchayat at any level and the number of seats in such Panchayat to be filled
by election shall, so far as practicable, be the same throughout the State.
       (2) All the seats in a Panchayat shall be filled by persons chosen by
direct election from territorial constituencies in the Panchayat area and, for this
purpose, each Panchayat area shall be divided into territorial constituencies in
such manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the
number of seats allotted to it shall, so far as practicable, be the same throughout
the Panchayat area.
       (3) The Legislature of a State may, by law, provide for the
representation—
           (a) of the Chairpersons of the Panchayats at the village level, in the
       Panchayats at the intermediate level or, in the case of a State not having
       Panchayats at the intermediate level, in the Panchayats at the district
       level;
           (b) of the Chairpersons of the Panchayats at the intermediate level, in
       the Panchayats at the district level;
           (c) of the members of the House of the People and the members of
       the Legislative Assembly of the State representing constituencies which
       comprise wholly or partly a Panchayat area at a level other than the
       village level, in such Panchayat;
           (d) of the members of the Council of States and the members of the
       Legislative Council of the State, where they are registered as electors
       within—
                (i) a Panchayat area at the intermediate level, in Panchayat at the
           intermediate level;
                (ii) a Panchayat area at the district level, in Panchayat at the
           district level.
       (4) The Chairperson of a Panchayat and other members of a Panchayat
whether or not chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the
Panchayat area shall have the right to vote in the meetings of the Panchayats.
       (5) The Chairperson of—
           (a) a Panchayat at the village level shall be elected in such manner as
       the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide; and
           (b) a Panchayat at the intermediate level or district level shall be
       elected by, and from amongst, the elected members thereof.
121                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                           (Part IX.—The Panchayats)

       243D. Reservation of seats.—(1) Seats shall be reserved for—
           (a) the Scheduled Castes; and
           (b) the Scheduled Tribes,
in every Panchayat and the number of seats so reserved shall bear, as nearly as
may be, the same proportion to the total number of seats to be filled by direct
election in that Panchayat as the population of the Scheduled Castes in that
Panchayat area or of the Scheduled Tribes in that Panchayat area bears to the
total population of that area and such seats may be allotted by rotation to
different constituencies in a Panchayat.
       (2) Not less than one-third of the total number of seats reserved under
clause (1) shall be reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes or, as
the case may be, the Scheduled Tribes.
       (3) Not less than one-third (including the number of seats reserved for
women belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes) of the
total number of seats to be filled by direct election in every Panchayat shall be
reserved for women and such seats may be allotted by rotation to different
constituencies in a Panchayat.
       (4) The offices of the Chairpersons in the Panchayats at the village or
any other level shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled
Tribes and women in such manner as the Legislature of a State may, by law,
provide:
       Provided that the number of offices of Chairpersons reserved for the
Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the Panchayats at each level in
any State shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same proportion to the total
number of such offices in the Panchayats at each level as the population of the
Scheduled Castes in the State or of the Scheduled Tribes in the State bears to
the total population of the State:
       Provided further that not less than one-third of the total number of offices
of Chairpersons in the Panchayats at each level shall be reserved for women:
       Provided also that the number of offices reserved under this clause shall
be allotted by rotation to different Panchayats at each level.
       (5) The reservation of seats under clauses (1) and (2) and the reservation of
offices of Chairpersons (other than the reservation for women) under clause (4)
shall cease to have effect on the expiration of the period specified in article 334.
       (6) Nothing in this Part shall prevent the Legislature of a State from making
any provision for reservation of seats in any Panchayat or offices of Chairpersons in
the Panchayats at any level in favour of backward class of citizens.
122                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                           (Part IX.—The Panchayats)

       243E. Duration of Panchayats, etc.—(1) Every Panchayat, unless
sooner dissolved under any law for the time being in force, shall continue for
five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer.
        (2) No amendment of any law for the time being in force shall have the
effect of causing dissolution of a Panchayat at any level, which is functioning
immediately before such amendment, till the expiration of its duration specified
in clause (1).
        (3) An election to constitute a Panchayat shall be completed—
           (a) before the expiry of its duration specified in clause (1);
           (b) before the expiration of a period of six months from the date of its
       dissolution:
        Provided that where the remainder of the period for which the dissolved
Panchayat would have continued is less than six months, it shall not be
necessary to hold any election under this clause for constituting the Panchayat
for such period.
       (4) A Panchayat constituted upon the dissolution of a Panchayat before
the expiration of its duration shall continue only for the remainder of the period
for which the dissolved Panchayat would have continued under clause (1) had it
not been so dissolved.
       243F. Disqualifications for membership.— (1) A person shall be
disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of a Panchayat—
           (a) if he is so disqualified by or under any law for the time being in
       force for the purposes of elections to the Legislature of the State
       concerned:
           Provided that no person shall be disqualified on the ground that he is
       less than twenty-five years of age, if he has attained the age of twenty-
       one years;
           (b) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by the
       Legislature of the State.
       (2) If any question arises as to whether a member of a Panchayat has
become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause (1), the
question shall be referred for the decision of such authority and in such manner
as the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide.
123                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                           (Part IX.—The Panchayats)

       243G. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.—
Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a State may, by
law, endow the Panchayats with such powers and authority as may be
necessary to enable them to function as institutions of self-government and
such law may contain provisions for the devolution of powers and
responsibilities upon Panchayats at the appropriate level, subject to such
conditions as may be specified therein, with respect to—
          (a) the preparation of plans for economic development and social justice;
           (b) the implementation of schemes for economic development and
       social justice as may be entrusted to them including those in relation to
       the matters listed in the Eleventh Schedule.
       243H. Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.—
The Legislature of a State may, by law,—
           (a) authorise a Panchayat to levy, collect and appropriate such taxes,
       duties, tolls and fees in accordance with such procedure and subject to
       such limits;
           (b) assign to a Panchayat such taxes, duties, tolls and fees levied and
       collected by the State Government for such purposes and subject to such
       conditions and limits;
           (c) provide for making such grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the
       Consolidated Fund of the State; and
           (d) provide for constitution of such Funds for crediting all moneys
       received, respectively, by or on behalf of the Panchayats and also for the
       withdrawal of such moneys therefrom,
as may be specified in the law.
       243I. Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial
position.—(1) The Governor of a State shall, as soon as may be within one
year from the commencement of the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment)
Act, 1992, and thereafter at the expiration of every fifth year, constitute a
Finance Commission to review the financial position of the Panchayats and to
make recommendations to the Governor as to—
          (a) the principles which should govern—
                  (i) the distribution between the State and the Panchayats of the
              net proceeds of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees leviable by the
              State, which may be divided between them under this Part and the
              allocation between the Panchayats at all levels of their respective
              shares of such proceeds;
124                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                          (Part IX.—The Panchayats)

               (ii) the determination of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees which
             may be assigned to, or appropriated by, the Panchayats;
                (iii) the grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated
             Fund of the State;
         (b) the measures needed to improve the financial position of the
      Panchayats;
        (c) any other matter referred to the Finance Commission by the
      Governor in the interests of sound finance of the Panchayats.
       (2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, provide for the composition
of the Commission, the qualifications which shall be requisite for appointment
as members thereof and the manner in which they shall be selected.
      (3) The Commission shall determine their procedure and shall have such
powers in the performance of their functions as the Legislature of the State
may, by law, confer on them.
       (4) The Governor shall cause every recommendation made by the
Commission under this article together with an explanatory memorandum as to
the action taken thereon to be laid before the Legislature of the State.
      243J. Audit of accounts of Panchayats.—The Legislature of a State
may, by law, make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by
the Panchayats and the auditing of such accounts.
       243K. Elections to the Panchayats.—(1) The superintendence,
direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct
of, all elections to the Panchayats shall be vested in a State Election
Commission consisting of a State Election Commissioner to be appointed by
the Governor.
       (2) Subject to the provisions of any law made by the Legislature of a
State, the conditions of service and tenure of office of the State Election
Commissioner shall be such as the Governor may by rule determine:
       Provided that the State Election Commissioner shall not be removed
from his office except in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of a
High Court and the conditions of service of the State Election Commissioner
shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.
125                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                          (Part IX.—The Panchayats)

       (3) The Governor of a State shall, when so requested by the State
Election Commission, make available to the State Election Commission such
staff as may be necessary for the discharge of the functions conferred on the
State Election Commission by clause (1).
      (4) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a
State may, by law, make provision with respect to all matters relating to, or in
connection with, elections to the Panchayats.
        243L. Application to Union territories.—The provisions of this Part
shall apply to the Union territories and shall, in their application to a Union
territory, have effect as if the references to the Governor of a State were
references to the Administrator of the Union territory appointed under article
239 and references to the Legislature or the legislative Assembly of a State
were references, in relation to a Union territory having a Legislative Assembly,
to that Legislative Assembly:
       Provided that the President may, by public notification, direct that the
provisions of this Part shall apply to any Union territory or part thereof subject
to such exceptions and modifications as he may specify in the notification.
       243M. Part not to apply to certain areas.—(1) Nothing in this Part
shall apply to the Scheduled Areas referred to in clause (1), and the tribal areas
referred to in clause (2), of article 244.
      (2) Nothing in this Part shall apply to—
          (a) the States of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram;
         (b) the hill areas in the State of Manipur for which District Councils
      exist under any law for the time being in force.
   (3) Nothing in this Part—
          (a) relating to Panchayats at the district level shall apply to the hill
      areas of the District of Darjeeling in the State of West Bengal for which
      Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council exists under any law for the time being
      in force;
        (b) shall be construed to affect the functions and powers of the
      Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council constituted under such law.
126                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part IX.—The Panchayats)
       1
         [(3A) Nothing in article 243D, relating to reservation of seats for the
Scheduled Castes, shall apply to the State of Arunachal Pradesh.]
       (4) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—
            (a) the Legislature of a State referred to in sub-clause (a) of
       clause (2) may, by law, extend this Part to that State, except the areas, if
       any, referred to in clause (1), if the Legislative Assembly of that State
       passes a resolution to that effect by a majority of the total membership of
       that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members
       of that House present and voting;
            (b) Parliament may, by law, extend the provisions of this Part to the
       Scheduled Areas and the tribal areas referred to in clause (1) subject to
       such exceptions and modifications as may be specified in such law, and
       no such law shall be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for
       the purposes of article 368.
       243N. Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats.—
Notwithstanding anything in this Part, any provision of any law relating to
Panchayats in force in a State immediately before the commencement of the
Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992, which is inconsistent with
the provisions of this Part, shall continue to be in force until amended or
repealed by a competent Legislature or other competent authority or until the
expiration of one year from such commencement, whichever is earlier:
       Provided that all the Panchayats existing immediately before such
commencement shall continue till the expiration of their duration, unless sooner
dissolved by a resolution passed to that effect by the Legislative Assembly of
that State or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, by each House
of the Legislature of that State.
       243O. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.—
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—
            (a) the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of
       constituencies or the allotment of seats to such constituencies, made or
       purporting to be made under article 243K, shall not be called in question
       in any court;
            (b) no election to any Panchayat shall be called in question except by
       an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as is
       provided for by or under any law made by the Legislature of a State.

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Eighty-third Amendment) Act, 2000, s. 2 (w.e.f. 8-9-2000).
                                    1
                                  [PART IXA
                             THE MUNICIPALITIES
       243P. Definitions.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise
requires,—
          (a) “Committee” means a Committee constituted under article 243S;
          (b) “district” means a district in a State;
          (c) “Metropolitan area” means an area having a population of ten
       lakhs or more, comprised in one or more districts and consisting of two
       or more Municipalities or Panchayats or other contiguous areas,
       specified by the Governor by public notification to be a Metropolitan
       area for the purposes of this Part;
          (d) “Municipal area” means the territorial area of a Municipality as is
       notified by the Governor;
          (e) “Municipality” means an institution of self-government
       constituted under article 243Q;
          (f) “Panchayat” means a Panchayat constituted under article 243B;
          (g) “population” means the population as ascertained at the last
       preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published.
       243Q. Constitution of Municipalities.—(1) There shall be constituted
in every State,—
          (a) a Nagar Panchayat (by whatever name called) for a transitional
       area, that is to say, an area in transition from a rural area to an urban
       area;
          (b) a Municipal Council for a smaller urban area; and
          (c) a Municipal Corporation for a larger urban area,
in accordance with the provisions of this Part:

______________________________________________
1. Part IXA ins. by the Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992, s. 2
   (w.e.f. 1-6-1993).

                                         127
128                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                         (Part IXA.—The Municipalities)

      Provided that a Municipality under this clause may not be constituted in
such urban area or part thereof as the Governor may, having regard to the size
of the area and the municipal services being provided or proposed to be
provided by an industrial establishment in that area and such other factors as he
may deem fit, by public notification, specify to be an industrial township.
       (2) In this article, “a transitional area”, “a smaller urban area” or “a
larger urban area” means such area as the Governor may, having regard to the
population of the area, the density of the population therein, the revenue
generated for local administration, the percentage of employment in non-
agricultural activities, the economic importance or such other factors as he may
deem fit, specify by public notification for the purposes of this Part.
       243R. Composition of Municipalities.—(1) Save as provided in
clause (2), all the seats in a Municipality shall be filled by persons chosen by
direct election from the territorial constituencies in the Municipal area and for
this purpose each Municipal area shall be divided into territorial constituencies
to be known as wards.
      (2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, provide—
             (a) for the representation in a Municipality of—
                (i) persons having special knowledge or experience in
             Municipal administration;
                 (ii) the members of the House of the People and the members
             of the Legislative Assembly of the State representing
             constituencies which comprise wholly or partly the Municipal
             area;
                 (iii) the members of the Council of States and the members of
             the Legislative Council of the State registered as electors within
             the Municipal area;
                 (iv) the Chairpersons of the Committees constituted under
             clause (5) of article 243S:
            Provided that the persons referred to in paragraph (i) shall not
      have the right to vote in the meetings of the Municipality;
             (b) the manner of election of the Chairperson of a Municipality.
129                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                          (Part IXA.—The Municipalities)

      243S. Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.—(1)
There shall be constituted Wards Committees, consisting of one or more wards,
within the territorial area of a Municipality having a population of three lakhs
or more.
      (2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provision with respect
to—
           (a) the composition and the territorial area of a Wards Committee;
          (b) the manner in which the seats in a Wards Committee shall be
      filled.
       (3) A member of a Municipality representing a ward within the territorial
area of the Wards Committee shall be a member of that Committee.
      (4) Where a Wards Committee consists of—
           (a) one ward, the member representing that ward in the Municipality;
      or
          (b) two or more wards, one of the members representing such wards
      in the Municipality elected by the members of the Wards Committee,
shall be the Chairperson of that Committee.
       (5) Nothing in this article shall be deemed to prevent the Legislature of a
State from making any provision for the constitution of Committees in addition
to the Wards Committees.
       243T. Reservation of seats.—(1) Seats shall be reserved for the
Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in every Municipality and the
number of seats so reserved shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same
proportion to the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in that
Municipality as the population of the Scheduled Castes in the Municipal area or
of the Scheduled Tribes in the Municipal area bears to the total population of
that area and such seats may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies
in a Municipality.
       (2) Not less than one-third of the total number of seats reserved under
clause (1) shall be reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes or, as
the case may be, the Scheduled Tribes.
130                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                          (Part IXA.—The Municipalities)

       (3) Not less than one-third (including the number of seats reserved for
women belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes) of the
total number of seats to be filled by direct election in every Municipality shall
be reserved for women and such seats may be allotted by rotation to different
constituencies in a Municipality.
       (4) The offices of Chairpersons in the Municipalities shall be reserved
for the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and women in such manner as
the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide.
       (5) The reservation of seats under clauses (1) and (2) and the reservation of
offices of Chairpersons (other than the reservation for women) under clause (4)
shall cease to have effect on the expiration of the period specified in article 334.
       (6) Nothing in this Part shall prevent the Legislature of a State from
making any provision for reservation of seats in any Municipality or offices of
Chairpersons in the Municipalities in favour of backward class of citizens.
       243U. Duration of Municipalities, etc.—(1) Every Municipality, unless
sooner dissolved under any law for the time being in force, shall continue for
five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer:
       Provided that a Municipality shall be given a reasonable opportunity of
being heard before its dissolution.
       (2) No amendment of any law for the time being in force shall have the
effect of causing dissolution of a Municipality at any level, which is
functioning immediately before such amendment, till the expiration of its
duration specified in clause (1).
       (3) An election to constitute a Municipality shall be completed,—
           (a) before the expiry of its duration specified in clause (1);
           (b) before the expiration of a period of six months from the date of its
       dissolution:
       Provided that where the remainder of the period for which the dissolved
Municipality would have continued is less than six months, it shall not be
necessary to hold any election under this clause for constituting the
Municipality for such period.
       (4) A Municipality constituted upon the dissolution of a Municipality
before the expiration of its duration shall continue only for the remainder of the
period for which the dissolved Municipality would have continued under
clause (1) had it not been so dissolved.
131                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                           (Part IXA.—The Municipalities)

       243V. Disqualifications for membership.—(1) A person shall be
disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of a Municipality—
           (a) if he is so disqualified by or under any law for the time being in force
       for the purposes of elections to the Legislature of the State concerned:
           Provided that no person shall be disqualified on the ground that he is
       less than twenty-five years of age, if he has attained the age of
       twenty-one years;
           (b) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by the
       Legislature of the State.
       (2) If any question arises as to whether a member of a Municipality has
become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause (1), the
question shall be referred for the decision of such authority and in such manner
as the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide.
       243W. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities,
etc.—Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a State
may, by law, endow—
           (a) the Municipalities with such powers and authority as may be
       necessary to enable them to function as institutions of self-government
       and such law may contain provisions for the devolution of powers and
       responsibilities upon Municipalities, subject to such conditions as may
       be specified therein, with respect to—
                 (i) the preparation of plans for economic development and social
           justice;
                 (ii) the performance of functions and the implementation of
           schemes as may be entrusted to them including those in relation to
           the matters listed in the Twelfth Schedule;
           (b) the Committees with such powers and authority as may be
       necessary to enable them to carry out the responsibilities conferred upon
       them including those in relation to the matters listed in the Twelfth
       Schedule.
       243X. Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities.—
The Legislature of a State may, by law,—
           (a) authorise a Municipality to levy, collect and appropriate such
       taxes, duties, tolls and fees in accordance with such procedure and
       subject to such limits;
132                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                         (Part IXA.—The Municipalities)

         (b) assign to a Municipality such taxes, duties, tolls and fees levied
      and collected by the State Government for such purposes and subject to
      such conditions and limits;
         (c) provide for making such grants-in-aid to the Municipalities from
      the Consolidated Fund of the State; and
         (d) provide for constitution of such Funds for crediting all moneys
      received, respectively, by or on behalf of the Municipalities and also for
      the withdrawal of such moneys therefrom,
as may be specified in the law.
      243Y. Finance Commission.—(1) The Finance Commission constituted
under article 243I shall also review the financial position of the Municipalities
and make recommendations to the Governor as to—
          (a) the principles which should govern—
               (i) the distribution between the State and the Municipalities of
          the net proceeds of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees leviable by the
          State, which may be divided between them under this Part and the
          allocation between the Municipalities at all levels of their respective
          shares of such proceeds;
              (ii) the determination of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees which
          may be assigned to, or appropriated by, the Municipalities;
              (iii) the grants-in-aid to       the   Municipalities   from   the
          Consolidated Fund of the State;
        (b) the measures needed to improve the financial position of the
      Municipalities;
        (c) any other matter referred to the Finance Commission by the
      Governor in the interests of sound finance of the Municipalities.
       (2) The Governor shall cause every recommendation made by the
Commission under this article together with an explanatory memorandum as to
the action taken thereon to be laid before the Legislature of the State.
      243Z. Audit of accounts of Municipalities.—The Legislature of a State
may, by law, make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by
the Municipalities and the auditing of such accounts.
133                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                          (Part IXA.—The Municipalities)

        243ZA. Elections to the Municipalities.—(1) The superintendence,
direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct
of, all elections to the Municipalities shall be vested in the State Election
Commission referred to in article 243K.
        (2) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a
State may, by law, make provision with respect to all matters relating to, or in
connection with, elections to the Municipalities.
        243ZB. Application to Union territories.—The provisions of this Part
shall apply to the Union territories and shall, in their application to a Union
territory, have effect as if the references to the Governor of a State were
references to the Administrator of the Union territory appointed under
article 239 and references to the Legislature or the Legislative Assembly of a
State were references in relation to a Union territory having a Legislative
Assembly, to that Legislative Assembly:
        Provided that the President may, by public notification, direct that the
provisions of this Part shall apply to any Union territory or part thereof subject
to such exceptions and modifications as he may specify in the notification.
        243ZC. Part not to apply to certain areas.—(1) Nothing in this Part
shall apply to the Scheduled Areas referred to in clause (1), and the tribal areas
referred to in clause (2) of article 244.
        (2) Nothing in this Part shall be construed to affect the functions and
powers of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council constituted under any law for the
time being in force for the hill areas of the district of Darjeeling in the State of
West Bengal.
        (3) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may, by
law, extend the provisions of this Part to the Scheduled Areas and the tribal
areas referred to in clause (1) subject to such exceptions and modifications as
may be specified in such law, and no such law shall be deemed to be an
amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368.
        243ZD. Committee for district planning.—(1) There shall be
constituted in every State at the district level a District Planning Committee to
consolidate the plans prepared by the Panchayats and the Municipalities in the
district and to prepare a draft development plan for the district as a whole.
        (2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provision with respect
to—
134                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                            (Part IXA.—The Municipalities)

                (a) the composition of the District Planning Committees;
                (b) the manner in which the seats in such Committees shall be
      filled:
             Provided that not less than four-fifths of the total number of
      members of such Committee shall be elected by, and from amongst, the
      elected members of the Panchayat at the district level and of the
      Municipalities in the district in proportion to the ratio between the
      population of the rural areas and of the urban areas in the district;
            (c) the functions relating to district planning which may be
      assigned to such Committees;
             (d) the manner in which the Chairpersons of such Committees
      shall be chosen.
      (3) Every District Planning Committee shall, in preparing the draft
development plan,—
                (a) have regard to—
                       (i) matters of common interest between the Panchayats and
                the Municipalities including spatial planning, sharing of water and
                other physical and natural resources, the integrated development
                of infrastructure and environmental conservation;
                      (ii) the extent and type of available resources whether
                financial or otherwise;
            (b) consult such institutions and organisations as the Governor
      may, by order, specify.
       (4) The Chairperson of every District Planning Committee shall forward
the development plan, as recommended by such Committee, to the Government
of the State.
       243ZE. Committee for Metropolitan planning.—(1) There shall be
constituted in every Metropolitan area a Metropolitan Planning Committee to
prepare a draft development plan for the Metropolitan area as a whole.
      (2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provision with respect to—
                (a) the composition of the Metropolitan Planning Committees;
                (b) the manner in which the seats in such Committees shall be filled:
135                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                        (Part IXA.—The Municipalities)

            Provided that not less than two-thirds of the members of such
      Committee shall be elected by, and from amongst, the elected members
      of the Municipalities and Chairpersons of the Panchayats in the
      Metropolitan area in proportion to the ratio between the population of
      the Municipalities and of the Panchayats in that area;
             (c) the representation in such Committees of the Government of
      India and the Government of the State and of such organisations and
      institutions as may be deemed necessary for carrying out the functions
      assigned to such Committees;
           (d) the functions relating to planning and coordination for the
      Metropolitan area which may be assigned to such Committees;
             (e) the manner in which the Chairpersons of such Committees
      shall be chosen.
      (3) Every Metropolitan Planning Committee shall, in preparing the draft
development plan,—
             (a) have regard to—
                 (i) the plans prepared by the Municipalities and the
            Panchayats in the Metropolitan area;
                   (ii) matters of common interest between the Municipalities
            and the Panchayats, including coordinated spatial planning of the
            area, sharing of water and other physical and natural resources,
            the integrated development of infrastructure and environmental
            conservation;
                 (iii) the overall objectives and priorities set by the
            Government of India and the Government of the State;
                   (iv) the extent and nature of investments likely to be made
            in the Metropolitan area by agencies of the Government of India
            and of the Government of the State and other available resources
            whether financial or otherwise;
            (b) consult such institutions and organisations as the Governor
      may, by order, specify.
      (4) The Chairperson of every Metropolitan Planning Committee shall
forward the development plan, as recommended by such Committee, to the
Government of the State.
136                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                         (Part IXA.—The Municipalities)

      243ZF. Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities.—
Notwithstanding anything in this Part, any provision of any law relating to
Municipalities in force in a State immediately before the commencement of the
Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992, which is inconsistent
with the provisions of this Part, shall continue to be in force until amended or
repealed by a competent Legislature or other competent authority or until the
expiration of one year from such commencement, whichever is earlier:
       Provided that all the Municipalities existing immediately before such
commencement shall continue till the expiration of their duration, unless sooner
dissolved by a resolution passed to that effect by the Legislative Assembly of
that State or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, by each House
of the Legislature of that State.
     243ZG. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.—
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—
             (a) the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of
      constituencies or the allotment of seats to such constituencies, made or
      purporting to be made under article 243ZA shall not be called in
      question in any court;
             (b) no election to any Municipality shall be called in question
      except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such
      manner as is provided for by or under any law made by the Legislature
      of a State.]
                                      1
                                    [PART IXB
                       THE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES
       243ZH. Definitions.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise
requires,—
           (a) “authorised person” means a person referred to as such in article
       243ZQ;
           (b) “board” means the board of directors or the governing body of a
       co-operative society, by whatever name called, to which the direction
       and control of the management of the affairs of a society is entrusted to;
           (c) “co-operative society” means a society registered or deemed to be
       registered under any law relating to co-operative societies for the time
       being in force in any State;
           (d) “multi-State co-operative society” means a society with objects
       not confined to one State and registered or deemed to be registered under
       any law for the time being in force relating to such co-operatives;
           (e) “office bearer” means a President, Vice-President, Chairperson,
       Vice-Chairperson, Secretary or Treasurer, of a co-operative society and
       includes any other person to be elected by the board of any co-operative
       society;
           (f) “Registrar” means the Central Registrar appointed by the Central
       Government in relation to the multi-State co-operative societies and the
       Registrar for co-operative societies appointed by the State Government
       under the law made by the Legislature of a State in relation to
       co-operative societies;
           (g) “State Act” means any law made by the Legislature of a State;
           (h) “State level co-operative society” means a co-operative society
       having its area of operation extending to the whole of a State and defined
       as such in any law made by the Legislature of a State.
       2 4 3 ZI . Incorporation of co-operative societies.—Subject to the
provisions of this Part, the Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions
with respect to the incorporation, regulation and winding up of co-operative
societies based on the principles of voluntary formation, democratic
member-control, member-economic participation and autonomous functioning.
______________________________________________
1. Part IXB ins. by the Constitution (Ninety-seventh Amendment) Act, 2011, s. 4
   (w.e.f. 15-2-2012).

                                            137
138                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                    (Part IXB.—Co-operative Societies)
      243ZJ. Number and term of members of board and its office
bearers.—(1) The board shall consist of such number of directors as may be
provided by the Legislature of a State, by law:
       Provided that the maximum number of directors of a co-operative
society shall not exceed twenty-one:
       Provided further that the Legislature of a State shall, by law, provide for
the reservation of one seat for the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes
and two seats for women on board of every co-operative society consisting of
individuals as members and having members from such class of category of
persons.
      (2) The term of office of elected members of the board and its office
bearers shall be five years from the date of election and the term of office
bearers shall be conterminous with the term of the board:
       Provided that the board may fill a casual vacancy on the board by
nomination out of the same class of members in respect of which the casual
vacancy has arisen, if the term of office of the board is less than half of its
original term.
       (3) The Legislature of a State shall, by law, make provisions for
co-option of persons to be members of the board having experience in the field
of banking, management, finance or specialisation in any other field relating to
the objects and activities undertaken by the co-operative society, as members of
the board of such society:
       Provided that the number of such co-opted members shall not exceed
two in addition to twenty-one directors specified in the first proviso to
clause (1):
      Provided further that such co-opted members shall not have the right to
vote in any election of the co-operative society in their capacity as such
member or to be eligible to be elected as office bearers of the board:
       Provided also that the functional directors of a co-operative society shall
also be the members of the board and such members shall be excluded for the
purpose of counting the total number of directors specified in the first proviso
to clause (1).
139                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                    (Part IXB.—Co-operative Societies)
       243ZK. Election of members of board.—(1) Notwithstanding anything
contained in any law made by the Legislature of a State, the election of a board
shall be conducted before the expiry of the term of the board so as to ensure
that the newly elected members of the board assume office immediately on the
expiry of the office of members of the outgoing board.
       (2) The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of
electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to a co-operative society
shall vest in such an authority or body, as may be provided by the Legislature
of a State, by law:
       Provided that the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide for the
procedure and guidelines for the conduct of such elections.
      243ZL. Supersession and suspension of board and interim
management.—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the
time being in force, no board shall be superseded or kept under suspension for a
period exceeding six months:
     Provided that the board may be superseded or kept under suspension in a
case—
            (i) of its persistent default; or
            (ii) of negligence in the performance of its duties; or
           (iii) the board has committed any act prejudicial to the interests of
       the co-operative society or its members; or
            (iv) there is stalemate in the constitution or functions of the board;
       or
           (v) the authority or body as provided by the Legislature of a State,
       by law, under clause (2) of article 243ZK, has failed to conduct
       elections in accordance with the provisions of the State Act:
       Provided further that the board of any such co-operative society shall not
be superseded or kept under suspension where there is no Government
shareholding or loan or financial assistance or any guarantee by the
Government:
       Provided also that in case of a co-operative society carrying on the
business of banking, the provisions of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949
(10 of 1949) shall also apply:
140                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                    (Part IXB.—Co-operative Societies)
       Provided also that in case of a co-operative society, other than a
multi-State co-operative society, carrying on the business of banking, the
provisions of this clause shall have the effect as if for the words “six months”,
the words “one year” had been substituted.
       (2) In case of supersession of a board, the administrator appointed to
manage the affairs of such co-operative society shall arrange for conduct of
elections within the period specified in clause (1) and handover the
management to the elected board.
       (3) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions for the
conditions of service of the administrator.
       243ZM. Audit of accounts of co-operative societies.—(1) The
Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the
maintenance of accounts by the co-operative societies and the auditing of such
accounts at least once in each financial year.
       (2) The Legislature of a State shall, by law, lay down the minimum
qualifications and experience of auditors and auditing firms that shall be
eligible for auditing accounts of the co-operative societies.
       (3) Every co-operative society shall cause to be audited by an auditor or
auditing firms referred to in clause (2) appointed by the general body of the
co-operative society:
       Provided that such auditors or auditing firms shall be appointed from a
panel approved by a State Government or an authority authorised by the State
Government in this behalf.
       (4) The accounts of every co-operative society shall be audited within
six months of the close of the financial year to which such accounts relate.
       (5) The audit report of the accounts of an apex co-operative society, as
may be defined by the State Act, shall be laid before the State Legislature in the
manner, as may be provided by the State Legislature, by law.
       243ZN. Convening of general body meetings.—The Legislature of a
State may, by law, make provisions that the annual general body meeting of
every co-operative society shall be convened within a period of six months of
close of the financial year to transact the business as may be provided in such
law.
141                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                   (Part IXB.—Co-operative Societies)
        243ZO. Right of a member to get information.—(1) The Legislature
of a State may, by law, provide for access to every member of a co-operative
society to the books, information and accounts of the co-operative society kept
in regular transaction of its business with such member.
        (2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions to ensure
the participation of members in the management of the co-operative society
providing minimum requirement of attending meetings by the members and
utilising the minimum level of services as may be provided in such law.
        (3) The Legislature of a State may, by law, provide for co-operative
education and training for its members.
       243ZP. Returns.—Every co-operative society shall file returns, within
six months of the close of every financial year, to the authority designated by
the State Government including the following matters, namely:—
         (a) annual report of its activities;
         (b) its audited statement of accounts;
         (c) plan for surplus disposal as approved by the general body of the
      co-operative society;
         (d) list of amendments to the bye-laws of the co-operative society, if
      any;
         (e) declaration regarding date of holding of its general body meeting
      and conduct of elections when due; and
         (f) any other information required by the Registrar in pursuance of
      any of the provisions of the State Act.
      243ZQ. Offences and penalties.—(1) The Legislature of a State may,
by law, make provisions for the offences relating to the co-operative societies
and penalties for such offences.
      (2) A law made by the Legislature of a State under clause (1) shall
include the commission of the following act or omission as offences, namely:—
         (a) a co-operative society or an officer or member thereof wilfully
      makes a false return or furnishes false information, or any person
      wilfully not furnishes any information required from him by a person
      authorised in this behalf under the provisions of the State Act;
142                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                    (Part IXB.—Co-operative Societies)
         (b) any person wilfully or without any reasonable excuse disobeys
      any summons, requisition or lawful written order issued under the
      provisions of the State Act;
         (c) any employer who, without sufficient cause, fails to pay to a
      co-operative society amount deducted by him from its employee within a
      period of fourteen days from the date on which such deduction is made;
         (d) any officer or custodian who wilfully fails to handover custody of
      books, accounts, documents, records, cash, security and other property
      belonging to a co-operative society of which he is an officer or
      custodian, to an authorised person; and
         (e) whoever, before, during or after the election of members of the
      board or office bearers, adopts any corrupt practice.
        243ZR. Application to multi-State co-operative societies.—The
provisions of this Part shall apply to the multi-State co-operative societies
subject to the modification that any reference to “Legislature of a State”, “State
Act” or “State Government” shall be construed as a reference to “Parliament”,
“Central Act” or “the Central Government” respectively.
        243ZS. Application to Union territories.—The provisions of this Part
shall apply to the Union territories and shall, in their application to a Union
territory, having no Legislative Assembly as if the references to the Legislature
of a State were a reference to the administrator thereof appointed under
article 239 and, in relation to a Union territory having a Legislative Assembly,
to that Legislative Assembly:
        Provided that the President may, by notification in the Official Gazette,
direct that the provisions of this Part shall not apply to any Union territory or
part thereof as he may specify in the notification.
        243ZT. Continuance of existing laws.— Notwithstanding anything in
this Part, any provision of any law relating to co-operative societies in force in
a State immediately before the commencement of the Constitution
(Ninety-seventh Amendment) Act, 2011, which is inconsistent with the
provisions of this Part, shall continue to be in force until amended or repealed
by a competent Legislature or other competent authority or until the expiration
of one year from such commencement, whichever is less.]
                                      PART X
                THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL ARE AS
       244. Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.—(1) The
provisions of the Fifth Schedule shall apply to the administration and control of
the Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in any State 1*** other than 2[the
States of Assam, 3[, 4[Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram]]].
      (2) The provisions of the Sixth Schedule shall apply to the
administration of the tribal areas in 2[the States of Assam, 3[, 5[Meghalaya,
Tripura and Mizoram]]].
       6
        [244A. Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal
areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or
both therefor.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament
may, by law, form within the State of Assam an autonomous State comprising
(whether wholly or in part) all or any of the tribal areas specified in 7[Part I] of
the table appended to paragraph 20 of the Sixth Schedule and create therefor—
              (a) a body, whether elected or partly nominated and partly
       elected, to function as a Legislature for the autonomous State, or
               (b) a Council of Ministers,
or both with such constitution, powers and functions, in each case, as may be
specified in the law.
        (2) Any such law as is referred to in clause (1) may, in particular,—

______________________________________________
1. The words and letters "specified in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule" omitted by
   the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Subs. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71, for
   "the State of Assam" (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
3. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1984, s. 2, for "and
   Meghalaya" (w.e.f. 1-4-1985).
4. Subs. by the State of Mizoram Act, 1986 (34 of 1986), s. 39, for "Meghalaya and
   Tripura" (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).
5. Subs. by s. 39, ibid., for "Meghalaya and Tripura and the Union territory of Mizoram".
   (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).
6. Ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-second Amendment) Act, 1969, s. 2 (w.e.f. 25-9-1969).
7. Subs. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71, for
   "Part A" (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).

                                          143
144                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                    (Part X.—The Scheduled and Tribal Areas)

             (a) specify the matters enumerated in the State List or the
      Concurrent List with respect to which the Legislature of the autonomous
      State shall have power to make laws for the whole or any part thereof,
      whether to the exclusion of the Legislature of the State of Assam or
      otherwise;
               (b) define the matters with respect to which the executive power
       of the autonomous State shall extend;
               (c) provide that any tax levied by the State of Assam shall be
       assigned to the autonomous State in so far as the proceeds thereof are
       attributable to the autonomous State;
               (d) provide that any reference to a State in any article of this
       Constitution shall be construed as including a reference to the
       autonomous State; and
              (e) make such supplemental, incidental and consequential
       provisions as may be deemed necessary.
        (3) An amendment of any such law as aforesaid in so far as such
amendment relates to any of the matters specified in sub-clause (a) or
sub-clause (b) of clause (2) shall have no effect unless the amendment is passed
in each House of Parliament by not less than two-thirds of the members present
and voting.
        (4) Any such law as is referred to in this article shall not be deemed to
be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368
notwithstanding that it contains any provision which amends or has the effect
of amending this Constitution.]
                                      PART XI
           RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES
                      CHAPTER I.—LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS
                           Distribution of Legislative Powers
       245. Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of
States.—(1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Parliament may
make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India, and the
Legislature of a State may make laws for the whole or any part of the State.
       (2) No law made by Parliament shall be deemed to be invalid on the
ground that it would have extra-territorial operation.
       246. Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the
Legislatures of States.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in clauses (2) and (3),
Parliament has exclusive power to make laws with respect to any of the matters
enumerated in List I in the Seventh Schedule (in this Constitution referred to as
the “Union List”).
       (2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (3), Parliament, and, subject to
clause (1), the Legislature of any State 1*** also, have power to make laws
with respect to any of the matters enumerated in List III in the Seventh
Schedule (in this Constitution referred to as the “Concurrent List”).
       (3) Subject to clauses (1) and (2), the Legislature of any State 1*** has
exclusive power to make laws for such State or any part thereof with respect to
any of the matters enumerated in List II in the Seventh Schedule (in this
Constitution referred to as the “State List”).
       (4) Parliament has power to make laws with respect to any matter for
any part of the territory of India not included 2[in a State] notwithstanding that
such matter is a matter enumerated in the State List.
       3
         [246A. Special provision with respect to goods and services tax.—(1)
Notwithstanding anything contained in articles 246 and 254, Parliament, and,
subject to clause (2), the Legislature of every State, have power to make laws
with respect to goods and services tax imposed by the Union or by such State.
______________________________________________
1. The words and letters "specified in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule" omitted by
   the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Subs. by s. 29 and Sch., ibid., for "in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule"
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 2
   (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).

                                          145
146                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                  (Part XI.—Relations between the Union and the States)

        (2) Parliament has exclusive power to make laws with respect to goods
and services tax where the supply of goods, or of services, or both takes place
in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
        Explanation.—The provisions of this article, shall, in respect of goods
and services tax referred to in clause (5) of article 279A, take effect from the
date recommended by the Goods and Services Tax Council.]
        247. Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain
additional courts.—Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, Parliament may
by law provide for the establishment of any additional courts for the better
administration of laws made by Parliament or of any existing laws with respect
to a matter enumerated in the Union List.
        248. Residuary powers of legislation.—(1) 1[Subject to article 246A,
Parliament] has exclusive power to make any law with respect to any matter
not enumerated in the Concurrent List or State List.
        (2) Such power shall include the power of making any law imposing a
tax not mentioned in either of those Lists.
        249. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the
State List in the national interest.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in the
foregoing provisions of this Chapter, if the Council of States has declared by
resolution supported by not less than two-thirds of the members present and
voting that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest that Parliament
should make laws with respect to 2[goods and services tax provided under article
246A or] any matter enumerated in the State List specified in the resolution, it
shall be lawful for Parliament to make laws for the whole or any part of the
territory of India with respect to that matter while the resolution remains in force.
        (2) A resolution passed under clause (1) shall remain in force for such
period not exceeding one year as may be specified therein:
        Provided that, if and so often as a resolution approving the continuance
in force of any such resolution is passed in the manner provided in clause (1),
such resolution shall continue in force for a further period of one year from the
date on which under this clause it would otherwise have ceased to be in force.
        (3) A law made by Parliament which Parliament would not but for the
passing of a resolution under clause (1) have been competent to make shall, to the
extent of the incompetency, cease to have effect on the expiration of a period of
six months after the resolution has ceased to be in force, except as respects things
done or omitted to be done before the expiration of the said period.

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 3, for
   "Parliament" (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
2. Ins. by s. 4, ibid. (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
147                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                  (Part XI.—Relations between the Union and the States)

       250. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in
the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.—(1)
Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, Parliament shall, while a
Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, have power to make laws for the
whole or any part of the territory of India with respect to 1[goods and services
tax provided under article 246A or] any of the matters enumerated in the State
List.
       (2) A law made by Parliament which Parliament would not but for the
issue of a Proclamation of Emergency have been competent to make shall, to the
extent of the incompetency, cease to have effect on the expiration of a period of
six months after the Proclamation has ceased to operate, except as respects things
done or omitted to be done before the expiration of the said period.
       251. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles
249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States.—Nothing in
articles 249 and 250 shall restrict the power of the Legislature of a State to
make any law which under this Constitution it has power to make, but if any
provision of a law made by the Legislature of a State is repugnant to any
provision of a law made by Parliament which Parliament has under either of the
said articles power to make, the law made by Parliament, whether passed
before or after the law made by the Legislature of the State, shall prevail, and
the law made by the Legislature of the State shall to the extent of the
repugnancy, but so long only as the law made by Parliament continues to have
effect, be inoperative.
       252. Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by
consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State.—(1) If it
appears to the Legislatures of two or more States to be desirable that any of the
matters with respect to which Parliament has no power to make laws for the
States except as provided in articles 249 and 250 should be regulated in such
States by Parliament by law, and if resolutions to that effect are passed by all
the Houses of the Legislatures of those States, it shall be lawful for Parliament
to pass an act for regulating that matter accordingly, and any Act so passed
shall apply to such States and to any other State by which it is adopted
afterwards by resolution passed in that behalf by the House or, where there are
two Houses, by each of the Houses of the Legislature of that State.


______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 5
   (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
148                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                   (Part XI.—Relations between the Union and the States)

        (2) Any Act so passed by Parliament may be amended or repealed by an
Act of Parliament passed or adopted in like manner but shall not, as respects
any State to which it applies, be amended or repealed by an Act of the
Legislature of that State.
        253. Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.—
Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter,
Parliament has power to make any law for the whole or any part of the territory
of India for implementing any treaty, agreement or convention with any other
country or countries or any decision made at any international conference,
association or other body.
        254. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made
by the Legislatures of States.—(1) If any provision of a law made by the
Legislature of a State is repugnant to any provision of a law made by
Parliament which Parliament is competent to enact, or to any provision of an
existing law with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent
List, then, subject to the provisions of clause (2), the law made by Parliament,
whether passed before or after the law made by the Legislature of such State,
or, as the case may be, the existing law, shall prevail and the law made by the
Legislature of the State shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, be void.
        (2) Where a law made by the Legislature of a State 1*** with respect to
one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List contains any provision
repugnant to the provisions of an earlier law made by Parliament or an existing
law with respect to that matter, then, the law so made by the Legislature of such
State shall, if it has been reserved for the consideration of the President and has
received his assent, prevail in that State:
        Provided that nothing in this clause shall prevent Parliament from
enacting at any time any law with respect to the same matter including a law
adding to, amending, varying or repealing the law so made by the Legislature
of the State.
        255. Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to
be regarded as matters of procedure only.—No Act of Parliament or of the
Legislature of a State 1***, and no provision in any such Act, shall be invalid
by reason only that some recommendation or previous sanction required by this
Constitution was not given, if assent to that Act was given—

______________________________________________
1. The words and letters "specified in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule" omitted by
   the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
149                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                  (Part XI.—Relations between the Union and the States)

              (a) where the recommendation required was that of the Governor,
       either by the Governor or by the President;
              (b) where the recommendation required was that of the
       Rajpramukh, either by the Rajpramukh or by the President;
              (c) where the recommendation or previous sanction required was
       that of the President, by the President.
                    CHAPTER II.—ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS
                                      General
       256. Obligation of States and the Union.—The executive power of every
State shall be so exercised as to ensure compliance with the laws made by
Parliament and any existing laws which apply in that State, and the executive
power of the Union shall extend to the giving of such directions to a State as may
appear to the Government of India to be necessary for that purpose:
       257. Control of the Union over States in certain cases.—(1) The
executive power of every State shall be so exercised as not to impede or
prejudice the exercise of the executive power of the Union, and the executive
power of the Union shall extend to the giving of such directions to a State as
may appear to the Government of India to be necessary for that purpose.
       (2) The executive power of the Union shall also extend to the giving of
directions to a State as to the construction and maintenance of means of
communication declared in the direction to be of national or military
importance:
       Provided that nothing in this clause shall be taken as restricting the
power of Parliament to declare highways or waterways to be national highways
or national waterways or the power of the Union with respect to the highways
or waterways so declared or the power of the Union to construct and maintain
means of communication as part of its functions with respect to naval, military
and air force works.
       (3) The executive power of the Union shall also extend to the giving of
directions to a State as to the measures to be taken for the protection of the
railways within the State.
       (4) Where in carrying out any direction given to a State under clause (2)
as to the construction or maintenance of any means of communication or under
clause (3) as to the measures to be taken for the protection of any railway, costs
have been incurred in excess of those which would have been incurred in the
discharge of the normal duties of the State if such direction had not been given,
there shall be paid by the Government of India to the State such sum as may be
agreed, or, in default of agreement, as may be determined by an arbitrator
appointed by the Chief Justice of India, in respect of the extra costs so incurred
by the State.
150                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                   (Part XI.—Relations between the Union and the States)

       1
         [257A. [Assistance to States by deployment of armed forces or other
forces of the Union.].—Omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth
Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 33 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).]
       258. Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain
cases.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may,
with the consent of the Government of a State, entrust either conditionally or
unconditionally to that Government or to its officers functions in relation to any
matter to which the executive power of the Union extends.
       (2) A law made by Parliament which applies in any State may,
notwithstanding that it relates to a matter with respect to which the Legislature
of the State has no power to make laws, confer powers and impose duties, or
authorise the conferring of powers and the imposition of duties, upon the State
or officers and authorities thereof.
       (3) Where by virtue of this article powers and duties have been conferred
or imposed upon a State or officers or authorities thereof, there shall be paid by
the Government of India to the State such sum as may be agreed, or, in default
of agreement, as may be determined by an arbitrator appointed by the Chief
Justice of India, in respect of any extra costs of administration incurred by the
State in connection with the exercise of those powers and duties.
       2
         [258A. Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union.—
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Governor of a State may,
with the consent of the Government of India, entrust either conditionally or
unconditionally to that Government or to its officers functions in relation to any
matter to which the executive power of the State extends.]
       [259. Armed Forces in States in Part B of the First Schedule.].—
Omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.
(w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
       260. Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside
India.—The Government of India may by agreement with the Government of
any territory not being part of the territory of India undertake any executive,
legislative or judicial functions vested in the Government of such territory, but
every such agreement shall be subject to, and governed by, any law relating to
the exercise of foreign jurisdiction for the time being in force.


______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 43 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 18 (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
151                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                  (Part XI.—Relations between the Union and the States)

        261. Public acts, records and judicial proceedings.—(1) Full faith and
credit shall be given throughout the territory of India to public acts, records and
judicial proceedings of the Union and of every State.
        (2) The manner in which and the conditions under which the acts,
records and proceedings referred to in clause (1) shall be proved and the effect
thereof determined shall be as provided by law made by Parliament.
        (3) Final judgments or orders delivered or passed by civil courts in any
part of the territory of India shall be capable of execution anywhere within that
territory according to law.
                            Disputes relating to Waters
        262. Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers
or river valleys.—(1) Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication of
any dispute or complaint with respect to the use, distribution or control of the
waters of, or in, any inter-State river or river valley.
        (2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may by
law provide that neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall exercise
jurisdiction in respect of any such dispute or complaint as is referred to in
clause (1).
                           Co-ordination between States
        263. Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.—If at any time
it appears to the President that the public interests would be served by the
establishment of a Council charged with the duty of—
               (a) inquiring into and advising upon disputes which may have
        arisen between States;
               (b) investigating and discussing subjects in which some or all of
        the States, or the Union and one or more of the States, have a common
        interest; or
               (c) making recommendations upon any such subject and, in
        particular, recommendations for the better co-ordination of policy and
        action with respect to that subject,
it shall be lawful for the President by order to establish such a Council, and to
define the nature of the duties to be performed by it and its organisation and
procedure.
                                   PART XII
              FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS
                             CHAPTER I.—FINANCE
                                     General
       1
         [264. Interpretation.—In this Part, “Finance Commission” means a
Finance Commission constituted under article 280.]
       265. Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law.—No tax shall
be levied or collected except by authority of law.
       266. Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the
States.—(1) Subject to the provisions of article 267 and to the provisions of
this Chapter with respect to the assignment of the whole or part of the net
proceeds of certain taxes and duties to States, all revenues received by the
Government of India, all loans raised by that Government by the issue of
treasury bills, loans or ways and means advances and all moneys received by
that Government in repayment of loans shall form one consolidated fund to be
entitled “the Consolidated Fund of India”, and all revenues received by the
Government of a State, all loans raised by that Government by the issue of
treasury bills, loans or ways and means advances and all moneys received by
that Government in repayment of loans shall form one consolidated fund to be
entitled “the Consolidated Fund of the State”.
       (2) All other public moneys received by or on behalf of the Government
of India or the Government of a State shall be credited to the public account of
India or the public account of the State, as the case may be.
       (3) No moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India or the
Consolidated Fund of a State shall be appropriated except in accordance with
law and for the purposes and in the manner provided in this Constitution.
       267. Contingency Fund.—(1) Parliament may by law establish a
Contingency Fund in the nature of an imprest to be entitled “the Contingency
Fund of India” into which shall be paid from time to time such sums as may be
determined by such law, and the said Fund shall be placed at the disposal of the
President to enable advances to be made by him out of such Fund for the
purposes of meeting unforeseen expenditure pending authorisation of such
expenditure by Parliament by law under article 115 or article 116.

______________________________________________
1 Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch., for art. 264
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).

                                         152
153                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                   (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

       (2) The Legislature of a State may by law establish a Contingency Fund in
the nature of an imprest to be entitled “the Contingency Fund of the State” into
which shall be paid from time to time such sums as may be determined by such
law, and the said Fund shall be placed at the disposal of the Governor 1*** of the
State to enable advances to be made by him out of such Fund for the purposes of
meeting unforeseen expenditure pending authorisation of such expenditure by the
Legislature of the State by law under article 205 or article 206.
           Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States
       268. Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by
the States.—(1) Such stamp duties 2*** as are mentioned in the Union List shall
be levied by the Government of India but shall be collected—
               (a) in the case where such duties are leviable within any 3[Union
       territory], by the Government of India, and
             (b) in other cases, by the States within which such duties are
       respectively leviable.
      (2) The proceeds in any financial year of any such duty leviable within
any State shall not form part of the Consolidated Fund of India, but shall be
assigned to that State.
       4
       268A. [Service tax levied by Union and collected and appropriated by
the Union and the States.].—Omitted by the Constitution (One Hundred and
First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 7 (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).

______________________________________________
1. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act,
   1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. The words "and such duties of excise on medicinal and toilet preparations"
   omitted by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 6,
   (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
3. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch., for "State
   Specified in Part C of the First Schedule" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
4. Ins. by the Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 2 (date not notifed).
154                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                  (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

        269. Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the
States.—1[(1) Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods and taxes on the
consignment of goods 2[except as provided in article 269A] shall be levied and
collected by the Government of India but shall be assigned and shall be deemed
to have been assigned to the States on or after the 1st day of April, 1996 in the
manner provided in clause (2).
        Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause,—
                (a) the expression "taxes on the sale or purchase of goods" shall
        mean taxes on sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, where
        such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter-State trade or
        commerce;
                (b) the expression "taxes on the consignment of goods" shall mean
        taxes on the consignment of goods (whether the consignment is to the
        person making it or to any other person), where such consignment takes
        place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
        (2) The net proceeds in any financial year of any such tax, except in so
far as those proceeds represent proceeds attributable to Union territories, shall
not form part of the Consolidated Fund of India, but shall be assigned to the
States within which that tax is leviable in that year, and shall be distributed
among those States in accordance with such principles of distribution as may be
formulated by Parliament by law.]
        3
          [(3) Parliament may by law formulate principles for determining when a
4
  [sale or purchase of, or consignment of goods] takes place in the course of
inter-State trade or commerce.]
        5
          [269A. Levy and collection of goods and services tax in course of
inter-State trade or commerce.— (1) Goods and services tax on supplies in
the course of inter-State trade or commerce shall be levied and collected by the
Government of India and such tax shall be apportioned between the Union and
the States in the manner as may be provided by Parliament by law on the
recommendations of the Goods and Services Tax Council.

