 andliving. Asaresult
they may beburdened down with catarrh andbeincapable ofefficient production. Not
only arethestomach glands affected byenervation buttheentire system suffers. When
anypart ofthebody istired, overburdened with toxic waste, efficiency offunction is
lowered.
39.3.8 A Better Way
Hydrochloric acid capsules andchelated pills arenotusable. They further cripple
thebody.Swallowing acid andpopping pills isanti-health. The better way istobegin
tocleanse thebody,togetridofthemorbid wastes, todisor ganize andremove thefat,
toautolyze thecysts andthetumors andthen torebuild ahealthier body,asuperbly
functioning organism, using allthefundamental requisites oforganic existence. When
thishasonce been accomplished, thesymptoms willlong since have departed, theblood
andfluids willnolonger bederanged orscant insupply,andthey willbeabundant and
free-flowing, pure, andwillrunintheir channels carrying mineral andother nutrients to
service the needs of the cells.
39.3.9 The Law of Economy
TheLaw ofEconomy states thatwhere there isnodemand fortheproduction ofa
product (secretion, etc.), thebody willnotproduce saidproduct. Ifsupplements aresub-
stituted foraproduct which isnormally theresult ofalifeprocess within thebody,the
time willsoon come when thesupplemented individual willbecome supplement-depen-
dent, nolonger able tomanufacture theproduct sovital tohislife.Without thesupple-
ment, hishealth willrapidly deteriorate. No“cure” hasbeen affected, therefore thelack
will reassert itself.When supplements aretaken, thebody isandwill continue tobestimulated while
thedosing continues. Supplement-taking cripples thesystem’ spowers ofsynthesis while
theinternal deterioration proceeds unabated. The process canbesomewhat compared
totheaddiction thatresults when so-called “hard” drugs become away oflife. After a
time, theindividual more often than notfinds thathemust have recourse toanincreased
mineral intake inorder toobtain thesame feeling ofwell-being. Butdosing, ofcourse,
has its limits since no healing has taken place.
39.3.10 Imbalances Within The Body
Another point illustrates how futile itistodose thebody with this, thatortheother
mineral pill,chelated ornot,andthatisthefactthatthehuman being must have allthe
nutrients present asandwhen required but,more than that, itmust have them intheir
proper syner gistic organization, proportions, ifyouwill, onetoanother andeach toall.
Thebody willsimply notputupwith imbalances ofanykind. Infact, when animbalan-
ceexists, thebody isintrouble anditwillletusknow byonemethod oranother,bythis
symptom or that.
When anexcess (oradeficiency) ofanyonematerial (orother nutrient) exists, an
imbalance ispresent. Such animbalance may cause thenutrient inquestion, mineral or
other,tobeworthless or,what iseven worse, itmay provetobeahandicap totheproper
utilization of all the other nutrients! This is the Law of the Minimum.
Minerals arerequired bytheliving system; vitamins andenzymes arerequired, all
thenutrients areessential tosupport thelifesystems butthey must bepresent inabal-
anced syner gized organic context ascontained inthevarious food packages designed
forman’ suseorthey areworthless. Notonly worthless, inandofthemselves, butthe
imbalance created because thesystem cannot fully utilize isolated man-made minerals,
chelated ornot,reduces theeffectiveness ofalloftheother nutrients, including perhaps
even theorganic minerals thatarepresent inthedietary intake perhaps byasmuch as
one-half and, if other deleterious factors are also present, possibly even more.
39.3.11 Selenium—To Illustrate a Point
Selenium isamineral thathascome intoprominence especially since thepublication
ofSelenium, AsFood andMedicine written byDr.Richard Pass water,Ph.D., andpub-
lished by Keats Publishing, Inc.
Dr.Passwater relates how important selenium isinmaintaining health. Theinference
iscertainly given thatadding alittle selenium tothedietmay justhelp prevent aperson’ s
coming down with serious diseases. Following thepublicity ontheattributes ofseleni-
um,health food stores were invaded bypersons eager toescape alltheillsoftheworld’ s
sick simply by adding a little pill containing this trace mineral.
Selenium isnow included inmost multivitamin andmultimineral supplements. Odd-
lyenough nothing issaid about selenium’ stoxicity asadded tosupplements inaninor-
ganic state. And even more, little issaid about how theroots ofcertain plants, likethe
many fruit trees andthealfalfa plants, have roots which penetrate down through thesur-
face oildeep intothesub-soil where they seek outandtake updissolved minerals ofall
kinds, gross andtrace, these tobereorganized intoplant substance tosustain theplant’ s
specific needs. When man eatsthefruit ofsuch plants orparts thereof which areadapted
tohisbody design, hereceives alltheminerals hecanuse, including thetrace mineral
selenium.
Fruits, theproduct oftrees andvines, arethebestofallfoods justbecause their root
systems arefar-reaching anddeep-searching. When fruits areformulated they contain
within their rich goodness, allthatman requires toliveinhealth. Fedbythesoiland
air,they areman’ sfinest food. When vegetables andalimited amount ofnuts oredible
seeds are also occasionally eaten, fruits will amply fulfill man’ s nutrient needs.39.3.12 Minerals as a Nutrient
Aswehave previously noted, minerals areoneofagroup ofnutrients. They area
partofevery cell, tissue, organandsystem ofthebody.They areespecially concentrated
inthebones, teeth, hairandnails. Without minerals, thealkalinity oftheblood andother
fluids ofthebody would beinextreme jeopardy because acorrect mineral presence is
required notonly tosustain thisalkalinity butalsotheviscosity (thestickiness, fluidity)
and the salinity (saltiness) of all systemic fluids.
Minerals serve todetoxify thesystem whenever solid wastes threaten it.Therefore,
whenever thehuman organism hasafullcomplement ofminerals, allreadily available at
therequired time, itisprotected against decay androt.Theproper concentration ofmin-
eralsalts intheinterstitial fluids keeps cellular membranes from bursting andspilling
forth cellular contents. The proper proportion ofmineral tomineral keeps theplasma
membranes andcellwalls intact with fullselective power,theability toaccept orreject
nutritive material asitpasses byinsmor gasbord style, offered upbythefluids asthey
journey ontheir course toevery cellwithin theorganic domain. These membranes also
retain theability topass allobstructive debris which byitspresence could disrupt cellu-
lar activity through and out of the cell.