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Eightieth Amendment) Act, 2000. s. 2, for cls. (1) and (2)
   (w.e.f. 9-6-2000).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016 s. 8,
   (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 3 (w.e.f. 11-9-1956).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1982. s. 2, for "sale or
   purchase of goods" (w.e.f. 2-2-1983).
5. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 9
    (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
155                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                   (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

       Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, supply of goods, or of
services, or both in the course of import into the territory of India shall be
deemed to be supply of goods, or of services, or both in the course of inter-
State trade or commerce.
       (2) The amount apportioned to a State under clause (1) shall not form
part of the Consolidated Fund of India.
       (3) Where an amount collected as tax levied under clause (1) has been
used for payment of the tax levied by a State under article 246A, such amount
shall not form part of the Consolidated Fund of India.
       (4) Where an amount collected as tax levied by a State under article
246A has been used for payment of the tax levied under clause (1), such
amount shall not form part of the Consolidated Fund of the State.
       (5) Parliament may, by law, formulate the principles for determining the
place of supply, and when a supply of goods, or of services, or both takes place
in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.]
       1
         [270. Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the
States.—(1) All taxes and duties referred to in the Union List, except the duties
and taxes referred to in 2[articles 268, 269 and 269A], respectively, surcharge
on taxes and duties referred to in article 271 and any cess levied for specific
purposes under any law made by Parliament shall be levied and collected by
the Government of India and shall be distributed between the Union and the
States in the manner provided in clause (2).
       3
         [(1A) The tax collected by the Union under clause (1) of article 246A
shall also be distributed between the Union and the States in the manner
provided in clause (2).
       (1B) The tax levied and collected by the Union under clause (2) of
article 246A and article 269A, which has been used for payment of the tax
levied by the Union under clause (1) of article 246A, and the amount
apportioned to the Union under clause (1) of article 269A, shall also be
distributed between the Union and the States in the manner provided in clause
(2).]
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Eightieth Amendment) Act, 2000, s. 3, for art. 270
   (w.e.f. 1-4-1996).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 3, for “articles 268
    and 269” (not enforced) and further subs. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First
    Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 10, for “arts. 268, 268A and 269” (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
3. Ins. by s. 10, ibid. (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
156                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                  (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

       (2) Such percentage, as may be prescribed, of the net proceeds of any
such tax or duty in any financial year shall not form part of the Consolidated
Fund of India, but shall be assigned to the States within which that tax or duty
is leviable in that year, and shall be distributed among those States in such
manner and from such time as may be prescribed in the manner provided in
clause (3).
       (3) In this article, "prescribed" means, —
            (i) until a Finance Commission has been constituted, prescribed by
       the President by order, and
           (ii) after a Finance Commission has been constituted, prescribed by
       the President by order after considering the recommendations of the
       Finance Commission.]
      271. Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the
Union.—Notwithstanding anything in articles 269 and 270, Parliament may at
any time increase any of the duties or taxes referred to in those articles 1[except
the goods and services tax under article 246A,] by a surcharge for purposes of
the Union and the whole proceeds of any such surcharge shall form part of the
Consolidated Fund of India.
       [272. Taxes which are levied and collected by the Union and may be
distributed between the Union and the States.].—Omitted by the Constitution
(Eightieth Amendment) Act, 2000, s. 4. (w.e.f. 9-6-2000).
       273. Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products.—(1)
There shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India in each year as
grants-in-aid of the revenues of the States of Assam, Bihar, 2[Odisha] and West
Bengal, in lieu of assignment of any share of the net proceeds in each year of
export duty on jute and jute products to those States, such sums as may be
prescribed.
       (2) The sums so prescribed shall continue to be charged on the
Consolidated Fund of India so long as any export duty on jute or jute products
continues to be levied by the Government of India or until the expiration of ten
years from the commencement of this Constitution whichever is earlier.

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 11
   (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
2. Subs. by the Orissa (Alteration of Name) Act, 2011 (15 of 2011), s. 5, for "Orissa"
   (w.e.f. 1-11-2011).
157                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                 (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

        (3) In this article, the expression “prescribed” has the same meaning as
in article 270.
        274. Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting
taxation in which States are interested.—(1) No Bill or amendment which
imposes or varies any tax or duty in which States are interested, or which varies
the meaning of the expression “agricultural income” as defined for the purposes
of the enactments relating to Indian income-tax, or which affects the principles
on which under any of the foregoing provisions of this Chapter moneys are or
may be distributable to States, or which imposes any such surcharge for the
purposes of the Union as is mentioned in the foregoing provisions of this
Chapter, shall be introduced or moved in either House of Parliament except on
the recommendation of the President.
        (2) In this article, the expression “tax or duty in which States are
interested” means—
               (a) a tax or duty the whole or part of the net proceeds whereof are
        assigned to any State; or
               (b) a tax or duty by reference to the net proceeds whereof sums
        are for the time being payable out of the Consolidated Fund of India to
        any State.
        275. Grants from the Union to certain States.—(1) Such sums as
Parliament may by law provide shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of
India in each year as grants-in-aid of the revenues of such States as Parliament
may determine to be in need of assistance, and different sums may be fixed for
different States:
        Provided that there shall be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India as
grants-in-aid of the revenues of a State such capital and recurring sums as may
be necessary to enable that State to meet the costs of such schemes of
development as may be undertaken by the State with the approval of the
Government of India for the purpose of promoting the welfare of the Scheduled
Tribes in that State or raising the level of administration of the Scheduled Areas
therein to that of the administration of the rest of the areas of that State:
        Provided further that there shall be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of
India as grants-in-aid of the revenues of the State of Assam sums, capital and
recurring, equivalent to—
158                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                   (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

               (a) the average excess of expenditure over the revenues during the
       two years immediately preceding the commencement of this Constitution
       in respect of the administration of the tribal areas specified in 1[Part I] of
       the table appended to paragraph 20 of the Sixth Schedule; and
               (b) the costs of such schemes of development as may be
       undertaken by that State with the approval of the Government of India
       for the purpose of raising the level of administration of the said areas to
       that of the administration of the rest of the areas of that State.
       2
         [(1A) On and from the formation of the autonomous State under article
244A,—
               (i) any sums payable under clause (a) of the second proviso to
       clause (1) shall, if the autonomous State comprises all the tribal areas
       referred to therein, be paid to the autonomous State, and, if the
       autonomous State comprises only some of those tribal areas, be
       apportioned between the State of Assam and the autonomous State as the
       President may, by order, specify;
               (ii) there shall be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India as
       grants-in-aid of the revenues of the autonomous State sums, capital and
       recurring, equivalent to the costs of such schemes of development as
       may be undertaken by the autonomous State with the approval of the
       Government of India for the purpose of raising the level of
       administration of that State to that of the administration of the rest of the
       State of Assam.]
       (2) Until provision is made by Parliament under clause (1), the powers
conferred on Parliament under that clause shall be exercisable by the President
by order and any order made by the President under this clause shall have effect
subject to any provision so made by Parliament:
       Provided that after a Finance Commission has been constituted no order
shall be made under this clause by the President except after considering the
recommendations of the Finance Commission.
       276. Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.—(1)
Notwithstanding anything in article 246, no law of the Legislature of a State relating
to taxes for the benefit of the State or of a municipality, district board, local board or
other local authority therein in respect of professions, trades, callings or
employments shall be invalid on the ground that it relates to a tax on income.

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971) s. 71,
   for "Part A" (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-second Amendment) Act, 1969, s. 3 (w.e.f. 25-9-1969).
159                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                  (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

       (2) The total amount payable in respect of any one person to the State or
to any one municipality, district board, local board or other local authority in
the State by way of taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments
shall not exceed 1[two thousand and five hundred rupees] per annum.
        2
          *               *                *                *
       (3) The power of the Legislature of a State to make laws as aforesaid
with respect to taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments shall not
be construed as limiting in any way the power of Parliament to make laws with
respect to taxes on income accruing from or arising out of professions, trades,
callings and employments.
       277. Savings.—Any taxes, duties, cesses or fees which, immediately
before the commencement of this Constitution, were being lawfully levied by
the Government of any State or by any municipality or other local authority or
body for the purposes of the State, municipality, district or other local area
may, notwithstanding that those taxes, duties, cesses or fees are mentioned in
the Union List, continue to be levied and to be applied to the same purposes
until provision to the contrary is made by Parliament by law.
       278. [Agreement with States in Part B of the First Schedule with regard
to certain financial matters.].—Omitted by the Constitution (Seventh
Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.(w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
       279. Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc.—(1) In the foregoing
provisions of this Chapter, “net proceeds” means in relation to any tax or duty
the proceeds thereof reduced by the cost of collection, and for the purposes of
those provisions the net proceeds of any tax or duty, or of any part of any tax or
duty, in or attributable to any area shall be ascertained and certified by the
Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, whose certificate shall be final.
       (2) Subject as aforesaid, and to any other express provision of this
Chapter, a law made by Parliament or an order of the President may, in any
case where under this Part the proceeds of any duty or tax are, or may be,
assigned to any State, provide for the manner in which the proceeds are to be
calculated, for the time from or at which and the manner in which any
payments are to be made, for the making of adjustments between one financial
year and another, and for any other incidental or ancillary matters.

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Sixtieth Amendment) Act, 1988, s. 2, for "two hundred and
   fifty rupees" (w.e.f. 20-12-1988).
2. Proviso omitted by s.2, ibid. (w.e.f. 20-12-1988).
160                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                 (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

       1
         [279A. Goods and Services Tax Council.—(1) The President shall,
within sixty days from the date of commencement of the Constitution (One
Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, by order, constitute a Council to be
called the Goods and Services Tax Council.
       (2) The Goods and Services Tax Council shall consist of the following
members, namely:—
              (a) the Union Finance Minister — Chairperson;
              (b) the Union Minister of State in charge of Revenue or
       Finance — Member;
              (c) the Minister in charge of Finance or Taxation or any other
       Minister nominated by each State Government — Members.
       (3) The Members of the Goods and Services Tax Council referred to in
sub-clause (c) of clause (2) shall, as soon as may be, choose one amongst
themselves to be the Vice-Chairperson of the Council for such period as they
may decide.
       (4) The Goods and Services Tax Council shall make recommendations to
the Union and the States on—
              (a) the taxes, cesses and surcharges levied by the Union, the
       States and the local bodies which may be subsumed in the goods and
       services tax;
              (b) the goods and services that may be subjected to, or exempted
       from, the goods and services tax;
              (c) model Goods and Services Tax Laws, principles of levy,
       apportionment of Goods and Services Tax levied on supplies in the
       course of inter-State trade or commerce under article 269A and the
       principles that govern the place of supply;
              (d) the threshold limit of turnover below which goods and services
       may be exempted from goods and services tax;
              (e) the rates including floor rates with bands of goods and services
       tax;
              (f) any special rate or rates for a specified period, to raise
       additional resources during any natural calamity or disaster;

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 12
   (w.e.f. 12-9-2016).
161                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                 (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

               (g) special provision with respect to the States of Arunachal
        Pradesh, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
        Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand; and
               (h) any other matter relating to the goods and services tax, as the
        Council may decide.
        (5) The Goods and Services Tax Council shall recommend the date on
which the goods and services tax be levied on petroleum crude, high speed
diesel, motor spirit (commonly known as petrol), natural gas and aviation
turbine fuel.
        (6) While discharging the functions conferred by this article, the Goods
and Services Tax Council shall be guided by the need for a harmonised
structure of goods and services tax and for the development of a harmonised
national market for goods and services.
        (7) One-half of the total number of Members of the Goods and Services
Tax Council shall constitute the quorum at its meetings.
        (8) The Goods and Services Tax Council shall determine the procedure
in the performance of its functions.
        (9) Every decision of the Goods and Services Tax Council shall be taken
at a meeting, by a majority of not less than three-fourths of the weighted votes
of the members present and voting, in accordance with the following principles,
namely:—
               (a) the vote of the Central Government shall have a weightage of
        one-third of the total votes cast; and
               (b) the votes of all the State Governments taken together shall
        have a weightage of two-thirds of the total votes cast,
in that meeting.
        (10) No act or proceedings of the Goods and Services Tax Council shall
be invalid merely by reason of—
               (a) any vacancy in, or any defect in, the constitution of the
        Council; or
               (b) any defect in the appointment of a person as a Member of the
        Council; or
               (c) any procedural irregularity of the Council not affecting the
        merits of the case.
        (11) The Goods and Services Tax Council shall establish a mechanism to
adjudicate any dispute—
162                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                   (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

               (a) between the Government of India and one or more States; or
               (b) between the Government of India and any State or States on
       one side and one or more other States on the other side; or
               (c) between two or more States,
arising out of the recommendations of the Council or implementation thereof.]
       280. Finance Commission.—(1) The President shall, within two years
from the commencement of this Constitution and thereafter at the expiration of
every fifth year or at such earlier time as the President considers necessary, by
order constitute a Finance Commission which shall consist of a Chairman and
four other members to be appointed by the President.
       (2) Parliament may by law determine the qualifications which shall be
requisite for appointment as members of the Commission and the manner in
which they shall be selected.
       (3) It shall be the duty of the Commission to make recommendations to
the President as to—
               (a) the distribution between the Union and the States of the net
       proceeds of taxes which are to be, or may be, divided between them
       under this Chapter and the allocation between the States of the respective
       shares of such proceeds;
               (b) the principles which should govern the grants-in-aid of the
       revenues of the States out of the Consolidated Fund of India;
               1
                 [(bb) the measures needed to augment the Consolidated Fund of a
       State to supplement the resources of the Panchayats in the State on the basis
       of the recommendations made by the Finance Commission of the State;]
               2
                 [(c) the measures needed to augment the Consolidated Fund of a
       State to supplement the resources of the Municipalities in the State on
       the basis of the recommendations made by the Finance Commission of
       the State;]
               3
                 [(d)] any other matter referred to the Commission by the
       President in the interests of sound finance.
       (4) The Commission shall determine their procedure and shall have such
powers in the performance of their functions as Parliament may by law confer
on them.
______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992, s. 3 (w.e.f. 24-4-1993).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992, s. 3 (w.e.f. 1-6-1993).
3. Sub-clause (c) re-lettered as sub-clause (d) by s. 3, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-6-1993).
163                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                 (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

       281. Recommendations of the Finance Commission.—The President
shall cause every recommendation made by the Finance Commission under the
provisions of this Constitution together with an explanatory memorandum as to
the action taken thereon to be laid before each House of Parliament.
                       Miscellaneous Financial Provisions
       282. Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its
revenues.—The Union or a State may make any grants for any public purpose,
notwithstanding that the purpose is not one with respect to which Parliament or
the Legislature of the State, as the case may be, may make laws.
       283. Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and
moneys credited to the public accounts.—(1) The custody of the
Consolidated Fund of India and the Contingency Fund of India, the payment of
moneys into such Funds, the withdrawal of moneys therefrom, the custody of
public moneys other than those credited to such Funds received by or on behalf
of the Government of India, their payment into the public account of India and
the withdrawal of moneys from such account and all other matters connected
with or ancillary to matters aforesaid shall be regulated by law made by
Parliament, and, until provision in that behalf is so made, shall be regulated by
rules made by the President.
        (2) The custody of the Consolidated Fund of a State and the
Contingency Fund of a State, the payment of moneys into such Funds, the
withdrawal of moneys therefrom, the custody of public moneys other than
those credited to such Funds received by or on behalf of the Government of the
State, their payment into the public account of the State and the withdrawal of
moneys from such account and all other matters connected with or ancillary to
matters aforesaid shall be regulated by law made by the Legislature of the
State, and, until provision in that behalf is so made, shall be regulated by rules
made by the Governor 1*** of the State.
       284. Custody of suitors' deposits and other moneys received by
public servants and courts.—All moneys received by or deposited with—
              (a) any officer employed in connection with the affairs of the
         Union or of a State in his capacity as such, other than revenues or
         public moneys raised or received by the Government of India or the
         Government of the State, as the case may be; or
              (b) any court within the territory of India to the credit of any
         cause, matter, account or persons,

______________________________________________
1. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment)
   Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
164                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                  (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

shall be paid into the public account of India or the public account of State, as
the case may be.
       285. Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation.—(1)
The property of the Union shall, save in so far as Parliament may by law
otherwise provide, be exempt from all taxes imposed by a State or by any
authority within a State.
       (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall, until Parliament by law otherwise
provides, prevent any authority within a State from levying any tax on any
property of the Union to which such property was immediately before the
commencement of this Constitution liable or treated as liable, so long as that
tax continues to be levied in that State.
       286. Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of
goods.—(1) No law of a State shall impose, or authorise the imposition of, a
tax on 1[the supply of goods or of services or both, where such supply takes
place]—
               (a) outside the State; or
               (b) in the course of the import of the 2[goods or services or both]
       into, or export of the 2[goods or services or both] out of, the territory of
       India.
       3
         [*                          *                    *                     *]
       4
         [(2) Parliament may by law formulate principles for determining when a
5
  [supply of goods or of services or both] in any of the ways mentioned in
clause (1).
       6
         [(3) *                     *                     *                    *]
        287. Exemption from taxes on electricity.—Save in so far as
Parliament may by law otherwise provide, no law of a State shall impose, or
authorise the imposition of, a tax on the consumption or sale of electricity

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 13, (i)(A)
    for "the sale or purchase of goods where such sale or purchase takes place"
    (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
2. Subs. by s. 13 (i)(B), ibid., for "goods" (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
3. Explanation to cl. (1) omitted by the Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 4
   (w.e.f. 11-9-1956).
4. Subs. by s.4, ibid., for cls. (2) and (3) (w.e.f. 11-9-1956).
5. Subs. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 13(ii),
    for "sale or purchase of goods takes place" (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
6. Cl. (3) omitted by s. 13 (iii), ibid. (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
165                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                 (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

       (whether produced by a Government or other persons) which is—
               (a) consumed by the Government of India, or sold to the
       Government of India for consumption by that Government; or
               (b) consumed in the construction, maintenance or operation of any
       railway by the Government of India or a railway company operating that
       railway, or sold to that Government or any such railway company for
       consumption in the construction, maintenance or operation of any
       railway,
and any such law imposing, or authorising the imposition of, a tax on the sale
of electricity shall secure that the price of electricity sold to the Government of
India for consumption by that Government, or to any such railway company as
aforesaid for consumption in the construction, maintenance or operation of any
railway, shall be less by the amount of the tax than the price charged to other
consumers of a substantial quantity of electricity.
       288. Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or
electricity in certain cases.—(1) Save in so far as the President may by order
otherwise provide, no law of a State in force immediately before the
commencement of this Constitution shall impose, or authorise the imposition
of, a tax in respect of any water or electricity stored, generated, consumed,
distributed or sold by any authority established by any existing law or any law
made by Parliament for regulating or developing any inter-State river or
river-valley.
       Explanation.—The expression “law of a State in force” in this clause
shall include a law of a State passed or made before the commencement of this
Constitution and not previously repealed, notwithstanding that it or parts of it
may not be then in operation either at all or in particular areas.
       (2) The Legislature of a State may by law impose, or authorise the
imposition of, any such tax as is mentioned in clause (1), but no such law shall
have any effect unless it has, after having been reserved for the consideration of
the President, received his assent; and if any such law provides for the fixation
of the rates and other incidents of such tax by means of rules or orders to be
made under the law by any authority, the law shall provide for the previous
consent of the President being obtained to the making of any such rule or order.
       289. Exemption of property and income of a State from Union
taxation.—(1) The property and income of a State shall be exempt from Union
taxation.
166                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                 (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

       (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall prevent the Union from imposing, or
authorising the imposition of, any tax to such extent, if any, as Parliament may
by law provide in respect of a trade or business of any kind carried on by, or on
behalf of, the Government of a State, or any operations connected therewith, or
any property used or occupied for the purposes of such trade or business, or any
income accruing or arising in connection therewith.
       (3) Nothing in clause (2) shall apply to any trade or business, or to any
class of trade or business, which Parliament may by law declare to be incidental
to the ordinary functions of Government.
       290. Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions.—
Where under the provisions of this Constitution the expenses of any court or
Commission, or the pension payable to or in respect of a person who has served
before the commencement of this Constitution under the Crown in India or
after such commencement in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a
State, are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India or the Consolidated Fund
of a State, then, if—
               (a) in the case of a charge on the Consolidated Fund of India, the
       court or Commission serves any of the separate needs of a State, or the
       person has served wholly or in part in connection with the affairs of a
       State; or
               (b) in the case of a charge on the Consolidated Fund of a State, the
       court or Commission serves any of the separate needs of the Union or
       another State, or the person has served wholly or in part in connection
       with the affairs of the Union or another State,
there shall be charged on and paid out of the Consolidated Fund of the State or,
as the case may be, the Consolidated Fund of India or the Consolidated Fund of
the other State, such contribution in respect of the expenses or pension as may
be agreed, or as may in default of agreement be determined by an arbitrator to
be appointed by the Chief Justice of India.
       1
         [290A. Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds.—A sum of
forty-six lakhs and fifty thousand rupees shall be charged on, and paid out of,
the Consolidated Fund of the State of Kerala every year to the Travancore
Devaswom Fund; and a sum of thirteen lakhs and fifty thousand rupees shall be
charged on, and paid out of, the Consolidated Fund of the State of 2[Tamil
Nadu] every year to the Devaswom Fund established in that State for the
maintenance of Hindu temples and shrines in the territories transferred to that
State on the 1st day of November, 1956, from the State of Travancore-Cochin.]

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 19 (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Subs. by the Madras State (Alteration of Name) Act, 1968 (53 of 1968), s. 4, for
   "Madras" (w.e.f. 14-1-1969).
167                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                 (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

     291. [Privy purse sums of Rulers.].—Omitted by the Constitution
(Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 2 (w.e.f. 28-12-1971).
                           CHAPTER II.—BORROWING
       292. Borrowing by the Government of India.—The executive power
of the Union extends to borrowing upon the security of the Consolidated Fund
of India within such limits, if any, as may from time to time be fixed by
Parliament by law and to the giving of guarantees within such limits, if any, as
may be so fixed.
       293. Borrowing by States.—(1) Subject to the provisions of this article,
the executive power of a State extends to borrowing within the territory of India
upon the security of the Consolidated Fund of the State within such limits, if any,
as may from time to time be fixed by the Legislature of such State by law and to
the giving of guarantees within such limits, if any, as may be so fixed.
       (2) The Government of India may, subject to such conditions as may be
laid down by or under any law made by Parliament, make loans to any State or,
so long as any limits fixed under article 292 are not exceeded, give guarantees
in respect of loans raised by any State, and any sums required for the purpose
of making such loans shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.
       (3) A State may not without the consent of the Government of India raise
any loan if there is still outstanding any part of a loan which has been made to
the State by the Government of India or by its predecessor Government, or in
respect of which a guarantee has been given by the Government of India or by
its predecessor Government.
      (4) A consent under clause (3) may be granted subject to such
conditions, if any, as the Government of India may think fit to impose.
          CHAPTER III.—PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES,
                            OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS
       294. Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations
in certain cases.—As from the commencement of this Constitution—
            (a) all property and assets which immediately before such
      commencement were vested in His Majesty for the purposes of the
      Government of the Dominion of India and all property and assets which
      immediately before such commencement were vested in His Majesty for
      the purposes of the Government of each Governor’s Province shall vest
      respectively in the Union and the corresponding State; and
168                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                 (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

              (b) all rights, liabilities and obligations of the Government of the
      Dominion of India and of the Government of each Governor's Province,
      whether arising out of any contract or otherwise, shall be the rights,
      liabilities and obligations respectively of the Government of India and
      the Government of each corresponding State,
subject to any adjustment made or to be made by reason of the creation before
the commencement of this Constitution of the Dominion of Pakistan or of the
Provinces of West Bengal, East Bengal, West Punjab and East Punjab.
      295. Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations
in other cases.—(1) As from the commencement of this Constitution—
             (a) all property and assets which immediately before such
      commencement were vested in any Indian State corresponding to a State
      specified in Part B of the First Schedule shall vest in the Union, if the
      purposes for which such property and assets were held immediately
      before such commencement will thereafter be purposes of the Union
      relating to any of the matters enumerated in the Union List, and
              (b) all rights, liabilities and obligations of the Government of any
      Indian State corresponding to a State specified in Part B of the First
      Schedule, whether arising out of any contract or otherwise, shall be the
      rights, liabilities and obligations of the Government of India, if the purposes
      for which such rights were acquired or liabilities or obligations were incurred
      before such commencement will thereafter be purposes of the Government
      of India relating to any of the matters enumerated in the Union List,
subject to any agreement entered into in that behalf by the Government of India
with the Government of that State.
       (2) Subject as aforesaid, the Government of each State specified in Part B
of the First Schedule shall, as from the commencement of this Constitution, be the
successor of the Government of the corresponding Indian State as regards all
property and assets and all rights, liabilities and obligations, whether arising out
of any contract or otherwise, other than those referred to in clause (1).
        296. Property accruing by escheat or lapse or as bona vacantia.—
Subject as hereinafter provided, any property in the territory of India which, if
this Constitution had not come into operation, would have accrued to His Majesty
or, as the case may be, to the Ruler of an Indian State by escheat or lapse, or as
bona vacantia for want of a rightful owner, shall, if it is property situate in a
State, vest in such State, and shall, in any other case, vest in the Union:
169                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                  (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

       Provided that any property which at the date when it would have so
accrued to His Majesty or to the Ruler of an Indian State was in the possession
or under the control of the Government of India or the Government of a State
shall, according as the purposes for which it was then used or held were
purposes of the Union or of a State, vest in the Union or in that State.
      Explanation.—In this article, the expressions “Ruler” and “Indian State”
have the same meanings as in article 363.
        1
          [297. Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf
and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union.—(1) All
lands, minerals and other things of value underlying the ocean within the
territorial waters, or the continental shelf, or the exclusive economic zone, of
India shall vest in the Union and be held for the purposes of the Union.
       (2) All other resources of the exclusive economic zone of India shall also
vest in the Union and be held for the purposes of the Union.
       (3) The limits of the territorial waters, the continental shelf, the exclusive
economic zone, and other maritime zones, of India shall be such as may be
specified, from time to time, by or under any law made by Parliament.]
       2
       [298. Power to carry on trade, etc.—The executive power of the
Union and of each State shall extend to the carrying on of any trade or business
and to the acquisition, holding and disposal of property and the making of
contracts for any purpose:
       Provided that—
              (a) the said executive power of the Union shall, in so far as such
       trade or business or such purpose is not one with respect to which
       Parliament may make laws, be subject in each State to legislation by the
       State; and
              (b) the said executive power of each State shall, in so far as such
       trade or business or such purpose is not one with respect to which the
       State Legislature may make laws, be subject to legislation by
       Parliament.]

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Fortieth Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 2 (w.e.f. 27-5-1976).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 20 (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
170                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                   (Part XII.—Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

       299. Contracts.—(1) All contracts made in the exercise of the executive
power of the Union or of a State shall be expressed to be made by the
President, or by the Governor 1*** of the State, as the case may be, and all such
contracts and all assurances of property made in the exercise of that power shall
be executed on behalf of the President or the Governor 1*** by such persons
and in such manner as he may direct or authorise.
       (2) Neither the President nor the Governor 2*** shall be personally liable
in respect of any contract or assurance made or executed for the purposes of
this Constitution, or for the purposes of any enactment relating to the
Government of India heretofore in force, nor shall any person making or
executing any such contract or assurance on behalf of any of them be
personally liable in respect thereof.
       300. Suits and proceedings.—(1) The Government of India may sue or
be sued by the name of the Union of India and the Government of a State may
sue or be sued by the name of the State and may, subject to any provisions
which may be made by Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of such State
enacted by virtue of powers conferred by this Constitution, sue or be sued in
relation to their respective affairs in the like cases as the Dominion of India and
the corresponding Provinces or the corresponding Indian States might have
sued or been sued if this Constitution had not been enacted.
       (2) If at the commencement of this Constitution—
               (a) any legal proceedings are pending to which the Dominion of
       India is a party, the Union of India shall be deemed to be substituted for
       the Dominion in those proceedings; and
               (b) any legal proceedings are pending to which a Province or an
       Indian State is a party, the corresponding State shall be deemed to be
       substituted for the Province or the Indian State in those proceedings.
                           3
                             [CHAPTER IV.—RIGHT TO PROPERTY
       300A. Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of
law.— No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law.]

______________________________________________
1. The words "or the Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment)
   Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. The words "nor the Rajpramukh" omitted by s. 29 and Sch., ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 34 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
                                     PART XIII
          TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE
                              TERRITORY OF INDIA
        301. Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse.—Subject to the
other provisions of this Part, trade, commerce and intercourse throughout the
territory of India shall be free.
        302. Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce
and intercourse.—Parliament may by law impose such restrictions on the
freedom of trade, commerce or intercourse between one State and another or
within any part of the territory of India as may be required in the public
interest.
        303. Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the
States with regard to trade and commerce.—(1) Notwithstanding anything
in article 302, neither Parliament nor the Legislature of a State shall have power
to make any law giving, or authorising the giving of, any preference to one
State over another, or making, or authorising the making of, any discrimination
between one State and another, by virtue of any entry relating to trade and
commerce in any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule.
        (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall prevent Parliament from making any law
giving, or authorising the giving of, any preference or making, or authorising
the making of, any discrimination if it is declared by such law that it is
necessary to do so for the purpose of dealing with a situation arising from
scarcity of goods in any part of the territory of India.
        304. Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among
States.—Notwithstanding anything in article 301 or article 303, the
Legislature of a State may by law—
                (a) impose on goods imported from other States 1[or the Union
        territories] any tax to which similar goods manufactured or produced in
        that State are subject, so, however, as not to discriminate between goods
        so imported and goods so manufactured or produced; and
                (b) impose such reasonable restrictions on the freedom of trade,
        commerce or intercourse with or within that State as may be required in
        the public interest:

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
                                       171
172                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
      (Part XIII.—Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India)

        Provided that no Bill or amendment for the purposes of clause (b) shall
be introduced or moved in the Legislature of a State without the previous
sanction of the President.
        1
          [305. Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State
monopolies.—Nothing in articles 301 and 303 shall affect the provisions of
any existing law except in so far as the President may by order otherwise
direct; and nothing in article 301 shall affect the operation of any law made
before the commencement of the Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act, 1955,
in so far as it relates to, or prevent Parliament or the Legislature of a State from
making any law relating to, any such matter as is referred to in sub-clause (ii)
of clause (6) of article 19.]
        306. [Power of certain States in Part B of the First Schedule to
impose restrictions on trade and commerce.].—Omitted by the Constitution
(Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.(w.e.f. 1-11-1956)
        307. Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of
articles 301 to 304.—Parliament may by law appoint such authority as it
considers appropriate for carrying out the purposes of articles 301, 302, 303
and 304, and confer on the authority so appointed such powers and such duties
as it thinks necessary.




______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act, 1955, s. 4, for art. 305
  (w.e.f. 27-4-1955).
                                   PART XIV
            SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES
                              CHAPTER I.— SERVICES
       308. Interpretation.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,
the expression “State” 1[does not include the State of Jammu and Kashmir].
       309. Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the
Union or a State.—Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Acts of the
appropriate Legislature may regulate the recruitment, and conditions of service
of persons appointed, to public services and posts in connection with the affairs
of the Union or of any State:
       Provided that it shall be competent for the President or such person as he
may direct in the case of services and posts in connection with the affairs of the
Union, and for the Governor 2*** of a State or such person as he may direct in
the case of services and posts in connection with the affairs of the State, to
make rules regulating the recruitment, and the conditions of service of persons
appointed, to such services and posts until provision in that behalf is made by
or under an Act of the appropriate Legislature under this article, and any rules
so made shall have effect subject to the provisions of any such Act.
       310. Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State.—(1)
Except as expressly provided by this Constitution, every person who is a
member of a defence service or of a civil service of the Union or of an
all-India service or holds any post connected with defence or any civil post
under the Union holds office during the pleasure of the President, and every
person who is a member of a civil service of a State or holds any civil post
under a State holds office during the pleasure of the Governor 3*** of the
State.
       (2) Notwithstanding that a person holding a civil post under the Union or
a State holds office during the pleasure of the President or, as the case may be,
of the Governor 2*** of the State, any contract under which a person, not being
a member of a defence service or of an all-India service or of a civil service of
the Union or a State, is appointed under this Constitution to hold such a post
may, if the President or the Governor 42***, as the case may be, deems it
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch., for "means
   a State specified in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by s.29 and Sch., ibid (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. The words "or, as the case may be, the Rajpramukh" omitted by s.29 and Sch., ibid. .
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).

                                         173
174                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                 (Part XIV.—Services under the Union and the States)

necessary in order to secure the services of a person having special
qualifications, provide for the payment to him of compensation, if before the
expiration of an agreed period that post is abolished or he is, for reasons not
connected with any misconduct on his part, required to vacate that post.
       311. Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in
civil capacities under the Union or a State.—(1) No person who is a member
of a civil service of the Union or an all-India service or a civil service of a
State or holds a civil post under the Union or a State shall be dismissed or
removed by an authority subordinate to that by which he was appointed.
       1
         [(2) No such person as aforesaid shall be dismissed or removed or
reduced in rank except after an inquiry in which he has been informed of the
charges against him and given a reasonable opportunity of being heard in
respect of those charges 2***:
       3
         [Provided that where it is proposed after such inquiry, to impose upon
him any such penalty, such penalty may be imposed on the basis of the
evidence adduced during such inquiry and it shall not be necessary to give such
person any opportunity of making representation on the penalty proposed:
       Provided further that this clause shall not apply—]
               (a) where a person is dismissed or removed or reduced in rank on
       the ground of conduct which has led to his conviction on a criminal
       charge; or
               (b) where the authority empowered to dismiss or remove a person
       or to reduce him in rank is satisfied that for some reason, to be recorded
       by that authority in writing, it is not reasonably practicable to hold such
       inquiry; or
               (c) where the President or the Governor, as the case may be, is
       satisfied that in the interest of the security of the State it is not expedient
       to hold such inquiry.
       (3) If, in respect of any such person as aforesaid, a question arises
whether it is reasonably practicable to hold such inquiry as is referred to in
clause (2), the decision thereon of the authority empowered to dismiss or
remove such person or to reduce him in rank shall be final.]

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 10, for cls. (2) and (3)
   (w.e.f. 5-10-1963).
2. Certain words omitted by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 44
   (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
3. Subs. by s. 44, ibid., for certain words (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
175                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                 (Part XIV.—Services under the Union and the States)

       312. All-India services.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in 1[Chapter VI
of Part VI or Part XI], if the Council of States has declared by resolution
supported by not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting that it
is necessary or expedient in the national interest so to do, Parliament may by
law provide for the creation of one or more all India services 2[(including an
all-India judicial service)] common to the Union and the States, and, subject to
the other provisions of this Chapter, regulate the recruitment, and the
conditions of service of persons appointed, to any such service.
       (2) The services known at the commencement of this Constitution as the
Indian Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service shall be deemed to
be services created by Parliament under this article.
      2
        [(3) The all-India judicial service referred to in clause (1) shall not
include any post inferior to that of a district judge as defined in article 236.
      (4) The law providing for the creation of the all-India judicial service
aforesaid may contain such provisions for the amendment of Chapter VI of
Part VI as may be necessary for giving effect to the provisions of that law and
no such law shall be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for the
purposes of article 368.]
       3
        [312A. Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service
of officers of certain services.—(1) Parliament may by law—
              (a) vary or revoke, whether prospectively or retrospectively, the
       conditions of services as respects remuneration, leave and pension and
       the rights as respects disciplinary matters of persons who, having been
       appointed by the Secretary of State or Secretary of State in Council to a
       civil service of the Crown in India before the commencement of this
       Constitution, continue on and after the commencement of the
       Constitution (Twenty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1972, to serve under the
       Government of India or of a State in any service or post;

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 45, for "Part XI"
   (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. Ins. by s. 45, ibid. (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1972, s. 2 (w.e.f. 29-8-1972).
176                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                (Part XIV.—Services under the Union and the States)

             (b) vary or revoke, whether prospectively or retrospectively, the
      conditions of service as respects pension of persons who, having been
      appointed by the Secretary of State or Secretary of State in Council to a
      civil service of the Crown in India before the commencement of this
      Constitution, retired or otherwise ceased to be in service at any time
      before the commencement of the Constitution (Twenty-eighth
      Amendment) Act, 1972:
       Provided that in the case of any such person who is holding or has held
the office of the Chief Justice or other Judge of the Supreme Court or a High
Court, the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, the Chairman or other
member of the Union or a State Public Service Commission or the Chief
Election Commissioner, nothing in sub-clause (a) or sub-clause (b) shall be
construed as empowering Parliament to vary or revoke, after his appointment
to such post, the conditions of his service to his disadvantage except in so far as
such conditions of service are applicable to him by reason of his being a
person appointed by the Secretary of State or Secretary of State in Council to a
civil service of the Crown in India.
        (2) Except to the extent provided for by Parliament by law under this
article, nothing in this article shall affect the power of any Legislature or other
authority under any other provision of this Constitution to regulate the
conditions of service of persons referred to in clause (1).
      (3) Neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall have jurisdiction in—
             (a) any dispute arising out of any provision of, or any
      endorsement on, any covenant, agreement or other similar instrument
      which was entered into or executed by any person referred to in
      clause (1), or arising out of any letter issued to such person, in relation to
      his appointment to any civil service of the Crown in India or his
      continuance in service under the Government of the Dominion of India
      or a Province thereof;
            (b) any dispute in respect of any right, liability or obligation
      under article 314 as originally enacted.
      (4) The provisions of this article shall have effect notwithstanding
anything in article 314 as originally enacted or in any other provision of this
Constitution.]
177                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                (Part XIV.—Services under the Union and the States)

       313. Transitional provisions.—Until other provision is made in this
behalf under this Constitution, all the laws in force immediately before the
commencement of this Constitution and applicable to any public service or any
post which continues to exist after the commencement of this Constitution, as
an all-India service or as service or post under the Union or a State shall
continue in force so far as consistent with the provisions of this Constitution.
       314. [Provision for protection of existing officers of certain services.].—
Omitted by the Constitution (Twenty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1972,
s. 3 (w.e.f. 29-8-1972).
                   CHAPTER II.— PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS
       315. Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.—
(1) Subject to the provisions of this article, there shall be a Public Service
Commission for the Union and a Public Service Commission for each State.
       (2) Two or more States may agree that there shall be one Public Service
Commission for that group of States, and if a resolution to that effect is passed
by the House or, where there are two Houses, by each House of the Legislature
of each of those States, Parliament may by law provide for the appointment of a
Joint State Public Service Commission (referred to in this Chapter as Joint
Commission) to serve the needs of those States.
       (3) Any such law as aforesaid may contain such incidental and
consequential provisions as may be necessary or desirable for giving effect to
the purposes of the law.
       (4) The Public Service Commission for the Union, if requested so to do
by the Governor 1*** of a State, may, with the approval of the President, agree
to serve all or any of the needs of the State.
       (5) References in this Constitution to the Union Public Service
Commission or a State Public Service Commission shall, unless the context
otherwise requires, be construed as references to the Commission serving the
needs of the Union or, as the case may be, the State as respects the particular
matter in question.
       316. Appointment and term of office of members.—(1) The Chairman
and other members of a Public Service Commission shall be appointed, in the
case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, by the President, and in
the case of a State Commission, by the Governor of the State:

______________________________________________
1. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment)
   Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
178                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                 (Part XIV.—Services under the Union and the States)

        Provided that as nearly as may be one-half of the members of every
Public Service Commission shall be persons who at the dates of their respective
appointments have held office for at least ten years either under the
Government of India or under the Government of a State, and in computing the
said period of ten years any period before the commencement of this
Constitution during which a person has held office under the Crown in India or
under the Government of an Indian State shall be included.
        1
          [(1A) If the office of the Chairman of the Commission becomes vacant
or if any such Chairman is by reason of absence or for any other reason unable
to perform the duties of his office, those duties shall, until some person
appointed under clause (1) to the vacant office has entered on the duties thereof
or, as the case may be, until the Chairman has resumed his duties, be performed
by such one of the other members of the Commission as the President, in the
case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, and the Governor of the
State in the case of a State Commission, may appoint for the purpose.]
        (2) A member of a Public Service Commission shall hold office for a
term of six years from the date on which he enters upon his office or until he
attains, in the case of the Union Commission, the age of sixty-five years, and in
the case of a State Commission or a Joint Commission, the age of 2[sixty-two
years], whichever is earlier:
        Provided that—
             (a) a member of a Public Service Commission may, by writing under
        his hand addressed, in the case of the Union Commission or a Joint
        Commission, to the President, and in the case of a State Commission, to
        the Governor 3*** of the State, resign his office;
             (b) a member of a Public Service Commission may be removed from
        his office in the manner provided in clause (1) or clause (3) of
        article 317.
        (3) A person who holds office as a member of a Public Service
Commission shall, on the expiration of his term of office, be ineligible for
re-appointment to that office.

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 11 (w.e.f. 5-10-1963).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-first Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 2, for "sixty years"
   (w.e.f. 7-9-1976).
3. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment)
   Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
179                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                (Part XIV.—Services under the Union and the States)

       317. Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service
Commission.—(1) Subject to the provisions of clause (3), the Chairman or
any other member of a Public Service Commission shall only be removed from
his office by order of the President on the ground of misbehaviour after the
Supreme Court, on reference being made to it by the President, has, on inquiry
held in accordance with the procedure prescribed in that behalf under
article 145, reported that the Chairman or such other member, as the case may
be, ought on any such ground to be removed.
       (2) The President, in the case of the Union Commission or a Joint
Commission, and the Governor 1*** in the case of a State Commission, may
suspend from office the Chairman or any other member of the Commission in
respect of whom a reference has been made to the Supreme Court under
clause (1) until the President has passed orders on receipt of the report of the
Supreme Court on such reference.
       (3) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), the President may by order
remove from office the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service
Commission if the Chairman or such other member, as the case may be,—
          (a) is adjudged an insolvent; or
          (b) engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside
       the duties of his office; or
          (c) is, in the opinion of the President, unfit to continue in office by
       reason of infirmity of mind or body.
       (4) If the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service
Commission is or becomes in any way concerned or interested in any contract
or agreement made by or on behalf of the Government of India or the
Government of a State or participates in any way in the profit thereof or in any
benefit or emolument arising therefrom otherwise than as a member and in
common with the other members of an incorporated company, he shall, for the
purposes of clause (1), be deemed to be guilty of misbehaviour.
       318. Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of
members and staff of the Commission.—In the case of the Union
Commission or a Joint Commission, the President and, in the case of a State
Commission, the Governor 1*** of the State may by regulations—

______________________________________________
1. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment)
   Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
180                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
               (Part XIV.—Services under the Union and the States)

           (a) determine the number of members of the Commission and their
       conditions of service; and
           (b) make provision with respect to the number of members of the
       staff of the Commission and their conditions of service:
       Provided that the conditions of service of a member of a Public Service
Commission shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.
       319. Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of
Commission on ceasing to be such members.—On ceasing to hold office—
           (a) the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission shall be
       ineligible for further employment either under the Government of India
       or under the Government of a State;
           (b) the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission shall be
       eligible for appointment as the Chairman or any other member of the
       Union Public Service Commission or as the Chairman of any other State
       Public Service Commission, but not for any other employment either
       under the Government of India or under the Government of a State;
           (c) a member other than the Chairman of the Union Public Service
       Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the Chairman of the
       Union Public Service Commission or as the Chairman of a State Public
       Service Commission, but not for any other employment either under the
       Government of India or under the Government of a State;
           (d) a member other than the Chairman of a State Public Service
       Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the Chairman or any
       other member of the Union Public Service Commission or as the
       Chairman of that or any other State Public Service Commission, but not
       for any other employment either under the Government of India or under
       the Government of a State.
       320. Functions of Public Service Commissions.—(1) It shall be the
duty of the Union and the State Public Service Commissions to conduct
examinations for appointments to the services of the Union and the services of
the State respectively.
       (2) It shall also be the duty of the Union Public Service Commission, if
requested by any two or more States so to do, to assist those States in framing
and operating schemes of joint recruitment for any services for which
candidates possessing special qualifications are required.
       (3) The Union Public Service Commission or the State Public Service
Commission, as the case may be, shall be consulted—
181                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                (Part XIV.—Services under the Union and the States)

               (a) on all matters relating to methods of recruitment to civil
       services and for civil posts;
               (b) on the principles to be followed in making appointments to
       civil services and posts and in making promotions and transfers from one
       service to another and on the suitability of candidates for such
       appointments, promotions or transfers;
               (c) on all disciplinary matters affecting a person serving under the
       Government of India or the Government of a State in a civil capacity,
       including memorials or petitions relating to such matters;
               (d) on any claim by or in respect of a person who is serving or
       has served under the Government of India or the Government of a State
       or under the Crown in India or under the Government of an Indian State,
       in a civil capacity, that any costs incurred by him in defending legal
       proceedings instituted against him in respect of acts done or purporting
       to be done in the execution of his duty should be paid out of the
       Consolidated Fund of India, or, as the case may be, out of the
       Consolidated Fund of the State;
               (e) on any claim for the award of a pension in respect of injuries
       sustained by a person while serving under the Government of India or
       the Government of a State or under the Crown in India or under the
       Government of an Indian State, in a civil capacity, and any question as to
       the amount of any such award,
and it shall be the duty of a Public Service Commission to advise on any matter
so referred to them and on any other matter which the President, or, as the case
may be, the Governor 1*** of the State, may refer to them:
       Provided that the President as respects the all-India services and also as
respects other services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union,
and the Governor 2***, as respects other services and posts in connection with
the affairs of a State, may make regulations specifying the matters in which
either generally, or in any particular class of case or in any particular
circumstances, it shall not be necessary for a Public Service Commission to be
consulted.
       (4) Nothing in clause (3) shall require a Public Service Commission to
be consulted as respects the manner in which any provision referred to in
clause (4) of article 16 may be made or as respects the manner in which effect
may be given to the provisions of article 335.
______________________________________________
1. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act,
   1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. The words "or Rajpramukh, as the case may be" omitted by s. 29 and Sch. ibid.
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
182                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                (Part XIV.—Services under the Union and the States)

       (5) All regulations made under the proviso to clause (3) by the President
or the Governor 1*** of a State shall be laid for not less than fourteen days
before each House of Parliament or the House or each House of the Legislature
of the State, as the case may be, as soon as possible after they are made, and
shall be subject to such modifications, whether by way of repeal or amendment,
as both Houses of Parliament or the House or both Houses of the Legislature of
the State may make during the session in which they are so laid.
       321. Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions.—An
Act made by Parliament or, as the case may be, the Legislature of a State may
provide for the exercise of additional functions by the Union Public Service
Commission or the State Public Service Commission as respects the services of
the Union or the State and also as respects the services of any local authority or
other body corporate constituted by law or of any public institution.
       322. Expenses of Public Service Commissions.—The expenses of the
Union or a State Public Service Commission, including any salaries,
allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of the members or staff of the
Commission, shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India or, as the case
may be, the Consolidated Fund of the State.
       323. Reports of Public Service Commissions.—(1) It shall be the duty
of the Union Commission to present annually to the President a report as to the
work done by the Commission and on receipt of such report the President shall
cause a copy thereof together with a memorandum explaining, as respects the
cases, if any, where the advice of the Commission was not accepted, the
reasons for such non-acceptance to be laid before each House of Parliament.
       (2) It shall be the duty of a State Commission to present annually to the
Governor 1*** of the State a report as to the work done by the Commission,
and it shall be the duty of a Joint Commission to present annually to the
Governor 1*** of each of the States the needs of which are served by the Joint
Commission a report as to the work done by the Commission in relation to that
State, and in either case the Governor 2***, shall, on receipt of such report,
cause a copy thereof together with a memorandum explaining, as respects the
cases, if any, where the advice of the Commission was not accepted, the
reasons for such non-acceptance to be laid before the Legislature of the State.
______________________________________________
1. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment)
   Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. The words "or Rajpramukh, as the case may be" omitted by s. 29 and Sch. ibid.
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
                                   1
                                  [PART XIVA
                                   TRIBUNALS
      323A. Administrative tribunals.—(1) Parliament may, by law, provide
for the adjudication or trial by administrative tribunals of disputes and
complaints with respect to recruitment and conditions of service of persons
appointed to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of the
Union or of any State or of any local or other authority within the territory of
India or under the control of the Government of India or of any corporation
owned or controlled by the Government.
      (2) A law made under clause (1) may—
          (a) provide for the establishment of an administrative tribunal for the
      Union and a separate administrative tribunal for each State or for two or
      more States;
          (b) specify the jurisdiction, powers (including the power to punish for
      contempt) and authority which may be exercised by each of the said
      tribunals;
          (c) provide for the procedure (including provisions as to limitation
      and rules of evidence) to be followed by the said tribunals;
          (d) exclude the jurisdiction of all courts, except the jurisdiction of the
      Supreme Court under article 136, with respect to the disputes or
      complaints referred to in clause (1);
          (e) provide for the transfer to each such administrative tribunal of any
      cases pending before any court or other authority immediately before the
      establishment of such tribunal as would have been within the jurisdiction
      of such tribunal if the causes of action on which such suits or
      proceedings are based had arisen after such establishment;
          (f) repeal or amend any order made by the President under clause (3)
      of article 371D;
          (g) contain such supplemental, incidental and consequential
      provisions (including provisions as to fees) as Parliament may deem
      necessary for the effective functioning of, and for the speedy disposal of
      cases by, and the enforcement of the orders of, such tribunals.

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 46 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
                                          183
184                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Part XIVA.—Tribunals)

      (3) The provisions of this article shall have effect notwithstanding
anything in any other provision of this Constitution or in any other law for the
time being in force.
       323B. Tribunals for other matters.—(1) The appropriate Legislature
may, by law, provide for the adjudication or trial by tribunals of any disputes,
complaints, or offences with respect to all or any of the matters specified in
clause (2) with respect to which such Legislature has power to make laws.
       (2) The matters referred to in clause (1) are the following, namely:—
           (a) levy, assessment, collection and enforcement of any tax;
           (b) foreign exchange, import and export across customs frontiers;
           (c) industrial and labour disputes;
           (d) land reforms by way of acquisition by the State of any estate as
       defined in article 31A or of any rights therein or the extinguishment or
       modification of any such rights or by way of ceiling on agricultural land
       or in any other way;
           (e) ceiling on urban property;
           (f) elections to either House of Parliament or the House or either
       House of the Legislature of a State, but excluding the matters referred to
       in article 329 and article 329A;
           (g) production, procurement, supply and distribution of food-stuffs
       (including edible oilseeds and oils) and such other goods as the President
       may, by public notification, declare to be essential goods for the purpose
       of this article and control of prices of such goods;
          1
            [(h) rent, its regulation and control and tenancy issues including the
       right, title and interest of landlords and tenants;]
          2
            [(i)] offences against laws with respect to any of the matters
       specified in sub-clauses (a) to 3[(h)] and fees in respect of any of those
       matters;

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Seventy-fifth Amendment) Act, 1993, s. 2 (w.e.f. 15-5-1994).
2. Sub-clause (h) re-lettered as sub-clause (i) by s. 2, ibid. (w.e.f. 15-5-1994).
3. Subs. by s. 2, ibid., for the brackets and letter “(g)” (w.e.f. 15-5-1994).
185                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part XIVA.—Tribunals)

         1
           [(j)] any matter incidental to any of the matters specified in
      sub-clauses (a) to 2[(i)].
      (3) A law made under clause (1) may—
          (a) provide for the establishment of a hierarchy of tribunals;
          (b) specify the jurisdiction, powers (including the power to punish for
      contempt) and authority which may be exercised by each of the said
      tribunals;
          (c) provide for the procedure (including provisions as to limitation
      and rules of evidence) to be followed by the said tribunals;
          (d) exclude the jurisdiction of all courts, except the jurisdiction of the
      Supreme Court under article 136, with respect to all or any of the matters
      falling within the jurisdiction of the said tribunals;
          (e) provide for the transfer to each such tribunal of any cases pending
      before any court or any other authority immediately before the
      establishment of such tribunal as would have been within the jurisdiction
      of such tribunal if the causes of action on which such suits or
      proceedings are based had arisen after such establishment;
          (f) contain such supplemental, incidental and consequential
      provisions (including provisions as to fees) as the appropriate
      Legislature may deem necessary for the effective functioning of, and for
      the speedy disposal of cases by, and the enforcement of the orders of,
      such tribunals.
      (4) The provisions of this article shall have effect notwithstanding
anything in any other provision of this Constitution or in any other law for the
time being in force.
      Explanation.—In this article, “appropriate Legislature”, in relation to any
matter, means Parliament or, as the case may be, a State Legislature competent
to make laws with respect to such matter in accordance with the provisions of
Part XI.]