Letusbriefly explore another aspect ofmineral balance. Wehave already pointed
outthattheblood andother fluids must keep arather carefully prescribed quota ofmin-
erals atalltimes tomaintain rather narrow parameters ofpH(alkalinity). IfthepHvaries
even minutely,sickness andeven death canfollow,andquite rapidly.Inorder tokeep the
pHstable, thehomeostatic mechanisms ofthebody willtake from those organs which
areadequately provided with theminerals thesystem requires toperform specific duties
andtotake whatever amount isneeded tocontinue thelifeprocess. Thebody makes the
best use of its resources.
Themineral selected most often iscalcium, thisbeing intime ofgrave need, rudely
obtained from theteeth (producing caries) bones (leading tosponging, osteoporosis).
That mineral deficiencies arewidespread isevidenced bythefactthatover 99percent
ofAmericans have oneormore dental caries andmost persons over theageof50give
evidence ofosteoporosis. Taking calcium supplements which areinorganic cannot solve
thisproblem. Rather,supplements may lead tofaulty systemic managements, notonly of
calcium butalsoofother minerals according totheLaw oftheMinimum, demonstrating
again how poorly the body can tolerate imbalances of any kind.
39.4. Enzymes
39.4.1 A Question Answered
39.4.2 A Catalyst
39.4.3 Enzymes as Catalysts
39.4.4 Classifying Enzymes
39.4.5 Enzyme Activation
39.4.6 Research
39.4.7 Other Roles
39.4.1 A Question Answered
“Wouldn’ titbewonderful ifourscientists could come upwith asubstance which
could assure digestion ofourfoods, clean ourdirty so


 now chlorinated, fluoridated, and so on.
53.2.4 More Environmental Pollution
In1970, astudy showed that200,000 children intheU.S. hadoverly toxic levels
oflead intheir bloodstream. Amore recent article stated thatthisnumber ismore like600,000. These figures don’tinclude adults, andmost people aren’ teven tested forlead
intheir bloodstream anyway.Auto exhausts andindustry areputting thislead into the
environment.
According toastudy bytheNational Wildlife Federation (thecountry’ slargestnon-
governmental conservation group), most oftheenvironmental indicators ofthe“quality
oflife” show deterioration. Supposedly,90% ofallmajor U.S. factories now comply
with pollution laws, butthereport saidmost Americans liveinareas where itisstillun-
safe tobreathe. Land isunwisely used, soilerodes andgets poisoned, water iswasted
andpolluted (with over 70,000 chemicals incurrent commercial use, runof fcanbring
many towaterways), andtheendangered species listhasmore than doubled. Allthese
gloomy changes reflect our choice of ener gy consumption, and much waste and greed.
53.2.5 Nonrenewable Energy Used In the Home
Withtoday’ sincreased interest ingood insulation, onemust beextremely cautious
inproviding adequate ventilation since fumes, gases, andother toxic vapors arethe
byproduct ofnonrenewable energyuse.(This istheadvantage solar power hasover fos-
silfuels—it isclean andsafe.)Ifyou’re using “traditional” energysources, youmust be
aware thatininsulating toretain heat, youmay alsoberetaining such things asradioac-
tiveradon anditsdecay products orformaldehyde escaping from some types ofinsula-
tion(apopular new insulation isurea formaldehyde— beware). Forinsulation onecan
usevermiculite, perlite, andexpanded silicate—inert minerals thatdon’trelease fumes.
Youmay beretaining formaldehyde fumes from particle board, hydrocarbons from gas
stoves, andpetrochemicals from paints tocleaning fluids. Soft coal fires putbenzopy-
rene (another carcinogen) intotheair.Atonly onepartpertwomillion, formaldehyde
cancause swelling ofmucous membranes. Higher levels canresult incoughing, chest
pains, headaches, cold- andflu-like symptoms, eyeandnose irritations, bloody noses,
scratchy throat, nausea, andpossibly cancer.Recently,some investigations were made
intocomplaints from people innew,well-insulated mobile homes where formaldehyde
gas was detected.
Many people didn’ tlinksymptoms, which aresooften associated with other “com-
mon illnesses, toanything serious soittook awhile foranyconnection tobemade to
formaldehyde. Often themost common building materials— concrete, brick, stone, and
adobe—contain trace amounts ofradium anduranium. These levels, aremeasurable
with equipment similar toageiger counter.Asinsulation toahome increases anddrafts
andventilation decrease, more radon isretained athigher levels. Normally,when fresh
airseeps into ahouse, theairiscompletely exchanged inonehour,butheavy insu-
lation canreduce thisairexchange toonce every five hours. Some heavily-insulated
homes have been measured with anannual dose exceeding permissible levels forura-
nium mines. TheEnvironmental Protection Agency examined theradon issue andcon-
cluded that10,000 lung cancers diagnosed yearly could becaused bythisradioactive
gas,andwarned thatdeaths could double ortriple with increased heavy insulation. Ven-
tilation with fresh air is necessary.
Gasappliances, stoves, andheaters areanother source ofindoor airpollution. Nat-
uralgasisoneofmany petrochemical agents capable ofcreating symptoms likearthri-
tis,depression, water retention, andabdominal distention ineven thebest-ventilated
homes.(Here, onemust realize thatoneshould notinhale atoxic fume—indoors orout-
doors—because toxic istoxic, soventilation isn’treally relevant here. Ifonedoes use
gasthough, oneshould ofcourse stillventilate asmuch aspossible.) Withgasstoves,
emissions from combustion areexhausted directly intotheair.Such anoversight would
never beallowed with anyother burning material, because weknow thattheproducts of
combustion arehazardous toinhale. Thetwomajor pollutants produced bycombustion
arecarbon monoxide andnitrogen dioxide. Carbon monoxide displaces oxygen inour
blood’ shemoglobin, andcancause headaches, exhaustion andasphyxiation. Nitrogendioxide isabyproduct ofhigh-temperature combustion, andstudies have shown thatlev-
elsmay befivetimes greater indoors than outdoors, especially inmajor cities. One in-
vestigation found thatoperating agasoven at350degrees foronehour,with little venti-
lation, resulted inexcessive levels ofcarbon monoxide inthehouse. Excessive amounts
were also found with moderate ventilation, butlevels diddecrease when speed ofven-
tilating fans wasincreased. Thehealth hazards ofcooking with natural gasaremostly
respiratory innature, andsome studies showed astatistically significant difference in
lung capacity between children living inhomes with gasstoves andthose with electric
ranges. Another study showed thattwice asmany residents with gasreported chronic
coughing, andthree times asmany hadimpaired lung function. (Fortunately,those ofus
onrawfood diets need notbeburdened with these worries butnoteveryone issofortu-
nate.)
Kerosene heaters, sold bythemillions thelast five years, give offsubstantial
amounts ofcarbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.
These emissions aresaidtobeespecially dangerous topregnant women andtheir fetus-
es,babies, andpersons with respiratory problems, anemia, angina pectoris, oraheart
condition. Any unvented heaters areobviously sending combustion byproducts right into
theroom justlike agasstove. (Some heaters also present firehazards ifimproperly
used.)
Lignite isalow-grade coal thatposes several health problems. Uranium inthemate-
rialabove lignite deposits could cause both pollution andhealth danger when disturbed.
Those operating alignite plant areworking close toknown carcinogens, andemissions
from theplant include sulfur oxides, which combine with moisture intheairandpro-
duce sulfurous acid, sulfuric acid, andammonium sulfate which cancorrode buildings,
damage vegetation, andcause respiratory ailments. Much carbon dioxide isformed and
released, anditcombines with water toform acid rain. Lignite hasbeen presented in
some areas asanalternative tonuclear power,butpeople living near lignite plants would
absorb about five tosixtimes asmany milli-rems ofradiation asthe“accepted maxi-
mum dosage allowed” forareas around nuclear power plants. When lignite burns, ra-
dioactive isotopes arereleased. Nearby water risks contamination anddepletion because
vastamounts ofwater areused atallstages from mining toburning andsludge disposal.
Wecanseewhy itwill beawelcome relief tomake theswitch toacleaner,safer
energy source thatdoesn’ tresult insomany complications andcompromises! Yetthe
negative side-ef fects ofallthese nonrenewable energysources pale incomparison with
the problems encountered with nuclear power.
53.3. Nuclear Power
53.3.1 The Politics of Ener gy
53.3.2 The Dangers of Nuclear Power Problems BEFORE W e Get to the Plant
53.3.3 Problems At the Power Plant
53.3.4 Problems After the Plant—Nuclear W aste
53.3.1 The Politics of Energy
In1981, there were 78nuclear power plants operating orunder construction, with 16
more onorder.Outside theU.S., there were 182operating reactor units with another 138
under construction.
One ofthefirst things toremember indealing with thepolitics ofnuclear power is
thatusing nuclear power tosolve theenergycrisis seems perfectly normal totheselect
fewwho willprofit from itandperhaps notbeaffected byitsdangers. This “privileg-
edelite” must convince theworkers who labor thatacommon good willcome ofitall,
although theelite will keep control over thelargest portion oftheresulting wealth. It
hasbeen thisway since thebeginning oftime. Near thetopwefind people atthenextlayer ofpower—the professionals. These areoureducated. Intellectuals areusually glad
tocompromise ethics forthegenerous compensation given outbythose atthetop.(We
might note thatdoctors fitintothiscategory,asdomany scientists, engineers, corporate
executives, andsoon.) There isalways a“professional” ready totellyouwhy nuclear
power issafe anddesirable, justasthesurgeon will insist thathissurgery issafe and
necessary.When “studies” show that“alliswell,” onemight dowell tonote thatmany a
drug has“passed inspection” andmany pesticides have “been approved” allbecause of


,M.D., oftheMayo Biological Laboratories inRochester,
Minnesota. Itwasdemonstrated thatstreptococci (pus germs) could bemade toassume
allthecharacteristics ofpneumococci (pneumonia germs) simply byfeeding them on
pneumonia virus andmaking other minor alterations intheir environment. When the
procedure wasreversed, they quickly reverted topusgerms. Inallcases, regardless of
thetype ofgerms, they quickly mutated into other types when their environment and
food were changed.
TwoNew YorkCity bacteriologists, through similar experiments, converted cocci
(round, berry-shaped) into bacilli (long, rod-shaped) and vice versa.
Soitisobvious thatspecific bacteria donotproduce specific disease symptoms—it
istheenvironment andthetype ofsoilwhich determines thetype ofbacteria thatprolif-
erate.
66.2. Pasteur Becomes Identified As Originator Of Germ Theory
Thefirst “Germ Theory ofInfectious Diseases” waspublished in1762, byM.A.Plen-
ciz,aViennese physician. In1860, Louis Pasteur took thecredit fortheexperiments and
ideas ofothers, “plagiarizing anddistorting their discoveries,” according toDr.Leverson
ofEngland. Because ofPasteur ’sstrength, zeal, enthusiasm, andconvincing personality,
andhispassionate determination toovercome opposition tothegerm theory,hebecame
identified as its originator.
Claude Bernard (1813-1878) disputed thevalidity ofthegerm theory,andmain-
tained thatthegeneral condition ofthepatient’ sbody wastheprincipal factor indisease,
butthisidea waslargely ignored bythemedical profession andthegeneral public. Pas-
teurhaddone hiswork well asthesuave promoter ofaplausible “scientific” hypothesis
thatcould bolster theprestige ofthesagging medical profession. Bernard andPasteur
hadmany debates ontherelative importance ofthemicrobe andtheinternal environ-
ment.
Pasteur was achemist andphysicist, andknew very little about biology andlife
processes, buthewasarespected andinfluential man. Hisphobic fearofinfection, his
belief inthe“malignity” and“belligerence” ofgerms, andhispowerful influence onhis
contemporaries, hadfar-reaching consequences, andmen ofscience were convinced of
thethreat ofthemicrobe toman. Thus was born theperiod ofbacteriophobia (fear of
germs) which still exists.