______________________________________________
1. Sub-clause (i) re-lettered as sub-clause (j) by the Constitution (Seventy-fifth
   Amendment) Act, 1993, s. 2 (w.e.f. 15-5-1994).
2. Subs. by s. 2, ibid, for “(h)” (w.e.f. 15-5-1994).
                                     PART XV
                                    ELECTIONS
       324. Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested
in an Election Commission.—(1) The superintendence, direction and control
of the preparation of the electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to
Parliament and to the Legislature of every State and of elections to the offices
of President and Vice-President held under this Constitution 1*** shall be
vested in a Commission (referred to in this Constitution as the Election
Commission).
       (2) The Election Commission shall consist of the Chief Election
Commissioner and such number of other Election Commissioners, if any, as the
President may from time to time fix and the appointment of the Chief Election
Commissioner and other Election Commissioners shall, subject to the provisions
of any law made in that behalf by Parliament, be made by the President.
       (3) When any other Election Commissioner is so appointed the Chief
Election Commissioner shall act as the Chairman of the Election Commission.
       (4) Before each general election to the House of the People and to the
Legislative Assembly of each State, and before the first general election and
thereafter before each biennial election to the Legislative Council of each State
having such Council, the President may also appoint after consultation with the
Election Commission such Regional Commissioners as he may consider
necessary to assist the Election Commission in the performance of the
functions conferred on the Commission by clause (1).
       (5) Subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, the conditions
of service and tenure of office of the Election Commissioners and the Regional
Commissioners shall be such as the President may by rule determine:
      Provided that the Chief Election Commissioner shall not be removed
from his office except in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the
Supreme Court and the conditions of service of the Chief Election
Commissioner shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment:

______________________________________________
1. The words "including the appointment of election tribunals for the decision of doubts
   and disputes arising out of or in connection with elections to Parliament and to the
   Legislatures of States" omitted by the Constitution (Nineteenth Amendment)
   Act, 1966, s. 2 (w.e.f. 11-12-1966).
                                          186
187                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Part XV.—Elections)

       Provided further that any other Election Commissioner or a Regional
Commissioner shall not be removed from office except on the recommendation
of the Chief Election Commissioner.
       (6) The President, or the Governor 1*** of a State, shall, when so
requested by the Election Commission, make available to the Election
Commission or to a Regional Commissioner such staff as may be necessary for
the discharge of the functions conferred on the Election Commission by
clause (1).
       325. No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be
included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or
sex.—There shall be one general electoral roll for every territorial constituency
for election to either House of Parliament or to the House or either House of the
Legislature of a State and no person shall be ineligible for inclusion in any such
roll or claim to be included in any special electoral roll for any such
constituency on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or any of them.
       326. Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative
Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage.—The elections to
the House of the People and to the Legislative Assembly of every State shall be
on the basis of adult suffrage; that is to say, every person who is a citizen of
India and who is not less than 2[eighteen years] of age on such date as may be
fixed in that behalf by or under any law made by the appropriate Legislature
and is not otherwise disqualified under this Constitution or any law made by
the appropriate Legislature on the ground of non-residence, unsoundness of
mind, crime or corrupt or illegal practice, shall be entitled to be registered as a
voter at any such election.
       327. Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections
to Legislatures.—Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Parliament
may from time to time by law make provision with respect to all matters
relating to, or in connection with, elections to either House of Parliament or to
the House or either House of the Legislature of a State including the
preparation of electoral rolls, the delimitation of constituencies and all other
matters necessary for securing the due constitution of such House or Houses.

______________________________________________
1. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment)
   Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988, s. 2, for "twenty-one
   years" (w.e.f. 28-3-1989).
188                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                  (Part XV.—Elections)

       328. Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect
to elections to such Legislature.—Subject to the provisions of this
Constitution and in so far as provision in that behalf is not made by Parliament,
the Legislature of a State may from time to time by law make provision with
respect to all matters relating to, or in connection with, the elections to the
House or either House of the Legislature of the State including the preparation
of electoral rolls and all other matters necessary for securing the due
constitution of such House or Houses.
         329. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.—
1
    [Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution 2***—]
               (a) the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of
        constituencies or the allotment of seats to such constituencies, made or
        purporting to be made under article 327 or article 328, shall not be called
        in question in any court;
               (b) no election to either House of Parliament or to the House or
        either House of the Legislature of a State shall be called in question
        except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such
        manner as may be provided for by or under any law made by the
        appropriate Legislature.
        3
      329A. [Special provision as to elections to Parliament in the case of
Prime Minister and Speaker.].—Omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth
Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 36 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).




______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Thirty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 3, for certain words
   (w.e.f. 10-8-1975).
2. The words, figures and letter "but subject to the provisions of article 329A" omitted by
   the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 35 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Thirty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 4 (w.e.f. 10-8-1975).
                                   PART XVI
        SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES
       330. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
in the House of the People.—(1) Seats shall be reserved in the House of the
People for —
               (a) the Scheduled Castes;
               1
                 [(b) the Scheduled Tribes except the Scheduled Tribes in the
       autonomous districts of Assam; and]
               (c) the Scheduled Tribes in the autonomous districts of Assam.
        (2) The number of seats reserved in any State 2[or Union territory] for
the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes under clause (1) shall bear, as
nearly as may be, the same proportion to the total number of seats allotted to
that State 2[or Union territory] in the House of the People as the population of
the Scheduled Castes in the State 2[or Union territory] or of the Scheduled
Tribes in the State 2[or Union territory] or part of the State 2[or Union territory],
as the case may be, in respect of which seats are so reserved, bears to the total
population of the State 2[or Union territory].
       3
         [(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (2), the number of
seats reserved in the House of the People for the Scheduled Tribes in the
autonomous districts of Assam shall bear to the total number of seats allotted to
that State a proportion not less than the population of the Scheduled Tribes in
the said autonomous districts bears to the total population of the State.]
       4
         [Explanation.—In this article and in article 332, the expression
“population” means the population as ascertained at the last preceding census
of which the relevant figures have been published:
       Provided that the reference in this Explanation to the last preceding
census of which the relevant figures have been published shall, until the
relevant figures for the first census taken after the year 5[2026] have been
published, be construed as a reference to the 6[2001] census.]

______________________________________________
1. Subs. By the Constitution (Fifty-first Amendment) Act, 1984, s. 2, for sub-clause (b)
    (w.e.f. 16-6-1986).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Thirty-first Amendment) Act, 1973, s. 3 (w.e.f. 17-10-1973).
4. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 47 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
5. Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Act, 2001, s. 6, for "2000" (w.e.f. 21-2-2002).
6. Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty-seventh Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 5, for "1991" (w.e.f. 22-6-2003).

                                                  189
190                        THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                 (Part XVI.—Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes)

        1
         [330A. Reservation of seats for women in the House of the People.-
       (1) Seats shall be reserved for women in the House of the People.
       (2) As nearly as may be, one-third of the total number of seats reserved
under clause (2) of article 330 shall be reserved for women belonging to the
Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes.
       (3) As nearly as may be, one-third (including the number of seats
reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled
Tribes) of the total number of seats to be filled by direct election to the House
of the People shall be reserved for women.]
       331. Representation of the Anglo-Indian Community in the House of
the People.—Notwithstanding anything in article 81, the President may, if he is
of opinion that the Anglo-Indian community is not adequately represented in
the House of the People, nominate not more than two members of that
community to the House of the People.
       332. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.—(1) Seats shall be reserved for
the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, 2[except the Scheduled Tribes
in the autonomous districts of Assam], in the Legislative Assembly of every
State 3***.
       (2) Seats shall be reserved also for the autonomous districts in the
Legislative Assembly of the State of Assam.
       (3) The number of seats reserved for the Scheduled Castes or the
Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assembly of any State under clause (1)
shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same proportion to the total number of seats
in the Assembly as the population of the Scheduled Castes in the State or of the
Scheduled Tribes in the State or part of the State, as the case may be, in respect
of which seats are so reserved, bears to the total population of the State.
       4
         [(3A) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (3), until the taking
effect, under article 170, of the re-adjustment, on the basis of the first census
after the year 5[2026], of the number of seats in the Legislative Assemblies of
the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland, the seats
which shall be reserved for the Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assembly
of any such State shall be,—
______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023, s.3 (date yet to be
    notified).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Fifty-first Amendment) Act, 1984, s. 3, for certain words (w.e.f. 16-6-1986).
3. The words and letters "specified in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule" omitted by the
    Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
4. Ins. by the Constitution (Fifty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1987, s. 2 (w.e.f. 21-9-1987).
5. Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Act, 2001, s. 7, for "2000" (w.e.f. 21-2-2002).
191                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                (Part XVI.—Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes)

              (a) if all the seats in the Legislative Assembly of such State in
       existence on the date of coming into force of the Constitution (Fifty-
       seventh Amendment) Act, 1987 (hereafter in this clause referred to as
       the existing Assembly) are held by members of the Scheduled Tribes, all
       the seats except one;
             (b) in any other case, such number of seats as bears to the total
       number of seats, a proportion not less than the number (as on the said
       date) of members belonging to the Scheduled Tribes in the existing
       Assembly bears to the total number of seats in the existing Assembly.]
        1
          [(3B) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (3), until the
re-adjustment, under article 170, takes effect on the basis of the first census
after the year 2[2026], of the number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of the
State of Tripura, the seats which shall be reserved for the Scheduled Tribes in
the Legislative Assembly shall be, such number of seats as bears to the total
number of seats, a proportion not less than the number, as on the date of
coming into force of the Constitution (Seventy-second Amendment) Act, 1992,
of members belonging to the Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assembly in
existence on the said date bears to the total number of seats in that Assembly.]
       (4) The number of seats reserved for an autonomous district in the
Legislative Assembly of the State of Assam shall bear to the total number of
seats in that Assembly a proportion not less than the population of the district
bears to the total population of the State.
      (5) The constituencies for the seats reserved for any autonomous district
of Assam shall not comprise any area outside that district 3***.
      (6) No person who is not a member of a Scheduled Tribe of any
autonomous district of the State of Assam shall be eligible for election to the
Legislative Assembly of the State from any constituency of that district 3***:
       4
           [Provided that for elections to the Legislative Assembly of the State of

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitition (Seventy-second Amendment) Act, 1992, s. 2 (w.e.f. 5-12-1992).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Act, 2001, s. 7, for "2000"
   (w.e.f. 21-2-2002).
3. Certain words omitted by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971),
   s. 71 (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
4. Ins. by the Constitution (Ninetieth Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 2 (w.e.f. 28-9-2003).
192                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
               (Part XVI.—Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes)

Assam, the representation of the Scheduled Tribes and non-Scheduled Tribes in
the constituencies included in the Bodoland Territorial Areas District, so
notified, and existing prior to the constitution of Bodoland Territorial Areas
District, shall be maintained.]
       1
         [332A. Reservation of         seats for women in the Legislative
Assemblies of the States.— (1) Seats shall be reserved for women in the
Legislative Assembly of every State.
       (2) As nearly as may be, one-third of the total number of seats reserved
under clause (3) of article 332 shall be reserved for women belonging to the
Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes.
       (3) As nearly as may be , one-third (including the number of seats
reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Sceduled
Tribes) of the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in the
Legislative Assembly of every State shall be reserved for women.]
       333. Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the
Legislative Assemblies of the States.—Notwithstanding anything in article
170, the Governor 2*** of a State may, if he is of opinion that the Anglo-Indian
community needs representation in the Legislative Assembly of the State and is
not adequately represented therein, 3[nominate one member of that community
to the Assembly].
        334. 4[Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after
certain period].—Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this
Part, the provisions of this Constitution relating to—
               (a) the reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the
        Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People and in the Legislative
        Assemblies of the States; and
               (b) the representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the
        House of the People and in the Legislative Assemblies of the States by
        nomination,


______________________________________________
1.Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023, s.4 (date yet to be
  notified).
2. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956,
   s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Subs. by the Constitution (Twenty-third Amendment) Act, 1969, s. 4, for "nominate such
   number of members of the community to the Assembly as he considers appropriate"
   (w.e.f. 23-1-1970).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (One hundred and fourth Amendment) Act, 2019, s. 2, for
  marginal heading (w.e.f. 25-1-2020).
193                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
              (Part XVI.—Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes)

shall cease to have effect on the expiration of a period of 1[eighty years in
respect of clause (a) and seventy years in respect of clause (b)] from the
commencement of this Constitution:
       Provided that nothing in this article shall affect any representation in the
House of the People or in the Legislative Assembly of a State until the
dissolution of the then existing House or Assembly, as the case may be.
       2
         [334A. Reservation of seats for women take effect. — (1)
Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provision of this Part or Part VIII,
the provisions of the Constitution relating to the reservation of seats for women
in the House of the People, the Legislative Assembly of a State and the
Legislative Assembly of the National Capital Territory of Delhi shall come into
effect after an exercise of delimitation is undertaken for this purpose after the
relevant figures for the first census taken after commencement of the
Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023 have been
published and shall cease to have effect on the expiration of a period of fifteen
years from such commencement.
       (2) Subject to the provisions of articles 239AA, 330A and 332A, seats
reserved for women in the House of the People, the Legislative Assembly of a
State and the Legislative Assembly of the National Capital Territory of Delhi
shall continue till such date as the Parliament may by law determine.
       (3) Rotation of seats reserved for women in the House of the People, the
Legislative Assembly of a State and the Legislative Assembly of the National
Capital Territory of Delhi shall take effect after each subsequent exercise of
delimitation as the Parliament may by law determine.
       (4) Nothing in this article shall affect any representation in the House of
the People, the Legislative Assembly of a State or the Legislative Assembly of
the National Capital Territory of Delhi until the dissolution of the then existing
House of the People, Legislative Assembly of a State or the Legislative
Assembly of the National Capital Territory of Delhi.]
       335. Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services
and posts.—The claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the
Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the
maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments to
services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State:


______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (One Hundred and Fourth Amendment) Act, 2019, s. 2, for
   “seventy years” (w.e.f. 25-1-2020). The words “seventy years” subs. for “sixty years” by
   the Constitution (Ninety-fifth Amendment) Act, 2009, s.2 (w.e.f. 25-1-2010). The words
   “sixty years” subs. for “fifty years” by the Constitution (Seventy-ninth Amendment) Act,
   1999, s. 2 (w.e.f. 25-1-2000). The words “fifty years” subs. for “forty years” by the
   Constitution (Sixty-second Amendment) Act, 1989, s. 2 (w.e.f. 20-12-1989). The words
   “forty years” subs. for “thirty years” by the Constitution (Forty-fifth Amendment) Act,
   1980, s. 2 (w.e.f. 25-1-1980).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023, s.5 (date yet
   to be notified).
194                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
              (Part XVI.—Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes)

        1
          [Provided that nothing in this article shall prevent in making of any
provision in favour of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled
Tribes for relaxation in qualifying marks in any examination or lowering the
standards of evaluation, for reservation in matters or promotion to any class or
classes of services or posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.]
        336. Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain
services.—(1) During the first two years after the commencement of this
Constitution, appointments of members of the Anglo-Indian community to posts
in the railway, customs, postal and telegraph services of the Union shall be made
on the same basis as immediately before the fifteenth day of August, 1947.
        During every succeeding period of two years, the number of posts
reserved for the members of the said community in the said services shall, as
nearly as possible, be less by ten per cent. than the numbers so reserved during
the immediately preceding period of two years:
       Provided that at the end of ten years from the commencement of this
Constitution all such reservations shall cease.
       (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall bar the appointment of members of the
Anglo-Indian community to posts other than, or in addition to, those reserved
for the community under that clause if such members are found qualified for
appointment on merit as compared with the members of other communities.
       337. Special provision with respect to educational grants for the
benefit of Anglo-Indian community.—During the first three financial years
after the commencement of this Constitution, the same grants, if any, shall be
made by the Union and by each State 2*** for the benefit of the Anglo-Indian
community in respect of education as were made in the financial year ending
on the thirty-first day of March, 1948.
       During every succeeding period of three years the grants may be less by
ten per cent. than those for the immediately preceding period of three years:
       Provided that at the end of ten years from the commencement of this
Constitution such grants, to the extent to which they are a special concession to
the Anglo-Indian community, shall cease:
       Provided further that no educational institution shall be entitled to
receive any grant under this article unless at least forty per cent. of the annual
admissions therein are made available to members of communities other than
the Anglo-Indian community.

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Eighty-second Amendment) Act, 2000, s. 2 (w.e.f. 8-9-2000).
2. The words and letters "specified in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule" omitted by
   the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
195                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
              (Part XVI.—Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes)

       338. 1[National Commission for Scheduled Castes].—2[3[(1) There
shall be a Commission for the Scheduled Castes to be known as the National
Commission for the Scheduled Castes.
       (2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by
Parliament, the Commission shall consist of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson
and three other Members and the conditions of service and tenure of office of
the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members so appointed shall be
such as the President may by rule determine.]
    (3) The Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members of the
Commission shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.
       (4) The Commission shall have the power to regulate its own procedure.
       (5) It shall be the duty of the Commission—
             (a) to investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards
       provided for the Scheduled Castes 4*** under this Constitution or under
       any other law for the time being in force or under any order of the
       Government and to evaluate the working of such safeguards;
             (b) to inquire into specific complaints with respect to the
       deprivation of rights and safeguards of the Scheduled Castes 4***;
              (c) to participate and advise on the planning process of
       socio-economic development of the Scheduled Castes 1*** and to
       evaluate the progress of their development under the Union and any
       State;
             (d) to present to the President, annually and at such other times as the
       Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards;
             (e) to make in such reports recommendations as to the measures that
       should be taken by the Union or any State for the effective implementation of
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty-ninth Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 2, for the marginal
   heading (w.e.f. 19-2-2004).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Sixty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1990, s. 2, for cls. (1) and (2)
   (w.e.f. 12-3-1992).
3. Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty-ninth Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 2, for cls. (1) and
  (2) (w.e.f. 19-2-2004).
4. The words "and Scheduled Tribes" omitted by the Constitution (Eighty-ninth
   Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 2 (w.e.f. 19-2-2004).
196                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
              (Part XVI.—Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes)

      those safeguards and other measures for the protection, welfare and
      socio-economic development of the Scheduled Castes 1***; and
              (f) to discharge such other functions in relation to the protection, welfare
      and development and advancement of the Scheduled Castes 1*** as the President
      may, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, by rule specify.
      (6) The President shall cause all such reports to be laid before each
House of Parliament along with a memorandum explaining the action taken or
proposed to be taken on the recommendations relating to the Union and the
reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of any of such recommendations.
      (7) Where any such report, or any part thereof, relates to any matter with
which any State Government is concerned, a copy of such report shall be
forwarded to the Governor of the State who shall cause it to be laid before the
Legislature of the State along with a memorandum explaining the action taken
or proposed to be taken on the recommendations relating to the State and the
reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of any of such recommendations.
       (8) The Commission shall, while investigating any matter referred to in
sub-clause (a) or inquiring into any complaint referred to in sub-clause (b) of
clause (5), have all the powers of a civil court trying a suit and in particular in
respect of the following matters, namely:—
              (a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from
       any part of India and examining him on oath;
              (b) requiring the discovery and production of any document;
              (c) receiving evidence on affidavits;
              (d) requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any
       court or office;
              (e) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and
       documents;
              (f) any other matter which the President may, by rule, determine.
      (9) The Union and every State Government shall consult the
Commission on all major policy matters affecting Scheduled Castes 1***].
      2
        [(10)] In this article, references to the Scheduled Castes 1*** shall be
construed as including references 3*** to the Anglo-Indian community.
      4
        [338A. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.—(1) There shall
be a Commission for the Scheduled Tribes to be known as the National
Commission for the Scheduled Tribes.

______________________________________________
1. The words "and Scheduled Tribes" omitted by the Constitution (Eighty-ninth
   Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 2 (w.e.f. 19-2-2004).
2. Cl. (3) renumbered as cl. (10) by the Constitution (Sixty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1990,
   s. 2 (w.e.f. 12-3-1992).
3. The words, brackets and figures "to such other backward classes as the President may,
   on receipt of the report of a Commission appointed under cl. (1) of article 340, by
   order specify and also" omitted by the Constitution (One Hundred and Second
   Amendment) Act, 2018, s. 2 (w.e.f. 15-8-2018).
4. Art 338A ins. by the Constitution (Eighty-ninth Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 3
   (w.e.f. 19-2-2004).
197                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
             (Part XVI.—Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes)

      (2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by
Parliament, the Commission shall consist of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson
and three other Members and the conditions of service and tenure of office of
the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members so appointed shall be
such as the President may by rule determine.
      (3) The Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members of the
Commission shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.
      (4) The Commission shall have the power to regulate its own procedure.
      (5) It shall be the duty of the Commission—
              (a) to investigate and monitor all matters relating to the
      safeguards provided for the Scheduled Tribes under this Constitution or
      under any other law for the time being in force or under any order of the
      Government and to evaluate the working of such safeguards;
              (b) to inquire into specific complaints with respect to the
      deprivation of rights and safeguards of the Scheduled Tribes;
              (c) to participate and advise on the planning process of
      socio-economic development of the Scheduled Tribes and to evaluate the
      progress of their development under the Union and any State;
              (d) to present to the President, annually and at such other times as
      the Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of those
      safeguards;
              (e) to make in such reports recommendations as to the
      measures that should be taken by the Union or any State for the
      effective implementation of those safeguards and other measures
      for the protection, welfare and socio-economic development of the
      Scheduled Tribes; and
              (f) to discharge such other functions in relation to the protection,
      welfare and development and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes as
      the President may, subject to the provisions of any law made by
      Parliament, by rule specify.
      (6) The President shall cause all such reports to be laid before each
House of Parliament along with a memorandum explaining the action taken or
proposed to be taken on the recommendations relating to the Union and the
reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of any such recommendations.
      (7) Where any such report, or any part thereof, relates to any matter
with which any State Government is concerned, a copy of such report shall be
forwarded to the Governor of the State who shall cause it to be laid before the
Legislature of the State along with a memorandum explaining the action taken
or proposed to be taken on the recommendations relating to the State and the
reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of any of such recommendations.
198                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
              (Part XVI.—Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes)

      (8) The Commission shall, while investigating any matter referred to in
sub-clause (a) or inquiring into any complaint referred to in sub-clause (b) of
clause (5), have all the powers of a civil court trying a suit and in particular in
respect of the following matters, namely:—
              (a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from
      any part of India and examining him on oath;
              (b) requiring the discovery and production of any document;
              (c) receiving evidence on affidavits;
              (d) requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any
      court or office;
              (e) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and documents;
              (f) any other matter which the President may, by rule, determine.
      (9) The Union and every State Government shall consult the
Commission on all major policy matters affecting Scheduled Tribes.]
      1
        [338B. National Commission for Backward Classes.—(1) There shall
be a Commission for the socially and educationally backward classes to be
known as the National Commission for Backward Classes.
      (2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by
Parliament, the Commission shall consist of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson
and three other Members and the conditions of service and tenure of office of
the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members so appointed shall be
such as the President may by rule determine.
      (3) The Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members of the
Commission shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and
seal.
      (4) The Commission shall have the power to regulate its own procedure.
      (5) It shall be the duty of the Commission—
              (a) to investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards
      provided for the socially and educationally backward classes under this
      Constitution or under any other law for the time being in force or under
      any order of the Government and to evaluate the working of such
      safeguards;
              (b) to inquire into specific complaints with respect to the
      deprivation of rights and safeguards of the socially and educationally
      backward classes;
              (c) to participate and advise on the socio-economic development
      of the socially and educationally backward classes and to evaluate the
      progress of their development under the Union and any State;
______________________________________________
1.Art 338B ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and Second Amendment) Act, 2018,
  s. 3 (w.e.f. 15-8-2018).
199                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
             (Part XVI.—Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes)

              (d) to present to the President, annually and at such other times as
      the Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of those
      safeguards;
              (e) to make in such reports the recommendations as to the
      measures that should be taken by the Union or any State for the effective
      implementation of those safeguards and other measures for the
      protection, welfare and socio-economic development of the socially and
      educationally backward classes; and
              (f) to discharge such other functions in relation to the protection,
      welfare and development and advancement of the socially and
      educationally backward classes as the President may, subject to the
      provisions of any law made by Parliament, by rule specify.
      (6) The President shall cause all such reports to be laid before each
House of Parliament along with a memorandum explaining the action taken or
proposed to be taken on the recommendations relating to the Union and the
reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of any such recommendations.
      (7) Where any such report, or any part thereof, relates to any matter with
which any State Government is concerned, a copy of such report shall be
forwarded to the State Government which shall cause it to be laid before the
Legislature of the State along with a memorandum explaining the action taken
or proposed to be taken on the recommendations relating to the State and the
reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of any of such recommendations.
      (8) The Commission shall, while investigating any matter referred to in
sub-clause (a) or inquiring into any complaint referred to in sub-clause (b) of
clause (5), have all the powers of a civil court trying a suit and in particular in
respect of the following matters, namely :—
              (a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from
      any part of India and examining him on oath;
              (b) requiring the discovery and production of any document;
              (c) receiving evidence on affidavits;
              (d) requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any
      court or office;
              (e) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and
      documents;
              (f) any other matter which the President may by rule, determine.
      (9) The Union and every State Government shall consult the
Commission on all major policy matters affecting the socially and
educationally backward classes:]
200                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
               (Part XVI.—Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes)

       1
         [Provided that nothing in this clause shall apply for the purposes of
clause (3) of article 342A.]
       339. Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled
Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes.—(1) The President may at any
time and shall, at the expiration of ten years from the commencement of this
Constitution by order appoint a Commission to report on the administration of
the Scheduled Areas and the welfare of the Scheduled Tribes in the States 2***.
       The order may define the composition, powers and procedure of the
Commission and may contain such incidental or ancillary provisions as the
President may consider necessary or desirable.
       (2) The executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving of
directions to 3[a State] as to the drawing up and execution of schemes specified
in the direction to be essential for the welfare of the Scheduled Tribes in the
State.
       340. Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of
backward classes.—(1) The President may by order appoint a Commission
consisting of such persons as he thinks fit to investigate the conditions of
socially and educationally backward classes within the territory of India and the
difficulties under which they labour and to make recommendations as to the
steps that should be taken by the Union or any State to remove such difficulties
and to improve their condition and as to the grants that should be made for the
purpose by the Union or any State and the conditions subject to which such
grants should be made, and the order appointing such Commission shall define
the procedure to be followed by the Commission.
       (2) A Commission so appointed shall investigate the matters referred to
them and present to the President a report setting out the facts as found by them
and making such recommendations as they think proper.
       (3) The President shall cause a copy of the report so presented together
with a memorandum explaining the action taken thereon to be laid before each
House of Parliament.
       341. Scheduled Castes.—(1) The President 4[may with respect to any
State 5[or Union territory], and where it is a State 2***, after consultation with
______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and Fifth Amendment) Act, 2021, s. 2
   (w.e.f. 15-9-2021).
2. The words and letters for "specified in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule" omitted by
   the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Subs. by s. 29 and Sch. ibid. for "any such State" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 10, for "may, after
   consultation with the Governor or Rajpramukh of a State" (w.e.f. 18-6-1951).
5. Ins. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
201                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
              (Part XVI.—Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes)

the Governor 1*** thereof], by public notification2, specify the castes, races or
tribes or parts of or groups within castes, races or tribes which shall for the
purposes of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to
that State 3[or Union territory, as the case may be.]
       (2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of
Scheduled Castes specified in a notification issued under clause (1) any caste,
race or tribe or part of or group within any caste, race or tribe, but save as
aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any
subsequent notification.
       342. Scheduled Tribes.—(1) The President 4[may with respect to any
State 3[or Union territory], and where it is a State 45***, after consultation with
the Governor 31*** thereof], by public notification6,5 specify the tribes or tribal
communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which
shall for the purposes of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in
relation to that State 3[or Union territory, as the case may be.]
       (2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of
Scheduled Tribes specified in a notification issued under clause (1) any tribe or
tribal community or part of or group within any tribe or tribal community, but
save as aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied
by any subsequent notification.
______________________________________________
1. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act,
   1956, s. 29 and Sch., ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. See the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 (C.O. 19), the Constitution
   (Scheduled Castes) (Union Territories) Order, 1951 (C.O. 32), the Constitution
   (Jammu and Kashmir) Scheduled Castes Order, 1956 (C.O. 52), the Constitution
   (Dadra and Nagar Haveli) (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1962 (C.O. 64), the Constitution
   (Pondicherry) Scheduled Castes Order, 1964 (C.O. 68), the Constitution (Goa, Daman
   and Diu) Scheduled Castes Order, 1968 (C.O. 81) and the Constitution (Sikkim)
   Scheduled Castes Order, 1978 (C.O. 110).
3. Ins. by the Constitutiton (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 11, for "may, after
   consultation with the Governor or Rajpramukh of State" (w.e.f. 18-6-1951).
5. Certain words Omitted by the constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and
   Sch., ibid, (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
6. See the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 (C.O. 22), the Constitution
   (Scheduled Tribes) (Union Territories) Order, 1951 (C.O. 33), the Constitution
   (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1959 (C.O. 58), the
   Constitution (Dadra and Nagar Haveli) (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1962 (C.O. 65), the
   Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) (Uttar Pradesh) Order, 1967 (C.O. 78), the
   Constitution (Goa, Daman and Diu) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1968 (C.O. 82), the
   Constitution (Nagaland) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1970 (C.O. 88) the Constitution
   (Sikkim) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1978 (C.O. 111).
202                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
             (Part XVI.—Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes)

        1
          [342A. Socially and educationally backward classes.—(1) The
President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a
State, after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification,
specify 2[the socially and educationally backward classes in the Central List
which shall for the purposes of the Central Government] be deemed to be
socially and educationally backward classes in relation to that State or Union
territory, as the case may be.
        (2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the Central List of
socially and educationally backward classes specified in a notification issued
under clause (1) any socially and educationally backward class, but save as
aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any
subsequent notification.]
        3
          [Explanation.—For the purposes of clauses (1) and (2), the expression
“Central List” means the list of socially and educationally backward classes
prepared and maintained by and for the Central Government.
       (3) Notwithstanding any contained in clauses (1) and (2), every State or
Union territory may, by law, prepare and maintain, for its own purposes, a list
of socially and educationally backward classes, entries in which may be
different from the Central List.]




______________________________________________
1. Art 342 A ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and Second Amendment) Act, 2018,
   s. 4 (w.e.f. 15-8-2018).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (One Hundred and Fifth Amendment) Act, 2021, s. 3  for
   socially and educationally backward classes which shall for the purposes of the
   Constitution (w.e.f. 15-9-2021).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and Fifth Amendment) Act, 2021, s. 3
   (w.e.f. 15-9-2021).
                                     PART XVII
                              OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
                       CHAPTER I.—LANGUAGE OF THE UNION
       343. Official language of the Union.—(1) The official language of the
Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script.
       The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union
shall be the international form of Indian numerals.
       (2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), for a period of fifteen years
from the commencement of this Constitution, the English language shall
continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was
being used immediately before such commencement:
       Provided that the President may, during the said period, by order1
authorise the use of the Hindi language in addition to the English language and
of the Devanagari form of numerals in addition to the international form of
Indian numerals for any of the official purposes of the Union.
       (3) Notwithstanding anything in this article, Parliament may by law
provide for the use, after the said period of fifteen years, of—
           (a) the English language; or
           (b) the Devanagari form of numerals,
 for such purposes as may be specified in the law.
       344. Commission and Committee of Parliament on official
language.—(1) The President shall, at the expiration of five years from the
commencement of this Constitution and thereafter at the expiration of ten years
from such commencement, by order constitute a Commission which shall
consist of a Chairman and such other members representing the different
languages specified in the Eighth Schedule as the President may appoint, and
the order shall define the procedure to be followed by the Commission.
       (2) It shall be the duty of the Commission to make recommendations to
the President as to—
               (a) the progressive use of the Hindi language for the official
       purposes of the Union;
               (b) restrictions on the use of the English language for all or any of
       the official purposes of the Union;
               (c) the language to be used for all or any of the purposes
       mentioned in article 348;

______________________________________________
1. See C.O. 41.
                                        203
204                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                            (Part XVII—LANGUAGE)

              (d) the form of numerals to be used for any one or more specified
       purposes of the Union;
              (e) any other matter referred to the Commission by the President
       as regards the official language of the Union and the language for
       communication between the Union and a State or between one State and
       another and their use.
       (3) In making their recommendations under clause (2), the Commission
shall have due regard to the industrial, cultural and scientific advancement of
India, and the just claims and the interests of persons belonging to the
non-Hindi speaking areas in regard to the public services.
       (4) There shall be constituted a Committee consisting of thirty members,
of whom twenty shall be members of the House of the People and ten shall be
members of the Council of States to be elected respectively by the members of
the House of the People and the members of the Council of States in
accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the
single transferable vote.
       (5) It shall be the duty of the Committee to examine the
recommendations of the Commission constituted under clause (1) and to report
to the President their opinion thereon.
       (6) Notwithstanding anything in article 343, the President may, after
consideration of the report referred to in clause (5), issue directions in
accordance with the whole or any part of that report.
                      CHAPTER II.—REGIONAL LANGUAGES
       345. Official language or languages of a State.—Subject to the
provisions of articles 346 and 347, the Legislature of a State may by law adopt
any one or more of the languages in use in the State or Hindi as the language or
languages to be used for all or any of the official purposes of that State:
       Provided that, until the Legislature of the State otherwise provides by
law, the English language shall continue to be used for those official purposes
within the State for which it was being used immediately before the
commencement of this Constitution.
       346. Official language for communication between one State and
another or between a State and the Union.—The language for the time being
authorised for use in the Union for official purposes shall be the official
language for communication between one State and another State and between
a State and the Union:
205                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part XVII—LANGUAGE)

       Provided that if two or more States agree that the Hindi language should
be the official language for communication between such States, that language
may be used for such communication.
       347. Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the
population of a State.—On a demand being made in that behalf the President
may, if he is satisfied that a substantial proportion of the population of a State
desire the use of any language spoken by them to be recognised by that State,
direct that such language shall also be officially recognised throughout that
State or any part thereof for such purpose as he may specify.
               CHAPTER III.—LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT,
                                  HIGH COURTS, ETC.
       348. Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High
Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in the
foregoing provisions of this Part, until Parliament by law otherwise provides—
              (a) all proceedings in the Supreme Court and in every High Court;
              (b) the authoritative texts—
                      (i) of all Bills to be introduced or amendments thereto to be
              moved in either House of Parliament or in the House or either
              House of the Legislature of a State;
                      (ii) of all Acts passed by Parliament or the Legislature of a
              State and of all Ordinances promulgated by the President or the
              Governor 1*** of a State; and
                      (iii) of all orders, rules, regulations and bye-laws issued
              under this Constitution or under any law made by Parliament or
              the Legislature of a State,
       shall be in the English language.
       (2) Notwithstanding anything in sub-clause (a) of clause (1), the
Governor 1*** of a State may, with the previous consent of the President,
authorise the use of the Hindi language, or any other language used for any
official purposes of the State, in proceedings in the High Court having its
principal seat in that State:


______________________________________________
1. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act,
   1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
206                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part XVII—LANGUAGE)

        Provided that nothing in this clause shall apply to any judgment, decree
or order passed or made by such High Court.
        (3) Notwithstanding anything in sub-clause (b) of clause (1), where the
Legislature of a State has prescribed any language other than the English
language for use in Bills introduced in, or Acts passed by, the Legislature of the
State or in Ordinances promulgated by the Governor 1*** of the State or in any
order, rule, regulation or bye-law referred to in paragraph (iii) of that sub-clause,
a translation of the same in the English language published under the authority of
the Governor 1*** of the State in the Official Gazette of that State shall be
deemed to be the authoritative text thereof in the English language under this
article.
        349. Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to
language.—During the period of fifteen years from the commencement of this
Constitution, no Bill or amendment making provision for the language to be
used for any of the purposes mentioned in clause (1) of article 348 shall be
introduced or moved in either House of Parliament without the previous
sanction of the President, and the President shall not give his sanction to the
introduction of any such Bill or the moving of any such amendment except
after he has taken into consideration the recommendations of the Commission
constituted under clause (1) of article 344 and the report of the Committee
constituted under clause (4) of that article.
                        CHAPTER IV.—SPECIAL DIRECTIVES
        350. Language to be used in representations for redress of
grievances.—Every person shall be entitled to submit a representation for the
redress of any grievance to any officer or authority of the Union or a State in
any of the languages used in the Union or in the State, as the case may be.
        2
          [350A. Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary
stage.—It shall be the endeavour of every State and of every local authority
within the State to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the
mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to
linguistic minority groups; and the President may issue such directions to any
State as he considers necessary or proper for securing the provision of such
facilities.
______________________________________________
1. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act,
   1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Arts. 350A and 350B ins. by s.21., ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
207                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Part XVII—LANGUAGE)

        350B. Special Officer for linguistic minorities.—(1) There shall be a
Special Officer for linguistic minorities to be appointed by the President.
        (2) It shall be the duty of the Special Officer to investigate all matters relating
to the safeguards provided for linguistic minorities under this Constitution and
report to the President upon those matters at such intervals as the President may
direct, and the President shall cause all such reports to be laid before each House of
Parliament, and sent to the Governments of the States concerned.]
        351. Directive for development of the Hindi language.—It shall be the
duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so
that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the
composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without
interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani
and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by
drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on
Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages.
                                    PART XVIII
                           EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
        352. Proclamation of Emergency.—(1) If the President is satisfied that
a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or of any part of the
territory thereof is threatened, whether by war or external aggression or 1[armed
rebellion], he may, by Proclamation, make a declaration to that effect 2[in
respect of the whole of India or of such part of the territory thereof as may be
specified in the Proclamation.]
       3
        [Explanation.—A Proclamation of Emergency declaring that the
security of India or any part of the territory thereof is threatened by war or by
external aggression or by armed rebellion may be made before the actual
occurrence of war or of any such aggression or rebellion, if the President is
satisfied that there is imminent danger thereof.]
       4
       [(2) A Proclamation issued under clause (1) may be varied or revoked
by a subsequent Proclamation.
      (3) The President shall not issue a Proclamation under clause (1) or a
Proclamation varying such Proclamation unless the decision of the Union
Cabinet (that is to say, the Council consisting of the Prime Minister and other
Ministers of Cabinet rank appointed under article 75) that such a Proclamation
may be issued has been communicated to him in writing.
      (4) Every Proclamation issued under this article shall be laid before each
House of Parliament and shall, except where it is a Proclamation revoking a
previous Proclamation, cease to operate at the expiration of one month unless
before the expiration of that period it has been approved by resolutions of both
Houses of Parliament:


______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 37, for "internal
   disturbance" (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 48 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 37 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
4. Subs. by s. 37, ibid., for cls. (2), (2A) and (3) (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
                                         208
209                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                      (Part XVIII.—EMERGENCY PROVISIONS)

        Provided that if any such Proclamation (not being a Proclamation
revoking a previous Proclamation) is issued at a time when the House of the
People has been dissolved, or the dissolution of the House of the People takes
place during the period of one month referred to in this clause, and if a
resolution approving the Proclamation has been passed by the Council of
States, but no resolution with respect to such Proclamation has been passed by
the House of the People before the expiration of that period, the Proclamation
shall cease to operate at the expiration of thirty days from the date on which the
House of the People first sits after its reconstitution, unless before the
expiration of the said period of thirty days a resolution approving the
Proclamation has been also passed by the House of the People.
        (5) A Proclamation so approved shall, unless revoked, cease to operate
on the expiration of a period of six months from the date of the passing of the
second of the resolutions approving the Proclamation under clause (4):
        Provided that if and so often as a resolution approving the continuance in
force of such a Proclamation is passed by both Houses of Parliament the
Proclamation shall, unless revoked, continue in force for a further period of six
months from the date on which it would otherwise have ceased to operate under
this clause:
        Provided further that if the dissolution of the House of the People takes
place during any such period of six months and a resolution approving the
continuance in force of such Proclamation has been passed by the Council of
States but no resolution with respect to the continuance in force of such
Proclamation has been passed by the House of the People during the said
period, the Proclamation shall cease to operate at the expiration of thirty days
from the date on which the House of the People first sits after its reconstitution
unless before the expiration of the said period of thirty days, a resolution
approving the continuance in force of the Proclamation has been also passed
by the House of the People.
        (6) For the purposes of clauses (4) and (5), a resolution may be passed
by either House of Parliament only by a majority of the total membership of
that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the Members of that
House present and voting.
        (7) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing clauses, the
President shall revoke a Proclamation issued under clause (1) or a Proclamation
varying such Proclamation if the House of the People passes a resolution
disapproving, or, as the case may be, disapproving the continuance in force of,
such Proclamation.
210                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                           (Part XVIII.—EMERGENCY PROVISIONS)

       (8) Where a notice in writing signed by not less than one-tenth of the
total number of members of the House of the People has been given, of their
intention to move a resolution for disapproving, or, as the case may be, for
disapproving the continuance in force of, a Proclamation issued under
clause (1) or a Proclamation varying such Proclamation,—
            (a) to the Speaker, if the House is in session; or
            (b) to the President, if the House is not in session,
a special sitting of the House shall be held within fourteen days from the date
on which such notice is received by the Speaker, or, as the case may be, by the
President, for the purpose of considering such resolution.]
       1
         [(9) The power conferred on the President by this article shall include
the power to issue different Proclamations on different grounds, being war or
external aggression or 2[armed rebellion] or imminent danger of war or external
aggression or 2[armed rebellion], whether or not there is a Proclamation
already issued by the President under clause (1) and such Proclamation is in
operation.
       1
           * *         *           *          *           *           *           *
     353. Effect of Proclamation of Emergency.—While a Proclamation
of Emergency is in operation, then—
              (a) notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the executive
       power of the Union shall extend to the giving of directions to any State
       as to the manner in which the executive power thereof is to be
       exercised;
             (b) the power of Parliament to make laws with respect to any
       matter shall include power to make laws conferring powers and
       imposing duties, or authorising the conferring of powers and the
       imposition of duties, upon the Union or officers and authorities of the
       Union as respects that matter, notwithstanding that it is one which is not
       enumerated in the Union List:


______________________________________________
1. Cls. (4) and (5) ins. by the Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 5 (with
   retrospective effect) and subsequently cl. (4) renumbered as cl. (9) and cl. (5) omitted by
   the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 37 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. Subs. by s. 37, ibid. for "internal disturbance" (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
211                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                      (Part XVIII.—EMERGENCY PROVISIONS)

       1
         [Provided that where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation only
in any part of the territory of India,—
              (i) the executive power of the Union to give directions under
       clause (a), and
              (ii) the power of Parliament to make laws under clause (b),
shall also extend to any State other than a State in which or in any part of
which the Proclamation of Emergency is in operation if and in so far as the
security of India or any part of the territory thereof is threatened by activities in
or in relation to the part of the territory of India in which the Proclamation of
Emergency is in operation.]
       354. Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues
while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.—(1) The President
may, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, by order direct that
all or any of the provisions of articles 268 to 279 shall for such period, not
extending in any case beyond the expiration of the financial year in which such
Proclamation ceases to operate, as may be specified in the order, have effect
subject to such exceptions or modifications as he thinks fit.
      (2) Every order made under clause (1) shall, as soon as may be after it is
made, be laid before each House of Parliament.
       355. Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression
and internal disturbance.—It shall be the duty of the Union to protect every
State against external aggression and internal disturbance and to ensure that the
Government of every State is carried on in accordance with the provisions of
this Constitution.
       356. Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in
States.—(1) If the President, on receipt of a report from the Governor 2*** of a
State or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the
Government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the
provisions of this Constitution, the President may by Proclamation—
______________________________________________
1. Added by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 49
   (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment)
   Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
212                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                       (Part XVIII.—EMERGENCY PROVISIONS)

              (a) assume to himself all or any of the functions of the
       Government of the State and all or any of the powers vested in or
       exercisable by the Governor 1*** or any body or authority in the State
       other than the Legislature of the State;
              (b) declare that the powers of the Legislature of the State shall be
       exercisable by or under the authority of Parliament;
              (c) make such incidental and consequential provisions as appear
       to the President to be necessary or desirable for giving effect to the
       objects of the Proclamation, including provisions for suspending in
       whole or in part the operation of any provisions of this Constitution
       relating to any body or authority in the State:
       Provided that nothing in this clause shall authorise the President to
assume to himself any of the powers vested in or exercisable by a High Court,
or to suspend in whole or in part the operation of any provision of this
Constitution relating to High Courts.
       (2) Any such Proclamation may be revoked or varied by a subsequent
Proclamation.
       (3) Every Proclamation under this article shall be laid before each House
of Parliament and shall, except where it is a Proclamation revoking a previous
Proclamation, cease to operate at the expiration of two months unless before
the expiration of that period it has been approved by resolutions of both Houses
of Parliament:
       Provided that if any such Proclamation (not being a Proclamation
revoking a previous Proclamation) is issued at a time when the House of the
People is dissolved or the dissolution of the House of the People takes place
during the period of two months referred to in this clause, and if a resolution
approving the Proclamation has been passed by the Council of States, but no
resolution with respect to such Proclamation has been passed by the House of
the People before the expiration of that period, the Proclamation shall cease to
operate at the expiration of thirty days from the date on which the House of the
People first sits after its reconstitution unless before the expiration of the said
period of thirty days a resolution approving the Proclamation has been also
passed by the House of the People.


______________________________________________
1. The words "or Rajpramukh, as the case may be" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh
   Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
213                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                         (Part XVIII.—EMERGENCY PROVISIONS)

      (4) A Proclamation so approved shall, unless revoked, cease to operate
on the expiration of a period of 1[six months from the date of issue of the
Proclamation]:
        Provided that if and so often as a resolution approving the continuance in
force of such a Proclamation is passed by both Houses of Parliament, the
Proclamation shall, unless revoked, continue in force for a further period of
2
  [six months] from the date on which under this clause it would otherwise have
ceased to operate, but no such Proclamation shall in any case remain in force
for more than three years:
       Provided further that if the dissolution of the House of the People takes
place during any such period of 2[six months] and a resolution approving the
continuance in force of such Proclamation has been passed by the Council of
States, but no resolution with respect to the continuance in force of such
Proclamation has been passed by the House of the People during the said
period, the Proclamation shall cease to operate at the expiration of thirty days
from the date on which the House of the People first sits after its reconstitution
unless before the expiration of the said period of thirty days a resolution
approving the continuance in force of the Proclamation has been also passed
by the House of the People:
       3
         [Provided also that in the case of the Proclamation issued under
clause (1) on the 11th day of May, 1987 with respect to the State of Punjab, the
reference in the first proviso to this clause to “three years” shall be construed
as a reference to 4[five years].]




______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 50, for "six months"
   (w.e.f. 3-1-1977) and further subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act,
   1978, s. 38, for "one year from the date of the passing of the second of the resolutions
   approving the Proclamation under clause (3)" (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. Subs. by s. 50, ibid., for "six months" (w.e.f. 3-1-1977) and further subs. by s. 38, ibid.,
   for "one year", respectively (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Sixty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1990, s. 2 (w.e.f. 16-4-1990).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Sixty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1990, s. 2 (w.e.f. 4-10-1990)
   and further subs. by the Constitution (Sixty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1991, s. 2
   (w.e.f. 12-3-1991).
214                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                        (Part XVIII.—EMERGENCY PROVISIONS)

       1
         [(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (4), a resolution with
respect to the continuance in force of a Proclamation approved under clause (3)
for any period beyond the expiration of one year from the date of issue of such
Proclamation shall not be passed by either House of Parliament unless—
               (a) a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, in the whole of
       India or, as the case may be, in the whole or any part of the State, at the
       time of the passing of such resolution, and
               (b) the Election Commission certifies that the continuance in force
       of the Proclamation approved under clause (3) during the period
       specified in such resolution is necessary on account of difficulties in
       holding general elections to the Legislative Assembly of the State
       concerned:]
       2
         [Provided that nothing in this clause shall apply to the Proclamation
issued under clause (1) on the 11th day of May, 1987 with respect to the State
of Punjab.]
       357. Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under
article 356.—(1) Where by a Proclamation issued under clause (1) of
article 356, it has been declared that the powers of the Legislature of the State
shall be exercisable by or under the authority of Parliament, it shall be
competent—
               (a) for Parliament to confer on the President the power of the
       Legislature of the State to make laws, and to authorise the President to
       delegate, subject to such conditions as he may think fit to impose, the
       power so conferred to any other authority to be specified by him in that
       behalf;
               (b) for Parliament, or for the President or other authority in whom
       such power to make laws is vested under sub-clause (a), to make laws
       conferring powers and imposing duties, or authorising the conferring of
       powers and the imposition of duties, upon the Union or officers and
       authorities thereof;
             (c) for the President to authorise when the House of the People is
       not in session expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of the State
       pending the sanction of such expenditure by Parliament.


______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 6 (with retrospective
   effect) and subsequently subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment)
   Act, 1978, s. 38, for cl. (5) (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. Proviso omitted by the Constitution (Sixty-third Amendment) Act, 1989, s. 2
   (w.e.f. 6-1-1990) and subsequently ins. by the Constitution (Sixty-fourth Amendment)
   Act, 1990, s. 2 (w.e.f. 16-4-1990).
215                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                        (Part XVIII.—EMERGENCY PROVISIONS)

         1
           [(2) Any law made in exercise of the power of the Legislature of the
State by Parliament or the President or other authority referred to in
sub-clause (a) of clause (1) which Parliament or the President or such other
authority would not, but for the issue of a Proclamation under article 356, have
been competent to make shall, after the Proclamation has ceased to operate,
continue in force until altered or repealed or amended by a competent
Legislature or other authority.]
         358. Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies.—
2
  [(1)] 3[While a Proclamation of Emergency declaring that the security of India
or any part of the territory thereof is threatened by war or by external
aggression is in operation], nothing in article 19 shall restrict the power of the
State as defined in Part III to make any law or to take any executive action
which the State would but for the provisions contained in that Part be
competent to make or to take, but any law so made shall, to the extent of the
incompetency, cease to have effect as soon as the Proclamation ceases to
operate, except as respects things done or omitted to be done before the law so
ceases to have effect:
         4
           [Provided that 5[where such Proclamation of Emergency] is in operation
only in any part of the territory of India, any such law may be made, or any
such executive action may be taken, under this article in relation to or in any
State or Union territory in which or in any part of which the Proclamation of
Emergency is not in operation, if and in so far as the security of India or any
part of the territory thereof is threatened by activities in or in relation to the part
of the territory of India in which the Proclamation of Emergency is in
operation.]
         6
           [(2) Nothing in clause (1) shall apply—

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 51 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. Art. 358 re-numbered as cl. (1) by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment)
   Act, 1978, s. 39 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
3. Subs. by s. 39, ibid, for "While a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation"
   (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
4. Added by the Constitution             (Forty-second Amendment)    Act, 1976, s. 52
   (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
5. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 39, for "where a
   Proclamation of Emergency" (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
6. Ins. by s. 39, ibid. (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
216                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                        (Part XVIII.—EMERGENCY PROVISIONS)

               (a) to any law which does not contain a recital to the effect that
       such law is in relation to the Proclamation of Emergency in operation
       when it is made; or
               (b) to any executive action taken otherwise than under a law
       containing such a recital.]
       359. Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by
Part III during emergencies.—(1) Where a Proclamation of Emergency is in
operation, the President may by order declare that the right to move any court
for the enforcement of such of 1[the rights conferred by Part III (except articles
20 and 21)] as may be mentioned in the order and all proceedings pending in
any court for the enforcement of the rights so mentioned shall remain
suspended for the period during which the Proclamation is in force or for such
shorter period as may be specified in the order.
       2
         [(1A) While an order made under clause (1) mentioning any of 1[the
rights conferred by Part III (except articles 20 and 21)] is in operation, nothing
in that Part conferring those rights shall restrict the power of the State as
defined in the said Part to make any law or to take any executive action which
the State would but for the provisions contained in that Part be competent to
make or to take, but any law so made shall, to the extent of the incompetency,
cease to have effect as soon as the order aforesaid ceases to operate, except as
respects things done or omitted to be done before the law so ceases to have
effect:]
       3
         [Provided that where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation only
in any part of the territory of India, any such law may be made, or any such
executive action may be taken, under this article in relation to or in any State or
Union territory in which or in any part of which the Proclamation of
Emergency is not in operation, if and in so far as the security of India or any
part of the territory thereof is threatened by activities in or in relation to the part
of the territory of India in which the Proclamation of Emergency is in
operation.]