66.3. The Fear Of Infection
Thefearof“infection” ofacut,abruise, orother injury iswidespread. Actually,there is
more danger from thedrugs andantibiotics administered to“prevent infection.” When
aninjury occurs, thebody quickly seals offthearea, ascab forms, andrepairs areinsti-
tuted. Suppuration rarely occurs, except intoxic individuals. Devitalizing drugs serve to
hinder the cleansing and reparative processes; antibiotics destroy friendly bacteria.
Patients donothave much (orany) choice intheuseofantibiotics after surgery.The
massive invasive process ofsurgery (often opening intothebody cavity) isquite differ-
entfrom acutorother wound near thesurface ofthebody.Inanyevent, there isnoop-
tion. The antibiotics (after sur gery) are mandatory (for the “protection” of the surgeon).
66.4. Bacteriophobia
The universal acceptance ofthegerm theory,andtheconsequently widespread bacte-
riophobia, resulted inamultiplicity offrenzied efforts toescape from thethreat ofthedreadful andmalicious germs bywaging aconstant waragainst them inthebelief that
the alternative was certain death.
Thepopulace wasadvised tocook allfood andboilallwater (with theinevitable de-
terioration in health accompanying raw food deprivation).
Thepresent-day practice ofkilling germs (inside andoutside thebody) with poison
drugs was initiated, resulting inmore andmore degeneration andiatrogenic (drug-in-
duced) disease.
Various programs were initiated toconfer “immunity” against specific germs by
means ofvaccines andserums, resulting inthemonstrous inoculation system—with hor-
rendous ef fects, detailed in my book, Don’ t Get Stuck!
Fortunately,thewarning against, andhorror of,allraw foods asdangerous and
bacteria-ridden, hasbeen largely overcome, through thepersistent educational efforts
ofHygienists andother knowledgeable people, though thebanonunpasteurized dairy
products still exists in most areas in the
United States.
Theacceptance ofpoison drugs, vaccines, andserums hasnotwaned toanyappre-
ciable extent.
66.5. Pasteur Changes His Mind
Aspreviously mentioned, around 1860. Pasteur discovered facts which were notinac-
cord with hisprevious conception thatdisease germs were unchangeable. Hefound that
microbial species canunder gomany transformations; thisdiscovery destroyed thebasis
forthegerm theory.Since acoccus (pneumonia germ) could change toabacillus (ty-
phoid germ) andback again (and, indeed, since anygerm could turnintoanother)—and
since their virulence could bealtered, often atthewill oftheexperimenter,thewhole
theory exploded.
Itisfrequently overlooked thatPasteur bythen hadchanged hisdirection, andhis
more mature conception ofthecause ofdisease, asgiven byDr.Duclaux, was thata
germ was“ordinarily kept within bounds bynatural laws, but,when conditions change,
when itsvirulence isexalted, when itshost isenfeebled, thegerm wasable to“invade”
theterritory which wasbarred toituptothattime. This, ofcourse, isthepremise thata
healthy body is resistant to disease or not susceptible to it.
After thechange inhisoutlook, andnumerous experiments along thisline, Pasteur
wasatlastconvinced thatcontrollable physiological factors were basic intheassessment
ofvulnerability todisease andconcluded, “The presence inthebody ofapathogenic
agent isnotnecessarily synonymous with infectious disease.” (The presence ofcertain
germs is not pr oof that they ar e the cause of a disease.)
SoPasteur didfinally reverse hisposition andacknowledge thatgerms arenotthe
specific andprimary cause ofdisease, andheabandoned thegerm theory.Heisreported
tohave said onhisdeathbed, “Bernard wasright. Theseed isnothing, thesoilisevery-
thing.”
Although Pasteur abandoned hisearly immature anderroneous theory inthe1880s,
itwasaccepted, developed, fostered, andperpetuated byothers, andthemischief, med-
ical misunderstanding, and error continue to this day (the ultimate irony!).
66.6. A Plausible And Tangible Basis For “Medical Science”
Dr.Shelton says, “Medicine isnow claimed tobeascience. Before thediscoveries and
pseudo-discoveries ofPasteur itwas amedley ofdiversified diseases andimaginary
causes, treated symptomatically andempirically.Uptothistime theevolution ofmedical
thought wasbutaslow transition from superstition. Theprofession groped blindly about
in search of a tangible basis upon which to base their theories and practices.“Pasteur,while exploiting thework ofBechamp andother scientists ofthatperiod,
gave theprofession thegerm. Here, atlast, wasatangible andbasic theory which could
bedeveloped without alimit. Themicroscope made itpossible tovisualize, differentiate,
andclassify theorganisms. Withafrenzied andhysterical outburst ofenthusiasm, the
medical profession seized upon thisnew theory,since which time practically allmedical
investigation has been carried on with the germ theory of disease as its basis.”
66.7. The Unity Of Disease
Theunity ofdisease isnotunderstood bythose who insist onrelating aspecific germ to
each disease. Aslong agoasMarch 12,1924, aneditorial intheBoston Medical andSur-
gical Journal discussed thetrend away from thisconcept: “The reason...ofaneclipse
orpartial eclipse ofbacteriology may befound inthebelief thatthisbranch ofmedi-
cine, ifithasnotcome exactly toablind alley,hasatleast come toahalt...There are
signs, more orlessvague asyet,thatnew conceptions ofdisease arearising, although
such views arethemselves nebulous. Itisthought bysome thatthere ismore orlessa
fundamental unity ofdisease, andthatmany ofthenosological labels attached tothem
are superfluous and confusing.”
66.8. Koch’s Postulates
The German scientist, Robert Koch, maintained that foraspecific bacteria tobethe
cause of a disease:
1.It must be found in every case of that disease.
2.It must not be found when the disease is not present.
3.It must be capable of living outside the tissues.
4.It must then be capable of reintroduction into the or ganism and producing that disease.
Ashasbeen repeatedly demonstrated,


carbon dioxide removal
from bodily fluids. Since carbon dioxide forms aweak acid insolution, itsremoval low-
ersthehydrogen ionconcentration. (3)Thekidneys alsorespond tochanges inhydrogen
ion concentration by excreting either an acid or an alkaline urine.
These control systems operate together inthemaintenance ofthebody fluid pH.The
buffersystem canactwithin afraction ofasecond, whereas therespiratory system takes
onetothree minutes toreadjust thehydrogen ionconcentration after asudden change.
Thekidneys, although themost powerful of,all,acid-base regulatory systems, require
from several hours to a day to readjust the hydrogen ion concentrations.
Asolution thathasatendency toresist changes initspHwhen treated with strong
acids orbases iscalled abuffer.Abuffersolution contains weak acid orbase andasalt
ofthisacid orbase. Inbiological fluids thebicarbonate-carbonic acid system, thephos-
phate system, thehemoglobin-oxyhemoglobin system, andtheproteins actastheprin-
cipal buf fers in the regulation of pH.
Thesodium bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffersystem ispresent inallbodily fluids.
Itshould benoted thatcarbonic acid isaweak acid; thatis,itbinds itshydrogen ions
strongly.Ifastrong acid (one thatisloosely attached tohydrogen), such ashydrochloric
acid isadded, itreacts almost immediately with thebicarbonate toform carbonic acid
andsodium chloride. Thesystem operates bychanging thestrong acid intoaweak acid
andsuccessfully prevents amajor change inpH.Thefactthatthecarbonic acid caneas-
ilybereduced tocarbon, dioxide andwater andremoved from thebody through respi-
ration greatly enhances thecombined efficiency ofthese mechanisms inresponding to
changes in hydrogen ion concentration.
Ifastrong base such assodium hydroxide isadded, thecarbonic acid reacts imme-
diately with ittoform sodium bicarbonate andwater.Again thebuffermechanism has
prevented amajor change inpHbychanging astrong base intothelessalkaline sodium
bicarbonate.
When anexcess ofsodium bicarbonate andcalcium carbonate ispresent, abnormal
alterations in acid-base balance occur, resulting in a state of alkalosis.
Another type ofantacids given topeptic ulcer sufferers isthenonabsorbable
antacids.These antacids arerelatively insoluble salts ofweak bases. Suspended antacids
present alargesurface area ofinteraction with hydrochloric acid; thisactivity forms non-
absorbed orpoorly-absorbed salts, thereby increasing gastric pH.Theactivity ofpepsin
diminishes asthepHrises above 2.Complications canalso arise here, too,when there
issuch interference with acid-base balance andcontinued usecanalsoresult inalkalosis
although not as quickly.
Aluminum hydroxide isanother antacid commonly used. Phosphate depletion may
develop asaresult ofbinding ofphosphate byaluminum inthegastrointestinal tract.
Symptoms include anorexia, weakness andmalaise. Ifthere isbone resorption tocom-
pensate forphosphorus loss, urine calcium raises andthere may bebone pain. Ifde-
pletion issufficiently severe andcontinues over years, osteomalacia may develop. Alu-
minum hydroxide also binds fluoride and this too may contribute to osteomalacia.
Since calcium andphosphorus areintimately related inmetabolism, tworatios be-
tween them aresignificant. (1)thedietary calcium tophosphorus ratio affects absorption
ofthese minerals; foradults a1:11/2ratio ofcalcium tophosphorus isrequired. (2)theserum calcium tophosphorus ratio isthesolubility product ofthetwominerals inthe
serum.
Anincrease inonemineral causes adecrease intheother tomaintain aconstant
product ofthetwo. Thenormal serum level ofcalcium is10mg.per100ml.;ofphos-
phorus, 4 mg. per 100 ml. in adults.
Ifthisratio isunbalanced, thebody willcompensate bydrawing onitsstores tocom-
pensate. Therefore, anexcess ofphosphorus will result inthewithdrawal ofcalcium
from body stores—which may come from the bones.
Magnesium saltisfrequently given topeople with ulcers inspite ofthefactthatit
often results indiarrhea. This isaclear indication thatthebody cannot utilize thisinor-
ganic mineral and finds a way to quickly dispose of it.
2.6.2 Anticholinergics
Anticholiner gics impede theimpulses oraction ofthefibers oftheparasympathetic
nerves. They aregiven todelay emptying ofthestomach andthus prolong antacid reten-
tion. These drugs often result in dry mouth and blurred vision.
Upon administration ofthistype ofdrug, aworse condition isimmediately incurred.
Withdelayed emptying ofthestomach, fermentation andputrefaction offood materials
arevery likely tooccur.This results intheliberation ofextremely toxic by-products of
thisdecaying process. Theendresult isaworsening ofthetoxicosis thatisalready pre-
sent inallpeptic ulcer patients. Weshould strive toeliminate toxicosis andcertainly do
nothing tocontribute toit.Why should youcompound aproblem byingesting these tox-
icsubstances? Youareimmediately creating twoproblems: First, theaddition oftoxins
from thedrug itself andsecond, theinterference ofthatdrug with normal bodily process-
es.
2.6.3 Histamine h3 Receptor Blocking Agents
Many physicians usehistamine h3receptor blocking agents. Histamine iswidely dis-
tributed intissues, thehighest concentrations areinskin, lungs andstomach. Thespe-
cific homeostatic function ofhistamine remains unclear.Itsactions inman areexert-
edprimarily onthecardiovascular system, extravascular smooth muscle, andexocrine
glands, andthey appear tobemediated bytwodistinct histamine receptors, termed H1
andh3.Theeffects ofhistamine h3receptor intheexocrine glands istostimulate gas-
tricacid secretion. Thedrug Cimetidine isgiven topatients with gastric ulcers toblock
thestimulation ofgastric acid byhistamine andthereby reduce gastric acidity.Being a
new drug, itstoxic effects have notyetbeen proven butweknow thatalldrugs aretoxic
andinterference inanybodily function iscontradictory.Again, thisdrug does nothing
butsuppress symptoms andcauses arenoteven given athought. There isno“cure” with
cimetidine.Insome cases theulcers willtemporarily heal, butwillreappear because the
same conditions that resulted in the ulcer in the first place still exist.
76.2.7 Requirements To Heal Peptic Ulcers
REST.That isthemain requirement. When thestomach isgiven toatotal rest, the
ulcers willheal. During thefirst twoorfour days, there willbesome pain butsoon the
gastric juices will subside andthere will benopain after thatfortheremaining ofthe
fast. Dr.Shelton found thistobetrueforthemany people who fasted under hissupervi-
sion with gastric ulcers. This isthemost effective, surest, andsafest way toattain proper
healing. When thismethod isemployed, there willbenorecurrences. Following thefast,
however,oldhabits must notberesumed. Smoking, alcohol andcoffee drinking must be
eliminated andahealthful dietmust beadhered to.Inaddition tothis; anexercise pro-
gram should be initiated and the other requirements for health met for optimum health.