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 40, for "the rights
   conferred by Part III" (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 7 (with retrospective
   effect).
3. Added by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 53 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
217                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                        (Part XVIII.—EMERGENCY PROVISIONS)

       1
           [(1B) Nothing in clause (1A) shall apply—
             (a) to any law which does not contain a recital to the effect that
       such law is in relation to the Proclamation of Emergency in operation
       when it is made; or
             (b) to any executive action taken otherwise than under a law
       containing such a recital.]
       (2) An order made as aforesaid may extend to the whole or any part of
the territory of India:
       2
        [Provided that where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation only
in a part of the territory of India, any such order shall not extend to any other
part of the territory of India unless the President, being satisfied that the
security of India or any part of the territory thereof is threatened by activities in
or in relation to the part of the territory of India in which the Proclamation of
Emergency is in operation, considers such extension to be necessary.]
        (3) Every order made under clause (1) shall, as soon as may be after it is
made, be laid before each House of Parliament.
        3
          359A. [Application of this Part to the State of Punjab.].—Omitted by
the Constitution (Sixty-third Amendment) Act, 1989, s. 3 (w.e.f. 6-1-1990).
        360. Provisions as to financial emergency.—(1) If the President is
satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of
India or of any part of the territory thereof is threatened, he may by a
Proclamation make a declaration to that effect.
        4
          [(2) A Proclamation issued under clause (1)—
                (a) may be revoked or varied by a subsequent Proclamation;
                (b) shall be laid before each House of Parliament;


______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 40 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. Added by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 53 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Fifty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1988, s. 3 (w.e.f. 30-3-1988)
   and ceased to operate on the expiry of a period of two years from the commencement
   of that Act, i.e. 30th day of March, 1988.
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 41, for cl. (2)
   (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
218                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                        (Part XVIII.—EMERGENCY PROVISIONS)

                (c) shall cease to operate at the expiration of two months, unless
       before the expiration of that period it has been approved by resolutions
       of both Houses of Parliament:
       Provided that if any such Proclamation is issued at a time when the
House of the People has been dissolved or the dissolution of the House of the
People takes place during the period of two months referred to in
sub-clause (c), and if a resolution approving the Proclamation has been passed
by the Council of States, but no resolution with respect to such Proclamation
has been passed by the House of the People before the expiration of that period,
the Proclamation shall cease to operate at the expiration of thirty days from the
date on which the House of the People first sits after its reconstitution unless
before the expiration of the said period of thirty days a resolution approving the
Proclamation has been also passed by the House of the People.]
       (3) During the period any such Proclamation as is mentioned in
clause (1) is in operation, the executive authority of the Union shall extend to
the giving of directions to any State to observe such canons of financial
propriety as may be specified in the directions, and to the giving of such other
directions as the President may deem necessary and adequate for the purpose.
       (4) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution—
            (a) any such direction may include—
                (i) a provision requiring the reduction of salaries and allowances
            of all or any class of persons serving in connection with the affairs of
            a State;
                (ii) a provision requiring all Money Bills or other Bills to which
            the provisions of article 207 apply to be reserved for the
            consideration of the President after they are passed by the Legislature
            of the State;
            (b) it shall be competent for the President during the period any
       Proclamation issued under this article is in operation to issue directions
       for the reduction of salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons
       serving in connection with the affairs of the Union including the Judges
       of the Supreme Court and the High Courts.
       1
         [(5)           *         *        *         *          *]


______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 8 (with retrospective
   effect) and omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 41
   (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
                                  PART XIX
                             MISCELLANEOUS
       361. Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs.—(1)
The President, or the Governor or Rajpramukh of a State, shall not be
answerable to any court for the exercise and performance of the powers and
duties of his office or for any act done or purporting to be done by him in the
exercise and performance of those powers and duties:
      Provided that the conduct of the President may be brought under review
by any court, tribunal or body appointed or designated by either House of
Parliament for the investigation of a charge under article 61:
       Provided further that nothing in this clause shall be construed as
restricting the right of any person to bring appropriate proceedings against the
Government of India or the Government of a State.
      (2) No criminal proceedings whatsoever shall be instituted or continued
against the President, or the Governor 1*** of a State, in any court during his
term of office.
     (3) No process for the arrest or imprisonment of the President, or the
Governor 1*** of a State, shall issue from any court during his term of office.
       (4) No civil proceedings in which relief is claimed against the President,
or the Governor 1*** of a State, shall be instituted during his term of office in
any court in respect of any act done or purporting to be done by him in his
personal capacity, whether before or after he entered upon his office as
President, or as Governor 1*** of such State, until the expiration of two months
next after notice in writing has been delivered to the President or the Governor
1
  ***, as the case may be, or left at his office stating the nature of the
proceedings, the cause of action therefor, the name, description and place of
residence of the party by whom such proceedings are to be instituted and the
relief which he claims.

______________________________________________
1. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment)
   Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
                                       219
220                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part XIX.—MISCELLANEOUS)

       1
         [361A. Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and
State Legislatures.—(1) No person shall be liable to any proceedings, civil or
criminal, in any court in respect of the publication in a newspaper of a
substantially true report of any proceedings of either House of Parliament or the
Legislative Assembly, or, as the case may be, either House of the Legislature,
of a State, unless the publication is proved to have been made with malice:
       Provided that nothing in this clause shall apply to the publication of any
report of the proceedings of a secret sitting of either House of Parliament or the
Legislative Assembly, or, as the case may be, either House of the Legislature,
of a State.
       (2) Clause (1) shall apply in relation to reports or matters broadcast by
means of wireless telegraphy as part of any programme or service provided by
means of a broadcasting station as it applies in relation to reports or matters
published in a newspaper.
       Explanation.—In this article, “newspaper” includes a news agency report
containing material for publication in a newspaper.]
       2
         [361B. Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political
post.—A member of a House belonging to any political party who is
disqualified for being a member of the House under paragraph 2 of the Tenth
Schedule shall also be disqualified to hold any remunerative political post for
duration of the period commencing from the date of his disqualification till the
date on which the term of his office as such member would expire or till the
date on which he contests an election to a House and is declared elected,
whichever is earlier.
       Explanation.— For the purposes of this article,—
           (a) the expression “House” has the meaning assigned to it in
       clause (a) of paragraph 1 of the Tenth Schedule;
           (b) the expression “remunerative political post” means any office—
                   (i) under the Government of India or the Government of a
               State where the salary or remuneration for such office is paid
               out of the public revenue of the Government of India or the
               Government of the State, as the case may be; or

______________________________________________
1. Art. 361A ins. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 42
   (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
2. Art. 361B ins. by the Constitution (Ninety-first Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 4
    (w.e.f. 1-1-2004).
221                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                          (Part XIX.—MISCELLANEOUS)

                   (ii) under a body, whether incorporated or not, which is
               wholly or partially owned by the Government of India or the
               Government of State, and the salary or remuneration for such
               office is paid by such body,
except where such salary or remuneration paid is compensatory in nature.]
       362. [Rights and privileges of Rulers of Indian States.].—Omitted by the
Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 2 (w.e.f. 28-12-1971).
       363. Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain
treaties, agreements, etc.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution
but subject to the provisions of article 143, neither the Supreme Court nor any
other court shall have jurisdiction in any dispute arising out of any provision of
a treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement, sanad or other similar instrument
which was entered into or executed before the commencement of this
Constitution by any Ruler of an Indian State and to which the Government of
the Dominion of India or any of its predecessor Governments was a party and
which has or has been continued in operation after such commencement, or in
any dispute in respect of any right accruing under or any liability or obligation
arising out of any of the provisions of this Constitution relating to any such
treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement, sanad or other similar instrument.
       (2) In this article—
               (a) “Indian State” means any territory recognised before the
       commencement of this Constitution by His Majesty or the Government
       of the Dominion of India as being such a State; and
               (b) “Ruler” includes the Prince, Chief or other person recognised
       before such commencement by His Majesty or the Government of the
       Dominion of India as the Ruler of any Indian State.
       1
         [363A. Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and
privy purses to be abolished.—Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution
or in any law for the time being in force—
               (a) the Prince, Chief or other person who, at any time before
       the commencement of the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment)
       Act, 1971, was recognised by the President as the Ruler of an Indian
       State or any person who, at any time before such commencement, was
       recognised by the President as the successor of such ruler shall, on and
       from such commencement, cease to be recognised as such Ruler or the
       successor of such Ruler;

______________________________________________
1. Art. 363A ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 3
   (w.e.f. 28-12-1971).
222                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                           (Part XIX.—MISCELLANEOUS)

                (b) on and from the commencement of the Constitution (Twenty-
        sixth Amendment) Act, 1971, privy purse is abolished and all rights,
        liabilities and obligations in respect of privy purse are extinguished and
        accordingly the Ruler or, as the case may be, the successor of such
        Ruler, referred to in clause (a) or any other person shall not be paid any
        sum as privy purse.]
        364. Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes.—(1)
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may by public
notification direct that as from such date as may be specified in the
notification—
                (a) any law made by Parliament or by the Legislature of a State
        shall not apply to any major port or aerodrome or shall apply thereto
        subject to such exceptions or modifications as may be specified in the
        notification; or
                (b) any existing law shall cease to have effect in any major port or
        aerodrome except as respects things done or omitted to be done before
        the said date, or shall in its application to such port or aerodrome have
        effect subject to such exceptions or modifications as may be specified in
        the notification.
        (2) In this article—
                (a) “major port” means a port declared to be a major port by or
        under any law made by Parliament or any existing law and includes all
        areas for the time being included within the limits of such port;
                (b) “aerodrome” means aerodrome as defined for the purposes of
        the enactments relating to airways, aircraft and air navigation.
        365. Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions
given by the Union.—Where any State has failed to comply with, or to give
effect to, any directions given in the exercise of the executive power of the Union
under any of the provisions of this Constitution, it shall be lawful for the
President to hold that a situation has arisen in which the Government of the State
cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.
        366. Definitions.—In this Constitution, unless the context otherwise
requires, the following expressions have the meanings hereby respectively
assigned to them, that is to say—
                (1) “agricultural income” means agricultural income as defined
        for the purposes of the enactments relating to Indian income-tax;
223                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part XIX.—MISCELLANEOUS)

              (2) “an Anglo-Indian” means a person whose father or any of
       whose other male progenitors in the male line is or was of European
       descent but who is domiciled within the territory of India and is or was
       born within such territory of parents habitually resident therein and not
       established there for temporary purposes only;
              (3) “article” means an article of this Constitution;
              (4) “borrow” includes the raising of money by the grant of
       annuities, and “loan” shall be construed accordingly;
              1
                [(4A)*               *            *                *]
              (5) “clause” means a clause of the article in which the expression
       occurs;
              (6) “corporation tax” means any tax on income, so far as that tax
       is payable by companies and is a tax in the case of which the following
       conditions are fulfilled:—
                     (a) that it is not chargeable in respect of agricultural
              income;
                     (b) that no deduction in respect of the tax paid by
              companies is, by any enactments which may apply to the tax,
              authorised to be made from dividends payable by the companies
              to individuals;
                     (c) that no provision exists for taking the tax so paid into
              account in computing for the purposes of Indian income-tax the
              total income of individuals receiving such dividends, or in
              computing the Indian income-tax payable by, or refundable to,
              such individuals;
              (7) “corresponding Province”, “corresponding Indian State” or
       “corresponding State” means in cases of doubt such Province, Indian
       State or State as may be determined by the President to be the
       corresponding Province, the corresponding Indian State or the
       corresponding State, as the case may be, for the particular purpose in
       question;



______________________________________________
1. Cl. (4A) was ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 54
   (w.e.f. 1-2-1977) and subsequently omitted by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment)
   Act, 1977, s. 11 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).
224                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                          (Part XIX.—MISCELLANEOUS)

             (8) “debt” includes any liability in respect of any obligation to
      repay capital sums by way of annuities and any liability under any
      guarantee, and “debt charges” shall be construed accordingly;
             (9) “estate duty” means a duty to be assessed on or by reference to
      the principal value, ascertained in accordance with such rules as may be
      prescribed by or under laws made by Parliament or the Legislature of a
      State relating to the duty, of all property passing upon death or deemed,
      under the provisions of the said laws, so to pass;
             (10) “existing law” means any law, Ordinance, order, bye-law,
      rule or regulation passed or made before the commencement of this
      Constitution by any Legislature, authority or person having power to
      make such a law, Ordinance, order, bye-law, rule or regulation;
             (11) “Federal Court” means the Federal Court constituted under
      the Government of India Act, 1935;
             (12) “goods” includes all materials, commodities, and articles;
             1
               [(12A) “goods and services tax” means any tax on supply of
      goods, or services or both except taxes on the supply of the alcoholic
      liquor for human consumption];
             (13) “guarantee” includes any obligation undertaken before the
      commencement of this Constitution to make payments in the event of the
      profits of an undertaking falling short of a specified amount;
             (14) “High Court” means any Court which is deemed for the
      purposes of this Constitution to be a High Court for any State and
      includes—
                    (a) any Court in the territory of India constituted or
             reconstituted under this Constitution as a High Court; and
                    (b) any other Court in the territory of India which may be
             declared by Parliament by law to be a High Court for all or any of
             the purposes of this Constitution;
             (15) “Indian State” means any territory which the Government of
      the Dominion of India recognised as such a State;


______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 14(i)
   (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
225                        THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Part XIX.—MISCELLANEOUS)

              (16) “Part” means a Part of this Constitution;
              (17) “pension” means a pension, whether contributory or not, of
       any kind whatsoever payable to or in respect of any person, and includes
       retired pay so payable; a gratuity so payable and any sum or sums so
       payable by way of the return, with or without interest thereon or any
       other addition thereto, of subscriptions to a provident fund;
             (18) “Proclamation of Emergency” means a Proclamation issued
       under clause (1) of article 352;
              (19) “public notification” means a notification in the Gazette of
       India, or, as the case may be, the Official Gazette of a State;
              (20) “railway” does not include—
                    (a) a tramway wholly within a municipal area; or
                 (b) any other line of communication wholly situate in one State
              and declared by Parliament by law not to be a railway;
              1
                  [(21)*                   *                      *                    *]
              2
             [(22) “Ruler” means the Prince, Chief or other person who, at any
       time before the commencement of the Constitution (Twenty-sixth
       Amendment) Act, 1971, was recognised by the President as the Ruler of
       an Indian State or any person who, at any time before such
       commencement, was recognised by the President as the successor of
       such Ruler;]
              (23) “Schedule” means a Schedule to this Constitution;
              (24) “Scheduled Castes” means such castes, races or tribes or
       parts of or groups within such castes, races or tribes as are deemed under
       article 341 to be Scheduled Castes for the purposes of this Constitution;
             (25) “Scheduled Tribes” means such tribes or tribal communities
       or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are
       deemed under article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this
       Constitution;
______________________________________________
1. Cl. (21) omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 4 (w.e.f. 28-12-1971).
226                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                           (Part XIX.—MISCELLANEOUS)

             (26) “securities” includes stock;
              1
                ***
              2
                [(26A) “Services” means anything other than goods;
              (26B) “State” with reference to articles 246A, 268, 269, 269A and
      article 279A includes a Union territory with Legislature];
              3
                [(26C) "socially and educationally backward classes" means such
      backward classes as are so deemed under article 342A for the purposes
      of the Central Government or the State or Union territory, as the case
      may be];
             (27) “sub-clause” means a sub-clause of the clause in which the
      expression occurs;
             (28) “taxation” includes the imposition of any tax or impost,
      whether general or local or special, and “tax” shall be construed
      accordingly;
             (29) “tax on income” includes a tax in the nature of an excess
      profits tax;
             4
               [(29A) “tax on the sale or purchase of goods” includes—
                     (a) a tax on the transfer, otherwise than in pursuance of a
              contract, of property in any goods for cash, deferred payment or
              other valuable consideration;
                     (b) a tax on the transfer of property in goods (whether as
              goods or in some other form) involved in the execution of a
              works contract;
                     (c) a tax on the delivery of goods on hire-purchase or any
              system of payment by instalments;
                     (d) a tax on the transfer of the right to use any goods for
              any purpose (whether or not for a specified period) for cash,
              deferred payment or other valuable consideration;

______________________________________________
1. Cl. (26A) was ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 54
    (w.e.f. 1-2-1977), and subsequently omitted by the Constitution (Forty-third
    Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 11 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 14(ii)
    (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
3. Cl. (26C) was ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and second Amendment) Act,
   2018, s. 5 (w.e.f. 14-8-2018), and subsequently subs. by the Constitution (One
   Hundred and Fifth Amendment) Act, 2021, s. 4 (w.e.f. 15-9-2021).
4. Cl. (29A) ins. by the Constitution (Forty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1982, s. 4
   (w.e.f. 2-2-1983).
227                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Part XIX.—MISCELLANEOUS)

                       (e) a tax on the supply of goods by any unincorporated
               association or body of persons to a member thereof for cash,
               deferred payment or other valuable consideration;
                       (f) a tax on the supply, by way of or as part of any service
               or in any other manner whatsoever, of goods, being food or any
               other article for human consumption or any drink (whether or not
               intoxicating), where such supply or service, is for cash, deferred
               payment or other valuable consideration,
       and such transfer, delivery or supply of any goods shall be deemed to be
       a sale of those goods by the person making the transfer, delivery or
       supply and a purchase of those goods by the person to whom such
       transfer, delivery or supply is made;]
               1
                 [(30) "Union territory" means any Union territory specified in the
       First Schedule and includes any other territory comprised within the
       territory of India but not specified in that Schedule.]
       367. Interpretation.—(1) Unless the context otherwise requires, the
General Clauses Act, 1897, shall, subject to any adaptations and modifications
that may be made therein under article 372, apply for the interpretation of this
Constitution as it applies for the interpretation of an Act of the Legislature of
the Dominion of India.
       (2) Any reference in this Constitution to Acts or laws of, or made by,
Parliament, or to Acts or laws of, or made by, the Legislature of a State 2***,
shall be construed as including a reference to an Ordinance made by the
President or, to an Ordinance made by a Governor 3***, as the case may be.
       (3) For the purposes of this Constitution “foreign State” means any State
other than India:
       Provided that, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament,
the President may by order4 declare any State not to be a foreign State for such
purposes as may be specified in the order.
       5
         [(4) *             *           *           *]


______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. for cl. (30)
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. The words and letters "specified in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule" omitted by
   s. 29 and Sch., ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by s. 29 and Sch., ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
4. See the Constitution (Declaration as to Foreign States) Order, 1950 (C.O. 2).
5. Added by the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019
   (C.O. 272) (w.e.f. 5-8-2019), for the text of this C.O., see Appendix II.
                                         PART XX
                      AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
         368. 1[Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and
  procedure therefor].— 2[(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,
  Parliament may in exercise of its constituent power amend by way of addition,
  variation or repeal any provision of this Constitution in accordance with the
  procedure laid down in this article.]
         3
          [(2)] An amendment of this Constitution may be initiated only by the
  introduction of a Bill for the purpose in either House of Parliament, and when
  the Bill is passed in each House by a majority of the total membership of that
  House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that
  House present and voting, 4[it shall be presented to the President who shall give
  his assent to the Bill and thereupon] the Constitution shall stand amended in
  accordance with the terms of the Bill:
       Provided that if such amendment seeks to make any change in—
           (a) article 54, article 55, article 73, 5[ article 162, article 241 or
       article 279A]; or
             (b) Chapter IV of Part V, Chapter V of Part VI, or Chapter I of Part XI; or
             (c) any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule; or
             (d) the representation of States in Parliament; or
             (e) the provisions of this article,

  ______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 3, for "Procedure
   for amendment of the Constitution" (w.e.f. 5-11-1971).
2. Ins. by s. 3, ibid. (w.e.f. 5-11-1971).
3. Art. 368 re-numbered as cl. (2) thereof by s. 3, ibid. (w.e.f. 5-11-1971).
4. Subs. by s. 3, ibid., (w.e.f. 5-11-1971).
5. Subs. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 15, for the
   words and figures "article 162 or article 241" (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
                                             228
229                      THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                        (Part XX.—Amendment of the Constitution)

the amendment shall also require to be ratified by the Legislatures of not less
than one-half of the States 1*** by resolutions to that effect passed by those
Legislatures before the Bill making provision for such amendment is presented
to the President for assent.
        2
            [(3) Nothing in article 13 shall apply to any amendment made under this
article.]
        3
         [(4) No amendment of this Constitution (including the provisions of
Part III) made or purporting to have been made under this article [whether before
or after the commencement of section 55 of the Constitution (Forty-second
Amendment) Act, 1976] shall be called in question in any court on any ground.
        (5) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that there shall be no
limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend by way of
addition, variation or repeal the provisions of this Constitution under this article.]




______________________________________________
1. The words and letters "specified in Part A and Part B of the First Schedule" omitted by
    the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 3 (w.e.f. 5-11-1971).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 55 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
    This section has been declared invalid by the Supreme Court in Minerva Mills Ltd.
    and Others Vs. Union of India and Others AIR 1980 SC 1789.
                                   PART XXI

                   1
                       [TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND

                           SPECIAL PROVISIONS]

       369. Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to
certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent
List.—Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament shall, during
a period of five years from the commencement of this Constitution, have power
to make laws with respect to the following matters as if they were enumerated
in the Concurrent List, namely:—

          (a) trade and commerce within a State in, and the production, supply
      and distribution of, cotton and woollen textiles, raw cotton (including
      ginned cotton and unginned cotton or kapas), cotton seed, paper
      (including newsprint), food-stuffs (including edible oilseeds and oil),
      cattle fodder (including oil-cakes and other concentrates), coal
      (including coke and derivatives of coal), iron, steel and mica;

         (b) offences against laws with respect to any of the matters mentioned
      in clause (a), jurisdiction and powers of all courts except the Supreme
      Court with respect to any of those matters, and fees in respect of any of
      those matters but not including fees taken in any court,

but any law made by Parliament, which Parliament would not but for the
provisions of this article have been competent to make, shall, to the extent of the
incompetency, cease to have effect on the expiration of the said period, except as
respects things done or omitted to be done before the expiration thereof.




______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act, 1962, s. 2, for "TEMPORARY
   AND TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS" (w.e.f. 1-12-1963).
                                       230
231                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
              (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

      1
        [370. Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu
and Kashmir.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—
          (a) the provisions of article 238 shall not apply in relation to the State
       of Jammu and Kashmir;
          (b) the power of Parliament to make laws for the said State shall be
       limited to—
                (i) those matters in the Union List and the Concurrent List
          which, in consultation with the Government of the State, are declared
          by the President to correspond to matters specified in the Instrument
          of Accession governing the accession of the State to the Dominion of
          India as the matters with respect to which the Dominion Legislature
          may make laws for that State; and

______________________________________________
   In exercise of the powers conferred by clause (3) of article 370 read with clause (1) of
   article 370 of the Constitution of India, the President, on the recommendation of
   Parliament, is pleased to declare that, as from the 6 th August, 2019 all clauses of said
   article 370 shall cease to be operative except the following which shall read as under,
   namely:—
           “370. All provisions of this Constitution, as amended from time to time,
   without any modifications or exceptions, shall apply to the State of Jammu and
   Kashmir notwithstanding anything contrary contained in article 152 or article 308 or
   any other article of this Constitution or any other provision of the Constitution of
   Jammu and Kashmir or any law, document, judgment, ordinance, order, by-law, rule,
   regulation, notification, custom or usage having the force of law in the territory of
   India, or any other instrument, treaty or agreement as envisaged under article 363 or
   otherwise.”.
                                (See Appendix III) (C.O. 273).
1. In exercise of the powers conferred by clause (3) of the Constitution of India, the
  President, on the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly of the State of Jammu
  and Kashmir, declared that, as from the 17th day of November, 1952, the said art. 370
  shall be operative with the modification that for the Explanation in cl. (1) thereof, the
  following Explanation is substituted, namely:—
       “Explanation.–For the purposes of this article, the Government of the State means
   the person for the time being recognised by the President on the recommendation of
   the Legislative Assembly of the State as the *Sadar-I-Riyasat of Jammu and Kashmir,
   acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers of the State for the time being in
   office.”.
                        (C.O. 44, dated the 15th November, 1952).
  *Now “Governor”.
232                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
             (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

                 (ii) such other matters in the said Lists as, with the concurrence
           of the Government of the State, the President may by order specify.
               Explanation.—For the purposes of                 this article, the
       Government of the State means the person for the time being recognised
       by the President as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir acting on the
       advice of the Council of Ministers for the time being in office under the
       Maharaja’s Proclamation dated the fifth day of March, 1948;
           (c) the provisions of article 1 and of this article shall apply in relation
       to that State;
           (d) such of the other provisions of this Constitution shall apply in
       relation to that State subject to such exceptions and modifications as the
       President may by order specify:
       Provided that no such order which relates to the matters specified in the
Instrument of Accession of the State referred to in paragraph (i) of
sub-clause (b) shall be issued except in consultation with the Government of
the State:
       Provided further that no such order which relates to matters other than
those referred to in the last preceding proviso shall be issued except with the
concurrence of that Government.
       (2) If the concurrence of the Government of the State referred to in
paragraph (ii) of sub-clause (b) of clause (1) or in the second proviso to
sub-clause (d) of that clause be given before the Constituent Assembly for the
purpose of framing the Constitution of the State is convened, it shall be placed
before such Assembly for such decision as it may take thereon.
       (3) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this article,
the President may, by public notification, declare that this article shall cease to
be operative or shall be operative only with such exceptions and modifications
and from such date as he may specify:
       Provided that the recommendation of the 1[clause (2) of Legislative
Assembly of the State] shall be necessary before the President issues such a
notification.


______________________________________________
   See Appendix II.
1. Subs. by C.O. 272, dated the 5-8-2019, s.2. for “Constituent Assembly of the State
   referred to in clause (2)” (w.e.f. 5-8-2019).
233                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
             (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

      1
        [371. Special provision with respect to the States of 2***
Maharashtra and Gujarat.—3[(1)*                  *        *         *          *]
      (2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may by
order made with respect to 4[the State of Maharashtra or Gujarat], provide for
any special responsibility of the Governor for—
          (a) the establishment of separate development boards for Vidarbha,
      Marathwada, 5[and the rest of Maharashtra or, as the case may be],
      Saurashtra, Kutch and the rest of Gujarat with the provision that a report
      on the working of each of these boards will be placed each year before
      the State Legislative Assembly;
          (b) the equitable allocation of funds for developmental expenditure
      over the said areas, subject to the requirements of the State as a whole;
      and
          (c) an equitable arrangement providing adequate facilities for
      technical education and vocational training, and adequate opportunities
      for employment in services under the control of the State Government, in
      respect of all the said areas, subject to the requirements of the State as a
      whole.]
      6
        [371A. Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland.—(1)
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—
          (a) no Act of Parliament in respect of—
              (i) religious or social practices of the Nagas;
              (ii) Naga customary law and procedure;
              (iii) administration of civil and criminal justice involving
          decisions according to Naga customary law;
              (iv) ownership and transfer of land and its resources,
      shall apply to the State of Nagaland unless the Legislative Assembly of
      Nagaland by a resolution so decides;

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 22, for art. 371
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. The words "Andhra Pradesh", omitted by the Constitution (Thirty-second Amendment)
   Act, 1973, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1-7-1974).
3. Cl. (1) omitted by s. 2, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-7-1974).
4. Subs. by the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960 (11 of 1960), s. 85, for "the State of
   Bombay" (w.e.f. 1-5-1960).
5. Subs. by s. 85, ibid., for "the rest of Maharashtra" (w.e.f. 1-5-1960).
6. Art. 371A ins. by the Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act, 1962, s. 2
   (w.e.f. 1-12-1963).
234                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
            (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

          (b) the Governor of Nagaland shall have special responsibility with
      respect to law and order in the State of Nagaland for so long as in his
      opinion internal disturbances occurring in the Naga Hills-Tuensang Area
      immediately before the formation of that State continue therein or in any
      part thereof and in the discharge of his functions in relation thereto the
      Governor shall, after consulting the Council of Ministers, exercise his
      individual judgment as to the action to be taken:
              Provided that if any question arises whether any matter is or is
      not a matter as respects which the Governor is under this sub-clause
      required to act in the exercise of his individual judgment, the decision of
      the Governor in his discretion shall be final, and the validity of
      anything done by the Governor shall not be called in question on the
      ground that he ought or ought not to have acted in the exercise of his
      individual judgment:
              Provided further that if the President on receipt of a report from
      the Governor or otherwise is satisfied that it is no longer necessary for
      the Governor to have special responsibility with respect to law and order
      in the State of Nagaland, he may by order direct that the Governor shall
      cease to have such responsibility with effect from such date as may be
      specified in the order;
          (c) in making his recommendation with respect to any demand for a
      grant, the Governor of Nagaland shall ensure that any money provided
      by the Government of India out of the Consolidated Fund of India for
      any specific service or purpose is included in the demand for a grant
      relating to that service or purpose and not in any other demand;
          (d) as from such date as the Governor of Nagaland may by public
      notification in this behalf specify, there shall be established a regional
      council for the Tuensang district consisting of thirty-five members and
      the Governor shall in his discretion make rules providing for—
                (i) the composition of the regional council and the manner in
          which the members of the regional council shall be chosen:
                Provided that the Deputy Commissioner of the Tuensang district
          shall be the Chairman ex officio of the regional council and the Vice-
          Chairman of the regional council shall be elected by the members
          thereof from amongst themselves;
                (ii) the qualifications for being chosen as, and for being,
          members of the regional council;
                (iii) the term of office of, and the salaries and allowances, if any,
          to be paid to members of, the regional council;
235                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
              (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

                 (iv) the procedure and conduct of business of the regional council;
                 (v) the appointment of officers and staff of the regional council
           and their conditions of services; and
                 (vi) any other matter in respect of which it is necessary to make
           rules for the constitution and proper functioning of the regional council.
       (2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, for a period of ten
years from the date of the formation of the State of Nagaland or for such further
period as the Governor may, on the recommendation of the regional council, by
public notification specify in this behalf,—
           (a) the administration of the Tuensang district shall be carried on by
       the Governor;
           (b) where any money is provided by the Government of India to the
       Government of Nagaland to meet the requirements of the State of
       Nagaland as a whole, the Governor shall in his discretion arrange for an
       equitable allocation of that money between the Tuensang district and the
       rest of the State;
           (c) no Act of the Legislature of Nagaland shall apply to Tuensang
       district unless the Governor, on the recommendation of the regional
       council, by public notification so directs and the Governor in giving such
       direction with respect to any such Act may direct that the Act shall in its
       application to the Tuensang district or any part thereof have effect
       subject to such exceptions or modifications as the Governor may specify
       on the recommendation of the regional council:
               Provided that any direction given under this sub-clause may be
       given so as to have retrospective effect;
           (d) the Governor may make regulations for the peace, progress and good
       government of the Tuensang district and any regulations so made may repeal
       or amend with retrospective effect, if necessary, any Act of Parliament or any
       other law which is for the time being applicable to that district;
           (e) (i) one of the members representing the Tuensang district in the
       Legislative Assembly of Nagaland shall be appointed Minister for
       Tuensang affairs by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister
       and the Chief Minister in tendering his advice shall act on the
       recommendation of the majority of the members as aforesaid1;

______________________________________________
1. Paragraph 2 of the Constitution (Removal of Difficulties) Order No. X provides
   (w.e.f. 1-12-1963) that article 371A of the Constitution of India shall have effect as if
   the following proviso were added to paragraph (i) of sub-clause (e) of clause (2)
   thereof, namely:—
           "Provided that the Governor may, on the advice of the Chief Minister, appoint
   any person as Minister for Tuensang affairs to act as such until such time as persons
   are chosen in accordance with law to fill the seats allocated to the Tuensang district, in
   the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland.".
236                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
              (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

              (ii) the Minister for Tuensang affairs shall deal with, and have
       direct access to the Governor on, all matters relating to the Tuensang
       district but he shall keep the Chief Minister informed about the same;
          (f) notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this
       clause, the final decision on all matters relating to the Tuensang district
       shall be made by the Governor in his discretion;
           (g) in articles 54 and 55 and clause (4) of article 80, references to the
       elected members of the Legislative Assembly of a State or to each such
       member shall include references to the members or member of the
       Legislative Assembly of Nagaland elected by the regional council
       established under this article;
           (h) in article 170—
                   (i) clause (1) shall, in relation to the Legislative Assembly of
               Nagaland, have effect as if for the word “sixty”, the word “forty-
               six” had been substituted;
                     (ii) in the said clause, the reference to direct election from
               territorial constituencies in the State shall include election by the
               members of the regional council established under this article;
                   (iii) in clauses (2) and (3), references to territorial constituencies
               shall mean references to territorial constituencies in the Kohima
               and Mokokchung districts.
       (3) If any difficulty arises in giving effect to any of the foregoing
provisions of this article, the President may by order do anything (including
any adaptation or modification of any other article) which appears to him to be
necessary for the purpose of removing that difficulty:
       Provided that no such order shall be made after the expiration of three
years from the date of the formation of the State of Nagaland.
       Explanation.—In this article, the Kohima, Mokokchung and Tuensang
districts shall have the same meanings as in the State of Nagaland Act, 1962.]
       1
       [371B. Special provision with respect to the State of Assam.—
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may, by order
made with respect to the State of Assam, provide for the constitution and
functions of a committee of the Legislative Assembly of the State consisting of
______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-second Amendment) Act, 1969, s. 4 (w.e.f. 25-9-1969).
237                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
             (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

members of that Assembly elected from the tribal areas specified in 1[Part I] of
the table appended to paragraph 20 of the Sixth Schedule and such number of
other members of that Assembly as may be specified in the order and for the
modifications to be made in the rules of procedure of that Assembly for the
constitution and proper functioning of such committee.]
       2
        [371C. Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur.—(1)
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may, by order made
with respect to the State of Manipur, provide for the constitution and functions of
a committee of the Legislative Assembly of the State consisting of members of
that Assembly elected from the Hill Areas of that State, for the modifications to
be made in the rules of business of the Government and in the rules of procedure
of the Legislative Assembly of the State and for any special responsibility of the
Governor in order to secure the proper functioning of such committee.
       (2) The Governor shall annually, or whenever so required by the President,
make a report to the President regarding the administration of the Hill Areas in
the State of Manipur and the executive power of the Union shall extend to the
giving of directions to the State as to the administration of the said areas.
       Explanation.—In this article, the expression “Hill Areas” means such
areas as the President may, by order, declare to be Hill areas.]
        3
          [371D. Special provisions with respect to 4[the State of Andhra
Pradesh or the State of Telangana].—5[(1) The President may by order made
with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh or the State of Telangana, provide,
having regard to the requirement of each State, for equitable opportunities and
facilities for the people belonging to different parts of such State, in the matter
of public employment and in the matter of education, and different provisions
may be made for various parts of the States.]
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71, for
   "Part A" (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
2. Art 371C ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 5
   (w.e.f. 15-2-1972).
3. Art 371D and Art 371E ins. by the Constitution (Thirty-second Amendment) Act,
   1973, s. 3 (w.e.f. 1-7-1974).
4. Subs. by the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, (6 of 2014), s. 97, for “the
   State of Andhra Pradesh” (w.e.f. 2-6-2014).
5. Subs. by s. 97, ibid, for cl. (1) (w.e.f. 2-6-2014).
238                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
             (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

       (2) An order made under clause (1) may, in particular,—
           (a) require the State Government to organise any class or classes of
       posts in a civil service of, or any class or classes of civil posts under, the
       State into different local cadres for different parts of the State and allot
       in accordance with such principles and procedure as may be specified in
       the order the persons holding such posts to the local cadres so organised;
           (b) specify any part or parts of the State which shall be regarded as
       the local area—
                   (i) for direct recruitment to posts in any local cadre (whether
              organised in pursuance of an order under this article or constituted
              otherwise) under the State Government;
                   (ii) for direct recruitment to posts in any cadre under any local
              authority within the State; and
                   (iii) for the purposes of admission to any University within the
              State or to any other educational institution which is subject to the
              control of the State Government;
           (c) specify the extent to which, the manner in which and the
       conditions subject to which, preference or reservation shall be given or
       made—
                  (i) in the matter of direct recruitment to posts in any such cadre
              referred to in sub-clause (b) as may be specified in this behalf in
              the order;
                  (ii) in the matter of admission to any such University or other
              educational institution referred to in sub-clause (b) as may be
              specified in this behalf in the order,
       to or in favour of candidates who have resided or studied for any period
       specified in the order in the local area in respect of such cadre,
       University or other educational institution, as the case may be.

       (3) The President may, by order, provide for the constitution of an
Administrative Tribunal for 1[the State of Andhra Pradesh and for the State of
Telangana] to exercise such jurisdiction, powers and authority [including any
jurisdiction, power and authority which immediately before the commencement
of the Constitution (Thirty-second Amendment) Act, 1973, was exercisable by
any court (other than the Supreme Court) or by any tribunal or other authority]
as may be specified in the order with respect to the following matters,
namely:—

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, (6 of 2014), s. 97, for “the
   State of Andhra Pradesh” (w.e.f. 2-6-2014).
239                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
            (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

          (a) appointment, allotment or promotion to such class or classes of
      posts in any civil service of the State, or to such class or classes of civil
      posts under the State, or to such class or classes of posts under the
      control of any local authority within the State, as may be specified in the
      order;
          (b) seniority of persons appointed, allotted or promoted to such class
      or classes of posts in any civil service of the State, or to such class or
      classes of civil posts under the State, or to such class or classes of posts
      under the control of any local authority within the State, as may be
      specified in the order;
          (c) such other conditions of service of persons appointed, allotted or
      promoted to such class or classes of posts in any civil service of the State
      or to such class or classes of civil posts under the State or to such class
      or classes of posts under the control of any local authority within the
      State, as may be specified in the order.
      (4) An order made under clause (3) may—
          (a) authorise the Administrative Tribunal to receive representations
      for the redress of grievances relating to any matter within its jurisdiction
      as the President may specify in the order and to make such orders
      thereon as the Administrative Tribunal deems fit;
          (b) contain such provisions with respect to the powers and authorities
      and procedure of the Administrative Tribunal (including provisions with
      respect to the powers of the Administrative Tribunal to punish for
      contempt of itself) as the President may deem necessary;
          (c) provide for the transfer to the Administrative Tribunal of such
      classes of proceedings, being proceedings relating to matters within its
      jurisdiction and pending before any court (other than the Supreme Court)
      or tribunal or other authority immediately before the commencement of
      such order, as may be specified in the order;
          (d) contain such supplemental, incidental and consequential
      provisions (including provisions as to fees and as to limitation, evidence
      or for the application of any law for the time being in force subject to
      any exceptions or modifications) as the President may deem necessary.
240                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
             (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

        (5) The Order of the Administrative Tribunal finally disposing of any
case shall become effective upon its confirmation by the State Government or
on the expiry of three months from the date on which the order is made,
whichever is earlier:
       Provided that the State Government may, by special order made in
writing and for reasons to be specified therein, modify or annul any order of the
Administrative Tribunal before it becomes effective and in such a case, the
order of the Administrative Tribunal shall have effect only in such modified
form or be of no effect, as the case may be.
       (6) Every special order made by the State Government under the proviso
to clause (5) shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is made, before both
Houses of the State Legislature.
       (7) The High Court for the State shall not have any powers of
superintendence over the Administrative Tribunal and no court (other than the
Supreme Court) or tribunal shall exercise any jurisdiction, power or authority in
respect of any matter subject to the jurisdiction, power or authority of, or in
relation to, the Administrative Tribunal.
       (8) If the President is satisfied that the continued existence of the
Administrative Tribunal is not necessary, the President may by order abolish
the Administrative Tribunal and make such provisions in such order as he may
deem fit for the transfer and disposal of cases pending before the Tribunal
immediately before such abolition.
       (9) Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court, tribunal
or other authority,—
           (a) no appointment, posting, promotion or transfer of any person—
                  (i) made before the 1st day of November, 1956, to any post
               under the Government of, or any local authority within, the State
               of Hyderabad as it existed before that date; or
                  (ii) made before the commencement of the Constitution
               (Thirty-second Amendment) Act, 1973, to any post under the
               Government of, or any local or other authority within, the State of
               Andhra Pradesh; and
           (b) no action taken or thing done by or before any person referred to
       in sub-clause (a),
______________________________________________
  In P. Sambamurthy and Others Vs. State of Andhra Pradesh and Others (1987)
  1 S.C.C. 362, the Supreme Court declared cl. (5) of art. 371D along with the proviso to
  be unconstitutional and void.
241                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
            (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

shall be deemed to be illegal or void or ever to have become illegal or void
merely on the ground that the appointment, posting, promotion or transfer of
such person was not made in accordance with any law, then in force, providing
for any requirement as to residence within the State of Hyderabad or, as the
case may be, within any part of the State of Andhra Pradesh, in respect of such
appointment, posting, promotion or transfer.
       (10) The provisions of this article and of any order made by the
President thereunder shall have effect notwithstanding anything in any other
provision of this Constitution or in any other law for the time being in force.
       371E. Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh.—
Parliament may by law provide for the establishment of a University in the
State of Andhra Pradesh.]
      1
        [371F. Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim.—
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—
         (a) the Legislative Assembly of the State of Sikkim shall consist of
      not less than thirty members;
          (b) as from the date of commencement of the Constitution
      (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975 (hereafter in this article referred to
      as the appointed day)—
                (i) the Assembly for Sikkim formed as a result of the elections
         held in Sikkim in April, 1974 with thirty-two members elected in the
         said elections (hereinafter referred to as the sitting members) shall be
         deemed to be the Legislative Assembly of the State of Sikkim duly
         constituted under this Constitution;
              (ii) the sitting members shall be deemed to be the members of
         the Legislative Assembly of the State of Sikkim duly elected under
         this Constitution; and
              (iii) the said Legislative Assembly of the State of Sikkim shall
         exercise the powers and perform the functions of the Legislative
         Assembly of a State under this Constitution;
______________________________________________
1. Art 371F ins. by the Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 3
   (w.e.f. 26-4-1975).
242                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
              (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

           (c) in the case of the Assembly deemed to be the Legislative
       Assembly of the State of Sikkim under clause (b), the references to the
       period of 1[five years], in clause (1) of article 172 shall be construed as
       references to a period of 2[four years] and the said period of 2[four years]
       shall be deemed to commence from the appointed day;
           (d) until other provisions are made by Parliament by law, there shall
       be allotted to the State of Sikkim one seat in the House of the People and
       the State of Sikkim shall form one parliamentary constituency to be
       called the parliamentary constituency for Sikkim;
           (e) the representative of the State of Sikkim in the House of the
       People in existence on the appointed day shall be elected by the
       members of the Legislative Assembly of the State of Sikkim;
           (f) Parliament may, for the purpose of protecting the rights and
       interests of the different sections of the population of Sikkim make
       provision for the number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of the
       State of Sikkim which may be filled by candidates belonging to such
       sections and for the delimitation of the assembly constituencies from
       which candidates belonging to such sections alone may stand for election
       to the Legislative Assembly of the State of Sikkim;
           (g) the Governor of Sikkim shall have special responsibility for peace
       and for an equitable arrangement for ensuring the social and economic
       advancement of different sections of the population of Sikkim and in the
       discharge of his special responsibility under this clause, the Governor of
       Sikkim shall, subject to such directions as the President may, from time
       to time, deem fit to issue, act in his discretion;
           (h) all property and assets (whether within or outside the territories
       comprised in the State of Sikkim) which immediately before the appointed
       day were vested in the Government of Sikkim or in any other authority or
       in any person for the purposes of the Government of Sikkim shall, as from
       the appointed day, vest in the Government of the State of Sikkim;




______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 56, for "five years”
   (w.e.f. 3-1-1977) and further subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act,
   1978, s. 43, for "six years" (w.e.f. 6-9-1979).
2. Subs. by s. 56, ibid., for "four years" (w.e.f. 3-1-1977) and further subs. by s. 43, ibid.,
   for "five years", respectively (w.e.f. 6-9-1979).
243                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
            (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

          (i) the High Court functioning as such immediately before the
      appointed day in the territories comprised in the State of Sikkim shall, on
      and from the appointed day, be deemed to be the High Court for the
      State of Sikkim;
          (j) all courts of civil, criminal and revenue jurisdiction, all authorities and
      all officers, judicial, executive and ministerial, throughout the territory of the
      State of Sikkim shall continue on and from the appointed day to exercise
      their respective functions subject to the provisions of this Constitution;
          (k) all laws in force immediately before the appointed day in the
      territories comprised in the State of Sikkim or any part thereof shall
      continue to be in force therein until amended or repealed by a competent
      Legislature or other competent authority;
          (l) for the purpose of facilitating the application of any such law as is
      referred to in clause (k) in relation to the administration of the State of
      Sikkim and for the purpose of bringing the provisions of any such law
      into accord with the provisions of this Constitution, the President may,
      within two years from the appointed day, by order, make such
      adaptations and modifications of the law, whether by way of repeal or
      amendment, as may be necessary or expedient, and thereupon, every
      such law shall have effect subject to the adaptations and modifications so
      made, and any such adaptation or modification shall not be questioned in
      any court of law;
          (m) neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall have
      jurisdiction in respect of any dispute or other matter arising out of any
      treaty, agreement, engagement or other similar instrument relating to
      Sikkim which was entered into or executed before the appointed day and
      to which the Government of India or any of its predecessor Governments
      was a party, but nothing in this clause shall be construed to derogate
      from the provisions of article 143;
          (n) the President may, by public notification, extend with such restrictions
      or modifications as he thinks fit to the State of Sikkim any enactment which
      is in force in a State in India at the date of the notification;
          (o) if any difficulty arises in giving effect to any of the foregoing
      provisions of this article, the President may, by order , do anything
      (including any adaptation or modification of any other article) which
      appears to him to be necessary for the purpose of removing that
      difficulty:
______________________________________________
 See the Constitution (Removal of Difficulties) Order No. XI (C.O. 99).
244                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
            (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

          Provided that no such order shall be made after the expiry of two
     years from the appointed day;
          (p) all things done and all actions taken in or in relation to the State
      of Sikkim or the territories comprised therein during the period
      commencing on the appointed day and ending immediately before the
      date on which the Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975,
      receives the assent of the President shall, in so far as they are in
      conformity with the provisions of this Constitution as amended by the
      Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975, be deemed for all
      purposes to have been validly done or taken under this Constitution as so
      amended.]
      1
        [371G. Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.—
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—
          (a) no Act of Parliament in respect of—
                (i) religious or social practices of the Mizos;
                (ii) Mizo customary law and procedure;
                (iii) administration of civil and criminal justice involving
            decisions according to Mizo customary law;
                (iv) ownership and transfer of land;
     shall apply to the State of Mizoram unless the Legislative Assembly of
     the State of Mizoram by a resolution so decides:
          Provided that nothing in this clause shall apply to any Central Act in
      force in the Union territory of Mizoram immediately before the
      commencement of the Constitution (Fifty-third Amendment) Act, 1986;
          (b) the Legislative Assembly of the State of Mizoram shall consist of
      not less than forty members.]
      2
        [371H. Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal
Pradesh.—Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—
              (a) the Governor of Arunachal Pradesh shall have special
      responsibility with respect to law and order in the State of Arunachal
      Pradesh and in the discharge of his functions in relation thereto, the
      Governor shall, after consulting the Council of Ministers, exercise his
      individual judgment as to the action to be taken:

______________________________________________
1. Art. 371G ins. by the Constitution (Fifty-third Amendment) Act, 1986.s. 2
   (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).
2. Art. 371H ins. by the Constitution (Fifty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1986, s. 2
   (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).
245                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
             (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

              Provided that if any question arises whether any matter is or is not a
       matter as respects which the Governor is under this clause required to act
       in the exercise of his individual judgment, the decision of the Governor in
       his discretion shall be final, and the validity of anything done by the
       Governor shall not be called in question on the ground that he ought or
       ought not to have acted in the exercise of his individual judgment:
              Provided further that if the President on receipt of a report from
       the Governor or otherwise is satisfied that it is no longer necessary for
       the Governor to have special responsibility with respect to law and order
       in the State of Arunachal Pradesh, he may by order direct that the
       Governor shall cease to have such responsibility with effect from such
       date as may be specified in the order;
              (b) the Legislative Assembly of the State of Arunachal Pradesh
       shall consist of not less than thirty members.]
       1
         [371-I. Special provision with respect to the State of Goa.—
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Legislative Assembly of the
State of Goa shall consist of not less than thirty members.]
       2
         [371J. Special provisions with respect to State of Karnataka.—
(1) The President may, by order made with respect to the State of Karnataka,
provide for any special responsibility of the Governor for—
              (a) establishment of a separate development board for Hyderabad-
       Karnataka region with the provision that a report on the working of the
       board will be placed each year before the State Legislative Assembly;
              (b) equitable allocation of funds for developmental expenditure
       over the said region, subject to the requirements of the State as a whole;
       and
              (c) equitable opportunities and facilities for the people belonging
       to the said region, in matters of public employment, education and
       vocational training, subject to the requirements of the State as a whole.
       (2) An order made under sub- clause (c) of clause (1) may provide for—
              (a) reservation of a proportion of seats educational and vocational
       training institutions in the Hyderabad-Karnataka region for students who
       belong to that region by birth or by domicile; and
______________________________________________
1. Art. 371-I ins. by the Constitution (Fifty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1987, s. 2
   (w.e.f. 30-5-1987).
2. Art. 371J ins. by the Constitution (Ninety-eighth Amendment) Act, 2012, s. 2 (w.e.f.
   1-10-2013).
246                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
              (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

               (b) identification of posts or classes of posts under the State
        Government and in any body or organisation under the control of the
        State Government in the Hyderabad-Karnataka region and reservation of
        a proportion of such posts for persons who belong to that region by birth
        or by domicile and for appointment thereto by direct recruitment or by
        promotion or in any other manner as may be specified in the order.]
        372. Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation.—(1)
Notwithstanding the repeal by this Constitution of the enactments referred to in
article 395 but subject to the other provisions of this Constitution, all the law in
force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution shall continue in force therein until altered or repealed or amended
by a competent Legislature or other competent authority.
        (2) For the purpose of bringing the provisions of any law in force in the
territory of India into accord with the provisions of this Constitution, the
President may by order make such adaptations and modifications of such law,
whether by way of repeal or amendment, as may be necessary or expedient, and
provide that the law shall, as from such date as may be specified in the order,
have effect subject to the adaptations and modifications so made, and any such
adaptation or modification shall not be questioned in any court of law.
        (3) Nothing in clause (2) shall be deemed—
               (a) to empower the President to make any adaptation or
        modification of any law after the expiration of 1[three years] from the
        commencement of this Constitution; or
               (b) to prevent any competent Legislature or other competent
        authority from repealing or amending any law adapted or modified by
        the President under the said clause.
______________________________________________
   See the Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950, dated the 26th January, 1950, Gazette of
  India, Extraordinary, p. 449, as amended by notification No. S.R.O. 115, dated the 5th
  June, 1950, Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, p. 51, notification No.
  S.R.O. 870, dated the 4th November, 1950, Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II,
  Section 3, p. 903, notification No. S.R.O. 508, dated the 4th April, 1951, Gazette of
  India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, p. 287, notification No. S.R.O. 1140B, dated
  the 2nd July, 1952, Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, p. 616/1, and the
  Adaptation of the Travancore-Cochin Land Acquisition Laws Order, 1952, dated the
  20th November, 1952, Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, p. 923.
1. Subs. by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s.12 for "two years"
   (w.e.f. 18-6-1951).
247                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
             (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

       Explanation I.—The expression “law in force” in this article shall
include a law passed or made by a Legislature or other competent authority in
the territory of India before the commencement of this Constitution and not
previously repealed, notwithstanding that it or parts of it may not be then in
operation either at all or in particular areas.
       Explanation II.—Any law passed or made by a Legislature or other
competent authority in the territory of India which immediately before the
commencement of this Constitution had extra-territorial effect as well as effect
in the territory of India shall, subject to any such adaptations and modifications
as aforesaid, continue to have such extra-territorial effect.
       Explanation III.—Nothing in this article shall be construed as continuing
any temporary law in force beyond the date fixed for its expiration or the date
on which it would have expired if this Constitution had not come into force.
       Explanation IV.—An Ordinance promulgated by the Governor of a
Province under section 88 of the Government of India Act, 1935, and in force
immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unless
withdrawn by the Governor of the corresponding State earlier, cease to operate
at the expiration of six weeks from the first meeting after such commencement
of the Legislative Assembly of that State functioning under clause (1) of article
382, and nothing in this article shall be construed as continuing any such
Ordinance in force beyond the said period.

        1
          [372A. Power of the President to adapt laws.—(1) For the purposes
of bringing the provisions of any law in force in India or in any part thereof,
immediately before the commencement of the Constitution (Seventh
Amendment) Act, 1956, into accord with the provisions of this Constitution as
amended by that Act, the President may by order made before the first day of
November, 1957, make such adaptations and modifications of the law, whether
by way of repeal or amendment, as may be necessary or expedient, and provide
that the law shall, as from such date as may be specified in the order, have
effect subject to the adaptations and modifications so made, and any such
adaptation or modification shall not be questioned in any court of law.
       (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall be deemed to prevent a competent
Legislature or other competent authority from repealing or amending any law
adapted or modified by the President under the said clause.]
______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 23 (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
   See the Adaptation of Laws Order of 1956 and 1957.
248                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
             (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

       373. Power of President to make order in respect of persons under
preventive detention in certain cases.—Until provision is made by Parliament
under clause (7) of article 22, or until the expiration of one year from the
commencement of this Constitution, whichever is earlier, the said article shall
have effect as if for any reference to Parliament in clauses (4) and (7) thereof
there were substituted a reference to the President and for any reference to any
law made by Parliament in those clauses there were substituted a reference to
an order made by the President.
       374. Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings
pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council.—(1) The
Judges of the Federal Court holding office immediately before the
commencement of this Constitution shall, unless they have elected otherwise,
become on such commencement the Judges of the Supreme Court and shall
thereupon be entitled to such salaries and allowances and to such rights in
respect of leave of absence and pension as are provided for under article 125 in
respect of the Judges of the Supreme Court.
       (2) All suits, appeals and proceedings, civil or criminal, pending in the
Federal Court at the commencement of this Constitution shall stand removed to
the Supreme Court, and the Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction to hear and
determine the same, and the judgments and orders of the Federal Court delivered
or made before the commencement of this Constitution shall have the same force
and effect as if they had been delivered or made by the Supreme Court.
       (3) Nothing in this Constitution shall operate to invalidate the exercise of
jurisdiction by His Majesty in Council to dispose of appeals and petitions from,
or in respect of, any judgment, decree or order of any court within the territory
of India in so far as the exercise of such jurisdiction is authorised by law, and
any order of His Majesty in Council made on any such appeal or petition after
the commencement of this Constitution shall for all purposes have effect as if it
were an order or decree made by the Supreme Court in the exercise of the
jurisdiction conferred on such Court by this Constitution.
       (4) On and from the commencement of this Constitution the jurisdiction of
the authority functioning as the Privy Council in a State specified in Part B of the
First Schedule to entertain and dispose of appeals and petitions from or in respect
of any judgment, decree or order of any court within that State shall cease, and all
appeals and other proceedings pending before the said authority at such
commencement shall be transferred to, and disposed of by, the Supreme Court.
       (5) Further provision may be made by Parliament by law to give effect to
the provisions of this article.
249                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
             (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

      375. Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject
to the provisions of the Constitution.—All courts of civil, criminal and
revenue jurisdiction, all authorities and all officers, judicial, executive and
ministerial, throughout the territory of India, shall continue to exercise their
respective functions subject to the provisions of this Constitution.
       376. Provisions as to Judges of High Courts.—(1) Notwithstanding
anything in clause (2) of article 217, the Judges of a High Court in any
Province holding office immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution shall, unless they have elected otherwise, become on such
commencement the Judges of the High Court in the corresponding State, and
shall thereupon be entitled to such salaries and allowances and to such rights in
respect of leave of absence and pension as are provided for under article 221 in
respect of the Judges of such High Court. 1[Any such Judge shall,
notwithstanding that he is not a citizen of India, be eligible for appointment as
Chief Justice of such High Court, or as Chief Justice or other Judge of any
other High Court.]
        (2) The Judges of a High Court in any Indian State corresponding to any
State specified in Part B of the First Schedule holding office immediately
before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unless they have elected
otherwise, become on such commencement the Judges of the High Court in the
State so specified and shall, notwithstanding anything in clauses (1) and (2) of
article 217 but subject to the proviso to clause (1) of that article, continue to hold
office until the expiration of such period as the President may by order determine.
       (3) In this article, the expression “Judge” does not include an acting Judge
or an additional Judge.
        377. Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.—The
Auditor-General of India holding office immediately before the commencement of
this Constitution shall, unless he has elected otherwise, become on such
commencement the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India and shall thereupon
be entitled to such salaries and to such rights in respect of leave of absence and
pension as are provided for under clause (3) of article 148 in respect of the
Comptroller and Auditor-General of India and be entitled to continue to hold office
until the expiration of his term of office as determined under the provisions which
were applicable to him immediately before such commencement.

______________________________________________
1. Added by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 13 (w.e.f. 18-6-1951).
250                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
             (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

        378. Provisions as to Public Service Commissions.—(1) The members
of the Public Service Commission for the Dominion of India holding office
immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unless they
have elected otherwise, become on such commencement the members of the
Public Service Commission for the Union and shall, notwithstanding anything in
clauses (1) and (2) of article 316 but subject to the proviso to clause (2) of that
article, continue to hold office until the expiration of their term of office as
determined under the rules which were applicable immediately before such
commencement to such members.
        (2) The Members of a Public Service Commission of a Province or of a
Public Service Commission serving the needs of a group of Provinces holding
office immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unless they
have elected otherwise, become on such commencement the members of the Public
Service Commission for the corresponding State or the members of the Joint State
Public Service Commission serving the needs of the corresponding States, as the
case may be, and shall, notwithstanding anything in clauses (1) and (2) of article
316 but subject to the proviso to clause (2) of that article, continue to hold office
until the expiration of their term of office as determined under the rules which were
applicable immediately before such commencement to such members.
        1
          [378A. Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh
Legislative Assembly.—Notwithstanding anything contained in article 172, the
Legislative Assembly of the State of Andhra Pradesh as constituted under the
provisions of sections 28 and 29 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, shall,
unless sooner dissolved, continue for a period of five years from the date referred
to in the said section 29 and no longer and the expiration of the said period shall
operate as a dissolution of that Legislative Assembly.]
        379. [Provisions as to provisional Parliament and the Speaker and
Deputy Speaker thereof.].—Omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment)
Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
        380. [Provision as to President.].—Omitted by the Constitution (Seventh
Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
        381. [Council of Ministers of the President.].—Omitted by the
Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
        382. [Provisions as to provisional Legislatures for States in Part A of the
First Schedule.].—Omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act,
1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
        383. [Provision as to Governors of Provinces.].—Omitted by the
Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
______________________________________________
1. Art 378A ins. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 24
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
251                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
             (Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

        384. [Council of Ministers of the Governors.].—Omitted by the
Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
        385. [Provision as to provisional Legislatures in States in Part B of the
First Schedule.].—Omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment)
Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
        386. [Council of Ministers for States in Part B of the First Schedule.].—
Omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.
(w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
        387. [Special provision as to determination of population for the
purposes of certain elections.].—Omitted by the Constitution (Seventh
Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
        388. [Provisions as to the filling of casual vacancies in the provisional
Parliament and provisional Legislatures of the States.].—Omitted by the
Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
        389. [Provision as to Bills pending in the Dominion Legislatures and in
the Legislatures of Provinces and Indian States.] —Omitted by the Constitution
(Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
        390. [Money received or raised or expenditure incurred between the
commencement of the Constitution and the 31st day of March, 1950].—Omitted
by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-
1956).
        391. [Power of the President to amend the First and Fourth Schedules in
certain contingencies.].—Omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment)
Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
        392. Power of the President to remove difficulties.—(1) The President
may, for the purpose of removing any difficulties, particularly in relation to the
transition from the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935, to the
provisions of this Constitution, by order direct that this Constitution shall,
during such period as may be specified in the order, have effect subject to such
adaptations, whether by way of modification, addition or omission, as he may
deem to be necessary or expedient:
        Provided that no such order shall be made after the first meeting of
Parliament duly constituted under Chapter II of Part V.
        (2) Every order made under clause (1) shall be laid before Parliament.
        (3) The powers conferred on the President by this article, by article 324, by
clause (3) of article 367 and by article 391 shall, before the commencement of this
Constitution, be exercisable by the Governor-General of the Dominion of India.
                                     PART XXII

           SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, 1[AUTHORITATIVE
                        TEXT IN HINDI] AND REPEALS
         393. Short title.—This Constitution may be called the Constitution of
India.
       394. Commencement.—This article and articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324,
366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392 and 393 shall come into force at once, and
the remaining provisions of this Constitution shall come into force on the
twenty-sixth day of January, 1950, which day is referred to in this Constitution
as the commencement of this Constitution.
       2
         [394A. Authoritative text in the Hindi language.—(1) The President
shall cause to be published under his authority,—
               (a) the translation of this Constitution in the Hindi language,
       signed by the members of the Constituent Assembly, with such
       modifications as may be necessary to bring it in conformity with the
       language, style and terminology adopted in the authoritative texts of
       Central Acts in the Hindi language, and incorporating therein all the
       amendments of this Constitution made before such publication; and
               (b) the translation in the Hindi language of every amendment of
       this Constitution made in the English language.
       (2) The translation of this Constitution and of every amendment thereof
published under clause (1) shall be construed to have the same meaning as the
original thereof and if any difficulty arises in so construing any part of such
translation, the President shall cause the same to be revised suitably.
       (3) The translation of this Constitution and of every amendment thereof
published under this article shall be deemed to be, for all purposes, the
authoritative text thereof in the Hindi language.]
       395. Repeals.— The Indian Independence Act, 1947, and the
Government of India Act, 1935, together with all enactments amending or
supplementing the latter Act, but not including the Abolition of Privy Council
Jurisdiction Act, 1949, are hereby repealed.

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Fifty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1987, s. 2 (w.e.f. 9-12-1987).
2. Art 394A, Ins. by s. 3, ibid. (w.e.f. 9-12-1987).
                                           252
                                    1
                                        [FIRST SCHEDULE
                                          [Articles 1 and 4]
                                          I. THE STATES
 Name                                                    Territories
                          2
1.    Andhra               [The territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 3 of
      Pradesh             the Andhra State Act, 1953, sub-section (1) of section 3 of
                          the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, the First Schedule to
                          the Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries)
                          Act, 1959, and the Schedule to the Andhra Pradesh and
                          Mysore (Transfer of Territory) Act, 1968, but excluding
                          the territories specified in the Second Schedule to the
                          Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries)
                          Act, 1959] 3[and the territories specified in section 3 of
                          the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014].
 2. Assam                 The territories which immediately before the
                          commencement of this Constitution were comprised in the
                          Province of Assam, the Khasi States and the Assam Tribal
                          Areas,        but        excluding         the       territories
                          specified     in the        Schedule      to    the     Assam
                                                                    4
                          (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1951 [and the territories
                          specified in sub-section (1) of section 3 of the State of
                          Nagaland Act, 1962] 5[and the territories specified in
                          sections 5, 6 and 7 of the North-Eastern Areas
                          (Reorganisation) Act, 1971] 6[and the territories referred
                          to in Part I of the Second Schedule to the Constitution
                          (One       Hundredth       Amendment)          Act,      2015,
                          notwithstanding               anything              contained
                          in clause (a) of section 3 of the Constitution
                          (Ninth Amendment) Act, 1960, so far as it relates to the
                          territories referred to in Part I of the Second Schedule to
                          the Constitution (One Hundredth Amendment) Act,
                          2015.]
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 2, for the First Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Subs. by the Andhra Pradesh and Mysore (Transfer of Territory) Act, 1968 (36 of 1968), s. 4,
    for the former entry (w.e.f. 1-10-1968).
3. Ins. by the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 (6 of 2014), s. 10 (w.e.f. 2-6-2014).
4. Added by the State of Nagaland Act, 1962 (27 of 1962), s. 4 (w.e.f. 1-12-1963).
5. Added by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 9 (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
6. Added by the Constitution (One Hundredth Amendment) Act, 2015, s. 3 (w.e.f. 31-7-2015). For
    the text of the Act, see Appendix I.
                                                   253
254                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                  (First Schedule)


 Name                                          Territories
                      1
 3. Bihar              [The territories which immediately before the
                      commencement of this Constitution were either
                      comprised in the Province of Bihar or were being
                      administered as if they formed part of that Province
                      and the territories specified            in clause (a) of
                      sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Bihar and Uttar
                      Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1968, but
                      excluding the territories specified in sub-section (1) of
                      section 3 of the Bihar and West Bengal
                      (Transfer of Territories) Act, 1956, and the territories
                      specified in clause (b) of        sub-section (1) of section
                      3 of the first mentioned Act 2[and the territories
                      specified in section 3 of the Bihar Reorganisation Act,
                      2000].]
 3
     [4. Gujarat      The territories referred to in sub-section (1) of section 3 of
                      the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960.]
 5. Kerala            The territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 5
                      of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956.
 6. Madhya            The territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 9 of
    Pradesh           the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 4[and the First
                      Schedule to the Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (Transfer
                      of Territories) Act, 1959], 5[but excluding the territories
                      specified in section 3 of the Madhya Pradesh
                      Reorganisation Act, 2000].

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1968
   (24 of 1968), s. 4, for the former entry (w.e.f. 10-6-1970).
2. Added by the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 (30 of 2000), s. 5 (w.e.f. 15-11- 2000).
3. Subs. by the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960 (11 of 1960), s. 4 (w.e.f. 1-5-1960).
4. Ins. by the Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (Transfer of Territories) Act, 1959
   (47 of 1959), s. 4 (w.e.f. 1-10-1959).
5. Added by the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 (28 of 2000), s. 5
   (w.e.f. 1-11-2000).
255                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (First Schedule)


 Name                                         Territories
 1[7.   Tamil Nadu]   The territories which immediately before the
                      commencement of this Constitution were either
                      comprised in the Province of Madras or were being
                      administered as if they formed part of that Province and
                      the territories specified in section 4 of the States
                      Reorganisation Act, 1956, 2[and the Second Schedule to
                      the Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of
                      Boundaries) Act, 1959], but excluding the territories
                      specified in sub-section (1) of section 3 and
                      sub-section (1) of section 4 of the Andhra State Act, 1953
                      and 3[the territories specified in clause (b) of sub-section
                      (1) of section 5, section 6 and clause (d) of sub-section
                      (1) of section 7 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956
                      and       the      territories     specified      in     the
                      First Schedule to the Andhra Pradesh and Madras
                      (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1959.]
 4[8.   Maharashtra   The territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 8
                      of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, but excluding
                      the territories referred to in sub-section (1) of section 3
                      of the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960.]
 5[6[9.]              The territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 7
 Karnataka]           of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 7[but excluding
                      the territory specified in the Schedule to the Andhra
                      Pradesh and Mysore (Transfer of Territory) Act, 1968.]
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Madras State (Alteration of Name) Act, 1968 (53 of 1968), s. 5,
   for "7. Madras" (w.e.f. 14-1-1969).
2. Ins. by the Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1959
   (56 of 1959), s. 6 (w.e.f. 1-4-1960).
3. Subs. by s. 6, ibid., for certain words (w.e.f. 1-4-1960).
4. Ins. by the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960 (11 of 1960), s. 4 (w.e.f. 1-5-1960).
5. Subs. by the Mysore State (Alteration of Name) Act, 1973 (31 of 1973), s. 5, for
   "9. Mysore" (w.e.f. 1-11-1973).
6. Entries 8 to 14 renumbered as entries 9 to 15 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act,
   1960 (11 of 1960), s. 4 (w.e.f. 1-5-1960).
7. Ins. by the Andhra Pradesh and Mysore (Transfer of Territory) Act, 1968 (36 of
   1968), s. 4 (w.e.f. 1-10-1968).
256                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                  (First Schedule)


 Name                                          Territories
 1[10.] 2[Odisha]
                      The territories which immediately before the
                      commencement of this Constitution were either comprised
                      in the Province of Orissa or were being administered as if
                      they formed part of that Province.
 1
     [11.]   Punjab   The territories specified in section 11 of the States
                      Reorganisation Act, 1956 3[and the territories referred
                      to in Part II of the First Schedule to the Acquired
                      Territories (Merger) Act, 1960] 4[but excluding the
                      territories referred to in Part II of the First Schedule to
                      the Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act, 1960] 5[and
                      the territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 3,
                      section 4 and sub-section (1) of section 5 of the Punjab
                      Reorganisation Act, 1966.]
 1
  [12.]               The territories specified in section 10 of the States
 Rajasthan            Reorganisation Act, 1956 6[but excluding the territories
                      specified in the First Schedule to the Rajasthan and
                      Madhya Pradesh (Transfer of Territories) Act, 1959].



______________________________________________
1. Entries 8 to 14 renumbered as entries 9 to 15 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act,
   1960 (11 of 1960), s. 4 (w.e.f. 1-5-1960).
2. Subs. by the Orissa (Alteration of Name) Act, 2011 (15 of 2011), s. 6, for "Orissa"
   (w.e.f. 1-11-2011).
3. Ins. by the Acquired Territories (Merger) Act, 1960 (64 of 1960), s. 4
   (w.e.f. 17-1-1961).
4. Added by the Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act, 1960, s. 3 (w.e.f. 17-1-1961).
5. Added by the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 (31 of 1966), s. 7 (w.e.f. 1-11-1966).
6. Ins. by the Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (Transfer of Territories) Act, 1959
   (47 of 1959), s. 4 (w.e.f. 1-10-1959).
257                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                    (First Schedule)


 Name                                             Territories
 1                     2
  [13.] Uttar             [The territories which immediately before the
 Pradesh               commencement of this Constitution were either comprised
                       in the Province known as the United Provinces or were
                       being administered as if they formed part of that Province,
                       the territories specified in       clause (b) of sub-section (1)
                       of section 3 of the Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of
                       Boundaries) Act, 1968, and the territories specified in
                       clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 4 of the Haryana
                       and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1979,
                       but excluding the territories specified in clause (a) of sub-
                       section (1) of section 3 of the Bihar and Uttar Pradesh
                       (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1968, 3[and the territories
                       specified in section 3 of the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation
                       Act, 2000] and the territories specified in clause (a) of sub-
                       section (1) of section 4 of the Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
                       (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1979.]
 1
  [14.] West           The      territories    which     immediately before the
 Bengal                commencement of this Constitution were either comprised
                       in the Province of West Bengal or were being administered
                       as if they formed part of that Province and the territory of
                       Chandernagore as defined in clause (c) of section 2 of
                       the Chandernagore (Merger) Act, 1954 and also the
                       territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 3 of the
                       Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act, 1956
                       4
                         [and also the territories referred to in Part III of the First
                       Schedule but excluding the territories referred to in Part III of
                       the Second Schedule to the Constitution (One Hundredth
                       Amendment) Act, 2015, notwithstanding anything contained
                       in clause (c) of section 3 of the Constitution (Ninth
                       Amendment) Act, 1960, so far as it relates to the territories
                       referred to in Part III of the First Schedule and the territories
                       referred to in Part III of the Second Schedule to the
                       Constitution (One Hundredth Amendment) Act, 2015.]

______________________________________________
1. Entries 8 to 14 renumbered as entries 9 to 15 by the the Bombay Reorganisation Act,
   1960 (11 of 1960), s. 4 (w.e.f. 1-5-1960).
2. Subs. by the Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1979 (31 of
   1979), s. 5, for the entry against "13. Uttar Pradesh" (w.e.f. 15-9-1983).
3. Ins. by the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 (29 of 2000), s. 5 (w.e.f. 9-11-2000).
4. Ad d e d by th e C on st itut io n (On e Hu n d red th Ame n d ment ) Ac t , 20 1 5, s. 3
   (w.e.f. 31-7-2015). For the text of the Act, see Appendix I.
258                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                   (First Schedule)


 Name                                           Territories
 1 2
 [ [**                   *                 *                *]]
 3 4
 [ [15.]              The territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 3
 Nagaland             of the State of Nagaland Act, 1962.]
 3 5                  6
  [ [16.]               [The territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 3
 Haryana              of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 and the
                      territories specified in clause (a) of sub-section (1) of
                      section 4 of the Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration
                      of Boundaries) Act, 1979, but excluding the territories
                      specified in clause (v) of sub-section (1) of section 4 of
                      that Act.]]
   3 7
   [ [17.]            The territories which immediately before the
 Himachal             commencement of this Constitution were being
 Pradesh              administered as if they were Chief Commissioners’
                      Provinces under the names of Himachal Pradesh and
                      Bilaspur and the territories specified in sub-section (1)
                      of section 5 of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966.]
 3 8
 [ [18.]              The territory which immediately before the
 Manipur              commencement of this Constitution was being
                      administered as if it were a Chief Commissioner’s
                      Province under the name of Manipur.]

______________________________________________
1. **Entry 15 relating to Jammu and Kashmir deleted by the Jammu and Kashmir
   Reorganisation Act, 2019 (34 of 2019), s. 6 (w.e.f. 31-10-2019).
2. Entries 8 to 14 renumbered as 9 to 15 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960
   (11 of 1960), s. 4 (w.e.f. 1-5-1960).
3. Entries 16 to 29 renumbered as entries 15 to 28 by the Jammu and Kashmir
   Reorganisation Act, 2019 (34 of 2019), s. 6 (w.e.f. 31-10-2019).
4 Ins. by the State of Nagaland Act, 1962 (27 of 1962), s. 4 (w.e.f. 1-12-1963).
5. Ins. by the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 (31 of 1966), s. 7 (w.e.f. 1-11-1966)
   and the entry therein subsequently amended by the Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
   (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1979 (31 of 1979), s. 5 (w.e.f. 15-9-1983).
6. Subs. by the Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1979
   (31 of 1979), s. 5, for the entry against "17. Haryana" (w.e.f. 15-9-1983).
7. Ins. by the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970 (53 of 1970), s. 4 (w.e.f. 25-1-1971).
8. Ins. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 9
   (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
259                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                    (First Schedule)


    Name                                         Territories
1
    [19.] Tripura      The territory which immediately before the
                       commencement of this Constitution was being
                       administered as if it were a Chief Commissioner’s
                       Province under the name of Tripura 2[and the territories
                       referred to in Part II of the First Schedule to the
                       Constitution (One Hundredth Amendment) Act, 2015,
                       notwithstanding anything contained in clause (d) of
                       section 3 of the Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act,
                       1960, so far as it relates to the territories referred to in
                       Part II of the First Schedule to the Constitution (One
                       Hundredth Amendment) Act, 2015.]
1
    [20.] Meghalaya    The territories specified in section 5 of the North-Eastern
                       Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971] 2[and the territories referred to
                       in Part I of the First Schedule but excluding the territories
                       referred to in Part II of the Second Schedule to the Constitution
                       (One Hundredth Amendment) Act, 2015.]
1 3
 [ [21.]   Sikkim      The territories which immediately before the commencement of
                       the Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975, were
                       comprised in Sikkim.]
1 4
 [ [22.]   Mizoram     The territories specified in section 6 of the North-Eastern
                       Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971.]
1 5
 [ [23.]   Arunachal   The territories specified in section 7 of the North-Eastern
    Pradesh            Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971.]
    1 6
     [ [24.]   Goa     The territories specified in section 3 of the Goa, Daman and
                       Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987.]

______________________________________________
1. Entries 16 to 29 renumbered as entries 15 to 28 by the Jammu and Kashmir
   Reorganisation Act, 2019 (34 of 2019), s. 6 (w.e.f. 31-10-2019).
2. Added by the Constitution (One Hundredth Amendment) Act, 2015, s. 3
   (w.e.f. 31-7-2015). For the text of the Act, see Appendix I.
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 2 (w.e.f. 26-4-1975).
4. Ins. by the State of Mizoram Act, 1986 (34 of 1986), s. 4 (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).
5. Ins. by the State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986 (69 of 1986), s. 4 (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).
6. Ins. by the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987 (18 of 1987), s. 5
   (w.e.f. 30-5-1987).
260                        THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                    (First Schedule)


 Name                                             Territories
 1[2[25.]   Chhattisgarh      The territories specified in section 3 of the Madhya
                              Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000.]
1[3[26.] 4[Uttarakhand]       The territories specified in section 3 of the Uttar Pradesh
                              Reorganisation Act, 2000.]
 1[5[27.]   Jharkhand         The territories specified in section 3 of the Bihar
                              Reorganisation Act, 2000.]
 1[6[28.]   Telangana         The territories specified in section 3 of the Andhra
                              Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014.]
                            II. THE UNION TERRITORIES
        Name                                  Extent
 1. Delhi             The territory which immediately before the
                      commencement of this Constitution was comprised in the
                      Chief Commissioner’s Province of Delhi.
 7
   [*               *            *               *             *]
 8
   [2.] The Andaman The territory which immediately before the
        and Nicobar     commencement of this Constitution was comprised in
        Islands         the Chief Commissioner’s Province of             the
                        Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
______________________________________________
1. Entries 16 to 29 renumbered as entries 15 to 28 by the Jammu and Kashmir
   Reorganisation Act, 2019 (34 of 2019), s. 6 (w.e.f. 31-10-2019).
2. Added by the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 (28 of 2000),
   s. 5 (w.e.f. 1-11-2000).
3. Ins. by the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 (29 of 2000), s. 5 (w.e.f. 9-11-2000).
4. Subs. by the Uttaranchal (Alteration of Name) Act, 2006 (52 of 2006), s. 4, for the
   word "Uttaranchal" (w.e.f. 1-1-2007).
5. Added by the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 (30 of 2000), s. 5 (w.e.f. 15-11-
   2000).
6. Ins. by the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, s. 10 (w.e.f. 2-6-2014).
7. Entry 2 relating to "Himachal Pradesh" omitted and entries 3 to 10 renumbered as
   entries 2 to 9 respectively by the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970 (53 of 1970),
   s. 4 (w.e.f. 25-1-1971) and subsequently entries relating to Manipur and Tripura (i.e.
   entries 2 and 3) omitted by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81
   of 1971) s. 9 (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
8. Entries 4 to 9 renumbered as entries 2 to 7 by the North-Eastern Areas
   (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 9 (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
261                       THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                   (First Schedule)


 Name                                           Territories


 1
     [3.] 2[Lakshadweep]    The territory specified in section 6 of the States
                            Reorganisation Act, 1956.
 3[1[4.]   Dadra and        The territory which immediately before the
           Nagar Haveli     eleventh day of August, 1961 was comprised in
           and Daman        Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli and the territories
           and Diu          specified in section 4 of the Goa, Daman and Diu
                            Reorganisation Act, 1987.]
 4 1
  [ [*]3[                   *               *                 *               *]
 5 1
     [ [6.] 6[Puducherry]   The territories which immediately before the
                            sixteenth day of August, 1962, were comprised in
                            the French Establishments in India known as
                            Pondicherry, Karikal, Mahe and Yanam.]
 7 1                        The territories specified in section 4 of the Punjab
     [ [7.] Chandigarh
                            Reorganisation Act, 1966.]



______________________________________________
1. Entries 4 to 9 renumbered as entries 2 to 7 (respectively) by the North-Eastern
   Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 9 (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
2. Subs. by the Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands (Alteration of Name) Act,
   1973 (34 of 1973), s. 5, for "The Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands"
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1973).
3. Entry 4 relating to Dadra and Nagar Haveli was ins. by the Constitution (Tenth
   Amendment) Act, 1961, s.2 (w.e.f. 11-8-1961). And subsequently subs. by the
   Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu (Merger of Union territories) Act, 2019
   (44 of 2019), s. 5 for entries 4 and 5 (w.e.f. 19-12-2019).
4. Subs. by the Goa, Daman and Diu (Reorganisation) Act, 1987 (18 of 1987), s. 5, for
   entry 5 (w.e.f. 30-5-1987).
5. Ins. by the Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act, 1962, s. 3 (with retrospective
   effect).
6. Subs. by the Pondicherry (Alteration of Name) Act, 2006 (44 of 2006), s. 5 for
   "Pondicherry" (w.e.f. 1-10-2006).
7. Ins. by the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 (31 of 1966), s. 7 (w.e.f. 1-11-1966).
262                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                  (First Schedule)


 Name                                          Territories
 1
     [*              *                *                *               *]
 1
     [*              *                *                *               *]

 2
  [8. Jammu and           The territories specified in section 4 of the Jammu
    Kashmir               and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019.
 9. Ladakh                The territories specified in section 3 of the Jammu
                          and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019.]




______________________________________________
1. Entry 8 relating to Mizoram omitted and entry 9 relating to Arunachal Pradesh
   renumbered as entry 8 by the State of Mizoram Act, 1986 (34 of 1986), s. 4
   (w.e.f. 20-2-1987) and entry 8 relating to Arunachal Pradesh omitted by the State of
   Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986 (69 of 1986) s. 4 (w.e.f. 15-4-1987).
2.Ins. by the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 (34 of 2019)
   s. 6 (w.e.f. 31-10-2019).
                                  SECOND SCHEDULE
     [Articles 59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164 (5), 186 and 221]
                                        PART A
       PROVISIONS AS TO THE PRESIDENT AND THE GOVERNORS OF STATES 1***
       1. There shall be paid to the President and to the Governors of the States
1
    *** the following emoluments per mensem, that is to say:—
                  The President             ……            10,000 rupees .
                  The Governor of a State   ……            5,500 rupees .
     2. There shall also be paid to the President and to the Governors of the
States 2*** such allowances as were payable respectively to the Governor-
General of the Dominion of India and to the Governors of the corresponding
Provinces immediately before the commencement of this Constitution.
      3. The President and the Governors of 3[the States] throughout their respective
terms of office shall be entitled to the same privileges to which the Governor-
General and the Governors of the corresponding Provinces were respectively
entitled immediately before the commencement of this Constitution.
     4. While the Vice-President or any other person            is discharging the
functions of, or is acting as, President, or any person         is discharging the
functions of the Governor, he shall be entitled to the          same emoluments,
allowances and privileges as the President or the Governor      whose functions he
discharges or for whom he acts, as the case may be.
          4
              *                   *               *         *                *

______________________________________________
1. The words and letter "specified in Part A of the First Schedule" omitted by the
   Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
    Now five lakh rupees, vide the Finance Act, 2018 (13 of 2018), s. 137.
   (w.e.f. 1-1-2016).
    Now three lakh fifty thousand rupees, by s. 161, ibid., (w.e.f. 1-1-2016).
2. The words "so specified" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act,
   1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Subs. by s. 29 and Sch., ibid., for "such states" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
4. Part B omitted by s. 29 and Sch., ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
                                            263
264                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                  (Second Schedule)

                                       PART C
      PROVISIONS AS TO THE SPEAKER AND THE DEPUTY SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE
              OF THE PEOPLE AND THE CHAIRMAN AND THE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN

                   OF THE COUNCIL OF STATES AND THE SPEAKER AND THE

                   DEPUTY SPEAKER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY 1***
                      AND THE CHAIRMAN AND THE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN

                         OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL OF 2[A STATE]

       7. There shall be paid to the Speaker of the House of the People and the
Chairman of the Council of States such salaries and allowances as were payable
to the Speaker of the Constituent Assembly of the Dominion of India
immediately before the commencement of this Constitution, and there shall be
paid to the Deputy Speaker of the House of the People and to the Deputy
Chairman of the Council of States such salaries and allowances as were payable
to the Deputy Speaker of the Constituent Assembly of the Dominion of India
immediately before such commencement.
       8. There shall be paid to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the
Legislative Assembly 3*** and to the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of
the Legislative Council of 4[a State] such salaries and allowances as were
payable respectively to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative
Assembly and the President and the Deputy President of the Legislative
Council of the corresponding Province immediately before the commencement
of this Constitution and, where the corresponding Province had no Legislative
Council immediately before such commencement, there shall be paid to the
Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council of the State
such salaries and allowances as the Governor of the State may determine.

______________________________________________
1. The words and letter "OF A STATE IN PART A OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE"
   omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Subs. by s. 29 and Sch., ibid., for “ANY SUCH STATE.” (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. The words and letter "of a State specified in Part A of the First Schedule" omitted by
   s. 29 and Sch., ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
4. Subs. by s. 29 and Sch., ibid., for "such State" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
265                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Second Schedule)

                                       PART D
            PROVISIONS AS TO THE JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT AND OF THE
                                      HIGH COURTS 1***
        9. [(1) There shall be paid to the Judges of the Supreme Court, in respect of
time spent on actual service, salary at the following rates per mensem, that is to say:—
                                                2
                The Chief Justice        ..       [10,000 rupees.].
                                                3
                Any other Judge         ..        [9,000 rupees.].
        Provided that if a Judge of the Supreme Court at the time of his
appointment is in receipt of a pension (other than a disability or wound
pension) in respect of any previous service under the Government of India or
any of its predecessor Governments or under the Government of a State or any
of its predecessor Governments, his salary in respect of service in the Supreme
Court 4[shall be reduced—
            (a) by the amount of that pension; and
            (b) if he has, before such appointment, received in lieu of a portion of
        the pension due to him in respect of such previous service the commuted
        value thereof, by the amount of that portion of the pension; and
            (c) if he has, before such appointment, received a retirement gratuity in
        respect of such previous service, by the pension equivalent of that gratuity.]
        (2) Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be entitled without payment
of rent to the use of an official residence.
        (3) Nothing in sub-paragraph (2) of this paragraph shall apply to a Judge
who, immediately before the commencement of this Constitution,—

______________________________________________
1. The words and letter "IN STATES IN PART A OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE" omitted
   by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 25(a) (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Fifty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1986, s. 4, for "5,000 rupees
   to 10,000 rupees" (w.e.f. 1-4-1986).
  Now two lakh eighty thousand rupees, vide the High Court and Supreme Court Judges
   (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 2018 (10 of 2018), s. 6
   (w.e.f. 1-1-2016).
3. Subs. by the Constitution (Fifty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1986, s. 4, for "4,000 rupees"
   (w.e.f. 1-4-1986).
    Now two lakh fifty thousand rupees, vide the High Court and Supreme Court Judges
   (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 2018 (10 of 2018), s. 6
   (w.e.f. 1-1-2016).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 25(b), for " shall be
   reduced by the amount of that pension" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
266                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Second Schedule)

           (a) was holding office as the Chief Justice of the Federal Court and
       has become on such commencement the Chief Justice of the Supreme
       Court under clause (1) of article 374; or
           (b) was holding office as any other Judge of the Federal Court and
       has on such commencement become a Judge (other than the Chief
       Justice) of the Supreme Court under the said clause,
during the period he holds office as such Chief Justice or other Judge, and
every Judge who so becomes the Chief Justice or other Judge of the Supreme
Court shall, in respect of time spent on actual service as such Chief Justice or
other Judge, as the case may be, be entitled to receive in addition to the salary
specified in sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph as special pay an amount
equivalent to the difference between the salary so specified and the salary
which he was drawing immediately before such commencement.
       (4) Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall receive such reasonable
allowances to reimburse him for expenses incurred in travelling on duty within
the territory of India and shall be afforded such reasonable facilities in
connection with travelling as the President may from time to time prescribe.
       (5) The rights in respect of leave of absence (including leave allowances)
and pension of the Judges of the Supreme Court shall be governed by the
provisions which, immediately before the commencement of this Constitution,
were applicable to the Judges of the Federal Court.
       10. (1) 1[There shall be paid to the Judges of High Courts, in respect of time
spent on actual service, salary at the following rates per mensem, that is to say,—
                                                2
              The Chief Justice         ..        [9,000 rupees]
                                                3
              Any other Judge           ..        [8,000 rupees]:

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 25(c), (i), for
   sub-paragraph (1) (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Fifty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1986, s. 4, for "4,000 rupees"
   (w.e.f. 1-4-1986).
  Now two lakh fifty thousand rupees, vide the High Court and Supreme Court Judges
   (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 2018 (10 of 2018), s. 2
   (w.e.f. 1-1-2016).
3. Subs. by the Constitution (Fifty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1986, s. 4, for "3,500 rupees"
   (w.e.f. 1-4-1986).
    Now two lakh twenty-five thousand rupees, vide the High Court and Supreme Court
   Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 2018 (10 of 2018), s. 2
   (w.e.f. 1-1-2016).
267                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Second Schedule)

        Provided that if a Judge of a High Court at the time of his appointment is in
receipt of a pension (other than a disability or wound pension) in respect of any
previous service under the Government of India or any of its predecessor
Governments or under the Government of a State or any of its predecessor
Governments, his salary in respect of service in the High Court shall be reduced—
             (a) by the amount of that pension; and
             (b) if he has, before such appointment, received in lieu of a portion of
        the pension due to him in respect of such previous service the commuted
        value thereof, by the amount of that portion of the pension; and
             (c) if he has, before such appointment, received a retirement gratuity in
        respect of such previous service, by the pension equivalent of that
        gratuity.]
        (2) Every person who immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution—
             (a) was holding office as the Chief Justice of a High Court in any
        Province and has on such commencement become the Chief Justice of the
        High Court in the corresponding State under clause (1) of article 376; or
             (b) was holding office as any other Judge of a High Court in any Province
        and has on such commencement become a Judge (other than the Chief
        Justice) of the High Court in the corresponding State under the said clause,
shall, if he was immediately before such commencement drawing a salary at a
rate higher than that specified in sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph, be
entitled to receive in respect of time spent on actual service as such Chief
Justice or other Judge, as the case may be, in addition to the salary specified in
the said sub-paragraph as special pay an amount equivalent to the difference
between the salary so specified and the salary which he was drawing
immediately before such commencement.
        1
          [(3) Any person who, immediately before the commencement of the
Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, was holding office as the Chief
Justice of the High Court of a State specified in Part B of the First Schedule
and has on such commencement become the Chief Justice of the High Court of
a State specified in the said Schedule as amended by the said Act, shall, if he
was immediately before such commencement drawing any amount as
allowance in addition to his salary, be entitled to receive in respect of time
spent on actual service as such Chief Justice, the same amount as allowance in
addition to the salary specified in sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph.].

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 25(c), (ii), for
   sub-paragraphs (3) and (4) (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
268                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Second Schedule)

       11. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,—
           (a) the expression “Chief Justice” includes an acting Chief Justice,
       and a “Judge” includes an ad hoc Judge;
           (b) “actual service” includes—
             (i) time spent by a Judge on duty as a Judge or in the performance
           of such other functions as he may at the request of the President
           undertake to discharge;
             (ii) vacations, excluding any time during which the Judge is absent
           on leave; and
             (iii) joining time on transfer from a High Court to the Supreme
           Court or from one High Court to another.
                                      PART E
     PROVISIONS AS TO THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA
       12. (1) There shall be paid to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of
India a salary at the rate of *four thousand rupees per mensem.
       (2) The person who was holding office immediately before the
commencement of this Constitution as Auditor-General of India and has
become on such commencement the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
under article 377 shall in addition to the salary specified in sub-paragraph (1) of
this paragraph be entitled to receive as special pay an amount equivalent to the
difference between the salary so specified and the salary which he was drawing
as Auditor-General of India immediately before such commencement.
       (3) The rights in respect of leave of absence and pension and the other
conditions of service of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India shall be
governed or shall continue to be governed, as the case may be, by the provisions
which were applicable to the Auditor-General of India immediately before the
commencement of this Constitution and all references in those provisions to the
Governor-General shall be construed as references to the President.
______________________________________________
* The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India shall be paid a salary equal to
  the salary of the Judges of the Supreme Court vide s. 3 of the Comptroller and
  Auditor-General (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971 (56 of
  1971) . The salary of Judges of the Supreme Court has been raised to two
  lakh fifty thousand rupees per mensem by the High Court and Supreme Court
  Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 2018 (10 of 2018), s. 6
  (w.e.f. 1-1-2016).
                                THIRD SCHEDULE
            [Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219]
                        Forms of Oaths or Affirmations
                                               I
       Form of oath of office for a Minister for the Union:—
              “I, A. B., do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith
                                   solemnly affirm
       and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, 1[that I
       will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India,] that I will faithfully
       and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the Union and
       that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the
       Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.”
                                              II
       Form of oath of secrecy for a Minister for the Union:—
              “I, A.B., do swear in the name of God that I will not directly or
                                solemnly affirm
       indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter
       which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known
       to me as a Minister for the Union except as may be required for the due
       discharge of my duties as such Minister.”
                                          2
                                              [III
                                              A
      Form of oath or affirmation to be made by a candidate for election to
Parliament:—


______________________________________________
    See also arts. 84 (a) and 173 (a).
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 5 (w.e.f. 5-10-1963).
2. Subs. by s. 5, ibid., for Form III. (w.e.f. 5-10-1963).
                                              269
270                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                   (Third Schedule)

             “I, A.B., having been nominated as a candidate to fill a seat in the
       Council of States (or the House of the People) do swear in the name of God
                                                             solemnly affirm
       that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as
       by law established and that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of
       India.”
                                           B
       Form of oath or affirmation to be made by a member of Parliament:—
             “I, A.B., having been elected (or nominated) a member of the
       Council of States (or the House of the People) do swear in the name of God
                                                             solemnly affirm
       that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by
       law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India
       and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to
       enter.”]
                                           IV
      Form of oath or affirmation to be made by the Judges of the Supreme
Court and the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India:—
             “I, A.B., having been appointed Chief Justice (or a Judge) of the
       Supreme Court of India (or Comptroller and Auditor-General of
       India) do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith and
                         solemnly affirm
       faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established,
       1
         [that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India,] that I will
       duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and
       judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour,
       affection or ill-will and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws.”
______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 5 (w.e.f. 5-10-1963).
271                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                   (Third Schedule)

                                       V
       Form of oath of office for a Minister for a State:—
            “I, A.B., do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith
                               solemnly affirm
       and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, 1[that I
       will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India,] that I will faithfully
       and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State of
       ..........and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with
       the Constitution and the law without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.”

                                      VI
       Form of oath of secrecy for a Minister for a State:—
            “I, A.B., do swear in the name of God that I will not directly or
                             solemnly affirm
      indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter
      which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to
      me as a Minister for the State of ....................except as may be required for
      the due discharge of my duties as such Minister.”
                                         2
                                     [VII
                                      A
      Form of oath or affirmation to be made by a candidate for election to the
Legislature of a State:—
            “I, A.B., having been nominated as a candidate to fill
       a seat in the Legislative Assembly (or Legislative Council),
       do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith and
             solemnly affirm
       allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and that I
       will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India.”

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 5 (w.e.f. 5-10-1963).
2. Subs. by s. 5, ibid., for Form VII (w.e.f. 5-10-1963).
272                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                   (Third Schedule)

                                           B
       Form of oath or affirmation to be made by a member of the Legislature
of a State:—
          “I, A.B., having been elected (or nominated) a member of the Legislative
      Assembly (or Legislative Council), do swear in the name of God that
                                                     solemnly affirm
      I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by
      law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India
      and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to
      enter.”]
                                       VIII
       Form of oath or affirmation to be made by the Judges of a High Court:—
            “I, A.B., having been appointed Chief Justice (or a Judge) of the High
      Court at (or of) ……….….. do swear in the name of God that I will bear
                                         solemnly affirm
      true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law
      established, 1[that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India,] that
      I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and
      judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection
      or ill-will and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws.”




______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 5 (w.e.f. 5-10-1963).
                                 1
                                     [FOURTH SCHEDULE
                                     [Articles 4(1) and 80(2)]
                     Allocation of seats in the Council of States
        To each State or Union territory specified in the first column of the
following table, there shall be allotted the number of seats specified in the
second column thereof opposite to that State or that Union territory, as the case
may be:
                                         TABLE
                                                                                             2
   1.            Andhra Pradesh ..........................................................     [11]
 3
   [2.           Telangana ................................................................ 7]
 4
   [3.]          Assam ........................................................................ 7
 4                                                                                           5
   [4.]                                                                                        [16]
                 Bihar ..........................................................................
 6 4
   [ [5.]        Jharkhand ................................................................ 6]
 7 8 4
   [ [ [6.]      Goa ............................................................................1]]
 9 8 4
   [ [ [7.]      Gujarat ................................................................ 11]]
 10 8 4
    [ [ [8.]     Haryana ................................................................ 5]]
 8 4
   [ [9.]        Kerala ........................................................................ 9

______________________________________________
1. Fourth Schedule Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 3(2),
   for ‘Fourth Schedule’ (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Subs. by the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, s. 12, for “18” (w.e.f. 2-6-2014).
3. Ins. by s. 12, ibid. (w.e.f. 2-6-2014).
4. Entries 2 to 30 renumbered as entries 3 to 31 respectively by s. 12, ibid. (w.e.f. 2-6-2014).
5. Subs. by the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 (30 of 2000), s. 7, for "22" (w.e.f. 15-11-2000).
6. Ins. by s. 7, ibid. (w.e.f. 15-11-2000).
7. Entries 4 to 26 renumbered as entries 5 to 27 respectively and entry “4 Goa….1” ins.
   by the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987 (18 of 1987), s. 6(a) and (b)
   (w.e.f. 30-5-1987).
8. Entries 4 to 29 renumbered as entries 5 to 30 by the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000
   (30 of 2000), s. 7 (w.e.f. 15-11-2000).
9. Subs. by the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960 (11 of 1960), s. 6, for entry "4"
   (w.e.f.1-5-1960).
10. Ins. by the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 (31 of 1966), s. 9 (w.e.f. 1-11-1966).
                                               273
274                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                  (Fourth Schedule)
 1 2                                                                                          3
  [ [10.]]        Madhya Pradesh .........................................................      [11]
 4 1 2
  [ [ [11.]       Chhattisgarh ...............................................................5]]
 5 1 2                                                                                      6
  [ [ [12.]       Tamil Nadu ................................................................ [18]]
 7 1 2
  [ [ [13.]       Maharashtra ...............................................................   19]]
 8 1 2
  [ [ [14.]       Karnataka ................................................................ 12]]
 1 2              9
  [ [15.]           [Odisha] ................................................................ 10]
 1 2                                                                                          10
  [ [16.]         Punjab ........................................................................[7]
 1 2
  [ [17.]         Rajasthan ................................................................ 10]
 1 2                                                                                        11
  [ [18.]         Uttar Pradesh ..............................................................  [31]
 12 1 2           13
   [ [ [19.]         [Uttarakhand] ...........................................................3]]
 1 2
  [ [20.]         West Bengal ...............................................................16]
 14 1 2
   [ [ [**        *      *        *............................................................. *]
 15[16[1[2[21.]   Nagaland ................................................................ 1]]
______________________________________________
1. Entries 4 to 29 renumbered as entries 5 to 30 by the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000
   (30 of 2000), s. 7 (w.e.f. 15-11-2000).
2. Entries 2 to 30 renumbered as entries 3 to 31 respectively by the Andhra Pradesh
   Reorganisation Act, 2014, s. 12 (w.e.f. 2-6-2014).
3. Subs. by the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 (28 of 2000), s. 7, for "16"
   (w.e.f. 1-11-2000).
4. Ins. by s. 7, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-2000).
5. Subs. by the Madras State (Alteration of Name) Act, 1968 (53 of 1968), s. 5, for "8.
    Madras" (renumbered as *11) (w.e.f. 14-1-1969).
6. Subs. by the Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1959
    (56 of 1959), s. 8, for "17" (w.e.f. 1-4-1960).
7. Ins. by the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960 (11 of 1960), s. 6 (w.e.f. 1-5-1960).
8. Subs. by the Mysore State (Alteration of Name) Act, 1973 (31 of 1973), s. 5, for "10.
    Mysore" (w.e.f. 1-11-1973).
9. Subs. by the Orissa (Alteration of Name) Act, 2011 (15 of 2011), s. 7 for "Orissa"
    (w.e.f. 1-11-2011).
10. Subs. by the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 (31 of 1966), s. 9 for "11"
    (w.e.f. 1-11-1966).
11. Subs. by the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 (29 of 2000), s. 7 for "34"
    (w.e.f. 9-11-2000).
12. Ins. by s. 7, ibid. (w.e.f. 9-11-2000).
13. Subs. by the Uttaranchal (Alteration of Name) Act, 2006 (52 of 2006), s. 5 for
   "Uttaranchal" (w.e.f. 1-1-2007).
14. ** Entry 21 relating to Jammu and Kashmir deleted by the Jammu and Kashmir
    Reorganisation Act, 2019 (34 of 2019), s. 8 (w.e.f. 31-10-2019).
15. Entries 22 to 31 re-numbered as entries 21 to 30, respectively by the Jammu and
    Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 (34 of 2019), s. 8 (w.e.f. 31-10-2019).
16. Ins. by the State of Nagaland Act, 1962 (27 of 1962), s. 6 (w.e.f. 1-12-1963).
275                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                    (Fourth Schedule)
 1 2 3 4
  [ [ [ [22.]      Himachal Pradesh .......................................................3]]]
 3 2 4
  [ [ [23.]        Manipur ................................................................         1]
 3 2 4
  [ [ [24.]        Tripura ................................................................       1]]
 3 2 4
  [ [ [25.]        Meghalaya ................................................................ 1]]
 5 3 2 4
  [ [ [ [26.]      Sikkim ................................................................        1]]
 6 3 2 4
  [ [ [ [27.]      Mizoram ................................................................ 1]]
 7 3 2 4
  [ [ [ [28.]      Arunachal Pradesh ......................................................1]]
 3 2 4
  [ [ [29.]        Delhi .......................................................................... 3]
 3 2 4             8
  [ [ [30.]          [Puducherry] .............................................................1]]
 9 3 2 4
  [ [ [ [31.       Jammu and Kashmir .................................................... 4]
                                                                                             10
                                               Total                                            [233]




______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970 (53 of 1970), s. 5 (w.e.f. 25-1-1971).
2. Entries 4 to 29 renumbered as entries 5 to 30 by the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000
   (30 of 2000), s. 7 (w.e.f. 15-11-2000).
3. Entries 2 to 30 renumbered as entries 3 to 31 respectively by the Andhra Pradesh
    Reorganisation Act, 2014 (6 of 2014), s. 12 (w.e.f. 2-6-2014).
4. Entries 22 to 31 renumbered as entries 21 to 30 respectively by the Jammu and
   Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 (34 of 2019), s. 8 (w.e.f. 31-10-2019).
5. Ins. by the Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amenement) Act, 1975, s. 4 (w.e.f. 26-4-1975).
6. Ins. by the State of Mizoram Act, 1986 (34 of 1986), s. 5 (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).
7. Ins. by the State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986 (69 of 1986), s. 5 (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).
8. Subs. by the Pondicherry (Alteration of Name) Act, 2006 (44 of 2006) s. 4, for
    "Pondicherry" (w.e.f. 1-10-2006).
9. Ins. by the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 (34 of 2019), s. 8
   (w.e.f. 31-10-2019).
10. Subs. by the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987 (18 of 1987), s. 6, for
    "232" (w.e.f. 30-5-1987).
                               FIFTH SCHEDULE
                                   [Article 244(1)]
  Provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and
                                 Scheduled Tribes
                                       PART A
                                       GENERAL
       1. Interpretation.—In this Schedule, unless the context otherwise
requires, the expression “State” 1*** does not include the 2[States of Assam
3 4
 [, [Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.]]]
       2. Executive power of a State in Scheduled Areas.—Subject to the
provisions of this Schedule, the executive power of a State extends to the
Scheduled Areas therein.
       3. Report by the Governor 5*** to the President regarding the
administration of Scheduled Areas.—The Governor 5*** of each State having
Scheduled Areas therein shall annually, or whenever so required by the President,
make a report to the President regarding the administration of the Scheduled
Areas in that State and the executive power of the Union shall extend to the
giving of directions to the State as to the administration of the said areas.
                                       PART B
           ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL OF SCHEDULED AREAS AND
                                 SCHEDULED TRIBES
       4. Tribes Advisory Council.—(1) There shall be established in each
State having Scheduled Areas therein and, if the President so directs, also in
any State having Scheduled Tribes but not Scheduled Areas therein, a Tribes
Advisory Council consisting of not more than twenty members of whom, as
nearly as may be, three-fourths shall be the representatives of the Scheduled
Tribes in the Legislative Assembly of the State:
______________________________________________
1. The words and letters "means a State specified in Part A or Part B of the First
   Schedule but" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and
   Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Subs. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71, for
   "State of Assam" (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
3. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1984, s. 3, for "and
   Meghalaya" (w.e.f. 1-4-1985).
4. Subs. by the State of Mizoram Act, 1986 (34 of 1986), s. 39, for "Meghalaya and
   Tripura" (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).
5. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act,
   1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
                                         276
277                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Fifth Schedule)

       Provided that if the number of representatives of the Scheduled Tribes in
the Legislative Assembly of the State is less than the number of seats in the
Tribes Advisory Council to be filled by such representatives, the remaining
seats shall be filled by other members of those tribes.
       (2) It shall be the duty of the Tribes Advisory Council to advise on such
matters pertaining to the welfare and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes in
the State as may be referred to them by the Governor 1***.
       (3) The Governor 2*** may make rules prescribing or regulating, as the
case may be,—
              (a) the number of members of the Council, the mode of their
       appointment and the appointment of the Chairman of the Council and of
       the officers and servants thereof;
              (b) the conduct of its meetings and its procedure in general; and
              (c) all other incidental matters.
       5. Law applicable to Scheduled Areas.—(1) Notwithstanding anything
in this Constitution, the Governor 1*** may by public notification direct that
any particular Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State shall not
apply to a Scheduled Area or any part thereof in the State or shall apply to a
Scheduled Area or any part thereof in the State subject to such exceptions and
modifications as he may specify in the notification and any direction given
under this sub-paragraph may be given so as to have retrospective effect.
       (2) The Governor may make regulations for the peace and good
government of any area in a State which is for the time being a Scheduled Area.
       In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing
power, such regulations may—
              (a) prohibit or restrict the transfer of land by or among members
       of the Scheduled Tribes in such area;
              (b) regulate the allotment of land to members of the Scheduled
       Tribes in such area;

______________________________________________
1. The words "or Rajpramukh, as the case may be" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh
   Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by s. 29 and Sch., ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
278                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                  (Fifth Schedule)

              (c) regulate the carrying on of business as money-lender by
      persons who lend money to members of the Scheduled Tribes in such
      area.
      (3) In making any such regulation as is referred to in sub-paragraph (2)
of this paragraph, the Governor 1*** may repeal or amend any Act of
Parliament or of the Legislature of the State or any existing law which is for the
time being applicable to the area in question.
      (4) All regulations made under this paragraph shall be submitted
forthwith to the President and, until assented to by him, shall have no effect.
      (5) No regulation shall be made under this paragraph unless the
Governor21*** making the regulation has, in the case where there is a Tribes
Advisory Council for the State, consulted such Council.
                                        PART C
                                   SCHEDULED AREAS
      6. Scheduled Areas.—(1) In this Constitution, the expression
“Scheduled Areas” means such areas as the President may by order declare to
be Scheduled Areas.
      (2) The President may at any time by order —
              (a) direct that the whole or any specified part of a Scheduled Area
      shall cease to be a Scheduled Area or a part of such an area;
               2
                [(aa) increase the area of any Scheduled Area in a State after
      consultation with the Governor of that State;]
              (b) alter, but only by way of rectification of boundaries, any
      Scheduled Area;

______________________________________________
1. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act,
   1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
   The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by s. 29 and sch., ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
   See the Scheduled Areas (Part A States) Order, 1950 (C.O. 9), the Scheduled Areas
   (Part B States) Order, 1950 (C.O.26), the Scheduled Areas (Himachal Pradesh) Order,
   1975 (C.O. 102) and the Scheduled Areas (States of Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh
   and Orissa) Order, 1977 (C.O. 109).
     See the Madras Scheduled Areas (Cessor) Order, 1950 (C.O. 30) and the Andhra
   Scheduled Areas (Cessor) Order, 1955 (C.O. 50).
2. Ins. by the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1976 (101 of 1976),
   s. 2 (w.e.f. 7-9-1976).
279                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                  (Fifth Schedule)

              (c) on any alteration of the boundaries of a State or on the
       admission into the Union or the establishment of a new State, declare
       any territory not previously included in any State to be, or to form part
       of, a Scheduled Area;
              1
              [(d) rescind, in relation to any State or States, any order or orders
      made under this paragraph, and in consultation with the Governor of the
      State concerned, make fresh orders redefining the areas which are to be
      Scheduled Areas;]
and any such order may contain such incidental and consequential provisions as
appear to the President to be necessary and proper, but save as aforesaid, the
order made under sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph shall not be varied by
any subsequent order.
                                    PART D
                        AMENDMENT OF THE SCHEDULE
        7. Amendment of the Schedule.—(1) Parliament may from time to time
by law amend by way of addition, variation or repeal any of the provisions of
this Schedule and, when the Schedule is so amended, any reference to this
Schedule in this Constitution shall be construed as a reference to such Schedule
as so amended.
        (2) No such law as is mentioned in sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph
shall be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of
article 368.