76.3. Other Types Of Ulcers
76.3.1 Ulcerative Colitis76.3.2 Ulcers on the Skin
76.3.3 V aricose Ulcers
76.3.1 Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative colitis isacondition where thecolon becomes inflamed and, duetocon-
stant irritation andtoxemia, ulcers develop. There ismoderate tosevere diarrhea with
loss of blood in some cases.
This isavery serious condition where asituation hasdeveloped duetoalong period
ofabuse. This condition only arises when anextreme toxicosis exists throughout the
body.Itdevelops duetoimproper eating anddrinking habits—fried foods, meats, re-
fined andprocessed foods, etc.; lack ofexercise; lack offresh airandsunshine; lack of
sleep; stress; etc.
Most physicians donotrestrict thedietofsuch patients except intheuseofrawfruits
andvegetables. They saythattheroughage inthese foods aretooirritating forthepa-
tient tohandle. Intruth, these aretheonly foods thatwillpromote health. However,it
isimportant thatsuch patients first initiate healing ofthecolon. Thefastisinorder for
allsuch conditions. This fast, however,must betaken under thesupervision ofaperson
who isexperienced inconducting fasts. Tod


erted tomore constructive tasks. Unless trueHygienic knowledge becomes
incorporated intotheclient’ ssubconscious, unless fullperception onhispartbecomes a
reality, all the doubt—the uneasiness which so limits progress—will remain.
Thousands ofpeople, indeed millions, believe thatherbs willrestore asickperson to
health. Health food stores stock their shelves with awide variety ofherbs. Infact, herb
sales represent amajor partoftheir income. Clients willsurely askyouabout thisherbandthatherb andwhy youdonotrecommend herbs? Orvitamins? Orbrewer ’syeast?
Orahost ofother magic substances. Asastudent ofLife Science, ofNatural Hygiene,
youhave learned about allthese things, orwilllearn about them. This information has
allbeen carefully documented andplanned foryour enrichment, toarmyouwell sothat
youwillbeenabled tomeet theneeds ofclients fornew knowledge toreplace theold
beliefs andsuperstitions. Without confidence inyour knowledge andintheprogram pro-
posed to a client by you, that client will make only limited progress, if any.
Thehorror offasting isaprime example ofbeliefs thatdiehard. Theaverage person,
particularly here inAmerica, theland ofSurfeit Plus,isfirmly convinced thatmissing a,
single meal willcause himextreme anguish. School children MUST be“fortified with a
good breakfast!” This isgospel truth, notopen todebate. Fasting iswhat starving people
do!Heknows from watching theboob tube what starving candotoaperson. Youcan’t
talkhiminto going without food!
Clients, therefore, must begiven understanding ofwhat thedifference between fast-
ingandstarving is.Yournew client will notunderstand thatfasting, even forashort
time, willallow thebody toachieve ahigher level ofhealth andthatprolonged fasting
may well bethesingle most important way toberestored toalevel ofhealth such ass/
he has not been privileged to know in an entire lifetime.
Clients must bedisabused oftheir antipathy,even horror,offasting, andthiscanonly
beaccomplished when oneimparts totheclient theknown facts about fasting, thatitis
abiologically well-accepted modality which provides thephysiological restrequired for
healing to happen and to happen with the fastest possible speed.
89.6.1 Mike’s Story
Mike’ sstory illustrates justhow difficult itcanbesometimes toremove from the
subconscious mind thisfear offasting. Mike, age56,hashadrheumatoid arthritis for
some 15years. Hehadbeen referred tousbyaformer client. Wewere toldthathewould
beunable tocome toourofficebecause hecould notnegotiate steps andalso, because
ofhiscondition, ifhedidcome, hewould have tostand during theentire consultation.
We agreed, therefore, to make a house call.
Wewere deeply moved atourfirst meeting with Mike. There hestood, emaciated,
tall,andstraight asanarrow,propped uponcrutches, hisface wreathed insmiles. You
see, he had been given hope by his friend.
Weimmediately know thatMike was intheadvanced, final stages ofrheumatoid
arthritis. Hehadtobesuffering great pain. Hisfingers were twisted andcurved. He
could barely move hishead, onearewascompletely motionless. Withhisonemoveable
arm, Mike gestured forustobeseated andthen heswung over tohischair,oneespe-
cially designed forarthritics. Itlowered himslowly andgently toasitting position. The
smile remained fixed on Mike’ s face.
Weknew thattheonly help forthisman layinfasting butMike knew nothing ofLife
Science. Hishousekeeper,herself terribly obese andobviously diseased, provided him
forbreakfast boxed cereals andmilk, sometimes followed bytwoeggs. Occasionally,he
told us,healso hadaglass ofcanned orange juice andalways several cups ofcoffee.
Luncheon was asandwich, usually made ofwhite bread spread with either canned tu-
naandmayonnaise orwith peanut butter andjelly.Atthismeal healso hadcoffee. His
evening meal wasprovided by“Meals forMillions” andconsisted ofsome combination
of the four basic groups. At this meal, he drank either milk or coffee.
Mike lived alone except forhishousekeeper.Hewasaveteran living onhisveteran’ s
pension. Thehousekeeper worked forroom andboard. Shedidtheshopping, kept the
premises reasonably clean andprepared twomeals. Itwasobvious thatMike could not
afford togotoafasting institution, ifhehadbeen able togetthere inhiscondition. After
discussing thematter with him, itwasobvious, too,thathewouldn’ thave gone ifhehad
been thewealthiest man intheworld! Fasting, toMike, wasforthose persons abandonedonaraftsomewhere inmid-ocean, orforprimitives living insome remote corner offar
off India or Africa, certainly not for him.
Obviously,here was acrying need forchange, sohow didweaccomplish it?We
took baby steps, making small changes count. Thefirst important change wesuggested
toMike was toforego hisusual breakfast infavor ofafruit breakfast. Heagreed that
hecould dothis. Then, wesuggested thathereduce hiscoffeeintake. Mike wasquite
enthusiastic about our suggested changes.