______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1976 (101 of 1976),
   s. 2 (w.e.f. 7-9-1976).
                                 SIXTH SCHEDULE
                              [Articles 244(2) and 275(1)]
  Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in 1[the States of
                  Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram]
       2
         1. Autonomous districts and autonomous regions.—(1) Subject to
the provisions of this paragraph, the tribal areas in each item of 3[4[Parts I, II
and IIA] and in Part III] of the table appended to paragraph 20 of this
Schedule shall be an autonomous district.
       (2) If there are different Scheduled Tribes in an autonomous district,
the Governor may, by public notification, divide the area or areas inhabited
by them into autonomous regions.
       (3) The Governor may, by public notification,—
               (a) include any area in 3[any of the Parts] of the said table;
               (b) exclude any area from 3[any of the Parts] of the said table;
               (c) create a new autonomous district;
               (d) increase the area of any autonomous district;
               (e) diminish the area of any autonomous district;
               (f) unite two or more autonomous districts or parts thereof so
       as to form one autonomous district;
               5
                 [(ff) alter the name of any autonomous district];
               (g) define the boundaries of any autonomous district:
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the State of Mizoram Act, 1986 (34 of 1986), s. 39, for certain words
   (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).
2. Paragraph 1 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth
   Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003), s. 2, so as to
   insert the following proviso after sub-paragraph (2), namely :—
      "Provided that nothing in this sub-paragraph shall apply to the Bodoland
    Territorial Areas District" (w.e.f. 7-9-2003).
3. Subs. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71(i)
   and Eighth Sch., for "Part A" (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1984, s. 4, for "Part I and
   II" (w.e.f. 1-4-1985).
5. Ins. by the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act, 1969 (55 of 1969), s. 74 and
   Fourth Sch. (w.e.f. 2-4-1970).
                                        280
281                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                   (Sixth Schedule)

        Provided that no order shall be made by the Governor under clauses (c),
(d), (e) and (f) of this sub-paragraph except after consideration of the report of
a Commission appointed under sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 14 of this
Schedule:
        1
          [Provided further that any order made by the Governor under this
sub-paragraph may contain such incidental and consequential provisions
(including any amendment of paragraph 20 and of any item in any of the
Parts of the said Table) as appear to the Governor to be necessary for giving
effect to the provisions of the order.]
        2
          2. Constitution of District Councils and Regional Councils.—
3
  [(1) There shall be a District Council for each autonomous district
consisting of not more than thirty members, of whom not more than four
persons shall be nominated by the Governor and the rest shall be elected on
the basis of adult suffrage.]

______________________________________________

1. Ins. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71(i) and
   Eighth Sch. (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
2. Paragraph 2 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth
    Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003(44 of 2003), s. 2, so as to insert
    the following proviso after sub-paragraph (1), namely: —
             “Provided that the Bodoland Territorial Council shall consist of not more than
        forty-six members of whom forty shall be elected on the basis of adult suffrage, of
        whom thirty shall be reserved for the Scheduled Tribes, five for non-tribal
        communities, five open for all communities and the remaining six shall be nominated
        by the Governor having same rights and privileges as other members, including voting
        rights, from amongst the un-represented communities of the Bodoland Territorial
        Areas District, of which at least two shall be women:”
   Paragraph 2 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth
   Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1995(42 of 1995), s.2, so as to insert the
   following proviso after sub-paragraph (3), namely :—
             “Provided that the District Council constituted for the North Cachar Hills
        District shall be called as the North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council and the
        District Council constituted for the Karbi Anglong District shall be called as the
        Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council.”
    Paragraph 2 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth
   Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003(44 of 2003), s. 2, so as to insert
   the following proviso after sub-paragraph (3), namely:—
             “Provided further that the District Council constituted for the Bodoland
        Territorial Areas District shall be called the Bodoland Territorial Council.”
3. Subs. by the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act, 1969 (55 of 1969), s. 74 and
   Fourth Sch., for sub-paraghaph (1) (w.e.f. 2-4-1970).
282                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Sixth Schedule)

       (2) There shall be a separate Regional Council for each area
constituted an autonomous region under sub-paragraph (2) of paragraph 1 of
this Schedule.
       (3) Each District Council and each Regional Council shall be a body
corporate by the name respectively of “the District Council of (name of
district)” and “the Regional Council of (name of region)”, shall have
perpetual succession and a common seal and shall by the said name sue and
be sued.
       (4) Subject to the provisions of this Schedule, the administration of
an autonomous district shall, in so far as it is not vested under this Schedule
in any Regional Council within such district, be vested in the District
Council for such district and the administration of an autonomous region
shall be vested in the Regional Council for such region.
       (5) In an autonomous district with Regional Councils, the District
Council shall have only such powers with respect to the areas under the
authority of the Regional Council as may be delegated to it by the Regional
Council in addition to the powers conferred on it by this Schedule with
respect to such areas.
       (6) The Governor shall make rules for the first constitution of District
Councils and Regional Councils in consultation with the existing tribal
Councils or other representative tribal organisations within the autonomous
districts or regions concerned, and such rules shall provide for—
               (a) the composition of the District Councils and Regional
        Councils and the allocation of seats therein;
               (b) the delimitation of territorial constituencies for the purpose
       of elections to those Councils;
               (c) the qualifications for voting at such elections and the
       preparation of electoral rolls therefor;
               (d) the qualifications for being elected at such elections as
       members of such Councils;
               (e) the term of office of members of 1[Regional Councils];
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act, 1969 (55 of 1969), s. 74 and
   Fourth Sch., for "such Councils" (w.e.f. 2-4-1970).
283                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Sixth Schedule)

              (f) any other matter relating to or connected with elections or
       nominations to such Councils;
              (g) the procedure and the conduct of business 1[(including the
       power to act notwithstanding any vacancy)] in the District and
       Regional Councils;
              (h) the appointment of officers and staff of the District and
       Regional Councils.
       1
         [(6A) The elected members of the District Council shall hold office
for a term of five years from the date appointed for the first meeting of the
Council after the general elections to the Council, unless the District
Council is sooner dissolved under paragraph 16 and a nominated member
shall hold office at the pleasure of the Governor:
       Provided that the said period of five years may, while a Proclamation
of Emergency is in operation or if circumstances exist which, in the opinion
of the Governor, render the holding of elections impracticable, be extended
by the Governor for a period not exceeding one year at a time and in any
case where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation not extending
beyond a period of six months after the Proclamation has ceased to operate:
       Provided further that a member elected to fill a casual vacancy shall
hold office only for the remainder of the term of office of the member
whom he replaces.]
       (7) The District or the Regional Council may after its first
constitution make rules 1[with the approval of the Governor] with regard to
the matters specified in sub-paragraph (6) of this paragraph and may also
make rules 1[with like approval] regulating—
              (a) the formation of subordinate local Councils or Boards and
       their procedure and the conduct of their business; and
              (b) generally all matters relating to the transaction of business
       pertaining to the administration of the district or region, as the case
       may be:


______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act, 1969 (55 of 1969), s. 74 and
   Fourth Sch. (w.e.f. 2-4-1970).
284                      THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                       (Sixth Schedule)

       Provided that until rules are made by the District or the Regional
Council under this sub-paragraph the rules made by the Governor under
sub-paragraph (6) of this paragraph shall have effect in respect of elections
to, the officers and staff of, and the procedure and the conduct of business
in, each such Council.
             1
                 *                 *                     *                    *
     2-32
          3. Powers of the District Councils and Regional Councils to
make laws.—(1) The Regional Council for an autonomous region in
______________________________________________
1. Second proviso omitted by s. 74 and Fourth Sch. of the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya)
   Act, 1969 (55 of 1969) (w.e.f. 2-4-1970).
2. Paragraph 3 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the
    Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003), s. 2, so as to substitute sub-paragraph (3) as
    under (w.e.f. 7-9-2003),—
           “(3) Save as otherwise provided in sub-paragraph (2) of paragraph 3A or sub-paragraph
    (2) of paragraph 3B, all laws made under this paragraph or sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 3A
    or sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 3B shall be submitted forthwith to the Governor and, until
    assented to by him, shall have no effect.” .
   After paragraph 3, the following paragraph has been inserted in its application to the State of
   Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1995 (42 of 1995), s. 2,
   (w.e.f. 12-9-1995), namely: —
           “3A. Additional powers of the North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council and the
    Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council to make laws.—(1) Without prejudice to the
    provisions of paragraph 3, the North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council and the Karbi
    Anglong Autonomous Council within their respective districts, shall have power to make
    laws with respect to—
        (a) industries, subject to the provisions of entries 7 and 52 of List I of the Seventh
              Schedule;
         (b) communications, that is to say, roads, bridges, ferries and other means of
              communication not specified in List I of the Seventh Schedule; municipal tramways,
              ropeways, inland waterways and traffic thereon subject to the provisions of List I and
              List III of the Seventh Schedule with regard to such waterways; vehicles other than
              mechanically propelled vehicles;
        (c) preservation, protection and improvement of stock and prevention of animal
              diseases; veterinary training and practice; cattle pounds;
        (d) primary and secondary education;
        (e) agriculture, including agricultural education and research, protection against pests
              and prevention of plant diseases;
        (f) fisheries;
285                       THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                        (Sixth Schedule)


(Foot-note Continue),—
        (g) water, that is to say, water supplies, irrigation and canals, drainage and
              embankments, water storage and water power subject to the provisions of entry 56 of
              List I of the Seventh Schedule;
        (h) social security and social insurance; employment and unemployment;
        (i) flood control schemes for protection of villages, paddy fields, markets, towns, etc.
              (not of technical nature);
        (j) theatre and dramatic performances, cinemas subject to the provisions of entry 60 of
              List I of the Seventh Schedule; sports, entertainments and amusements;
        (k) public health and sanitation, hospitals and dispensaries;
        (l) minor irrigation;
        (m) trade and commerce in, and the production supply and distribution of, food stuffs,
              cattle fodder, raw cotton and raw jute;
        (n) libraries, museums and other similar institutions controlled or financed by the State;
              ancient and historical monuments and records other than those declared by or under
              any law made by Parliament to be of national importance; and
        (o) alienation of land.
       (2) All laws made by the North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council and the Karbi Anglong
   Autonomous Council under paragraph 3 or under this paragraph shall, in so far as they relate to
   matters specified in List III of the Seventh Schedule, be submitted forthwith to the Governor
   who shall reserve the same for the consideration of the President.
       (3) When a law is reserved for the consideration of the President, the President shall declare
   either that he assents to the said law or that he withholds assent therefrom:
       Provided that the President may direct the Governor to return the law to the North Cachar
   Hills Autonomous Council or the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council, as the case may be,
   together with a message requesting that the said Council will reconsider the law or any
   specified provisions thereof and, in particular, will, consider the desirability of introducing any
   such amendments as he may recommend in his message and, when the law is so returned, the
   said Council shall consider the law accordingly within a period of six months from the date of
   receipt of such message and, if the law is again passed by the said Council with or without
   amendment it shall be presented again to the President for his consideration.".
   After paragraph 3A, the following paragraph has been inserted in its application to the State of Assam
   by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003), s. 2, (w.e.f. 7-9-
   2003), namely:—
       3B. Additional powers of the Bodoland Territorial Council to make laws.—(1) Without
   prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 3, the Bodoland Territorial Council within its areas
   shall have power to make laws with respect to :—
                (i) agriculture, including agricultural education and research, protection against
       pests and prevention of plant diseases; (ii) animal husbandry and veterinary, that is to say,
       preservation, protection and improvement of stock and prevention of animal diseases,
       veterinary training and practice, cattle pounds; (iii) co-operation; (iv) cultural affairs; (v)
       education, that is to say, primary education, higher secondary including vocational training,
       adult education, college education (general); (vi) fisheries; (vii) flood control for protection
       of village, paddy fields, markets and towns (not of technical nature); (viii) Food and civil
286                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                       (Sixth Schedule)



      supply; (ix) forests (other than reserved forests); (x) handloom and textile; (xi) health and
      family welfare, (xii) intoxicating liquors, opium and derivatives, subject to the provisions of
      entry 84 of List I of the Seventh Schedule; (xiii) irrigation; (xiv) labour and employment;
      (xv) land and revenue; (xvi) library services (financed and controlled by the State
      Government); (xvii) lotteries (subject to the provisions of entry 40 of List I of the Seventh
      Schedule), theatres, dramatic performances and cinemas (subject to the provisions of entry
      60 of List I of the Seventh Schedule); (xviii) markets and fairs; (xix) municipal corporation,
      improvement trust, district boards and other local authorities; (xx) museum and
      archaeology institutions controlled or financed by the State, ancient and historical
      monuments and records other than those declared by or under any law made by Parliament
      to be of national importance; (xxi) panchayat and rural development; (xxii) planning and
      development; (xxiii) printing and stationery; (xxiv) public health engineering; (xxv) public
      works department; (xxvi) publicity and public relations; (xxvii) registration of births and
      deaths; (xxviii) relief and rehabilitation; (xxix) sericulture; (xxx) small, cottage and rural
      industry subject to the provisions of entries 7 and 52 of List I of the Seventh Schedule;
      (xxxi) social Welfare; (xxxii) soil conservation; (xxxiii) sports and youth welfare;
      (xxxiv) statistics; (xxxv) tourism; (xxxvi) transport (roads, bridges, ferries and other
      means of communications not specified in List I of the Seventh Schedule, municipal
      tramways, ropeways, inland waterways and traffic thereon subject to the provision of List
      I and List III of the Seventh Schedule with regard to such waterways, vehicles other than
      mechanically propelled vehicles); (xxxvii) tribal research institute controlled and financed
      by the State Government; (xxxviii) urban development—town and country planning;
      (xxxix) weights and measures subject to the provisions of entry 50 of List I of the Seventh
      Schedule; and (xl) Welfare of plain tribes and backward classes:
             Provided that nothing in such laws shall—
                         (a) extinguish or modify the existing rights and privileges of any citizen
                 in respect of his land at the date of commencement of this Act; and
                          (b) disallow and citizen from acquiring land either by way of inheritance,
                 allotment, settlement or by any other way of transfer if such citizen is otherwise
                 eligible for such acquisition of land within the Bodoland Territorial Areas
                 District.
             (2) All laws made under paragraph 3 or under this paragraph shall in so far as they
      relate to matters specified in List III of the Seventh Schedule, be submitted forthwith to the
      Governor who shall reserve the same for the consideration of the President.
             (3) When a law is reserved for the consideration of the President, the President shall
      declare either that he assents to the said law or that he withholds assent therefrom:
             Provided that the President may direct the Governor to return the law to the
      Bodoland Territorial Council, together with the message requesting that the said Council
      will reconsider the law or any specified provisions thereof and, in particular, will consider
      the desirability of introducing any such amendments as he may recommend in his message
      and, when the law is so returned, the said Council shall consider the law accordingly within
      a period of six months from the date of receipt of such message and, if the law is again
      passed by the said Council with or without amendments it shall be presented again to the
      President for his consideration.”.
287                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Sixth Schedule)

respect of all areas within such region and the District Council for an
autonomous district in respect of all areas within the district except those
which are under the authority of Regional Councils, if any, within the
district shall have power to make laws with respect to—
              (a) the allotment, occupation or use, or the setting apart, of
      land, other than any land which is a reserved forest for the purposes
      of agriculture or grazing or for residential or other non-agricultural
      purposes or for any other purpose likely to promote the interests of
      the inhabitants of any village or town:
              Provided that nothing in such laws shall prevent the
      compulsory acquisition of any land, whether occupied or unoccupied,
      for public purposes 1[by the Government of the State concerned] in
      accordance with the law for the time being in force authorising such
      acquisition;
              (b) the management of any forest not being a reserved forest;
              (c) the use of any canal or water-course for the purpose of
      agriculture;
              (d) the regulation of the practice of jhum or other forms of
      shifting cultivation;
              (e) the establishment of village or town committees or councils
      and their powers;
              (f) any other matter relating to village or town administration,
      including village or town police and public health and sanitation;
              (g) the appointment or succession of Chiefs or Headmen;
              (h) the inheritance of property;
               2
                 [(i) marriage and divorce;]
              (j) social customs.
      (2) In this paragraph, a “reserved forest” means any area which is a
reserved forest under the Assam Forest Regulation, 1891, or under any other
law for the time being in force in the area in question.

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71(i)
   and Eighth Sch., for certain words (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
2. Subs. by the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act, 1969 (55 of 1969), s. 74 and
   Fourth Sch., for cl. (i) (w.e.f. 2-4-1970).
288                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                   (Sixth Schedule)

        (3) All laws made under this paragraph shall be submitted forthwith
to the Governor and, until assented to by him, shall have no effect.
        1
          4. Administration of justice in autonomous districts and
autonomous regions.—(1) The Regional Council for an autonomous region
in respect of areas within such region and the District Council for an
autonomous district in respect of areas within the district other than those
which are under the authority of the Regional Councils, if any, within the
district may constitute village councils or courts for the trial of suits and
cases between the parties all of whom belong to Scheduled Tribes within
such areas, other than suits and cases to which the provisions of
sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 5 of this Schedule apply, to the exclusion
of any court in the State, and may appoint suitable persons to be members of
such village councils or presiding officers of such courts, and may also
appoint such officers as may be necessary for the administration of the laws
made under paragraph 3 of this Schedule.
        (2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Regional
Council for an autonomous region or any court constituted in that behalf by
the Regional Council or, if in respect of any area within an autonomous
district there is no Regional Council, the District Council for such district,
or any court constituted in that behalf by the District Council, shall exercise
the powers of a court of appeal in respect of all suits and cases triable by a
village council or court constituted under sub-paragraph (1) of this
paragraph within such region or area, as the case may be, other than those to
which the provisions of sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 5 of this Schedule
apply, and no other court except the High Court and the Supreme Court
shall have jurisdiction over such suits or cases.
        (3) The High Court 2*** shall have and exercise such jurisdiction
over the suits and cases to which the provisions of sub-paragraph (2) of this
paragraph apply as the Governor may from time to time by order specify.

______________________________________________
1. Paragraph 4 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth
   Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003), s. 2, (w.e.f. 7-9-2003)
   so as to insert the following sub-paragraph after sub-paragraph (5), namely:—
            “(6) Nothing in this paragraph shall apply to the Bodoland Territorial Council
    constituted under the proviso to sub-paragraph (3) of paragraph 2 of this Schedule.” .
2. The words "of Assam" omitted by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971
   (81 of 1971), s. 71(i) and Eighth Sch. (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
289                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Sixth Schedule)

       (4) A Regional Council or District Council, as the case may be, may
with the previous approval of the Governor make rules regulating —
               (a) the constitution of village councils and courts and the
       powers to be exercised by them under this paragraph;
               (b) the procedure to be followed by village councils or courts in
       the trial of suits and cases under sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph;
               (c) the procedure to be followed by the Regional or District
       Council or any court constituted by such Council in appeals and other
       proceedings under sub-paragraph (2) of this paragraph;
               (d) the enforcement of decisions and orders of such councils
       and courts;
               (e) all other ancillary matters for the carrying out of the
       provisions of sub-paragraphs (1) and (2) of this paragraph.
       1
         [(5) On and from such date as the President may, 2[after consulting the
Government of the State concerned], by notification appoint in this behalf, this
paragraph shall have effect in relation to such autonomous district or region as
may be specified in the notification, as if—
               (i) in sub-paragraph (1), for the words “between the parties all of
       whom belong to Scheduled Tribes within such areas, other than suits
       and cases to which the provisions of sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 5
       of this Schedule apply,”, the words “not being suits and cases of the
       nature referred to in sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph (5) of this
       Schedule, which the Governor may specify in this behalf,” had been
       substituted;
               (ii) sub-paragraphs (2) and (3) had been omitted;
               (iii) in sub-paragraph (4)—
                        (a) for the words “A Regional Council or District
               Council, as the case may be, may with the previous approval of
               the Governor make rules regulating”, the words “the Governor
               may make rules regulating” had been substituted; and
                        (b) for clause (a), the following clause had been
               substituted, namely:—
______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act, 1969 (55 of 1969), s. 74 and
   Fourth Sch. (w.e.f. 2-4-1970).
2. Subs. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71(i)
   and Eighth Sch., for certain words (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
290                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                     (Sixth Schedule)

                            “(a) the constitution of village councils and courts,
                      the powers to be exercised by them under this paragraph
                      and the courts to which appeals from the decisions of
                      village councils and courts shall lie;”;
                       (c) for clause (c), the following clause had been
               substituted, namely:—
                              “(c) the transfer of appeals and other proceedings
                      pending before the Regional or District Council or any
                      court constituted by such Council immediately before the
                      date appointed by the President under sub-paragraph
                      (5);”; and
                       (d) in clause (e), for the words, brackets and figures
               “sub-paragraphs (1) and (2)”, the word, brackets and figure
               “sub-paragraph (1)” had been substituted.]
        5. Conferment of powers under the Code of Civil Procedure,
1908, and the Code of Criminal Procedure, 18981, on the Regional and
District Councils and on certain courts and officers for the trial of
certain suits, cases and offences.—(1) The Governor may, for the trial of
suits or cases arising out of any law in force in any autonomous district or
region being a law specified in that behalf by the Governor, or for the trial
of offences punishable with death, transportation for life, or imprisonment
for a term of not less than five years under the Indian Penal Code or under
any other law for the time being applicable to such district or region, confer
on the District Council or the Regional Council having authority over such
district or region or on courts constituted by such District Council or on any
officer appointed in that behalf by the Governor, such powers under the
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, or, as the case may be, the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 18981, as he deems appropriate, and thereupon the said Council,
court or officer shall try the suits, cases or offences in exercise of the
powers so conferred.
        (2) The Governor may withdraw or modify any of the powers
conferred on a District Council, Regional Council, court or officer under
sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph.
        (3) Save as expressly provided in this paragraph, the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908, and the Code of Criminal Procedure, 18981, shall not
apply to the trial of any suits, cases or offences in an autonomous district or
in any autonomous region to which the provisions of this paragraph apply.

______________________________________________
1. See the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 ( 2 of 1974).
291                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Sixth Schedule)
       1
         [(4) On and from the date appointed by the President under
sub-paragraph (5) of paragraph 4 in relation to any autonomous district or
autonomous region, nothing contained in this paragraph shall, in its
application to that district or region, be deemed to authorise the Governor to
confer on the District Council or Regional Council or on courts constituted
by the District Council any of the powers referred to in sub-paragraph (1) of
this paragraph.]
       2
         [6. Powers of the District Council to establish primary schools,
etc.— (1) The District Council for an autonomous district may establish,
construct, or manage primary schools, dispensaries, markets, 3[cattle
pounds], ferries, fisheries, roads, road transport and waterways in the district
and may, with the previous approval of the Governor, make regulations for
the regulation and control thereof and, in particular, may prescribe the
language and the manner in which primary education shall be imparted in
the primary schools in the district.
       (2) The Governor may, with the consent of any District Council,
entrust either conditionally or unconditionally to that Council or to its
officers functions in relation to agriculture, animal husbandry, community
projects, co-operative societies, social welfare, village planning or any other
matter to which the executive power of the State 4*** extends.
      7. District and Regional Funds.—(1) There shall be constituted for
each autonomous district, a District Fund and for each autonomous region, a
Regional Fund to which shall be credited all moneys received respectively
by the District Council for that district and the Regional Council for that
region in the course of the administration of such district or region, as the
case may be, in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act, 1969 (55 of 1969), s. 74 and
   Fourth Sch. (w.e.f. 2-4-1970).
2. Subs. by s. 74 and Fourth Sch., ibid. for "paragraph 6" (w.e.f. 2-4-1970).
3. Subs. by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1974 (56 of 1974), s. 4, for "cattle
   ponds" (w.e.f. 20-12-1974).
4. The words "of Assam or Meghalaya, as the case may be," omitted by the North-
   Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71(i) and Eighth Sch.
   (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
292                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Sixth Schedule)
       1
         [(2) The Governor may make rules for the management of the
District Fund, or, as the case may be, the Regional Fund and for the
procedure to be followed in respect of payment of money into the said Fund,
the withdrawal of moneys therefrom, the custody of moneys therein and any
other matter connected with or ancillary to the matters aforesaid.
       (3) The accounts of the District Council or, as the case may be, the
Regional Council shall be kept in such form as the Comptroller and
Auditor-General of India may, with the approval of the President, prescribe.
       (4) The Comptroller and Auditor-General shall cause the accounts of
the District and Regional Councils to be audited in such manner as he may
think fit, and the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General relating to
such accounts shall be submitted to the Governor who shall cause them to
be laid before the Council.]
       8. Powers to assess and collect land revenue and to impose
taxes.—(1) The Regional Council for an autonomous region in respect of all
lands within such region and the District Council for an autonomous district
in respect of all lands within the district except those which are in the areas
under the authority of Regional Councils, if any, within the district, shall
have the power to assess and collect revenue in respect of such lands in
accordance with the principles for the time being followed 2[by the
Government of the State in assessing lands for the purpose of land revenue
in the State generally.]
       (2) The Regional Council for an autonomous region in respect of areas
within such region and the District Council for an autonomous district in
respect of all areas in the district except those which are under the authority of
Regional Councils, if any, within the district, shall have power to levy and
collect taxes on lands and buildings, and tolls on persons resident within such
areas.
       (3) The District Council for an autonomous district shall have the power to
levy and collect all or any of the following taxes within such district, that is to
say —
               (a) taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments;
               (b) taxes on animals, vehicles and boats;

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act, 1969 (55 of 1969), s. 74 and
   Fourth Sch., for sub-paragraph (2) (w.e.f. 2-4-1970).
2. Subs. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71(i)
   and Eighth Sch., for certain words (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
293                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Sixth Schedule)

               (c) taxes on the entry of goods into a market for sale therein,
       and tolls on passengers and goods carried in ferries; 1***
               (d) taxes for the maintenance of schools, dispensaries or roads;
       2
         [and]
               3
                 [(e) taxes on entertainment and amusements.]
       (4) A Regional Council or District Council, as the case may be, may
make regulations to provide for the levy and collection of any of the taxes
specified in sub-paragraphs (2) and (3) of this paragraph 4[and every such
regulation shall be submitted forthwith to the Governor and, until assented
to by him, shall have no effect].
       5
         9. Licences or leases for the purpose of prospecting for, or
extraction of, minerals.—(1) Such share of the royalties accruing each year
from licences or leases for the purpose of prospecting for, or the extraction of,
minerals granted by 6[the Government of the State] in respect of any area
within an autonomous district as may be agreed upon between 6[the
Government of the State] and the District Council of such district shall be
made over to that District Council.
       (2) If any dispute arises as to the share of such royalties to be made
over to a District Council, it shall be referred to the Governor for
determination and the amount determined by the Governor in his discretion
shall be deemed to be the amount payable under sub-paragraph (1) of this
paragraph to the District Council and the decision of the Governor shall be
final.
______________________________________________
1. The word "and" omitted by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment)
    Act, 2016, s. 16(i) (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
2. Ins. by s. 16(ii), ibid. (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
3. Ins. by s. 16(iii), ibid. (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
4 Ins. by the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act, 1969 (55 of 1969), s. 74 and
    Fourth Sch. (w.e.f. 2-4-1970).
5. Paragraph 9 has been amended in its application to the States of Tripura and
    Mizoram by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1988 (67 of
    1988), s. 2 (w.e.f. 16-12-1988), so as to insert the following sub-paragraph after
    sub-paragraph (2), namely:—
        “(3) The Governor may, by order, direct that the share of royalties to be made
    over to a District Council under this paragraph shall be made over to that Council
    within a period of one year from the date of any agreement under sub-paragraph (1)
    or, as the case may be, of any determination under sub-paragraph (2).”.
6. Subs. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71(i)
   and Eighth Sch., for "the Government of Assam" (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
294                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                    (Sixth Schedule)

       1
        10. Power of District Council to make regulations for the control
of money-lending and trading by non-tribals.—(1) The District
Council of an autonomous district may make regulations for the
regulation and control of money-lending or trading within the district by
persons other than Scheduled Tribes resident in the district.
      (2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the
foregoing power, such regulations may—
              (a) prescribe that no one except the holder of a licence issued
       in that behalf shall carry on the business of money-lending;
             (b) prescribe the maximum rate of interest which may be
       charged or be recovered by a money-lender;
             (c) provide for the maintenance of accounts by money-lenders
       and for the inspection of such accounts by officers appointed in that
       behalf by the District Council;
               (d) prescribe that no person who is not a member of the
       Scheduled Tribes resident in the district shall carry on wholesale or
       retail business in any commodity except under a licence issued in that
       behalf by the District Council:


______________________________________________
1. Paragraph 10 has been amended in its application to the States of Tripura and
   Mizoram by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1988 (67 of
   1988) (w.e.f. 16-12-1988) s.2, as under—
       (a) in the heading, the words “by non-tribals” shall be omitted;
      (b) in sub-paragraph (1), the words “other than Scheduled Tribes” shall be
   omitted;
      (c) in sub-paragraph (2), for clause (d), the following clause shall be
   substituted, namely:—
                 "(d) prescribe that no person resident in the district shall carry on any
           trade, whether wholesale or retail, except under a licence issued in that behalf
           by the District Council:”.
295                     THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                     (Sixth Schedule)

        Provided that no regulations may be made under this paragraph
unless they are passed by a majority of not less than three-fourths of the
total membership of the District Council:
        Provided further that it shall not be competent under any such
regulations to refuse the grant of a licence to a money-lender or a trader who
has been carrying on business within the district since before the time of the
making of such regulations.
        (3) All regulations made under this paragraph shall be submitted
forthwith to the Governor and, until assented to by him, shall have no
effect.
                            *                      *                       *
        11. Publication of laws, rules and regulations made under the
Schedule.—All laws, rules and regulations made under this Schedule by a
District Council or a Regional Council shall be published forthwith in the
Official Gazette of the State and shall on such publication have the force of
law.
          -
            12. 1[Application of Acts of Parliament and of the
Legislature of the State of Assam to autonomous districts and
autonomous regions in the State of Assam].— (1) Notwithstanding
anything in this Constitution,—

______________________________________________
  Paragraph 10 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule
  to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003), s. 2 (w.e.f . 7-9-2003), so as to insert
  the following sub-paragraph after sub-paragraph (3), namely:—
           "(4) Nothing in this paragraph shall apply to the Bodoland Territorial Council
    constituted under the proviso to sub-paragraph (3) of paragraph 2 of this Schedule.".

    Paragraph 12 has been amended to its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule
   to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1995 (42 of 1995), s. 2 (w.e.f. 12-9-1995) as under,—
        ‘in paragraph 12, in sub-paragraph (1), for the words and figure “matters specified in
    paragraph 3 of this Schedule”, the words, figures and letter “matters specified in paragraph 3
    or paragraph 3A of this Schedule” shall be substituted.’.
       Paragraph 12 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth
   Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003), s. 2 (w.e.f. 7-9-2003), as
   under,—
         ‘in paragraph 12, in sub-paragraph (1), in clause (a), for the words, figures and letter
    “matters specified in paragraph 3 or paragraph 3A of this Schedule”, the words, figures and
    letters “matters specified in paragraph 3 or paragraph 3A or paragraph 3B of this Schedule”
    shall be substituted.’.
1. Subs. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71(i) and Eighth
   Sch., for the heading (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
296                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Sixth Schedule)

               (a) no Act of the 1[Legislature of the State of Assam] in respect
       of any of the matters specified in paragraph 3 of this Schedule as
       matters with respect to which a District Council or a Regional Council
       may make laws, and no Act of the Legislature of the State of Assam
       prohibiting or restricting the consumption of any non-distilled alcoholic
       liquor shall apply to any autonomous district or autonomous region 2[in
       that State] unless in either case the District Council for such district or
       having jurisdiction over such region by public notification so directs,
       and the District Council in giving such direction with respect to any
       Act may direct that the Act shall in its application to such district or
       region or any part thereof have effect subject to such exceptions or
       modifications as it thinks fit;

               (b) the Governor may, by public notification, direct that any
       Act of Parliament or of the 1[Legislature of the State of Assam] to
       which the provisions of clause (a) of this sub-paragraph do not apply
       shall not apply to an autonomous district or an autonomous region
       2
         [in that State], or shall apply to such district or region or any part
       thereof subject to such exceptions or modifications as he may specify
       in the notification.

     (2) Any direction given under sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph
may be given so as to have retrospective effect.
       3
       [12A. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of
the State of Meghalaya to autonomous districts and autonomous
regions in the State of Meghalaya.—Notwithstanding anything in this
Constitution,—
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71(i)
    and Eighth Sch., for "Legislature of the State" (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
2. Ins. by s. 71(i) and Eighth Sch., ibid. (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
3. Subs. by s. 71(i) and Eighth Sch., ibid., for paragraph 12A (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
297                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Sixth Schedule)

             (a) if any provision of a law made by a District or Regional
      Council in the State of Meghalaya with respect to any matter
      specified in sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 3 of this Schedule or if
      any provision of any regulation made by a District Council or a
      Regional Council in that State under paragraph 8 or paragraph 10 of
      this Schedule, is repugnant to any provision of a law made by the
      Legislature of the State of Meghalaya with respect to that matter,
      then, the law or regulation made by the District Council or, as the
      case may be, the Regional Council whether made before or after the
      law made by the Legislature of the State of Meghalaya, shall, to the
      extent of repugnancy, be void and the law made by the Legislature of
      the State of Meghalaya shall prevail;
             (b) the President may, with respect to any Act of Parliament,
      by notification, direct that it shall not apply to an autonomous district
      or an autonomous region in the State of Meghalaya, or shall apply to
      such district or region or any part thereof subject to such exceptions
      or modifications as he may specify in the notification and any such
      direction may be given so as to have retrospective effect.]
      1
        [12AA. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature
of the State of Tripura to the autonomous districts and autonomous
regions in the State of Tripura.—Notwithstanding anything in this
Constitution,—
             (a) no Act of the Legislature of the State of Tripura in respect of
      any of the matters specified in paragraph 3 of this Schedule as matters
      with respect to which a District Council or a Regional Council may
      make laws, and no Act of the Legislature of the State of Tripura
      prohibiting or restricting the consumption of any non-distilled alcoholic
      liquor shall apply to the autonomous district or an autonomous region
      in that State unless, in either case, the District Council for that district
      or having jurisdiction over such region by public notification so directs,
      and the District Council in giving such direction with respect to any Act
      may direct that the Act shall, in its application to that district or such
      region or any part thereof have effect subject to such exceptions or
      modifications as it thinks fit;


______________________________________________
1. Paragraph 12AA ins. by the Constitution (Forty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1984, s. 4
   (w.e.f. 1-4-1985) and subsequently subs. by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution
   (Amendment) Act, 1988 (67 of 1988), s. 2 (w.e.f. 16-12-1988).
298                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Sixth Schedule)

             (b) the Governor may, by public notification, direct that any
      Act of the Legislature of the State of Tripura to which the provisions
      of clause (a) of this sub-paragraph do not apply, shall not apply to the
      autonomous district or an autonomous region in that State, or shall
      apply to that district or such region, or any part thereof, subject to
      such exceptions or modifications, as he may specify in the
      notification;
             (c) the President may, with respect to any Act of Parliament,
      by notification, direct that it shall not apply to the autonomous district
      or an autonomous region in the State of Tripura, or shall apply to
      such district or region or any part thereof, subject to such exceptions
      or modifications as he may specify in the notification and any such
      direction may be given so as to have retrospective effect.
      12B. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of
the State of Mizoram to autonomous districts and autonomous regions
in the State of Mizoram.—Notwithstanding anything in this
Constitution,—
             (a) no Act of the Legislature of the State of Mizoram in respect
      of any of the matters specified in paragraph 3 of this Schedule as
      matters with respect to which a District Council or a Regional
      Council may make laws, and no Act of the Legislature of the State of
      Mizoram prohibiting or restricting the consumption of any
      non-distilled alcoholic liquor shall apply to any autonomous district
      or autonomous region in that State unless, in either case, the District
      Council for such district or having jurisdiction over such region, by
      public notification, so directs, and the District Council, in giving such
      direction with respect to any Act, may direct that the Act shall, in its
      application to such district or region or any part thereof, have effect
      subject to such exceptions or modifications as it thinks fit;
             (b) the Governor may, by public notification, direct that any
      Act of the Legislature of the State of Mizoram to which the
      provisions of clause (a) of this sub-paragraph do not apply, shall not
      apply to an autonomous district or an autonomous region in that
      State, or shall apply to such district or region, or any part thereof,
      subject to such exceptions or modifications, as he may specify in the
      notification;
299                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Sixth Schedule)

               (c) the President may, with respect to any Act of Parliament,
        by notification, direct that it shall not apply to an autonomous district
        or an autonomous region in the State of Mizoram, or shall apply to
        such district or region or any part thereof, subject to such exceptions
        or modifications as he may specify in the notification and any such
        direction may be given so as to have retrospective effect.]]
        13. Estimated receipts and expenditure pertaining to autonomous
districts to be shown separately in the annual financial statement.—The
estimated receipts and expenditure pertaining to an autonomous district
which are to be credited to, or is to be made from, the Consolidated Fund of
the State 1*** shall be first placed before the District Council for discussion
and then after such discussion be shown separately in the annual financial
statement of the State to be laid before the Legislature of the State under
article 202.
        2
          14. Appointment of Commission to inquire into and report on
the administration of autonomous districts and autonomous regions.—
(1) The Governor may at any time appoint a Commission to examine and
report on any matter specified by him relating to the administration of the
autonomous districts and autonomous regions in the State, including matters
specified in clauses (c), (d), (e) and (f) of sub-paragraph (3) of paragraph 1
of this Schedule, or may appoint a Commission to inquire into and report
from time to time on the administration of autonomous districts and
autonomous regions in the State generally and in particular on—
               (a) the provision of educational and medical facilities and
        communications in such districts and regions;
               (b) the need for any new or special legislation in respect of
        such districts and regions; and
               (c) the administration of the laws, rules and regulations made
        by the District and Regional Councils;
and define the procedure to be followed by such Commission.
______________________________________________
1. The words "of Assam" omitted by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation)
   Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71(i) and Eighth Sch. (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
2. Paragraph 14 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the
   Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1995 (42 of 1995), s. 2
   (w.e.f. 12-9-1995) as under:—
        ‘in paragraph 14, in sub-paragraph (2), the words “with the recommendations
         of the Governor with respect thereto” shall be omitted.’.
300                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Sixth Schedule)

       (2) The report of every such Commission with the recommendations
of the Governor with respect thereto shall be laid before the Legislature of
the State by the Minister concerned together with an explanatory
memorandum regarding the action proposed to be taken thereon by 1[the
Government of the State.]
       (3) In allocating the business of the Government of the State among
his Ministers the Governor may place one of his Ministers specially in
charge of the welfare of the autonomous districts and autonomous regions in
the State.
       2
         15. Annulment or suspension of acts and resolutions of District
and Regional Councils.—(1) If at any time the Governor is satisfied that an
act or resolution of a District or a Regional Council is likely to endanger the
safety of India 3[or is likely to be prejudicial to public order], he may annul
or suspend such act or resolution and take such steps as he may consider
necessary (including the suspension of the Council and the assumption to
himself of all or any of the powers vested in or exercisable by the Council)
to prevent the commission or continuance of such act, or the giving of effect
to such resolution.
       (2) Any order made by the Governor under sub-paragraph (1) of this
paragraph together with the reasons therefor shall be laid before the
Legislature of the State as soon as possible and the order shall, unless
revoked by the Legislature of the State, continue in force for a period of
twelve months from the date on which it was so made:
       Provided that if and so often as a resolution approving the
continuance in force of such order is passed by the Legislature of the State,
the order shall unless cancelled by the Governor continue in force for a
further period of twelve months from the date on which under this
paragraph it would otherwise have ceased to operate.
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71(i)
   and Eighth Sch., for "the Government of Assam" (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
2. Paragraph 15 has been amended in its application to the States of Tripura and
    Mizoram by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1988
    (67 of 1988), s. 2 (w.e.f. 16-12-1988), as under,—
          In Paragraph 15, in sub-paragraph (2), —
         ‘(a) in the opening paragraph, for the words “by the Legislature of the
       State”, the words “by him” shall be substituted;
         (b) the proviso shall be omitted.’.
3. Ins. by the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act, 1969 (55 of 1969), s. 74 and
   Fourth Sch. (w.e.f. 2-4-1970).
301                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Sixth Schedule)
       1
         16. Dissolution of a District or a Regional Council.— 2[(1)] The
Governor may on the recommendation of a Commission appointed under
paragraph 14 of this Schedule by public notification order the dissolution of
a District or a Regional Council, and—
            (a) direct that a fresh general election shall be held
       immediately for the reconstitution of the Council; or
             (b) subject to the previous approval of the Legislature of the
       State assume the administration of the area under the authority of
       such Council himself or place the administration of such area under
       the Commission appointed under the said paragraph or any other
       body considered suitable by him for a period not exceeding twelve
       months:
       Provided that when an order under clause (a) of this paragraph has
been made, the Governor may take the action referred to in clause (b) of this
paragraph with regard to the administration of the area in question pending
the reconstitution of the Council on fresh general election:
       Provided further that no action shall be taken under clause (b) of this
paragraph without giving the District or the Regional Council, as the case
may be, an opportunity of placing its views before the Legislature of the
State.

______________________________________________
1. Paragraph 16 has been amended in its application to the States of Tripura and
    Mizoram by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1988
    (67 of 1988) s. 2 (w.e.f. 16-12-1988), as under,—
    ‘(a) in sub-paragraph (1), the words “subject to the previous approval of the
   Legislature of the State” occurring in clause (b), and the second proviso shall be
   omitted;
     (b) for sub-paragraph (3), the following sub-paragraph shall be substituted,
   namely:—
              “(3) Every order made under sub-paragraph (1) or sub-paragraph (2) of
       this paragraph, along with the reasons therefor shall be laid before the
       Legislature of the State.”.’.
2. Paragraph 16 renumbered as sub-paragraph (1) thereof by the Assam
   Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act, 1969 (55 of 1969), s. 74 and Fourth Sch.
   (w.e.f. 2-4-1970).
302                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                  (Sixth Schedule)
        1
          [(2) If at any time the Governor is satisfied that a situation has arisen in
which the administration of an autonomous district or region cannot be carried
on in accordance with the provisions of this Schedule, he may, by public
notification, assume to himself all or any of the functions or powers vested in or
exercisable by the District Council or, as the case may be, the Regional Council
and declare that such functions or powers shall be exercisable by such person or
authority as he may specify in this behalf, for a period not exceeding six months:
        Provided that the Governor may by a further order or orders extend the
operation of the initial order by a period not exceeding six months on each
occasion.
        (3) Every order made under sub-paragraph (2) of this paragraph with
the reasons therefor shall be laid before the Legislature of the State and shall
cease to operate at the expiration of thirty days from the date on which the
State Legislature first sits after the issue of the order, unless, before the
expiry of that period it has been approved by that State Legislature.]
        2
          17. Exclusion of areas from autonomous districts in forming
constituencies in such districts.—For the purposes of elections to 3[the
Legislative Assembly of Assam or Meghalaya] 4[or Tripura] 5[or Mizoram],
the Governor may by order declare that any area within an autonomous
district 6[in the State of Assam or Meghalaya 4[or Tripura] 5[or Mizoram],
as the case may be,] shall not form part of any constituency to fill a seat or
seats in the Assembly reserved for any such district but shall form part of a
constituency to fill a seat or seats in the Assembly not so reserved to be
specified in the order.
        7
          [18.*                  *            *              *             *]

______________________________________________
1. Added by the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act, 1969 (55 of 1969), s. 74
    and Fourth Sch. (w.e.f. 2-4-1970).
2. Paragraph 17 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the
     Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003), s. 2
     (w.e.f. 7-9-2003) so as to insert the following proviso, namely:—
         “Provided that nothing in this paragraph shall apply to the Bodoland Territorial
     Areas District.”.
3. Subs. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71(i)
    and Eighth Sch., for "the Legislative Assembly of Assam" (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
4. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1984, s. 4 (w.e.f. 1-4-1985).
5. Ins. by the State of Mizoram Act, 1986 (34 of 1986), s. 39 (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).
6. Ins. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71(i)
    and Eighth Sch., for "the Legislative Assembly of Assam" (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
7. Paragraph 18 omitted by s. 71(i) and Eighth Sch., ibid. (w.e.f. 21-1-1972).
303                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Sixth Schedule)
        1
          19. Transitional provisions.—(1) As soon as possible after the
commencement of this Constitution the Governor shall take steps for the
constitution of a District Council for each autonomous district in the State
under this Schedule and, until a District Council is so constituted for an
autonomous district, the administration of such district shall be vested in the
Governor and the following provisions shall apply to the administration of
the areas within such district instead of the foregoing provisions of this
Schedule, namely:—
               (a) no Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State shall
        apply to any such area unless the Governor by public notification so
        directs; and the Governor in giving such a direction with respect to
        any Act may direct that the Act shall, in its application to the area or
        to any specified part thereof, have effect subject to such exceptions or
        modifications as he thinks fit;
               (b) the Governor may make regulations for the peace and good
        government of any such area and any regulations so made may repeal
        or amend any Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State or
        any existing law which is for the time being applicable to such area.
        (2) Any direction given by the Governor under clause (a) of
sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph may be given so as to have retrospective
effect.



______________________________________________
1. Paragraph 19 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the
   Sixth Sch. to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003), s. 2
   (w.e.f. 7-9-2003), so as to insert the following sub-paragraph after sub-paragraph
   (3), namely :—
       ‘(4) As soon as possible after the commencement of this Act and Interim
   Executive Council for Bodoland Territorial Areas District in Assam shall be
   formed by the Governor from amongst leaders of the Bodo movement, including
   the signatories to the Memorandum of Settlement, and shall provide adequate
   representation to the non-tribal communities in that area:
          Provided that Interim Council shall be for a period of six months during
   which endeavour to hold the election to the Council shall be made.
          Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-paragraph, the expression
   “Memorandum of Settlement” means the Memorandum signed on the 10th day of
   February, 2003 between Government of India, Government of Assam and Bodo
   Liberation Tigers.’.
304                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Sixth Schedule)

       (3) All regulations made under clause (b) of sub-paragraph (1) of this
paragraph shall be submitted forthwith to the President and, until assented
to by him, shall have no effect.
       1
         [20. Tribal areas.—(1) The areas specified in Parts I, II 2[, IIA] and
III of the table below shall respectively be the tribal areas within the State of
Assam, the State of Meghalaya 2[, the State of Tripura] and the 3[State] of
Mizoram.
      (2) 4[Any reference in Part I, Part II or Part III of the table below] to
any district shall be construed as a reference to the territories comprised
within the autonomous district of that name existing immediately before the
day appointed under clause (b) of section 2 of the North-Eastern Areas
(Reorganisation) Act, 1971:
       Provided that for the purposes of clauses (e) and (f) of sub-paragraph
(1) of paragraph 3, paragraph 4, paragraph 5, paragraph 6, sub-paragraph
(2), clauses (a), (b) and (d) of sub-paragraph (3) and sub-paragraph (4) of
paragraph 8 and clause (d) of sub-paragraph (2) of paragraph 10 of this
Schedule, no part of the area comprised within the municipality of Shillong
shall be deemed to be within the 5[Khasi Hills District].
       2
        [(3) The reference in Part IIA in the table below to the "Tripura
Tribal Areas District" shall be construed as a reference to the territory
comprising the tribal areas specified in the First Schedule to the Tripura
Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council Act, 1979.]
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71(i)
    and Eighth Sch., for paragraphs 20 and 20A (w.e.f. 21-1-1972) and paragraph 20A
    further substituted by the Government of Union Territory (Amendment) Act, 1971
    (83 of 1971) s. 13 (w.e.f. 29-4-1972).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1984, s. 4 (w.e.f. 1-4-1985).
3. Subs. by the State of Mizoram Act, 1986 (34 of 1986), s. 39, for "Union territory"
    (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1984, s. 4, for "any
    reference in the table below" (w.e.f. 1-4-1985).
5. Subs. by the Government of Meghalaya Notification No. DCA 31/72/11, dated the
    14th June, 1973, Gazette of Meghalaya, Pt. VA, dated 23-6-1973, p. 200.
305                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                  (Sixth Schedule)

                                    TABLE
                                   PART I
              1. The North Cachar Hills District.
              2. 1[The Karbi Anglong District.]
              2
                [3.The Bodoland Territorial Areas District.]
                                     PART II
              3
               [1. Khasi Hills District.
              2. Jaintia Hills District.]
              3. The Garo Hills District.
                                  4
                                    [PART IIA]
                  Tripura Tribal Areas District]
                                     Part III
               5
                 *   *      *
              6
                [1.The Chakma District.
              7
               [2. The Mara District.
              3. The Lai District.]]
        8
          [20A. Dissolution of the Mizo District Council.—(1)
Notwithstanding anything in this Schedule, the District Council of the Mizo
District existing immediately before the prescribed date (hereinafter referred
to as the Mizo District Council) shall stand dissolved and cease to exist.