Weremained with Mike about anhour andthen left, promising toreturn intwo
weeks. Welefthim with thefirst lesson inourApplied Nutrition Course, theonethat
recounts thestages intheevolution ofpathology.Wefeltthiswasprobably agood way
tobegin Mike’ sdeprogramming andtoestablish inhismind theconcept ofchange asit
might apply tohim, theidea thathemight beable toretrace hisown lifescript andsome
day return to health.
Before thetwoweeks were up,Mike was onthetelephone. Hehadaspecial tele-
phone hook-up which enabled himtotalkintoaspeaker andthus didnothave tohold a
telephone. Otherwise hewould have hadnoway tocommunicate with theoutside world.
Hecomplained ofextreme weakness andsaidthathehadfeltitnecessary toresume hav-
ing his two eggs for breakfast, eating them after he finished his fruit.
Wefeltitwastime togoback foranother visit. This time wewent armed with Lesson
Twowhich explains, insimple terms, some basic information about carbohydrates, fats
andproteins. Wereviewed again with Mike thebiological evolution ofpathology andhe
saidheunderstood about where hewaspresently intheevolution, thathehadsome real
tough sledding ahead buthewasconfident hecould make it.WefeltthatMike hadpro-
gressed extremely well. Hehadchanged from aman filled with doubts intoapossibility
thinker; onefilled, indeed, with “Positivities.” Now,hewastoacquire even more knowl-
edge tofortify hisconviction thatchange waspossible. Oldideas andsuperstitions seem
to fade and eventually disappear when replaced by knowledge and truth!
Within four months, Mike waseating twofruit meals aday,nolonger atehiseggs
every morning andwasdown toasingle cupofcoffeepermeal. Ofcourse, lacking his
former stimulants, hebecame extremely weak, resting alldayforthemost part inhis
elevated bed. Hisbedwasraised justhigh enough topermit Mike toslide out.Yousee,
he cannot bend his legs, the knee joints have long since been removed sur gically.
Thehousekeeper lefttobereplaced byauniversity student from mainland China, a
fineyoung man who setsoutsufficient fruit fortwomeals. Hekeeps thepremises spot-
less. However, his school schedule leaves Mike alone all day.
By,thistime, Mike hadalsoeliminated allhisvitamins, thesteroids, andreduced his
aspirin intake (orTylenol) to10perday.Sometimes hehadtogrithisteeth tobear the
pain, huthedidit.There wasnoneed tosuggest hotbaths torelieve hisagony.Hewas
unable togetdown intoatub.Then, Mike made amajor decision. Hewasgoing tofast
foroneday.This was abanner day.Wefeltlikefiring thecannon andrunning upthe
flagofvictory.Ourman wastobewonderfully surprised. Onhisfastday,Mike found,
tohisamazement, thathehadvery little pain! However hefeltdizzy andeven weaker,a
rather scary experience for someone who had to remain all day in bed and alone.
Several weeks ago, wewent onourmonthly visit toMike. Asusual, hewasinbed
and, also asusual, smiling. Herecounted forushow well hewas doing. Hewas able
now towalk 15times every dayback andforth down thelong halltotheliving room.
Hecould now move hishead


 isthen more prone to
disease. Bits ofuseless demineralized skin (cell membrane) weathered from thestone
areignored bythemicroor ganisms asthey build thegranular,capillary soilsystem that
provides aeration andwater retention tothesoil. Percolating water carries thebitsof
subsoil down intocracks under largeparticles ofunused stone. Thecracks arecaused by
drying ofthesoil. Thepercolating water washes used material offthetopoftheunused
stone, leaving aspace intowhich thestone canrisewhen wetting ofthesoilforces the
unused stone upward bytheamount ofmaterial sifted under it.So,in10,000 years, 8-10
feetofglacial deposit hasbeen cycled tothetopsoil, demineralized bythesoillife,and
hasdescended back intothesubsoil toform adense clay.Aswesaid before, there are
only 21/2inches oftheoriginal deposit leftinthetopsoil, andthereisnomoreonthe
way up.
We must pr ovide minerals to the soil or glaciation will happen again!
99.2.8 Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides
InTheSurvival ofCivilization,John Hamaker hasthefollowing things tosayabout
chemical fertilizers:
Plant andanimal digestive systems willreadily pass water intotheplant oran-
imal. Iftoxic compounds areinsolution inthewater,they toopass readily intothe
plant oranimal. Water-soluble chemicals used inthesoil(and infoods andbev-
erages) aredangerous. Any toxic substance canenter aplant oranimal with the
protoplasm ifithasbeen taken inbythemicroor ganisms. So,anything other than
thenatural balance ofelements andthenatural organic compounds produced from
them bythemicroor ganisms isdamaging totheentire chain oflife.Thecontinued
buildup inthebiosphere ofnonbiodegradable synthetic organic compounds isde-
stroying humanity by alteration of the genetic compounds.
Aswesaidbefore, chemical farming depletes theorganic matter insoil. Chem-
icalfertilizer may release enough elements togrow sufficient microor ganisms to
feed aweak crop, butwhen thechemicals areused up(onweak soilthisoften hap-
pens before thecrop matures ifchemicals areinadequate ortoofastindissolving),
theproduction ofmicroor ganisms virtually stops. Then too,thestalk isoften taken
with thegrain (orvegetable, etc.), limiting theutilization ofthefewavailable min-
erals inthedecreasing supply ofpassivated stone particles stillinthesoil. Alook at
mineralized organic gardens shows thatorganic farming methods are,byfar,more
beneficial.
“Farmers who returned corn crop stalks tothesoilhave thehighest yields,
maintaining abetter reservoir ofcarbon andnitrogen inthesoiltosupply thecrop.
Unfortunately,theacid inNPK isconstantly dissolving organic matter andinorgan-
icmaterial from thesoil. Withanestimated 30to50percent oftheacidic compo-
nent ofNPK winding upintherivers, itisobvious thatalotofthefertility elements
are going the same way.”