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Government of Assam Notification No. TAD/R/115/74/47,
    dated 14-10-1976 for "The Mikir Hills District".
2. Ins. by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003
   (44 of 2003), s. 2 (w.e.f. 7-9-2003).
3. Subs. by the Government of Meghalaya Notification No. DCA 31/72/11,
    dated the 14th June, 1973, Gazette of Meghalaya, Pt. VA, dated 23-6-1973, p. 200.
4. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1984, s. 4 (w.e.f. 1-4-1985).
5. The words "The Mizo District." omitted by the Government of Union Territories
    (Amendment) Act, 1971 (83 of 1971), s. 13 (w.e.f. 16-2-1972).
6. Ins. by the Mizoram District Councils (Miscellaneous Provisions) Order, 1972,
    published in the Mizoram Gazette, 1972, dated the 5th May, 1972, Vol. I, Pt. II,
    p.17 (w.e.f. 29-4-1972).
7. Subs. by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1988
    (67 of 1988), s. 2, for serial numbers 2 and 3 and the entries relating thereto
    (w.e.f. 16-12-1988).
8. Subs. by the North-Eastern Areas (Recognisation) Act, 1971 (81 of 1971), s. 71(i) and
    Eight Sch. for paragraph 20 (w.e.f. 21-1-1972) and further subs. by the Government
    of Union Territory (Amendment) Act, 1971 (83 of 1971), s. 13 for paragraph 20A
    (w.e.f. 16-2-1972).
306                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Sixth Schedule)

(2) The Administrator of the Union territory of Mizoram may, by one or
more orders, provide for all or any of the following matters, namely:—
      (a) the transfer, in whole or in part, of the assets, rights and liabilities
      of the Mizo District Council (including the rights and liabilities under
      any contract made by it) to the Union or to any other authority;
      (b) the substitution of the Union or any other authority for the Mizo
      District Council, or the addition of the Union or any other authority,
      as a party to any legal proceedings to which the Mizo District
      Council is a party;
      (c) the transfer or re-employment of any employees of the Mizo
      District Council to or by the Union or any other authority, the terms
      and conditions of service applicable to such employees after such
      transfer or re-employment;
      (d) the continuance of any laws, made by the Mizo District Council
      and in force immediately before its dissolution, subject to such
      adaptations and modifications, whether by way of repeal or
      amendment, as the Administrator may make in this behalf, until such
      laws are altered, repealed or amended by a competent Legislature or
      other competent authority;
      (e) such incidental, consequential and supplementary matters as the
      Administrator considers necessary.
Explanation.—In this paragraph and in paragraph 20B of this Schedule, the
expression "prescribed date" means the date on which the Legislative
Assembly of the Union territory of Mizoram is duly constituted under and in
accordance with the provisions of the Government of Union Territories Act,
1963. (20 of 1963)]
      1
        [20B. Autonomous regions in the Union territory of Mizoram to
be autonomous districts and transitory provisions consequent
thereto.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Schedule,—
      (a) every autonomous region existing immediately before the
      prescribed date in the Union territory of Mizoram shall, on and from
      that date, be an autonomous district in that Union territory (hereafter
      referred to as the corresponding new district) and the Administrator
      thereof may, by one or more orders, direct that such consequential
      amendments as are necessary to give effect to the provisions of this
      clause shall be made in paragraph 20 of this Schedule (including Part
      III of the table appended to that paragraph) and thereupon the said
      paragraph and the said Part III shall be deemed to have been amended
      accordingly;
___________________________________________________________
  1.    Sub. by the Government of Union Territory (Amendment) Act, 1971 (83 of
        1971), s. 13 for paragraph 20A (w.e.f. 16-2-1972).
307                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Sixth Schedule)

                (b) every Regional Council of an autonomous region in the
       Union territory of Mizoram existing immediately before the
       prescribed date (hereafter referred to as the existing Regional
       Council) shall, on and from that date and until a District Council is
       duly constituted for the corresponding new district, be deemed to be
       the District Council of that district (hereafter referred to as the
       corresponding new District Council).
       (2) Every member whether elected or nominated of an existing Regional
Council shall be deemed to have been elected or, as the case may be, nominated
to the corresponding new District Council and shall hold office until a District
Council is duly constituted for the corresponding new district under this
Schedule.
       (3) Until rules are made under sub-paragraph (7) of paragraph 2 and
sub-paragraph (4) of paragraph 4 of this Schedule by the corresponding new
District Council, the rules made under the said provisions by the existing
Regional Council and in force immediately before the prescribed date shall
have effect in relation to the corresponding new District Council subject to
such adaptations and modifications as may be made therein by the
Administrator of the Union territory of Mizoram.
       (4) The Administrator of the Union territory of Mizoram may, by
one or more orders, provide for all or any of the following matters,
namely:—
                (a) the transfer in whole or in part of the assets, rights and
       liabilities of the existing Regional Council (including the rights and
       liabilities under any contract made by it) to the corresponding new
       District Council;
             (b) the substitution of the corresponding new District Council
      for the existing Regional Council as a party to the legal proceedings
      to which the existing Regional Council is a party;
             (c) the transfer or re-employment of any employees of the
      existing Regional Council to or by the corresponding new District
      Council, the terms and conditions of service applicable to such
      employees after such transfer or re-employment;
308                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                     (Sixth Schedule)

               (d) the continuance of any laws made by the existing Regional
        Council and in force immediately before the prescribed date, subject
        to such adaptations and modifications, whether by way of repeal or
        amendment, as the Administrator may make in this behalf until such
        laws are altered, repealed or amended by a competent Legislature or
        other competent authority;
               (e) such incidental, consequential and supplementary matters
        as the Administrator considers necessary.]
       1
         [20BA. Exercise of discretionary powers by the Governor in the
discharge of his functions.—The Governor in the discharge of his
functions under sub-paragraphs (2) and (3) of paragraph 1, sub-paragraphs
(1), (6), sub-paragraph (6A) excluding the first proviso and sub-paragraph
(7) of paragraph 2, sub-paragraph (3) of paragraph 3, sub-paragraph (4) of
paragraph 4, paragraph 5, sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 6, sub-paragraph
(2) of paragraph 7, sub-paragraph (4) of paragraph 8, sub-paragraph (3) of
paragraph 9, sub-paragraph (3) of paragraph 10, sub-paragraph (1) of
paragraph 14, sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 15 and sub-paragraphs (1) and
(2) of paragraph 16 of this Schedule, shall, after consulting the Council of
Ministers and the North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council or the Karbi
Anglong Autonomous Council, as the case may be, take such action as he
considers necessary in his discretion.]
       2
         [20BB. Exercise of discretionary powers by the Governor in the
discharge of his functions.—The Governor, in the discharge of his
functions under sub-paragraphs (2) and (3) of paragraph 1, sub-paragraphs
(1) and (7) of paragraph 2, sub-paragraph (3) of paragraph 3, sub-paragraph
(4) of paragraph 4, paragraph 5, sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 6, sub-
paragraph (2) of paragraph 7, sub-paragraph (3) of paragraph 9, sub-
paragraph (1) of paragraph 14, sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 15 and sub-
paragraphs (1) and (2) of paragraph 16 of this Schedule, shall, after
consulting the Council of Ministers, and if he thinks it necessary, the
District Council or the Regional Council concerned, take such action as he
considers necessary in his discretion.]
______________________________________________
1. Paragraph 20BA has been inserted in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth
   Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1995 (42 of 1995), s. 2 (w.e.f. 12-9-1995).
2. Paragraph 20BB has been inserted in its application to the States of Tripura and Mizoram, by
   the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1988 (67 of 1988), s. 2
   (w.e.f. 16-12-1988).
309                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Sixth Schedule)
        1
         [20C. Interpretation.—Subject to any provision made in this
behalf, the provisions of this Schedule shall, in their application to the
Union territory of Mizoram, have effect—
               (1) as if references to the Governor and Government of the
       State were references to the Administrator of the Union territory
       appointed under article 239, references to State (except in the
       expression "Government of the State") were references to the Union
       territory of Mizoram and references to the State Legislature were
       references to the Legislative Assembly of the Union territory of
       Mizoram;
               (2) as if—
                       (a) in sub-paragraph (5) of paragraph 4, the provision
               for consultation with the Government of the State concerned
               had been omitted;
                       (b) in sub-paragraph (2) of paragraph 6, for the words
               "to which the executive power of the State extends", the words
               "with respect to which the Legislative Assembly of the Union
               territory of Mizoram has power to make laws" had been
               substituted;
                       (c) in paragraph 13, the words and figures "under article
               202" had been omitted.]
       21. Amendment of the Schedule.—(1) Parliament may from time to
time by law amend by way of addition, variation or repeal any of the
provisions of this Schedule and, when the Schedule is so amended, any
reference to this Schedule in this Constitution shall be construed as a
reference to such Schedule as so amended.
       (2) No such law as is mentioned in sub-paragraph (1) of this
paragraph shall be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for the
purposes of article 368.



___________________________________________________________
  1.   Sub. by the Government of Union Territories (Amendment) Act, 1971 (83 of
       1971), s. 13 for paragraph 20A (w.e.f. 16-2-1972).
                            SEVENTH SCHEDULE
                                    (Article 246)
                                List I—Union List
     1. Defence of India and every part thereof including preparation for
defence and all such acts as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution
and after its termination to effective demobilisation.
     2. Naval, military and air forces; any other armed forces of the Union.
     1
       [2A. Deployment of any armed force of the Union or any other force
subject to the control of the Union or any contingent or unit thereof in any State
in aid of the civil power; powers, jurisdiction, privileges and liabilities of the
members of such forces while on such deployment.]
     3. Delimitation of cantonment areas, local self-government in such areas,
the constitution and powers within such areas of cantonment authorities and the
regulation of house accommodation (including the control of rents) in such
areas.
     4. Naval, military and air force works.
     5. Arms, firearms, ammunition and explosives.
     6. Atomic energy and mineral resources necessary for its production.
     7. Industries declared by Parliament by law to be necessary for the
purpose of defence or for the prosecution of war.
     8. Central Bureau of Intelligence and Investigation.
     9. Preventive detention for reasons connected with Defence, Foreign
Affairs, or the security of India; persons subjected to such detention.
     10. Foreign affairs; all matters which bring the Union into relation with
any foreign country.
     11. Diplomatic, consular and trade representation.
     12. United Nations Organisation.
     13. Participation in international conferences, associations and other
bodies and implementing of decisions made thereat.
     14. Entering into treaties and agreements with foreign countries and
implementing of treaties, agreements and conventions with foreign countries.

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 57 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
                                          310
311                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Seventh Schedule)

     15. War and peace.
     16. Foreign jurisdiction.
     17. Citizenship, naturalisation and aliens.
     18. Extradition.
     19. Admission into, and emigration and expulsion from, India; passports
and visas.
     20. Pilgrimages to places outside India.
     21. Piracies and crimes committed on the high seas or in the air; offences
against the law of nations committed on land or the high seas or in the air.
     22. Railways.
     23. Highways declared by or under law made by Parliament to be national
highways.
     24. Shipping and navigation on inland waterways, declared by Parliament
by law to be national waterways, as regards mechanically propelled vessels; the
rule of the road on such waterways.
     25. Maritime shipping and navigation, including shipping and navigation
on tidal waters; provision of education and training for the mercantile marine
and regulation of such education and training provided by States and other
agencies.
     26. Lighthouses, including lightships, beacons and other provision for the
safety of shipping and aircraft.
     27. Ports declared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to
be major ports, including their delimitation, and the constitution and powers of
port authorities therein.
    28. Port quarantine, including hospitals connected therewith; seamen's and
marine hospitals.
      29. Airways; aircraft and air navigation; provision of aerodromes;
regulation and organisation of air traffic and of aerodromes; provision for
aeronautical education and training and regulation of such education and
training provided by States and other agencies.
      30. Carriage of passengers and goods by railway, sea or air, or by national
waterways in mechanically propelled vessels.
312                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Seventh Schedule)

     31. Posts and telegraphs; telephones, wireless, broadcasting and other like
forms of communication.
     32. Property of the Union and the revenue therefrom, but as regards
property situated in a State 1*** subject to legislation by the State, save in so
far as Parliament by law otherwise provides.
     2
       [33*                 *              *                 *               *]
     34. Courts of wards for the estates of Rulers of Indian States.
     35. Public debt of the Union.
     36. Currency, coinage and legal tender; foreign exchange.
     37. Foreign loans.
     38. Reserve Bank of India.
     39. Post Office Savings Bank.
     40. Lotteries organised by the Government of India or the Government of
a State.
     41. Trade and commerce with foreign countries; import and export across
customs frontiers; definition of customs frontiers.
     42. Inter-State trade and commerce.
     43. Incorporation, regulation and winding up of trading corporations,
including banking, insurance and financial corporations, but not including
co-operative societies.
     44. Incorporation, regulation and winding up of corporations, whether
trading or not, with objects not confined to one State, but not including
universities.
     45. Banking.
     46. Bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes and other like
instruments.
     47. Insurance.
     48. Stock exchanges and futures markets.
     49. Patents, inventions and designs; copyright; trade-marks and merchandise
marks.

______________________________________________
1. The words and letters "specified in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule" omitted by
   the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Entry 33 omitted by s. 26, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
313                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Seventh Schedule)

      50. Establishment of standards of weight and measure.
      51. Establishment of standards of quality for goods to be exported out of
India or transported from one State to another.
      52. Industries, the control of which by the Union is declared by Parliament
by law to be expedient in the public interest.
      53. Regulation and development of oilfields and mineral oil resources;
petroleum and petroleum products; other liquids and substances declared by
Parliament by law to be dangerously inflammable.
      54. Regulation of mines and mineral development to the extent to which
such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by
Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest.
      55. Regulation of labour and safety in mines and oilfields.
      56. Regulation and development of inter-State rivers and river valleys to
the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of the
Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest.
      57. Fishing and fisheries beyond territorial waters.
      58. Manufacture, supply and distribution of salt by Union agencies;
regulation and control of manufacture, supply and distribution of salt by other
agencies.
      59. Cultivation, manufacture, and sale for export, of opium.
      60. Sanctioning of cinematograph films for exhibition.
      61. Industrial disputes concerning Union employees.
      62. The institutions known at the commencement of this Constitution as
the National Library, the Indian Museum, the Imperial War Museum, the
Victoria Memorial and the Indian War Memorial, and any other like institution
financed by the Government of India wholly or in part and declared by
Parliament by law to be an institution of national importance.
      63. The institutions known at the commencement of this Constitution as the
Benares Hindu University, the Aligarh Muslim University and the 1[Delhi
University; the University established in pursuance of article 371E;] any other
institution declared by Parliament by law to be an institution of national importance.


______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Thirty-second Amendment) Act, 1973, s. 4, for "Delhi
   University and" (w.e.f. 1-7-1974).
314                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Seventh Schedule)

      64. Institutions for scientific or technical education financed by the
Government of India wholly or in part and declared by Parliament by law to be
institutions of national importance.
      65. Union agencies and institutions for—
              (a) professional, vocational or technical training, including the
        training of police officers; or
              (b) the promotion of special studies or research; or
              (c) scientific or technical assistance in the investigation or detection
        of crime.
      66. Co-ordination and determination of standards in institutions for higher
education or research and scientific and technical institutions.
      67. Ancient and historical monuments and records, and archaeological
sites and remains, 1[declared by or under law made by Parliament] to be of
national importance.
      68. The Survey of India, the Geological, Botanical, Zoological and
Anthropological Surveys of India; Meteorological organisations.
      69. Census.
      70. Union Public Service; All-India Services; Union Public Service
Commission.
      71. Union pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the Government of
India or out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
      72. Elections to Parliament, to the Legislatures of States and to the offices
of President and Vice-President; the Election Commission.
      73. Salaries and allowances of members of Parliament, the Chairman and
Deputy Chairman of the Council of States and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker
of the House of the People.
      74. Powers, privileges and immunities of each House of Parliament and of
the members and the Committees of each House; enforcement of attendance of
persons for giving evidence or producing documents before committees of
Parliament or commissions appointed by Parliament.
      75. Emoluments, allowances, privileges, and rights in respect of leave
of absence, of the President and Governors; salaries and allowances of
the Ministers for the Union; the salaries, allowances, and rights in respect of
leave of absence and other conditions of service of the Comptroller and
Auditor-General of India.
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 27, for "declared by
   Parliament by law" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
315                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Seventh Schedule)

      76. Audit of the accounts of the Union and of the States.
      77. Constitution, organisation, jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme
Court (including contempt of such Court), and the fees taken therein; persons
entitled to practise before the Supreme Court.
      78. Constitution and organisation 1[(including vacations)] of the High
Courts except provisions as to officers and servants of High Courts; persons
entitled to practise before the High Courts.
      2
        [79. Extension of the jurisdiction of a High Court to, and exclusion of the
jurisdiction of a High Court from, any Union territory.]
      80. Extension of the powers and jurisdiction of members of a police force
belonging to any State to any area outside that State, but not so as to enable the
police of one State to exercise powers and jurisdiction in any area outside that
State without the consent of the Government of the State in which such area is
situated; extension of the powers and jurisdiction of members of a police force
belonging to any State to railway areas outside that State.
      81. Inter-State migration; inter-State quarantine.
      82. Taxes on income other than agricultural income.
      83. Duties of customs including export duties.
      3
        [84. Duties of excise on the following goods manufactured or produced in
India, namely:—
            (a) petroleum crude;
            (b) high speed diesel;
            (c) motor spirit (commonly known as petrol);
            (d) natural gas;
            (e) aviation turbine fuel; and
            (f) tobacco and tobacco products.]
      85. Corporation tax.


______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 12 (with retrospective
   effect).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. for entry 79
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Subs. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 17(a)(i)
   for entry 84 (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
316                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Seventh Schedule)

     86. Taxes on the capital value of the assets, exclusive of agricultural land,
of individuals and companies; taxes on the capital of companies.
     87. Estate duty in respect of property other than agricultural land.
     88. Duties in respect of succession to property other than agricultural land.
     89. Terminal taxes on goods or passengers, carried by railway, sea or air;
taxes on railway fares and freights.
     90. Taxes other than stamp duties on transactions in stock exchanges and
futures markets.
     91. Rates of stamp duty in respect of bills of exchange, cheques,
promissory notes, bills of lading, letters of credit, policies of insurance, transfer
of shares, debentures, proxies and receipts.
     1
       [92. *           *             *            *            *             *]
     2
       [92A. Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers,
where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter-State trade or
commerce.]
     3
       [92B. Taxes on the consignments of goods (whether the consignment is to
the person making it or to any other person), where such consignment takes
place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.]
     4
       [92C. *            *             *            *             *            *]
     93. Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this List.
     94. Inquires, surveys and statistics for the purpose of any of the matters in
this List.
     95. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with
respect to any of the matters in this List; admiralty jurisdiction.
     96. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees
taken in any court.
     97. Any other matter not enumerated in List II or List III including any tax
not mentioned in either of those Lists.
______________________________________________
1. Entry 92 omitted by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016,
   s. 17(a)(ii) (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 2 (w.e.f. 11-9-1956).
3. Ins.by the Constitution (Forty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1982, s. 5 (w.e.f. 2-2-1983).
4. Entry 92C was ins. by the Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 4
   (which was not enforced) and omitted by the Constitution (One Hundred and First
   Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 17(a)(ii) (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
317                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Seventh Schedule)

                                List II—State List
     1. Public order (but not including 1[the use of any naval, military or air
force or any other armed force of the Union or of any other force subject to the
control of the Union or of any contingent or unit thereof] in aid of the civil
power).
     2
       [2. Police (including railway and village police) subject to the provisions
of entry 2A of List I.]
     3. 3*** Officers and servants of the High Court; procedure in rent and
revenue courts; fees taken in all courts except the Supreme Court.
     4. Prisons, reformatories, Borstal institutions and other institutions of a
like nature, and persons detained therein; arrangements with other States for the
use of prisons and other institutions.
     5. Local government, that is to say, the constitution and powers of
municipal corporations, improvement trusts, districts boards, mining settlement
authorities and other local authorities for the purpose of local self-government
or village administration.
     6. Public health and sanitation; hospitals and dispensaries.
     7. Pilgrimages, other than pilgrimages to places outside India.
     8. Intoxicating liquors, that is to say, the production, manufacture,
possession, transport, purchase and sale of intoxicating liquors.
     9. Relief of the disabled and unemployable.
     10. Burials and burial grounds; cremations and cremation grounds.
     4
       [11*            *                *               *                *]
     12. Libraries, museums and other similar institutions controlled or
financed by the State; ancient and historical monuments and records other than
those 5[declared by or under law made by Parliament] to be of national
importance.


______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 57, for certain
   words (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. Subs. by s. 57, for entry 2, ibid. (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
3. Certain words omitted by s. 57, ibid. (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
4. Entry 11 omitted by s. 57, ibid. (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
5. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 27, for "declared by
   Parliament by law" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
318                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Seventh Schedule)

      13. Communications, that is to say, roads, bridges, ferries, and other
means of communication not specified in List I; municipal tramways;
ropeways; inland waterways and traffic thereon subject to the provisions of List
I and List III with regard to such waterways; vehicles other than mechanically
propelled vehicles.
      14. Agriculture, including agricultural education and research, protection
against pests and prevention of plant diseases.
      15. Preservation, protection and improvement of stock and prevention of
animal diseases; veterinary training and practice.
      16. Pounds and the prevention of cattle trespass.
      17. Water, that is to say, water supplies, irrigation and canals, drainage
and embankments, water storage and water power subject to the provisions of
entry 56 of List I.
      18. Land, that is to say, rights in or over land, land tenures including the
relation of landlord and tenant, and the collection of rents; transfer and
alienation of agricultural land; land improvement and agricultural loans;
colonization.
      1
        [19*          *               *                  *               *
      20*             *               *                  *               *]
      21. Fisheries.
      22. Courts of wards subject to the provisions of entry 34 of List I;
encumbered and attached estates.
      23. Regulation of mines and mineral development subject to the
provisions of List I with respect to regulation and development under the
control of the Union.
      24. Industries subject to the provisions of 2[entries 7 and 52] of List I.
      25. Gas and gas-works.
      26. Trade and commerce within the State subject to the provisions of entry
33 of List III.


______________________________________________
1. Entries 19 and 20 omitted by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976,
   s. 57 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 28 for entry 52
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
319                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Seventh Schedule)

     27. Production, supply and distribution of goods subject to the provisions
of entry 33 of List III.
     28. Markets and fairs.
     1
       [29*              *               *                *               *]
     30. Money-lending and money-lenders; relief of agricultural indebtedness.
     31. Inns and inn-keepers.
     32. Incorporation, regulation and winding up of corporations, other than
those specified in List I, and universities; unincorporated trading, literary,
scientific, religious and other societies and associations; co-operative societies.
     33. Theatres and dramatic performances; cinemas subject to the provisions
of entry 60 of List I; sports, entertainments and amusements.
     34. Betting and gambling.
     35. Works, lands and buildings vested in or in the possession of the State.
     2
       [36*              *               *                *               *]
     37. Elections to the Legislature of the State subject to the provisions of
any law made by Parliament.
     38. Salaries and allowances of members of the Legislature of the State, of
the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and, if there is a
Legislative Council, of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman thereof.
     39. Powers, privileges and immunities of the Legislative Assembly and of
the members and the committees thereof, and, if there is a Legislative Council,
of that Council and of the members and the committees thereof; enforcement of
attendance of persons for giving evidence or producing documents before
committees of the Legislature of the State.
     40. Salaries and allowances of Ministers for the State.
     41. State public services; State Public Service Commission.
     42. State pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the State or out of
the Consolidated Fund of the State.
     43. Public debt of the State.
     44. Treasure trove.
______________________________________________
1. Entry 29 omitted by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 57
   (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. Entry 36 omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 26
   (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
320                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Seventh Schedule)

     45. Land revenue, including the assessment and collection of revenue, the
maintenance of land records, survey for revenue purposes and records of rights,
and alienation of revenues.
     46. Taxes on agricultural income.
     47. Duties in respect of succession to agricultural land.
     48. Estate duty in respect of agricultural land.
     49. Taxes on lands and buildings.
     50. Taxes on mineral rights subject to any limitations imposed by
Parliament by law relating to mineral development.
     51. Duties of excise on the following goods manufactured or produced in
the State and countervailing duties at the same or lower rates on similar goods
manufactured or produced elsewhere in India:—
           (a) alcoholic liquors for human consumption;
           (b) opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics,
but not including medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any
substance included in sub-paragraph (b) of this entry.
     1
       [52. *           *             *           *            *          *]
     53. Taxes on the consumption or sale of electricity.
     2
       [54. Taxes on the sale of petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit
(commonly known as petrol), natural gas, aviation turbine fuel and alcoholic
liquor for human consumption, but not including sale in the course of
inter-State trade or commerce or sale in the course of international trade or
commerce of such goods.]
     3
       [55. *           *             *           *            *          *]
     56. Taxes on goods and passengers carried by road or on inland
waterways.


______________________________________________
1. Entry 52 omitted by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016,
   s. 17(b)(i) (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 2 (w.e.f. 11-9-1956) and
   further subs. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016,
   s. 17(b)(ii) (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
3. Entry 55 omitted by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016,
   s. 17(b)(iii) (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
321                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Seventh Schedule)

     57. Taxes on vehicles, whether mechanically propelled or not, suitable for
use on roads, including tramcars subject to the provisions of entry 35 of List III.
     58. Taxes on animals and boats.
     59. Tolls.
     60. Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.
     61. Capitation taxes.
     1
       [62. Taxes on entertainments and amusements to the extent levied and
collected by a Panchayat or a Municipality or a Regional Council or a District
Council.]
     63. Rates of stamp duty in respect of documents other than those specified
in the provisions of List I with regard to rates of stamp duty.
     64. Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this List.
     65. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with
respect to any of the matters in this List.
     66. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees
taken in any court.
                            List III—Concurrent List
      1. Criminal law, including all matters included in the Indian Penal Code
at the commencement of this Constitution but excluding offences against laws
with respect to any of the matters specified in List I or List II and excluding the
use of naval, military or air forces or any other armed forces of the Union in aid
of the civil power.
      2. Criminal procedure, including all matters included in the Code of
Criminal Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution.
      3. Preventive detention for reasons connected with the security of a State,
the maintenance of public order, or the maintenance of supplies and services
essential to the community; persons subjected to such detention.
      4. Removal from one State to another State of prisoners, accused persons
and persons subjected to preventive detention for reasons specified in entry 3 of
this List.

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 17(b)(iv),
   for entry 62 (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
322                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Seventh Schedule)

      5. Marriage and divorce; infants and minors; adoption; wills, intestacy
and succession; joint family and partition; all matters in respect of which
parties in judicial proceedings were immediately before the commencement of
this Constitution subject to their personal law.
      6. Transfer of property other than agricultural land; registration of deeds
and documents.
      7. Contracts, including partnership, agency, contracts of carriage, and
other special forms of contracts, but not including contracts relating to
agricultural land.
      8. Actionable wrongs.
      9. Bankruptcy and insolvency.
     10. Trust and Trustees.
     11. Administrators-general and official trustees.
     1
       [11A. Administration of Justice; constitution and organisation of all
courts, except the Supreme Court and the High Courts.]
     12. Evidence and oaths; recognition of laws, public acts and records, and
judicial proceedings.
     13. Civil procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Civil
Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution, limitation and arbitration.
     14. Contempt of court, but not including contempt of the Supreme Court.
     15. Vagrancy; nomadic and migratory tribes.
     16. Lunacy and mental deficiency, including places for the reception or
treatment of lunatics and mental deficients.
     17. Prevention of cruelty to animals.
     1
       [17A. Forests.
     17B. Protection of wild animals and birds.]
     18. Adulteration of foodstuffs and other goods.
     19. Drugs and poisons, subject to the provisions of entry 59 of List I with
respect to opium.
     20. Economic and social planning.
     1
       [20A. Population control and family planning.]
______________________________________________
1. Entries 11A, 17A, 17B and 20A ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment)
   Act, 1976, s. 57 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
323                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Seventh Schedule)

     21. Commercial and industrial monopolies, combines and trusts.
     22. Trade unions; industrial and labour disputes.
     23. Social security and social insurance; employment and unemployment.
     24. Welfare of labour including conditions of work, provident funds,
employers' liability, workmen's compensation, invalidity and old age pensions
and maternity benefits.
     1
       [25. Education, including technical education, medical education and
universities, subject to the provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I;
vocational and technical training of labour.]
     26. Legal, medical and other professions.
     27. Relief and rehabilitation of persons displaced from their original place
of residence by reason of the setting up of the Dominions of India and Pakistan.
     28. Charities and charitable institutions, charitable and religious
endowments and religious institutions.
     29. Prevention of the extension from one State to another of infectious or
contagious diseases or pests affecting men, animals or plants.
     30. Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths.
     31. Ports other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament or
existing law to be major ports.
     32. Shipping and navigation on inland waterways as regards mechanically
propelled vessels, and the rule of the road on such waterways, and the carriage
of passengers and goods on inland waterways subject to the provisions of List I
with respect to national waterways.
     2
       [33. Trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution
of,—
              (a) the products of any industry where the control of such industry
         by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the
         public interest, and imported goods of the same kind as such products;
              (b) foodstuffs, including edible oilseeds and oils;
              (c) cattle fodder, including oilcakes and other concentrates;
              (d) raw cotton, whether ginned or unginned, and cotton seed; and
              (e) raw jute.]

______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 57 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Third Amendment) Act, 1954, s. 2 for entry 33
   (w.e.f. 22-2-1955).
324                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Seventh Schedule)
      1
     [33A. Weights and measures except establishment of standards.]
     34. Price control.
     35. Mechanically propelled vehicles including the principles on which
taxes on such vehicles are to be levied.
     36. Factories
     37. Boilers.
     38. Electricity.
     39. Newspapers, books and printing presses.
     40. Archaeological sites and remains other than those 2[declared by or
under law made by Parliament] to be of national importance.
     41. Custody, management and disposal of property (including agricultural
land) declared by law to be evacuee property.
     3
       [42. Acquisition and requisitioning of property.]
     43. Recovery in a State of claims in respect of taxes and other public
demands, including arrears of land-revenue and sums recoverable as such
arrears, arising outside that State.
     44. Stamp duties other than duties or fees collected by means of judicial
stamps, but not including rates of stamp duty.
     45. Inquiries and statistics for the purposes of any of the matters specified
in List II or List III.
     46. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with
respect to any of the matters in this List.
     47. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees
taken in any court.




______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 57 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 27, for "declared by
    Parliament by law" (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Subs. by s. 26, ibid. for entry 42 (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
                               EIGHTH SCHEDULE
                              [Articles 344(1) and 351]
                                     Languages

       1. Assamese.
       2. Bengali.
       1
         [3. Bodo.
       4. Dogri.]
       2
         [5.] Gujarati.
       3
         [6.] Hindi.
       3
         [7.] Kannada.
       3
         [8.] Kashmiri.
       4 3
         [ [9.] Konkani.]
       1
         [10. Maithili.]
       5
         [11.] Malayalam.
       4 6
         [ [12.] Manipuri.]
       6
         [13.] Marathi.
       4 6
         [ [14.] Nepali.]
       6
         [15.] 7[Odia].
       6
         [16.] Punjabi.
       6
         [17.] Sanskrit.

______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Ninety-second Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 2 (w.e.f. 7-1-2004).
2. Entry 3 renumbered as entry 5 by s. 2, ibid. (w.e.f. 7-1-2004).
3. Entries 4 to 7 renumbered as entries 6 to 9 by s. 2, ibid. (w.e.f. 7-1-2004).
4. Ins. by the Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992, s. 2 (w.e.f. 31-8-1992).
5. Entry 8 renumbered as entry 11 by the Constitution (Ninety-second Amendment) Act,
   2003, s. 2 (w.e.f. 7-1-2004).
6. Entries 9 to 14 renumbered as entries 12 to 17 by s. 2, ibid. (w.e.f. 7-1-2004).
7. Subs. by the Constitution (Ninety-sixth Amendment) Act, 2011, s. 2, for "Oriya"
   (w.e.f. 23-9-2011).


                                          325
326                       THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                    (Eighth Schedule)
       1
           [18. Santhali.]
       2 3
           [ [19.] Sindhi.]
       4
           [20.] Tamil.
       4
           [21.] Telugu.
        4
           [22.] Urdu.




______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (Ninety-second Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 2 (w.e.f. 7-1-2004).
2. Added by the Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967, s. 2 (w.e.f. 10-4-1967).
3. Entry 15 renumbered as entry 19 by the Constitution (Ninety-second Amendment)
   Act, 2003, s. 2 (w.e.f. 7-1-2004).
4. Entries 16 to 18 renumbered as entries 20 to 22 by s. 2, ibid. (w.e.f. 7-1-2004).
                              1
                                [NINTH SCHEDULE
                                   (Article 31B)
    1. The Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950 (Bihar Act XXX of 1950).
    2. The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948. (Bombay Act
LXVII of 1948).
    3. The Bombay Maleki Tenure Abolition Act, 1949 (Bombay Act LXI of 1949).
    4. The Bombay Taluqdari Tenure Abolition Act, 1949. (Bombay Act LXII
of 1949).
    5. The Panch Mahals Mehwassi Tenure Abolition Act, 1949. (Bombay Act
LXIII of 1949).
    6. The Bombay Khoti Abolition Act, 1950 (Bombay Act VI of 1950).
    7. The Bombay Paragana and Kulkarni Watan Abolition Act, 1950.
(Bombay Act LX of 1950).
    8. The Madhya Pradesh Abolition of Proprietary Rights (Estates, Mahals,
Alienated Lands) Act, 1950 (Madhya Pradesh Act I of 1951).
    9. The Madras Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1948
(Madras Act XXVI of 1948).
    10. The Madras Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari)
Amendment Act, 1950 (Madras Act I of 1950).
    11. The Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950
(Uttar Pradesh Act I of 1951).
    12. The Hyderabad (Abolition of Jagirs) Regulation, 1358F (No. LXIX of
1358, Fasli).
    13. The Hyderabad Jagirs (Commutation) Regulation, 1359F (No. XXV of
1359, Fasli).]
    2
      [14. The Bihar Displaced Persons Rehabilitation (Acquisition of Land)
Act, 1950 (Bihar Act XXXVIII of 1950).
    15. The United Provinces Land Acquisition (Rehabilitation of Refugees)
Act, 1948 (U.P. Act XXVI of 1948).
    16. The Resettlement of Displaced Persons (Land Acquisition) Act, 1948
(Act LX of 1948).
    17. Sections 52A to 52G of the Insurance Act, 1938 (Act IV of 1938), as inserted
by section 42 of the Insurance (Amendment) Act, 1950 (Act XLVII of 1950).
    18. The Railway Companies (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1951 (Act LI of 1951).

______________________________________________
1. Ninth Schedule (entries 1 to 13) added by the Constitution (First Amendment)
   Act, 1951, s. 14 (w.e.f. 18-6-1951).
2. Ninth Schedule (entries 14 to 20) added by the Constitution (Fourth Amendment)
   Act, 1955, s. 5 (w.e.f. 27-4-1955).
                                         327
328                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                   (Ninth Schedule)

    19. Chapter III-A of the Industries (Development and Regulation)
Act, 1951 (Act LXV of 1951), as inserted by section 13 of the Industries
(Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 1953 (Act XXVI of 1953).
    20. The West Bengal Land Development and Planning Act, 1948
(West Bengal Act XXI of 1948), as amended by West Bengal Act XXIX of
1951.]
    1
      [21. The Andhra Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Act, 1961
(Andhra Pradesh Act X of 1961).
    22. The Andhra Pradesh (Telangana Area) Tenancy and Agricultural Lands
(Validation) Act, 1961 (Andhra Pradesh Act XXI of 1961).
    23. The Andhra Pradesh (Telangana Area) Ijara and Kowli Land
Cancellation of Irregular Pattas and Abolition of Concessional Assessment
Act, 1961 (Andhra Pradesh Act XXXVI of 1961).
    24. The Assam State Acquisition of Lands belonging to Religious or
Charitable Institution of Public Nature Act, 1959 (Assam Act IX of 1961).
    25. The Bihar Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1953 (Bihar Act XX of 1954).
    26. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of
Surplus Land) Act, 1961 (Bihar Act XII of 1962), except section 28 of this Act.
    27. The Bombay Taluqdari Tenure Abolition (Amendment) Act, 1954
(Bombay Act I of 1955).
    28. The Bombay Taluqdari Tenure Abolition (Amendment) Act, 1957
(Bombay Act XVIII of 1958).
    29. The Bombay Inams (Kutch Area) Abolition Act, 1958 (Bombay
Act XCVIII of 1958).
    30. The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Gujarat Amendment)
Act, 1960 (Gujarat Act XVI of 1960).
    31. The Gujarat Agricultural Lands Ceiling Act, 1960 (Gujarat Act XXVI
of 1961).
    32. The Sagbara and Mehwassi Estates (Proprietary Rights Abolition, etc.)
Regulation, 1962 (Gujarat Regulation I of 1962).


______________________________________________
1. Entries 21 to 64 and Explanation added by the Constitution (Seventeenth Amendment)
Act, 1964, s. 3 (w.e.f. 20-6-1964).
329                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Ninth Schedule)

    33. The Gujarat Surviving Alienations Abolition Act, 1963 (Gujarat Act
XXXIII of 1963), except in so far as this Act relates to an alienation referred to
in sub-clause (d) of clause (3) of section 2 thereof.
    34. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) Act, 1961
(Maharashtra Act XXVII of 1961).
    35. The Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Re-enactment, Validation
and Further Amendment) Act, 1961 (Maharashtra Act XLV of 1961).
    36. The Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1950
(Hyderabad Act XXI of 1950).
    37. The Jenmikaram Payment (Abolition) Act, 1960 (Kerala Act III of 1961).
    38. The Kerala Land Tax Act, 1961 (Kerala Act XIII of 1961).
    39. The Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963 (Kerala Act I of 1964).
    40. The Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code, 1959 (Madhya Pradesh
Act XX of 1959).
    41. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Act, 1960
(Madhya Pradesh Act XX of 1960).
    42. The Madras Cultivating Tenants Protection Act, 1955
(Madras Act XXV of 1955).
    43. The Madras Cultivating Tenants (Payment of Fair Rent) Act, 1956
(Madras Act XXIV of 1956).
    44. The Madras Occupants of Kudiyiruppu (Protection from Eviction)
Act, 1961 (Madras Act XXXVIII of 1961).
    45. The Madras Public Trusts (Regulation of Administration of
Agricultural Lands) Act, 1961 (Madras Act LVII of 1961).
    46. The Madras Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Act, 1961
(Madras Act LVIII of 1961).
    47. The Mysore Tenancy Act, 1952 (Mysore Act XIII of 1952).
    48. The Coorg Tenants Act, 1957 (Mysore Act XIV of 1957).
    49. The Mysore Village Offices Abolition Act, 1961 (Mysore Act XIV of 1961).
    50. The Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Validation) Act, 1961
(Mysore Act XXXVI of 1961).
    51. The Mysore Land Reforms Act, 1961 (Mysore Act X of 1962).
330                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                    (Ninth Schedule)

    52. The Orissa Land Reforms Act, 1960 (Orissa Act XVI of 1960).
    53. The Orissa Merged Territories (Village Offices Abolition) Act, 1963
(Orissa Act X of 1963).
    54. The Punjab Security of Land Tenures Act, 1953 (Punjab Act X of 1953).
    55. The Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955 (Rajasthan Act III of 1955).
    56. The Rajasthan Zamindari and Biswedari Abolition Act, 1959
(Rajasthan Act VIII of 1959).
    57. The Kumaun and Uttarakhand Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms
Act, 1960 (Uttar Pradesh Act XVII of 1960).
    58. The Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1960
(Uttar Pradesh Act I of 1961).
    59. The West Bengal Estates Acquisition Act, 1953 (West Bengal Act I of 1954).
    60. The West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955 (West Bengal Act X of 1956).
    61. The Delhi Land Reforms Act, 1954 (Delhi Act VIII of 1954).
    62. The Delhi Land Holdings (Ceiling) Act, 1960 (Central Act 24 of 1960).
    63. The Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960
(Central Act 33 of 1960).
    64. The Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960
(Central Act 43 of 1960).
    1
      [65.   The Kerala       Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1969
(Kerala Act 35 of 1969).
    66.    The     Kerala    Land     Reforms       (Amendment)     Act,      1971
(Kerala Act 25 of 1971).]
    2
      [67. The Andhra Pradesh Land Reforms (Ceiling on Agricultural
Holdings) Act, 1973 (Andhra Pradesh Act 1 of 1973).
    68. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of
Surplus Land) (Amendment) Act, 1972 (Bihar Act I of 1973).


______________________________________________
1. Entries 65 and 66 ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1972, s. 2
(w.e.f. 9-6-1972).
2. Entries 67 and 86 ins.. by the Constitution (Thirty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1974, s. 2
(w.e.f. 7-9-1974).
331                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Ninth Schedule)

    69. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of
Surplus Land) (Amendment) Act, 1973 (Bihar Act IX of 1973).
    70. The Bihar Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1972 (Bihar Act V of
1972).
    71. The Gujarat Agricultural Lands Ceiling (Amendment) Act, 1972
(Gujarat Act 2 of 1974).
    72. The Haryana Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1972 (Haryana Act 26 of 1972).
    73. The Himachal Pradesh Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1972 (Himachal
Pradesh Act 19 of 1973).
    74. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1972 (Kerala Act 17 of 1972).
    75. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment)
Act, 1972 (Madhya Pradesh Act 12 of 1974).
    76. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Second
Amendment) Act, 1972 (Madhya Pradesh Act 13 of 1974).
    77. The Mysore Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1973
(Karnataka Act 1 of 1974).
    78. The Punjab Land Reforms Act, 1972 (Punjab Act 10 of 1973).
    79. The Rajasthan Imposition of Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Act,
1973 (Rajasthan Act 11 of 1973).
    80. The Gudalur Janmam Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari)
Act, 1969 (Tamil Nadu Act 24 of 1969).
    81. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1972 (West
Bengal Act XII of 1972).
    82. The West Bengal Estates Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1964 (West
Bengal Act XXII of 1964).
    83. The West Bengal Estates Acquisition (Second Amendment) Act, 1973
(West Bengal Act XXXIII of 1973).
    84. The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Gujarat Amendment)
Act, 1972 (Gujarat Act 5 of 1973).
    85. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1974 (Orissa Act 9 of
1974).
    86. The Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms (Second Amendment)
Act, 1974 (Tripura Act 7 of 1974).]
332                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                   (Ninth Schedule)

      1 2
      [ 87*             *               *             *                *]
    88. The Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 (Central Act
65 of 1951).
    89. The Requisitioning and Acquisition of Immovable Property Act, 1952
(Central Act 30 of 1952).
    90. The Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957
(Central Act 67 of 1957).
      91. The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (Central
Act 54 of 1969).
    2
      [92*           *              *               *              *]
    93. The Coking Coal Mines (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1971 (Central
Act 64 of 1971).
    94. The Coking Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1972 (Central Act 36 of
1972).
    95. The General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act, 1972 (Central
Act 57 of 1972).
    96. The Indian Copper Corporation (Acquisition of Undertaking) Act, 1972
(Central Act 58 of 1972).
    97. The Sick Textile Undertakings (Taking Over of Management) Act,
1972 (Central Act 72 of 1972).
    98. The Coal Mines (Taking Over of Management) Act, 1973 (Central Act
15 of 1973).
    99. The Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1973 (Central Act 26 of 1973).
       100. The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 (Central Act 46 of
1973).
    101. The Alcock Ashdown Company Limited (Acquisition of Under-
takings) Act, 1973 (Central Act 56 of 1973).

______________________________________________
1. Entries 87 to 124 ins. by the Constitution (Thirty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 5
   (w.e.f. 10-8-1975).
2. Entries 87 and 92 omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978,
   s. 44 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
   Rep. by the Competition Act, 2002 (12 of 2003) s. 66 (w.e.f. 1-9-2009).
  Rep. by the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (42 of 1999), s. 49 (w.e.f. 1-6-2000).
333                THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Ninth Schedule)

    102. The Coal Mines (Conservation and Development) Act, 1974 (Central
Act 28 of 1974).
    103. The Additional Emoluments (Compulsory Deposit) Act, 1974 (Central
Act 37 of 1974).
   104. The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling
Activities Act, 1974 (Central Act 52 of 1974).
    105. The Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act, 1974 (Central
Act 57 of 1974).
   106. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling         on   Holdings)
(Amendment) Act, 1964 (Maharashtra Act XVI of 1965).
   107. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings)
(Amendment) Act, 1965 (Maharashtra Act XXXII of 1965).
   108. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings)
(Amendment) Act, 1968 (Maharashtra Act XVI of 1968).
  109. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Second
Amendment) Act, 1968 (Maharashtra Act XXXIII of 1968).
   110. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings)
(Amendment) Act, 1969 (Maharashtra Act XXXVII of 1969).
  111. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Second
Amendment) Act, 1969 (Maharashtra Act XXXVIII of 1969).
   112. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling         on   Holdings)
(Amendment) Act, 1970 (Maharashtra Act XXVII of 1970).
   113. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling         on   Holdings)
(Amendment) Act, 1972 (Maharashtra Act XIII of 1972).
   114. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings)
(Amendment) Act, 1973 (Maharashtra Act L of 1973).
   115. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1965 (Orissa Act 13 of
1965).
   116. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1966 (Orissa Act 8 of
1967).
   117. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1967 (Orissa Act 13 of
1967).
334                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Ninth Schedule)

    118. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1969 (Orissa Act 13 of
1969).
    119. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1970 (Orissa Act 18 of
1970).
    120. The Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings
(Amendment) Act, 1972 (Uttar Pradesh Act 18 of 1973).
    121. The Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings
(Amendment) Act, 1974 (Uttar Pradesh Act 2 of 1975).
    122. The Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms (Third Amendment)
Act, 1975 (Tripura Act 3 of 1975).
    123.The Dadra and Nagar Haveli Land Reforms Regulation, 1971 (3 of 1971).
    124. The Dadra and Nagar Haveli Land Reforms (Amendment)
Regulation, 1973 (5 of 1973).]
    1
      [125. Section 66A and Chapter IVA of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939
(Central Act 4 of 1939).
    126. The Essential Commodities Act, 1955 (Central Act 10 of 1955).
    127. The Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of
Property) Act, 1976 (Central Act 13 of 1976).
    128. The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976 (Central Act 19 of
1976).
    129. The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling
Activities (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Central Act 20 of 1976).
      2
     130*             *                 *              *            *
    131. The Levy Sugar Price Equalisation Fund Act, 1976 (Central Act 31 of
1976).
    132. The Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976 (Central Act 33
of 1976).

______________________________________________
1. Entries 125 to 188 ins. by the Constitution (Fortieth Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 3
   (w.e.f. 27-5-1976).
  See now the relevant provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988).
2. Entry 130 omitted by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 44
   (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
335                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Ninth Schedule)

    133. The Departmentalisation of Union Accounts (Transfer of Personnel)
Act, 1976 (Central Act 59 of 1976).
    134. The Assam Fixation of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1956 (Assam
Act I of 1957).
    135. The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Vidarbha Region) Act,
1958 (Bombay Act XCIX of 1958).
    136. The Gujarat Private Forests (Acquisition) Act, 1972 (Gujarat Act 14
of 1973).
    137. The Haryana Ceiling on Land Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1976
(Haryana Act 17 of 1976).
    138. The Himachal Pradesh Tenancy and Land Reforms Act, 1972
(Himachal Pradesh Act 8 of 1974).
    139. The Himachal Pradesh Village Common Lands Vesting and
Utilisation Act, 1974 (Himachal Pradesh Act 18 of 1974).
    140. The Karnataka Land Reforms (Second Amendment and Miscellaneous
Provisions) Act, 1974 (Karnataka Act 31 of 1974).
    141. The Karnataka Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1976
(Karnataka Act 27 of 1976).
    142. The Kerala Prevention of Eviction Act, 1966 (Kerala Act 12 of 1966).
    143. The Thiruppuvaram Payment (Abolition) Act, 1969 (Kerala Act 19 of 1969).
    144. The Sreepadam Lands Enfranchisement Act, 1969 (Kerala Act 20 of
1969).
    145. The Sree Pandaravaka Lands (Vesting and Enfranchisement) Act,
1971 (Kerala Act 20 of 1971).
    146. The Kerala Private Forests (Vesting and Assignment) Act, 1971
(Kerala Act 26 of 1971).
    147. The Kerala Agricultural Workers Act, 1974 (Kerala Act 18 of 1974).
    148. The Kerala Cashew Factories (Acquisition) Act, 1974 (Kerala Act 29
of 1974).
    149. The Kerala Chitties Act, 1975 (Kerala Act 23 of 1975).
    150. The Kerala Scheduled Tribes (Restriction on Transfer of Lands and
Restoration of Alienated Lands) Act, 1975 (Kerala Act 31 of 1975).
336                THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                              (Ninth Schedule)

    151. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Kerala Act 15 of
1976).
    152. The Kanam Tenancy Abolition Act, 1976 (Kerala Act 16 of 1976).
    153. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment)
Act, 1974 (Madhya Pradesh Act 20 of 1974).
    154. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment)
Act, 1975 (Madhya Pradesh Act 2 of 1976).
    155. The West Khandesh Mehwassi Estates (Proprietary Rights Abolition,
etc.) Regulation, 1961 (Maharashtra Regulation 1 of 1962).
    156. The Maharashtra Restoration of Lands to Scheduled Tribes Act, 1974
(Maharashtra Act XIV of 1975).
    157. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Lowering of Ceiling on
Holdings) and (Amendment) Act, 1972 (Maharashtra Act XXI of 1975).
    158. The Maharashtra Private Forest (Acquisition) Act, 1975 (Maharashtra
Act XXIX of 1975).
    159. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Lowering of Ceiling on
Holdings) and (Amendment) Amendment Act, 1975 (Maharashtra Act XLVII
of 1975).
    160. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings)
(Amendment) Act, 1975 (Maharashtra Act II of 1976).
    161. The Orissa Estates Abolition Act, 1951 (Orissa Act I of 1952).
    162. The Rajasthan Colonisation Act, 1954 (Rajasthan Act XXVII of 1954).
    163. The Rajasthan Land Reforms and Acquisition of Landowners’ Estates
Act, 1963 (Rajasthan Act 11 of 1964).
    164. The Rajasthan Imposition of Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings
(Amendment) Act, 1976 (Rajasthan Act 8 of 1976).
    165. The Rajasthan Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Rajasthan Act 12 of
1976).
    166. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Reduction of Ceiling on Land) Act,
1970 (Tamil Nadu Act 17 of 1970).
    167. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land)
Amendment Act, 1971 (Tamil Nadu Act 41 of 1971).
337                THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Ninth Schedule)

  168. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land)
Amendment Act, 1972 (Tamil Nadu Act 10 of 1972).
  169. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second
Amendment Act, 1972 (Tamil Nadu Act 20 of 1972).
  170. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Third
Amendment Act, 1972 (Tamil Nadu Act 37 of 1972).
  171. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Fourth
Amendment Act, 1972 (Tamil Nadu Act 39 of 1972).
  172. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Sixth
Amendment Act, 1972 (Tamil Nadu Act 7 of 1974).
  173. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Fifth
Amendment Act, 1972 (Tamil Nadu Act 10 of 1974).
  174. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land)
Amendment Act, 1974 (Tamil Nadu Act 15 of 1974).
  175. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Third
Amendment Act, 1974 (Tamil Nadu Act 30 of 1974).
  176. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second
Amendment Act, 1974 (Tamil Nadu Act 32 of 1974).
  177. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land)
Amendment Act, 1975 (Tamil Nadu Act 11 of 1975).
  178. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second
Amendment Act, 1975 (Tamil Nadu Act 21 of 1975).
    179. Amendments made to the Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and
Land Reforms Act, 1950 (Uttar Pradesh Act I of 1951) by the Uttar Pradesh
Land Laws (Amendment) Act, 1971 (Uttar Pradesh Act 21 of 1971) and the
Uttar Pradesh Land Laws (Amendment) Act, 1974 (Uttar Pradesh Act 34 of
1974).
   180. The Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings
(Amendment) Act, 1976 (Uttar Pradesh Act 20 of 1976).
   181. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1972
(West Bengal Act XXVIII of 1972).
   182. The West Bengal Restoration of Alienated Land Act, 1973 (West
Bengal Act XXIII of 1973).
338                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Ninth Schedule)

   183. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1974 (West
Bengal Act XXXIII of 1974).
   184. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1975 (West
Bengal Act XXIII of 1975).
   185. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1976 (West
Bengal Act XII of 1976).
    186. The Delhi Land Holdings (Ceiling) Amendment Act, 1976 (Central
Act 15 of 1976).
   187. The Goa, Daman and Diu Mundkars (Protection from Eviction) Act,
1975 (Goa, Daman and Diu Act 1 of 1976).
    188. The Pondicherry Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Act,
1973 (Pondicherry Act 9 of 1974).]
    1
      [189. The Assam (Temporarily Settled Areas) Tenancy Act, 1971 (Assam
Act XXIII of 1971).
    190. The Assam (Temporarily Settled Areas) Tenancy (Amendment) Act,
1974 (Assam Act XVIII of 1974).
    191. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of
Surplus Land) (Amendment) Amending Act, 1974 (Bihar Act 13 of 1975).
    192. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of
Surplus Land) (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Bihar Act 22 of 1976).
    193. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of
Surplus Land) (Amendment) Act, 1978 (Bihar Act VII of 1978).
    194. The Land Acquisition (Bihar Amendment) Act, 1979 (Bihar Act 2 of
1980).
    195. The Haryana Ceiling on Land Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1977
(Haryana Act 14 of 1977).
    196. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land)
Amendment Act, 1978 (Tamil Nadu Act 25 of 1978).
    197. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land)
Amendment Act, 1979 (Tamil Nadu Act 11 of 1979).
______________________________________________
1. Entries 189 to 202 were ins. by the Constitution (Forty-seventh Amendment)
   Act, 1984, s. 2 (w.e.f. 26-8-1984).
339                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                  (Ninth Schedule)

    198. The Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition Laws (Amendment) Act, 1978
(Uttar Pradesh Act 15 of 1978).
    199. The West Bengal Restoration of Alienated Land (Amendment) Act,
1978 (West Bengal Act XXIV of 1978).
    200. The West Bengal Restoration of Alienated Land (Amendment) Act,
1980 (West Bengal Act LVI of 1980).
    201. The Goa, Daman and Diu Agricultural Tenancy Act, 1964 (Goa,
Daman and Diu Act 7 of 1964).
    202. The Goa, Daman and Diu Agricultural Tenancy (Fifth Amendment)
Act, 1976 (Goa, Daman and Diu Act 17 of 1976).]
    1
      [203. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Regulation,
1959 (Andhra Pradesh Regulation 1 of 1959).
    204. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Laws (Extension and
Amendment) Regulation, 1963 (Andhra Pradesh Regulation 2 of 1963).
    205. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Land Transfer (Amendment)
Regulation, 1970 (Andhra Pradesh Regulation 1 of 1970).
    206. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Land Transfer (Amendment)
Regulation, 1971 (Andhra Pradesh Regulation 1 of 1971).
    207. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Land Transfer (Amendment)
Regulation, 1978 (Andhra Pradesh Regulation 1 of 1978).
    208. The Bihar Tenancy Act, 1885 (Bihar Act 8 of 1885).
    209. The Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, 1908 (Bengal Act 6 of 1908)
(Chapter VIII—sections 46, 47, 48, 48A and 49; Chapter X—sections 71, 71A
and 71B; and Chapter XVIII—sections 240, 241 and 242).
    210. The Santhal Parganas Tenancy (Supplementary Provisions) Act, 1949
(Bihar Act 14 of 1949) except section 53.
    211. The Bihar Scheduled Areas Regulation, 1969 (Bihar Regulation 1 of 1969).
    212. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of
Surplus Land) (Amendment) Act, 1982 (Bihar Act 55 of 1982).


______________________________________________
1. Entries 203 to 257 were ins. by the Constitution (Sixty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1990,
   s. 2 (w.e.f. 7-6-1990).
340                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Ninth Schedule)

    213. The Gujarat Devasthan Inams Abolition Act, 1969 (Gujarat Act 16 of
1969).
    214. The Gujarat Tenancy Laws (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Gujarat Act 37
of 1976).
    215. The Gujarat Agricultural Lands Ceiling (Amendment) Act, 1976
(President's Act 43 of 1976).
    216. The Gujarat Devasthan Inams Abolition (Amendment) Act, 1977
(Gujarat Act 27 of 1977).
    217. The Gujarat Tenancy Laws (Amendment) Act, 1977 (Gujarat Act 30
of 1977).
    218. The Bombay Land Revenue (Gujarat Second Amendment) Act, 1980
(Gujarat Act 37 of 1980).
    219. The Bombay Land Revenue Code and Land Tenure Abolition Laws
(Gujarat Amendment) Act, 1982 (Gujarat Act 8 of 1982).
    220. The Himachal Pradesh Transfer of Land (Regulation) Act, 1968
(Himachal Pradesh Act 15 of 1969).
    221. The Himachal Pradesh Transfer of Land (Regulation) (Amendment)
Act, 1986 (Himachal Pradesh Act 16 of 1986).
    222. The Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prohibition of
Transfer of Certain Lands) Act, 1978 (Karnataka Act 2 of 1979).
    223. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1978 (Kerala Act 13 of 1978).
    224. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1981 (Kerala Act 19 of
1981).
    225. The Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code (Third Amendment) Act,
1976 (Madhya Pradesh Act 61 of 1976).
    226. The Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code (Amendment) Act, 1980
(Madhya Pradesh Act 15 of 1980).
    227. The Madhya Pradesh Akrishik Jot Uchchatam Seema Adhiniyam,
1981 (Madhya Pradesh Act 11 of 1981).
    228. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Second
Amendment) Act, 1976 (Madhya Pradesh Act 1 of 1984).
    229. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment)
Act, 1984 (Madhya Pradesh Act 14 of 1984).
341                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Ninth Schedule)

    230. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment)
Act, 1989 (Madhya Pradesh Act 8 of 1989).
    231. The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966 (Maharashtra Act 41 of
1966), sections 36, 36A and 36B.
    232. The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code and the Maharashtra
Restoration of Lands to Scheduled Tribes (Second Amendment) Act, 1976
(Maharashtra Act 30 of 1977).
    233. The Maharashtra Abolition of Subsisting Proprietary Rights to Mines
and Minerals in certain Lands Act, 1985 (Maharashtra Act 16 of 1985).
    234. The Orissa Scheduled Areas Transfer of Immovable Property (by
Scheduled Tribes) Regulation, 1956 (Orissa Regulation 2 of 1956).
    235. The Orissa Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1975 (Orissa
Act 29 of 1976).
    236. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Orissa Act 30 of 1976).
    237. The Orissa Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1976 (Orissa
Act 44 of 1976).
    238. The Rajasthan Colonisation (Amendment) Act, 1984 (Rajasthan Act
12 of 1984).
   239. The Rajasthan Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1984 (Rajasthan Act 13 of
1984).
   240. The Rajasthan Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1987 (Rajasthan Act 21 of
1987).
  241. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second
Amendment Act, 1979 (Tamil Nadu Act 8 of 1980).
  242. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land)
Amendment Act, 1980 (Tamil Nadu Act 21 of 1980).
  243. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land)
Amendment Act, 1981 (Tamil Nadu Act 59 of 1981).
  244. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second
Amendment Act, 1983 (Tamil Nadu Act 2 of 1984).
    245. The Uttar Pradesh Land Laws (Amendment) Act, 1982 (Uttar Pradesh
Act 20 of 1982).
342                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                   (Ninth Schedule)

   246. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1965 (West
Bengal Act 18 of 1965).
   247. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1966 (West
Bengal Act 11 of 1966).
   248. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1969
(West Bengal Act 23 of 1969).
   249. The West Bengal Estate Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1977 (West
Bengal Act 36 of 1977).
    250. The West Bengal Land Holding Revenue Act, 1979 (West Bengal Act
44 of 1979).
   251. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1980 (West
Bengal Act 41 of 1980).
   252. The West Bengal Land Holding Revenue (Amendment) Act, 1981
(West Bengal Act 33 of 1981).
   253. The Calcutta Thikka Tenancy (Acquisition and Regulation) Act, 1981
(West Bengal Act 37 of 1981).
    254. The West Bengal Land Holding Revenue (Amendment) Act, 1982
(West Bengal Act 23 of 1982).
    255. The Calcutta Thikka Tenancy (Acquisition and Regulation)
(Amendment) Act, 1984 (West Bengal Act 41 of 1984).
    256. The Mahe Land Reforms Act, 1968 (Pondicherry Act 1 of 1968).
    257. The Mahe Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1980 (Pondicherry Act 1
of 1981).]
    1
      [257A. The Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes (Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutions and of
appointments or posts in the Services under the State) Act, 1993 (Tamil Nadu
Act 45 of 1994).]



______________________________________________
1. Entry 257A ins. by the Constitution (Seventy-sixth Amendment) Act, 1994, s. 2 (w.e.f.
31-8-1994).
343                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Ninth Schedule)

    1
      [258. The Bihar Privileged Persons Homestead Tenancy Act, 1947 (Bihar
Act 4 of 1948).
    259. The Bihar Consolidation of Holdings and Prevention of Fragmentation
Act, 1956 (Bihar Act 22 of 1956).
    260. The Bihar Consolidation of Holdings and Prevention of Fragmentation
(Amendment) Act, 1970 (Bihar Act 7 of 1970).
    261. The Bihar Privileged Persons Homestead Tenancy (Amendment) Act,
1970 (Bihar Act 9 of 1970).
    262. The Bihar Consolidation of Holdings and Prevention of Fragmentation
(Amendment) Act, 1973 (Bihar Act 27 of 1975).
    263. The Bihar Consolidation of Holdings and Prevention of Fragmentation
(Amendment) Act, 1981 (Bihar Act 35 of 1982).
    264. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of
Surplus Land) (Amendment) Act, 1987 (Bihar Act 21 of 1987).
    265. The Bihar Privileged Persons Homestead Tenancy (Amendment) Act,
1989 (Bihar Act 11 of 1989).
    266. The Bihar Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1989 (Bihar Act 11 of 1990).
    267. The Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prohibition of
Transfer of Certain Lands) (Amendment) Act, 1984 (Karnataka Act 3 of 1984).
    268. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1989 (Kerala Act 16 of 1989).
    269. The Kerala Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1989 (Kerala
Act 2 of 1990).
    270. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1989 (Orissa Act 9 of
1990).
    271. The Rajasthan Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1979 (Rajasthan Act 16 of 1979).
    272. The Rajasthan Colonisation (Amendment) Act, 1987 (Rajasthan Act 2
of 1987).
    273. The Rajasthan Colonisation (Amendment) Act, 1989 (Rajasthan Act
12 of 1989).


______________________________________________
1. Entries 258 to 284 ins. by the Constitution (Seventy-eighth Amendment) Act, 1995,
   s. 2 (w.e.f. 30-8-1995).
344                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                               (Ninth Schedule)

    274. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land)
Amendment Act, 1983 (Tamil Nadu Act 3 of 1984).
    275. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land)
Amendment Act, 1986 (Tamil Nadu Act 57 of 1986).
    276. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second
Amendment Act, 1987 (Tamil Nadu Act 4 of 1988).
    277. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land)
(Amendment) Act, 1989 (Tamil Nadu Act 30 of 1989).
    278. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1981 (West
Bengal Act 50 of 1981).
    279. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1986 (West
Bengal Act 5 of 1986).
    280. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1986
(West Bengal Act 19 of 1986).
    281. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Third Amendment) Act, 1986 (West
Bengal Act 35 of 1986).
    282. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1989 (West
Bengal Act 23 of 1989).
    283. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1990 (West
Bengal Act 24 of 1990).
    284. The West Bengal Land Reforms Tribunal Act, 1991 (West Bengal Act
12 of 1991).]
    Explanation:—Any acquisition made under the Rajasthan Tenancy Act,
1955 (Rajasthan Act 3 of 1955), in contravention of the second proviso to
clause(1) of article 31A shall, to the entent of the contravention, be void.]
                              1
                                [TENTH SCHEDULE
                            [Articles 102(2) and 191(2)]
               Provisions as to disqualification on ground of defection
       1. Interpretation.—In this Schedule, unless the context otherwise requires,—
              (a) "House" means either House of Parliament or the Legislative
       Assembly or, as the case may be, either House of the Legislature of a State;
              (b) "legislature party", in relation to a member of a House
       belonging to any political party in accordance with the provisions of
       paragraph 2 or 2*** paragraph 4, means the group consisting of all the
       members of that House for the time being belonging to that political
       party in accordance with the said provisions;
              (c) "original political party", in relation to a member of a House,
       means the political party to which he belongs for the purposes of sub-
       paragraph (1) of paragraph 2;
              (d) "paragraph" means a paragraph of this Schedule.
       2. Disqualification on ground of defection.—(1) Subject to the
provisions of 3[paragraphs 4 and 5], a member of a House belonging to any
political party shall be disqualified for being a member of the House—
              (a) if he has voluntarily given up his membership of such political
       party; or
              (b) if he votes or abstains from voting in such House contrary to
       any direction issued by the political party to which he belongs or by any
       person or authority authorised by it in this behalf, without obtaining, in
       either case, the prior permission of such political party, person or
       authority and such voting or abstention has not been condoned by such
       political party, person or authority within fifteen days from the date of
       such voting or abstention.
       Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-paragraph,—
              (a) an elected member of a House shall be deemed to belong to
       the political party, if any, by which he was set up as a candidate for
       election as such member;
              (b) a nominated member of a House shall,—

______________________________________________
1. Tenth Schedule added by the Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985, s. 6
   (w.e.f. 1-3-1985).
2. Certain words omitted by the Constitution (Ninety-first Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 5
   (w.e.f. 1-1-2004).
3. Subs. by s. 5, ibid., for "paragraphs 3, 4 and 5" (w.e.f. 1-1-2004).
                                        345
346                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Tenth Schedule)

                      (i) where he is a member of any political party on the date
              of his nomination as such member, be deemed to belong to such
              political party;
                      (ii) in any other case, be deemed to belong to the political
              party of which he becomes, or, as the case may be, first becomes,
              a member before the expiry of six months from the date on which
              he takes his seat after complying with the requirements of article
              99 or, as the case may be, article 188.
       (2) An elected member of a House who has been elected as such otherwise
than as a candidate set up by any political party shall be disqualified for being a
member of the House if he joins any political party after such election.
       (3) A nominated member of a House shall be disqualified for being a
member of the House if he joins any political party after the expiry of six
months from the date on which he takes his seat after complying with the
requirements of article 99 or, as the case may be, article 188.
       (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions of
this paragraph, a person who, on the commencement of the Constitution (Fifty-
second Amendment) Act, 1985, is a member of a House (whether elected or
nominated as such) shall,—
              (i) where he was a member of political party immediately before
       such commencement, be deemed, for the purposes of sub-paragraph (1)
       of this paragraph, to have been elected as a member of such House as a
       candidate set up by such political party;
              (ii) in any other case, be deemed to be an elected member of the
       House who has been elected as such otherwise than as a candidate set up
       by any political party for the purposes of sub-paragraph (2) of this
       paragraph or, as the case may be, be deemed to be a nominated member
       of the House for the purposes of sub-paragraph (3) of this paragraph.
       1
         *                *               *              *               *
       4. Disqualification on ground of defection not to apply in case of
merger.— (1) A member of a House shall not be disqualified under
sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 2 where his original political party merges with
another political party and he claims that he and any other members of his
original political party—
              (a) have become members of such other political party or, as the
       case may be, of a new political party formed by such merger; or
              (b) have not accepted the merger and opted to function as a
       separate group,
______________________________________________
1. Paragraph 3 omitted by the Constitution (Ninety-first Amendment) Act, 2003, s. 5
   (w.e.f. 1-1-2004).
347                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                   (Tenth Schedule)

and from the time of such merger, such other political party or new political
party or group, as the case may be, shall be deemed to be the political party to
which he belongs for the purposes of sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 2 and to
be his original political party for the purposes of this sub-paragraph.
       (2) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph, the merger
of the original political party of a member of a House shall be deemed to have
taken place if, and only if, not less than two-thirds of the members of the
legislature party concerned have agreed to such merger.
       5. Exemption.—Notwithstanding anything contained in this Schedule, a
person who has been elected to the office of the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker
of the House of the People or the Deputy Chairman of the Council of States or
the Chairman or the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council of a State or
the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of a State, shall
not be disqualified under this Schedule,—
              (a) if he, by reason of his election to such office, voluntarily gives
       up the membership of the political party to which he belonged
       immediately before such election and does not, so long as he continues
       to hold such office thereafter, rejoin that political party or become a
       member of another political party; or
              (b) if he, having given up by reason of his election to such office his
       membership of the political party to which he belonged immediately before
       such election, rejoins such political party after he ceases to hold such office.
       6. Decision on questions as to disqualification on ground of
defection.—(1) If any question arises as to whether a member of a House has
become subject to disqualification under this Schedule, the question shall be
referred for the decision of the Chairman or, as the case may be, the Speaker of
such House and his decision shall be final:
       Provided that where the question which has arisen is as to whether the
Chairman or the Speaker of a House has become subject to such disqualification,
the question shall be referred for the decision of such member of the House as the
House may elect in this behalf and his decision shall be final.
       (2) All proceedings under sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph in relation
to any question as to disqualification of a member of a House under this
Schedule shall be deemed to be proceedings in Parliament within the meaning
of article 122 or, as the case may be, proceedings in the Legislature of a State
within the meaning of article 212.
348                       THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                         (Tenth Schedule)

       *7. Bar of jurisdiction of courts.—Notwithstanding anything in this
Constitution, no court shall have any jurisdiction in respect of any matter
connected with the disqualification of a member of a House under this Schedule.
        8. Rules.—(1) Subject to the provisions of sub-paragraph (2) of this
paragraph, the Chairman or the Speaker of a House may make rules for giving
effect to the provisions of this Schedule, and in particular, and without
prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, such rules may provide for—
              (a) the maintenance of registers or other records as to the political
       parties, if any, to which different members of the House belong;
              (b) the report which the leader of a legislature party in relation to a
       member of a House shall furnish with regard to any condonation of the
       nature referred to in clause (b) of sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 2 in
       respect of such member, the time within which and the authority to
       whom such report shall be furnished;
              (c) the reports which a political party shall furnish with regard to
       admission to such political party of any members of the House and the
       officer of the House to whom such reports shall be furnished; and
              (d) the procedure for deciding any question referred to in
       sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 6 including the procedure for any inquiry
       which may be made for the purpose of deciding such question.
       (2) The rules made by the Chairman or the Speaker of a House under
sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph shall be laid as soon as may be after they
are made before the House for a total period of thirty days which may be
comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions and shall take
effect upon the expiry of the said period of thirty days unless they are sooner
approved with or without modifications or disapproved by the House and
where they are so approved, they shall take effect on such approval in the form
in which they were laid or in such modified form, as the case may be, and
where they are so disapproved, they shall be of no effect.
       (3) The Chairman or the Speaker of a House may, without prejudice to
the provisions of article 105 or, as the case may be, article 194, and to any other
power which he may have under this Constitution direct that any wilful
contravention by any person of the rules made under this paragraph may be
dealt with in the same manner as a breach of privilege of the House.]

______________________________________________
* Paragraph 7 declared invalid for want of ratification in accordance with the proviso to clause (2) of
  article 368 as per majority opinion in Kihoto Hollohon Vs. Zachilhu and Others A.I.R. 1993
  SC 412.
                         1
                          [ELEVENTH SCHEDULE
                                  (Article 243G)
      1.       Agriculture, including agricultural extension.
      2.       Land improvement, implementation of land reforms, land
               consolidation and soil conservation.
      3.       Minor irrigation, water management and watershed
               development.
      4.       Animal husbandry, dairying and poultry.
      5.       Fisheries.
      6.       Social forestry and farm forestry.
      7.       Minor forest produce.
      8.       Small scale industries, including food processing industries.
      9.       Khadi, village and cottage industries.
      10.      Rural housing.
      11.      Drinking water.
      12.      Fuel and fodder.
      13.      Roads, culverts, bridges, ferries, waterways and other means of
               communication.
      14.      Rural electrification, including distribution of electricity.
      15.      Non-conventional energy sources.
      16.      Poverty alleviation programme.
      17.      Education, including primary and secondary schools.
      18.      Technical training and vocational education.
      19.      Adult and non-formal education.
      20.      Libraries.
      21.      Cultural activities.
      22.      Markets and fairs.
      23.      Health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health
               centres and dispensaries.
      24.      Family welfare.
      25.      Women and child development.
      26.      Social welfare, including welfare of the handicapped and
               mentally retarded.
      27.      Welfare of the weaker sections, and in particular, of the
               Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
      28.      Public distribution system.
      29.      Maintenance of community assets.]
______________________________________________
1. Eleventh Schedule added by the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992,
   s. 4 (w.e.f. 24-4-1993).

                                        349
                             1
                                 [TWELFTH SCHEDULE
                                    (Article 243W)

        1.      Urban planning including town planning.
        2.      Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings.
        3.      Planning for economic and social development.
        4.      Roads and bridges.
        5.      Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes.
        6.      Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste
                management.
        7.      Fire services.
        8.      Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of
                ecological aspects.
        9.      Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society,
                including the handicapped and mentally retarded.
        10.     Slum improvement and upgradation.
        11.     Urban poverty alleviation.
        12.     Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks,
                gardens, playgrounds.
        13.     Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects.
        14.     Burials and burial grounds; cremations, cremation grounds; and
                electric crematoriums.
        15.     Cattle pounds; prevention of cruelty to animals.
        16.     Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths.
        17.     Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops
                and public conveniences.
        18.     Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries.]


______________________________________________
1. Twelfth Schedule added by the Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992, s. 4
   (w.e.f. 1-6-1993).

                                          350
                                     APPENDIX I
     THE CONSTITUTION ( ONE HUNDREDTH AMENDMENT)
                         ACT, 2015
                                                                   [28th May, 2015.]
An Act further to amend the Constitution of India to give effect to the acquiring
       of territories by India and transfer of certain territories to Bangladesh in
       pursuance of the agreement and its protocol entered into between the
       Governments of India and Bangladesh.
       BE it enacted by Parliament in the Sixty-sixth Year of the Republic of
India as follows:—
       1. Short title.—This Act may be called the Constitution (One Hundredth
Amendment) Act, 2015.
       2. Definitions.—In this Act,—
               (a) “acquired territory” means so much of the territories comprised in
       the India-Bangladesh agreement and its protocol and referred to in the
       First Schedule as are demarcated for the purpose of being acquired by
       India from Bangladesh in pursuance of the agreement and its protocol
       referred to in clause (c);
               (b) “appointed day” means such date as the Central Government
       may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint as the date for
       acquisition of territories from Bangladesh and transfer of the territories to
       Bangladesh in pursuance of the India-Bangladesh agreement and its
       protocol, after causing the territories to be so acquired and transferred as
       referred to in the First Schedule and Second Schedule and demarcated for the
       purpose;
               (c) “India-Bangladesh agreement” means the agreement between the
       Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People’s
       Republic of Bangladesh concerning the Demarcation of the Land
       Boundary between India and Bangladesh and Related Matters dated the
       16th day of May, 1974, Exchange of Letters dated the 26th day of
       December, 1974, the 30th day of December, 1974, the 7th day of October,
       1982, the 26th day of March, 1992 and protocol to the said agreement dated
       the 6th day of September, 2011, entered into between the Governments of
       India and Bangladesh, the relevant extracts of which are set out in the
       Third Schedule;
______________________________________________
  31st day of July, 2015, vide notification No. S.O. 2094(E), dated 31st July, 2015.
                                           351
352                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                    (Appendix I)

              (d) “transferred territory”, means so much of the territories
      comprised in the India-Bangladesh agreement and its protocol and
      referred to in the Second Schedule as are demarcated for the purpose of
      being transferred by India to Bangladesh in pursuance of the agreements
      and its protocol referred to in clause (c).
      3. Amendment of First Schedule to Constitution.— As from the
appointed day, in the First Schedule to the Constitution,—
              (a) in the paragraph relating to the territories of the State of
      Assam, the words, brackets and figures “and the territories referred to in
      Part I of the Second Schedule to the Constitution (One Hundredth
      Amendment) Act, 2015, notwithstanding anything contained in clause
      (a) of section 3 of the Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act, 1960, so far
      as it relates to the territories referred to in Part I of the Second Schedule
      to the Constitution (One Hundredth Amendment) Act, 2015”, shall be
      added at the end;
              (b) in the paragraph relating to the territories of the State of West
      Bengal, the words, brackets and figures “and also the territories referred to
      in Part III of the First Schedule but excluding the territories referred to in
      Part III of the Second Schedule to the Constitution (One Hundredth
      Amendment) Act, 2015, notwithstanding anything contained in clause (c)
      of section 3 of the Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act, 1960, so far as it
      relates to the territories referred to in Part III of the First Schedule and the
      territories referred to in Part III of the Second Schedule to the
      Constitution (One Hundredth Amendment) Act, 2015”, shall be added at
      the end;
              (c) in the paragraph relating to the territories of the State of
      Meghalaya, the words, brackets and figures “and the territories referred to in
      Part I of the First Schedule but excluding the territories referred to in Part
      II of the Second Schedule to the Constitution (One Hundredth
      Amendment) Act, 2015”, shall be added at the end;
              (d) in the paragraph relating to the territories of the State of Tripura,
      the words, brackets and figures “and the territories referred to in Part II of the
      First Schedule to the Constitution (One Hundredth Amendment) Act,
      2015, notwithstanding anything contained in clause (d) of section 3 of the
      Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act, 1960, so far as it relates to the
      territories referred to in Part II of the First Schedule to the Constitution
      (One Hundredth Amendment) Act, 2015”, shall be added at the end.
353                    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                     (Appendix I)

                             THE FIRST SCHEDULE
                           [See sections 2(a), 2(b) and 3]
                                      PART I
       The acquired territory in relation to Article 2 of the agreement dated the
16th day of May, 1974 and Article 3 (I) (b) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) of the protocol dated the
6th day of September, 2011.
                                      PART II
       The acquired territory in relation to Article 2 of the agreement dated the
16th day of May, 1974 and Article 3 (I) (c) (i) of the protocol dated the 6th day of
September, 2011.
                                     PART III
       The acquired territory in relation to Articles 1(12) and 2 of the agreement
dated the 16th day of May, 1974 and Articles 2 (II), 3 (I) (a) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) of the
protocol dated the 6th day of September, 2011.


                            THE SECOND SCHEDULE
                           [See sections 2(b), 2(d) and 3]
                                       PART I
      The transferred territory in relation to Article 2 of the agreement dated 16th
day of May, 1974 and Article 3 (I) (d) (i) (ii) of the protocol dated 6th day of
September, 2011.
                                      PART II
      The transferred territory in relation to Article 2 of the agreement dated the
16th day of May, 1974 and Article 3 (I) (b) (i) of the protocol dated 6th day of
September, 2011.
                                     PART III
        The transferred territory in relation to Articles 1(12) and 2 of the
agreement dated the 16th day of May, 1974 and Articles 2 (II), 3 (I) (a) (i) (ii) (vi)
of the protocol dated the 6th day of September, 2011.
354                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Appendix I)

                           THE THIRD SCHEDULE
                               [See section 2(c)]
I. EXTRACTS FROM THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN GOVERNMENT OF
THE REPUBLIC OF INDIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S
REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH CONCERNING THE DEMARCATION OF
THE LAND BOUNDARY BETWEEN INDIA AND BANGLADESH AND
RELATED MATTERS DATED THE 16TH DAY OF MAY, 1974
Article 1 (12): ENCLAVES
       The Indian enclaves in Bangladesh and the Bangladesh enclaves in India
should be exchanged expeditiously, excepting the enclaves mentioned in paragraph
14 without claim to compensation for the additional area going to Bangladesh.
Article 2:
       The Governments of India and Bangladesh agree that territories in adverse
possession in areas already demarcated in respect of which boundary strip maps
are already prepared, shall be exchanged within six months of the signing of the
boundary strip maps by the plenipotentiaries. They may sign the relevant maps
as early as possible as and in any case not later than the 31st December, 1974.
Early measures may be taken to print maps in respect of other areas where
demarcation has already taken place. These should be printed by the 31st May,
1975 and signed by the plenipotentiaries thereafter in order that the exchange of
adversely held possessions in these areas may take place by the 31st December,
1975. In sectors still to be demarcated, transfer of territorial jurisdiction may
take place within six months of the signature by plenipotentiaries on the
concerned boundary strip maps.
II. EXTRACTS FROM THE PROTOCOL TO THE AGREEMENT
BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDIA AND
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH
CONCERNING THE DEMARCATION OF THE LAND BOUNDARY
BETWEEN INDIA AND BANGLADESH AND RELATED MATTERS,
DATED THE 6TH DAY OF SEPTEMBER, 2011
Article 2:
      (II) Article 1 Clause 12 of the 1974 Agreement shall be implemented as
follows:—
355                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                  (Appendix I)

Enclaves
       111 Indian Enclaves in Bangladesh and 51 Bangladesh Enclaves in India
as per the jointly verified cadastral enclave maps and signed at the level of
DGLR&S, Bangladesh and DLR&S, West Bengal (India) in April, 1997, shall be
exchanged without claim to compensation for the additional areas going to
Bangladesh.
Article 3:
      (I) Article 2 of the 1974 Agreement shall be implemented as follows:—
             The Government of India and the Government of Bangladesh agree
      that the boundary shall be drawn as a fixed boundary for territories held in
      Adverse Possession as determined through joint survey and fully depicted
      in the respective adversely possessed land area Index Map (APL map)
      finalised by the Land Records and Survey Departments of both the
      countries between December, 2010 and August, 2011, which are fully
      described in clause (a) to (d) below.
            The relevant strip maps shall be printed and signed by the
      Plenipotentiaries and transfer of territorial jurisdiction shall be completed
      simultaneously with the exchange of enclaves. The demarcation of the
      boundary, as depicted in the above-mentioned Index Maps, shall be as
      under:—
                    (a) West Bengal Sector
                          (i) Bousmari – Madhugari (Kushtia-Nadia) area
                                 The boundary shall be drawn from the existing
                          Boundary Pillar Nos. 154/5-S to 157/1-S to follow the
                          centre of old course of river Mathabanga, as depicted
                          in consolidation map of 1962, as surveyed jointly and
                          agreed in June, 2011.
                           (ii)   Andharkota (Kushtia-Nadia) area
                                The boundary shall be drawn from existing
                          Boundary Pillar No. 152/5-S to Boundary Pillar No.
                          153/1-S to follow the edge of existing River
                          Mathabanga as jointly surveyed and agreed in June,
                          2011.
356   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                   (Appendix I)




            (iii) Pakuria (Kushtia-Nadia) area
                    The boundary shall be drawn from existing
            Boundary Pillar No. 151/1-S to Boundary Pillar No.
            152/2-S to follow the edge of River Mathabanga as
            jointly surveyed and agreed in June, 2011.
            (iv) Char Mahishkundi (Kushtia-Nadia) area
             The boundary shall be drawn from existing
             Boundary Pillar No. 153/1-S to Boundary Pillar No.
             153/9-S to follow the edge of River Mathabanga as
             jointly surveyed and agreed in June, 2011.
            (v) Haripal/Khutadah/Battoli/Sapameri/LNpur (Patari)
      (Naogaon-Malda) area
                   The boundary shall be drawn as line joining
            from existing Boundary Pillar No. 242/S/13, to
            Boundary Pillar No. 243/7-S/5 and as jointly
            surveyed and agreed in June, 2011.
            (vi) Berubari (Panchagarh-Jalpaiguri area)
                   The boundary in the area Berubari
            (Panchagarh-Jalpaiguri)     adversely      held    by
            Bangladesh, and Berubari and Singhapara-Khudipara
            (Panchagarh-Jalpaiguri), adversely held by India shall
            be drawn as jointly demarcated during 1996-1998.
      (b)   Meghalaya Sector
            (i) Lobachera-Nuncherra
                   The boundary from existing Boundary Pillar
            No. 1315/4-S to Boundary Pillar No. 1315/15-S in
            Lailong - Balichera, Boundary Pillar No. 1316/1-S to
            Boundary Pillar No. 1316/11-S in Lailong- Noonchera,
            Boundary Pillar No. 1317 to Boundary Pillar No.
            1317/13-S in Lailong- Lahiling and Boundary Pillar
            No. 1318/1-S to Boundary Pillar No. 1318/2-S in
            Lailong- Lobhachera shall be drawn to follow the edge
            of tea gardens as jointly surveyed and agreed in
            December, 2010.
357   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                (Appendix I)

         (ii)   Pyrdiwah/ Padua Area

               The boundary shall be drawn from existing
         Boundary Pillar No. 1270/1-S as per jointly surveyed
         and mutually agreed line till Boundary Pillar No.
         1271/1-T. The Parties agree that the Indian Nationals
         from Pyrdiwah village shall be allowed to draw water
         from Piyang River near point No. 6 of the agreed
         Map.

         (iii) Lyngkhat Area

                (aa) Lyngkhat-I/Kulumcherra and Lyngkhat-
         II/ Kulumcherra

                       The boundary shall be drawn from
                existing Boundary Pillar No. 1264/4-S to
                Boundary Pillar No. 1265 and BP No. 1265/6-S to
                1265/9-S as per jointly surveyed and mutually
                agreed line.

                (ab)   Lyngkhat-III/Sonarhat

                        The boundary shall be drawn from
                existing Boundary Pillar No. 1266/13-S along
                the nallah southwards till it meets another
                nallah in the east-west direction, thereafter it
                shall run along the northern edge of the nallah in
                east till it meets the existing International
                Boundary north of Reference Pillar
                Nos.1267/4-R-B and 1267/3-R-I.

         (iv) Dawki/Tamabil area

                The boundary shall be drawn by a straight line
         joining existing Boundary Pillar Nos. 1275/1-S to
         Boundary Pillar Nos. 1275/7-S. The Parties agree to
         fencing on ‘zero line’ in this area.
358    THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                   (Appendix I)

            (v) Naljuri/Sreepur Area

                   (aa)   Naljuri I

                          The boundary shall be a line from the
                   existing Boundary Pillar No. 1277/2-S in
                   southern direction up to three plots as
                   depicted in the strip Map No. 166 till it meets
                   the nallah flowing from Boundary Pillar No.
                   1277/5-T, thereafter it will run along the western
                   edge of the nallah in the southern direction up
                   to 2 plots on the Bangladesh side, thereafter it
                   shall run eastwards till it meets a line drawn in
                   southern direction from Boundary Pillar No.
                   1277/4-S.

                   (ab) Naljuri III

                          The boundary shall be drawn by a
                   straight line from existing Boundary Pillar No.
                   1278/2-S to Boundary Pillar No. 1279/ 3-S.

            (vi) Muktapur/ Dibir Hawor Area

                   The Parties agree that the Indian Nationals shall
            be allowed to visit Kali Mandir and shall also be
            allowed to draw water and exercise fishing rights in
            the water body in the Muktapur / Dibir Hawor area
            from the bank of Muktapur side.

      (c)       Tripura Sector

            Chandannagar-Champarai Tea Garden area in
      Tripura/ Moulvi Bazar sector

              The boundary shall be drawn along Sonaraichhera
      river from existing Boundary Pillar No. 1904 to Boundary
      Pillar No. 1905 as surveyed jointly and agreed in July, 2011.
359                THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Appendix I)


                  (d) Assam Sector
                          (i) Kalabari (Boroibari) area in Assam sector
                               The boundary shall be drawn from existing
                          Boundary Pillar No. 1066/24-T to Boundary Pillar
                          No. 1067/16-T as surveyed jointly and agreed in
                          August, 2011.
                          (ii) Pallathal area in Assam sector
                                 The boundary shall be drawn from existing
                          Boundary Pillar No. 1370/3-S to 1371/ 6-S to follow the
                          outer edge of the tea garden and from Boundary Pillar
                          No. 1372 to 1373/2-S along outer edge of the pan
                          plantation.
III. LIST OF EXCHANGE OF ENCLAVES BETWEEN INDIA AND
BANGLADESH IN PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 1 (12) OF THE AGREEMENT
DATED 16TH MAY, 1974 AND THE PROTOCOL TO THE AGREEMENT
DATED 6TH SEPTEMBER, 2011
      A. EXCHANGEABLE INDIAN ENCLAVES IN BANGLADESH WITH
      AREA
Sl.    Name of Chhits      Chhit No.     Lying within     Lying within     Area
       No.                               Police station   Police station   in
                                         Bangladesh       W. Bengal        acres
1             2                 3              4                5             6
                     A. Enclaves with independent chhits
1.     Garati                  75        Pochagar         Haldibari          58.23
2.     Garati                  76        Pochagar         Haldibari           0.79
3.     Garati                  77        Pochagar         Haldibari             18
4.     Garati                  78        Pochagar         Haldibari         958.66
5.     Garati                  79        Pochagar         Haldibari          1.74
6.     Garati                  80        Pochagar         Haldibari          73.75
7.     Bingimari Part-I        73        Pochagar         Haldibari          6.07
360              THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                         (Appendix I)

1            2          3               4        5         6
8.    Nazirganja        41      Boda        Haldibari     58.32
9.    Nazirganja        42      Boda        Haldibari    434.29
10.   Nazirganja        44      Boda        Haldibari     53.47
11.   Nazirganja        45      Boda        Haldibari     1.07
12.   Nazirganja        46      Boda        Haldibari     17.95
13.   Nazirganja        47      Boda        Haldibari     3.89
14.   Nazirganja        48      Boda        Haldibari     73.27
15.   Nazirganja        49      Boda        Haldibari     49.05
16.   Nazirganja        50      Boda        Haldibari     5.05
17.   Nazirganja        51      Boda        Haldibari     0.77
18.   Nazirganja        52      Boda        Haldibari     1.04
19.   Nazirganja        53      Boda        Haldibari     1.02
20.   Nazirganja        54      Boda        Haldibari     3.87
21.   Nazirganja        55      Boda        Haldibari     12.18
22.   Nazirganja        56      Boda        Haldibari     54.04
23.   Nazirganja        57      Boda        Haldibari     8.27
24.   Nazirganja        58      Boda        Haldibari     14.22
25.   Nazirganja        60      Boda        Haldibari     0.52
26.   Putimari          59      Boda        Haldibari     122.8
27.   Daikhata Chhat    38      Boda        Haldibari    499.21
28.   Salbari           37      Boda        Haldibari   1188.93
29.   Kajal Dighi       36      Boda        Haldibari    771.44
30.   Nataktoka         32      Boda        Haldibari    162.26
31.   Nataktoka         33      Boda        Haldibari     0.26
32.   Beuladanga        35      Boda        Haldibari     0.83
      Chhat
33.   Balapara          3       Debiganj    Haldibari   1752.44
      Iagrabar
34.   Bara              30      Dimla       Haldibari     7.71
      Khankikharija
      Citaldaha
361                 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                             (Appendix I)

1            2               3              4        5       6

35.   Bara              29            Dimla     Haldibari   36.83
      Khankikharija
      Citaldaha
36.   Barakhangir       28            Dimla     Haldibari   30.53
37.   Nagarjikobari     31            Dimla     Haldibari   33.41
38.   Kuchlibari        26            Patgram   Mekliganj   5.78
39.   Kuchlibari        27            Patgram   Mekliganj   2.04
40.   Bara Kuchlibari   Fragment      Patgram   Mekliganj   4.35
                        of J.L.107
                        of P.S
                        Mekliganj
41.   Jamaldaha-        6             Patgram   Mekliganj   5.24
      Balapukhari
42.   Uponchowki        115/2         Patgram   Mekliganj   0.32
      kuchlibari
43.   Uponchowki        7             Patgram   Mekliganj   44.04
      kuchlibari
44.   Bhothnri          11            Patgram   Mekliganj   36.83
45.   Balapukhari       5             Patgram   Mekliganj   55.91
46.   Bara Khangir      4             Patgram   Mekliganj   50.51
47.   Bara Khangir      9             Patgram   Mekliganj   87.42
48.   Chhat Bogdokra    10            Patgram   Mekliganj   41.7
49.   Ratanpur          11            Patgram   Mekliganj   58.91
50.   Bogdokra          12            Patgram   Mekliganj   25.49
51.   Fulker Dabri      Fragment      Patgram   Mekliganj   0.88
                        of J.L. 107
                        of P.S
                        Mekliganj
362             THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                        (Appendix I)

1           2          3               4        5         6
52.   Kharkharia       15      Patgram     Mekliganj      60.74
53.   Kharkharia       13      Patgram     Mekliganj      51.62
54.   Lotamari         14      Patgram     Mekliganj     110.92
55.   Bhotbari         16      Patgram     Mekliganj     205.46
56.   Komat           16A      Patgram     Mekliganj      42.8
      Changrabandha
57.   Komat           17A      Patgram     Mekliganj      16.01
      Changrabandha
58.   Panisala         17      Patgram     Mekliganj     137.66
59.   Dwarikamari      18      Patgram     Mekliganj      36.5
      Khasbash
60.   Panisala        153/P    Patgram     Mekliganj      0.27
61.   Panisala        153/O    Patgram     Mekliganj      18.01
62.   Panisala          19     Patgram     Mekliganj      64.63
63.   Panisala          21     Patgram     Mekliganj      51.4
64.   Lotamari          20     Patgram     Mekliganj     283.53
65.   Lotamari          22     Patgram     Mekliganj      98.85
66.   Dwarikamari       23     Patgram     Mekliganj      39.52
67.   Dwarikamari       25     Patgram     Mekliganj      45.73
68.   Chhat Bhothat     24     Patgram     Mekliganj      56.11
69.   Baakata          131     Patgram     Hathabhanga    22.35
70.   Baakata          132     Patgram     Hathabhanga    11.96
71.   Baakata          130     Patgram     Hathibhanga    20.48
72.   Bhogramguri      133     Patgram     Hathibhanga    1.44
73.   Chenakata        134     Patgram     Mekliganj      7.81
74.   Banskata         119     Patgram     Mathabanga    413.81
75.   Banskata         120     Patgram     Mathabanga     30.75
76.   Banskata         121     Patgram     Mathabanga     12.15
77.   Banskata         113     Patgram     Mathabanga     57.86
78.   Banskata         112     Patgram     Mathabanga    315.04
79.   Banskata         114     Patgram     Mathabanga     0.77
363               THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                          (Appendix I)

1              2         3             4              5         6
80.    Banskata         115      Patgram        Mathabanga     29.2
81.    Banskata         122      Patgram        Mathabanga     33.22
82.    Banskata         127      Patgram        Mathabanga     12.72
83.    Banskata         128      Patgram        Mathabanga     2.33
84.    Banskata         117      Patgram        Mathabanga     2.55
85.    Banskata         118      Patgram        Mathabanga     30.98
86.    Banskata         125      Patgram        Mathabanga     0.64
87.    Banskata         126      Patgram        Mathabanga     1.39
88.    Banskata         129      Patgram        Mathabanga     1.37
89.    Banskata         116      Patgram        Mathabanga     16.96
90.    Banskata         123      Patgram        Mathabanga     24.37
91.    Banskata         124      Patgram        Mathabanga     0.28
92.    Gotamari Chhit   135      Hatibandha     Sitalkuchi    126.59
93.    Gotamari Chhit   136      Hatibandha     Sitalkuchi     20.02
94.    Banapachai       151      Lalmonirhat    Dinhata       217.29
95.    Banapachai       152      Lalmonirhat    Dinhata        81.71
       Bhitarkuthi
96.    Dasiar Chhara    150      Fulbari        Dinhata      1643.44
97.    Dakurhat-        156      Kurigram       Dinhata        14.27
       Dakinirkuthi
98.    Kalamati         141      Bhurungamari   Dinhata        21.21
99.    Bhahobganj       153      Bhurungamari   Dinhata        31.58
100.   Baotikursa       142      Bhurungamari   Dinhata        45.63
101.   Bara Coachulka   143      Bhurungamari   Dinhata        39.99
102.   Gaochulka II     147      Bhurungamari   Dinhata         0.9
103.   Gaochulka I      146      Bhurungamari   Dinhata        8.92
104.   Dighaltari II    145      Bhurungamari   Dinhata        8.81
105.   Dighaltari I     144      Bhurungamari   Dinhata        12.31
106.   Chhoto           149      Bhurungamari   Dinhata        17.85
       Garaljhora II
364                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                  (Appendix I)

1              2                  3              4              5              6
107.   Chhoto               148          Bhurungamari        Dinhata          35.74
       Garaljhora I
108.   1 chhit without                      Patgram       Mathabhanga          3.5
       name & JL No.
       at the southern
       and of JL No. 38
       & southern and
       of JL No. 39
       (locally known
       as Ashokabari *)

                         Enclaves with Fragmented Chhits
109.   (i) Bewladanga       34           Haldibari       Boda                862.46
       (ii) Bewladanga      Fragment     Haldibari        Debiganj
110.   (i) Kotbhajni        2            Haldibari        Debiganj         2012.27
       (ii) Kotbhajni       Fragment     Haldibari        Debiganj
       (iii) Kotbhajni      Fragment     Haldibari        Debiganj
       (iv) Kotbhajni       Fragment     Haldibari        Debiganj
111.   (i) Dahala           Khagrabri    Haldibari        Debiganj         2650.35
       (ii) Dahala          Fragment     Haldibari        Debiganj
       (iii) Dahala         Fragment     Haldibari        Debiganj
       (iv) Dahala          Fragment     Haldibari        Debiganj

______________________________________________
 Corrected vide 150th (54th) India-Bangladesh Boundary Conference held at Kolkata
 from 29th September to 2nd October, 2002.
* Corrected vide 152nd (56th) India-Bangladesh Boundary Conference held at

 Kochbihar, India from 18th—20th September, 2003.
365                   THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Appendix I)

1              2                3              4                5              6
        (v) Dahala          Fragment         Haldibari       Debiganj
        (vi) Dahala         Fragment         Haldibari       Debiganj
                                                                            17160.63
       The above given details of enclaves have been jointly compared and
reconciled with records held by India and Bangladesh during the Indo-
Bangladesh Conference held at Calcutta during 9th—12th October, 1996 as well as
during joint field inspection at Jalpaiguri (West Bengal) Panchagarh (Bangladesh)
sector during 21—24 November, 1996.
     Note: Name of enclave in Sl. No. 108 above has been identified as
Ashokabari by joint ground verification during field season 1996-97.


Brig. J.R. Peter                                     Md. Shafi Uddin
Director Land Records & Survey                Director-General, Land Records
(Ex-Officio) West Bengal, India &               and Surveys, Bangladesh.
Director, Eastern Circle Survey of
India, Calcutta.
    B. EXCHANGEABLE BANGLADESH ENCLAVES IN INDIA WITH AREA
Sl.     Name of Chhits           Lying within     Lying within      J.L.      Area
No.                              Police station   Police station    No.       in
                                 W. Bengal        Bangladesh                  acres
1                 2                  3               4                  5      6
                       A. Enclaves with independent chhits
1.      Chhit Kuchlibari         Mekliganj        Patgram          22         370.64
2.      Chhit Land of            Mekliganj        Patgram          24          1.83
        Kuchlibari
3.      Balapukhari              Mekliganj        Patgram          21         331.64
4.      Chhit Land of Panbari    Mekliganj        Patgram          20          1.13
        No. 2
366                THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                            (Appendix I)

1              2                 3               4      5      6
5.    Chhit Panbari         Mekliganj      Patgram      18   108.59
6.    Dhabalsati Mirgipur   Mekliganj      Patgram      15   173.88
7.    Bamandal              Mekliganj      Patgram      11    2.24
8.    Chhit Dhabalsati      Mekliganj      Patgram      14    66.58
9.    Dhabalsati            Mekliganj      Patgram      13    60.45
10.   Srirampur             Mekliganj      Patgram      8     1.05
11.   Jote Nijjama          Mekliganj      Patgram      3     87.54
12.   Chhit Land of         Mathabhanga    Patgram      37    69.84
      Jagatber No. 3
13.   Chhit Land of         Mathabhanga    Patgram      35    30.66
      Jagatber No.1
14.   Chhit Land of         Mathabhanga    Patgram      36    27.09
      Jagatber No. 2
15.   Chhit Kokoabari       Mathabhanga    Patgram      47    29.49
16.   Chhit Bhandardaha     Mathabhanga    Patgram      67    39.96
17.   Dhabalguri            Mathabhanga    Patgram      52    12.5
18.   Chhit Dhabalguri      Mathabhanga    Patgram      53    22.31
19.   Chhit Land of         Mathabhanga    Patgram      70    1.33
      Dhabalguri No. 3
20.   Chhit Land of         Mathabhanga    Patgram      71    4.55
      Dhabalguri No. 4
21.   Chhit Land of         Mathabhanga    Patgram      72    4.12
      Dhabalguri No. 5
22.   Chhit Land of         Mathabhanga    Patgram      68    26.83
      Dhabalguri No. 1
23.   Chhit Land of         Mathabhanga    Patgram      69    13.95
      Dhabalguri No. 2
24.   Mahishmari            Sitalkuchi     Patgram      54   122.77
25.   Bura Saradubi         Sitalkuchi     Hatibandha   13    34.96
367                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Appendix I)

1                2                   3               4        5       6
26.   Falnapur                 Sitalkuchi      Patgram        64    505.56
27.   Amjhol                   Sitalkuchi      Hatibandha     57     1.25
28.   Kismat Batrigachh        Dinhata         Kaliganj       82    209.95
29.   Durgapur                 Dinhata         Kaliganj       83     20.96
30.   Bansua Khamar            Dinhata         Lalmonirhat    1      24.54
      Gitaldaha
31.   Poaturkuthi              Dinhata         Lalmonirhat    37    589.94
32.   Paschim Bakalir          Dinhata         Bhurungamari   38    151.98
      Chhara
33.   Madhya Bakalir           Dinhata         Bhurungamari   39    32.72
      Chhara
34.   Purba Bakalir            Dinhata         Bhurungamari   40    12.23
      Chhara
35.   Madhya Masaldanga        Dinhata         Bhurungamari   3     136.66
36.   Madhya Chhit             Dinhata         Bhurungamari   8     11.87
      Masaldanga
37.   Paschim Chhit            Dinhata         Bhurungamari   7       7.6
      Masaldanga
38.   Uttar Masaldanga         Dinhata         Bhurungamari   2     27.29
39.   Kachua                   Dinhata         Bhurungamari   5     119.74
40.   Uttar Bansjani           Tufanganj       Bhurungamari   1     47.17
41.   Chhat Tilai              Tufanganj       Bhurungamari   17    81.56

                      B. Enclaves with Fragmented Chhits
42.   (i) Nalgram               Sitalkuchi     Patgarm        65   1397.34
      (ii) Nalgram              Sitalkuchi     Patgarm        65
      (Fragment)
      (iii) Nalgram             Sitalkuchi     Patgarm        65
      (Fragment)
368                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                (Appendix I)

1                2                   3              4         5     6
43.   (i) Chhit Nalgram         Sitalkuchi     Patgarm        66    49.5
      (ii) Chhit Nalgram        Sitalkuchi     Patgarm        66
      (Fragment)
44.   (i) Batrigachh            Dinhata        Kaliganj       81   577.37
      (ii) Batrigachh           Dinhata        Kaliganj       81
      (Fragment)
      (iii) Batrigachh          Dinhata        Phulbari       9
      (Fragment)
45.   (i) Karala                Dinhata        Phulbari       9    269.91
      (ii) Karala (fragment)    Dinhata        Phulbari       9
      (iii) Karala (fragment)   Dinhata        Phulbari       8
46.   (i) Sipprasad Mustati     Dinhata        Phulbari       8    373.2
      (ii) Sipprasad Mustati    Dinhata        Phulbari       6
      (Fragment)
47.   (i) Dakshin               Dinhata        Bhurungamari   6    571.38
      Masaldanga
      (ii) Dakshin              Dinhata        Bhurungamari   6
      Masaldanga
      (Fragment)
      (iii) Dakshin             Dinhata        Bhurungamari   6
      Masaldanga
      (Fragment)
      (iv) Dakshin              Dinhata        Bhurungamari   6
      Masaldanga
      (Fragment)
      (v) Dakshin               Dinhata        Bhurungamari   6
      Masaldanga
      (Fragment)
      (vi) Dakshin              Dinhata        Bhurungamari   6
      Masaldanga
      (Fragment)
369                  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                                 (Appendix I)



1                   2                 3                 4            5        6
48.     (i) Paschim              Dinhata          Bhurungamari       4       29.49
        Masaldanga
        (ii) Paschim             Dinhata          Bhurungamari        4
        Masaldanga (Fragment)
49.     (i) Purba Chhit          Dinhata          Bhurungamari       10      35.01
        Masaldanga
        (ii) Purba Chhit         Dinhata          Bhurungamari       10
        Masaldanga (Fragment)
50.     (i) Purba Masaldanga     Dinhata          Bhurungamari       11    153.89
        (ii) Purba Masaldanga    Dinhata          Bhurungamari       11
        (Fragment)
51.     (i) Uttar Dhaldanga      Tufanganj        Bhurungamari       14    24.98
        (ii) Uttar Dhaldanga     Tufanganj        Bhurungamari       14
        (Fragment)
        (iii) Uttar Dhaldanga    Tufanganj        Bhurungamari       14
        (Fragment)
        Total Area                                                         7,110.02


       The above given details of enclaves have been jointly compared and
reconciled with records held by India and Bangladesh during the Indo-
Bangladesh Conference held at Calcutta during 9th—12th October, 1996 as well as
during joint field inspection at Jalpaiguri (West Bengal) – Panchagarh (Bangladesh)
sector during 21—24 November, 1996.


Brig. J.R. Peter                                     Md. Shafi Uddin
Director Land Records & Survey                Director General, Land Records
(Ex officio) West Bengal, India &               and Surveys, Bangladesh.
Director, Eastern Circle Survey of
India, Calcutta.
                                  APPENDIX II
   1
     THE CONSTITUTION (APPLICATION TO JAMMU AND KASHMIR)
                                  ORDER, 2019
                                        C.O. 272
       In exercise of the powers conferred by clause (1) of article 370 of the
Constitution, the President, with the concurrence of the Government of State of
Jammu and Kashmir, is pleased to make the following Order:—
       1. (1) This Order may be called the Constitution (Application to Jammu
and Kashmir) Order, 2019.
       (2) It shall come into force at once, and shall thereupon supersede the
Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954 as amended
from time to time.
       2. All the provisions of the Constitution, as amended from time to time,
shall apply in relation to the State of Jammu and Kashmir and the exceptions
and modifications subject to which they shall so apply shall be as follows:–
       To article 367, there shall be added the following clause, namely:
              “(4) For the purposes of this Constitution as it applies in relation
       to the State of Jammu and Kashmir–
                            (a) references to this Constitution or to the
                     provisions thereof shall be construed as references to the
                     Constitution or the provisions thereof as applied in relation
                     to the said State;
                            (b) references to the person for the time being
                     recognized by the President on the recommendation of the
                     Legislative Assembly of the State as the Sadar-i-Riyasat of
                     Jammu and Kashmir, acting on the advice of the Council of
                     Ministers of the State for the time being in office, shall be
                     construed as references to the Governor of Jammu and
                     Kashmir;
                            (c) references to the Government of the said State
                     shall be construed as including references to the Governor
                     of Jammu and Kashmir acting on the advice of his Council
                     of Ministers; and
                            (d) in proviso to clause (3) of article 370 of this
                     Constitution, the expression “Constituent Assembly of the
                     State referred to in clause (2)” shall read “Legislative
                     Assembly of the State”.”

______________________________________________
1.Published with the Ministry of Law and Justice, (Legislative Department) notification
  No. G.S.R. 551 (E), dated the 5th August, 2019, Gazette of India, Extraordinary,
  Part II, Section 3, Sub-section (i).
                                         370
                                   APPENDIX III
    1
        DECLRATION UNDER ARTICLE 370(3) OF THE CONSTITUTION

                                       C.O. 273

       In exercise of the powers conferred by clause (3) of article 370 read
with clause (1) of article 370 of the Constitution of India, the President, on the
recommendation of Parliament, is pleased to declare that, as from the 6th
August, 2019, all clauses of the said article 370 shall cease to be operative
except the following which shall read as under, namely:—

                 “370. All provisions of this Constitution, as amended from time to
         time, without any modifications or exceptions, shall apply to the State of
         Jammu and Kashmir notwithstanding anything contrary contained in
         article 152 or article 308 or any other article of this Constitution or any
         other provision of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir or any law,
         document, judgement, ordinance, order, by-law, rule, regulation,
         notification, custom or usage having the force of law in the territory of
         India, or any other instrument, treaty or agreement as envisaged under
         article 363 or otherwise.”.




______________________________________________
1.Published with the Ministry of Law and Justice, (Legislative Department) notification
  No. G.S.R. 562(E), dated the 6th August, 2019, Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II,
  Section 3, Sub-section (i).
                                           371