“Inthe50sand60s, theagricultural ‘experts’ were helping thefertilizer in-
dustry byrecommending tothefarmer that dumping thebarnyard waste into a
pond wasmore ‘economical’ than spreading itback ontheland, because thesame
amount offertility elements could be‘obtained more economically from NPK fer-
tilizer.’They learned thehard way thatcrops won’ tgrow without organic matter,
sonow they saytheorganic matter isrequired to‘buffer’thesoil. Technically,a
buffering agent isonethattends toneutralize anacid orabase. Crop residue won’ t
dothat, butifitisputintothesoilandthere areanyminerals atallpresent, microor-ganisms willmultiply.Obviously,thebasic elements intheprotoplasm arethemost
available elements inthesoilforbuffering theacidity inNPK. Iftherains aregen-
tle,thedissolved protoplasm may bereconstituted intonew organisms before itis
leached oreroded intotheriver.And thatcantake place only ifthere areenough ba-
sicelements inthesoilsothemicroor ganisms canfind what ittakes tobring order
outofchaos. Thenatural mixture ofelements isgeared tonatural conditions—not
totheabsurd practice ofdeliberately acidifying thesoil. Basic elements would have
to be added to the natural mix to compensate for the manmade acid.”
“Nitrogen isthemost acidic component. IfIcanget60bushels peracre of
wheat without nitrogen fertilizer,why should farmers buy itfrom thechemical
companies?
“Phosphorus should beleftwhere found, because those deposits contain large
amounts offluorides. Theagricultural soils arenow badly contaminated with fluo-
rides. Fluoride levels infood areincreasing. Cattle concentrate thefluorine intheir
bones. When thebone meal isused inpetfoods, fluorosis results. Dowewait until
theovert symptoms offluorosis show upinhalfthepopulation before westop this
nonsense?”
“There isplenty ofphosphorus andpotassium inthenatural rock mixture* and
atamuch lower price. Ifafarmer uses 200pounds ofa15-15-15 NPK fertilizer,
hegetsabout 100pounds ofgravel dust* peracre. (*Rock mixture andgravel dust
willbediscussed again inthenext lesson. River gravel screenings—to addtothe
soiltoremineralize it—can bepurchased forunder $6aton!) Thegravel dust inthe
NPK fertilizer costs about 75cents, butthefertilizer ispriced at$25to$30. (Ed-
itor’snote: these were prices atthetime thebook waswritten, several years ago).
What thefarmer pays forisfivepaper sacks andmechemicals, neither ofwhich he
needs, and sooner or later the chemicals will destroy the land—some ‘bargain’!”
“The USDA ’sConservation Service hasfinally come totheconclusion thatwe
arenotgoing tocontinue thehabit ofeating much longer.They base their conclu-
sion onthefollowing: wehad18inches oftopsoil acouple hundred years ago; now
wehave only several inches oftopsoil. TheU.S. islosing 6.4billion tons toerosion
every year.Allofthesoils areeroding, and1/4ofthem areeroding atadestructive
rate.”
“How widespread isthepractice ofusing gravel dust asthefiller inasack of
NPK, Idonotknow.Inthose areas where gravel screenings orsand hasbeen the
most economical filler available, thedust hasprobably been used foryears. Isus-
pect thatitisnow ageneral practice because allsoils have been largely stripped of
some elements, and there is no cheaper way to add them.”
“Generally speaking, thefertilizers, asexemplified by‘Eco-Agriculture,’ usea
mixture ofminerals incombination with acompost orcompost-like material which
is high in nitrogen and carbon.”
“Organic farming, asadvocated bytheRodale organization, concentrates onor-
ganic matter plus specific fertilizers such as greensand and granite dust.”
The chemical NPK will accelerate erosion. Eco-Ag andorganic methods will
slow therateoferosion andmaintain better balance ofelements inthesoil. None
ofthem aresupplied inamounts sufficient tobuild-up themineral supply inthe
soil. Allofthem arepartially dependent onthedwindling availability ofthesmall
amount ofgravel andsand remaining inthesoils. They work best onthestrongest
soils.”
“All three fertilizing methods aredependent onannual applications. Ifanything
were tointerrupt theproduction anddistribution foronecrop year,wewould starve
to death in lar ge numbers.”
“None ofthese willsustain ourfood supply indefinitely.They willalso notdo
theall-important jobofremoving excess CO2 from theatmosphere. They arealltooexpensive. Wemust have abulk production anddistribution ofgravel dust, or
its equivalent. W ithout it there is no future for civilization.”
“‘Hazardous Substances andSterile Men’ isthetitle ofapowerful condem-
nation ofthechemicals industry intheSeptember 1981 AcresU.S.A. IdaHonorof
hassummarized research onthissubject. In1981, 10-23% ofAmerican males were
sterile (very unlikely tofather achild). In1938 only 1/2of1%ofmales were ster-
ile.According tothisresearch, in30years, half ofthemales will besterile, and
67-83% ofallbirth defects arecaused bymen—the chances ofcausing adeformed
child tobeborn increase with thequantity ofchemicals inthesperm. Tenchlorinat-
edchemicals alone have been found inthesperm. Birth defect rates intheUnited


 facile. But when
we are unopposed we flounder and are frustrated, and our or ganism goes to
pieces through lack of intent and purpose. W e grow by meeting obstacles
and overcoming them. By this ef fort and aspiration we are refined into
better persons, into more intelligent and aware beings than we ever could
become if we vegetated in a completely benign environment. When we
realize that opposition is important to growth, then we learn to seek it
constantly, not in the sense of falsifying it, but rather in looking about to
find out where it already exists, and then, by the development of insight and
awareness, to overcome it.
Nobody ever broke down a wall by running headlong into it. When we are
opposed it is always by inscrutable and implacable forces. All opposition is
blind because our own eyes are blinded. Once we have seen the truth about
opposition, that opposition no longer will be there. Our ef forts should not be
bent upon breaking down a wall but upon raising our consciousness so that
we are able to perceive methods of egress and ingress. Some people meet
opposition enthusiastically and without hostility; those who do not are
either broken by it or eventually turn and run. Hate, hostility, and
resentment blind our eyes to the sort of thing that opposes us. In such a
psychological state we never can see the truth about an obstacle, and its
inscrutability eventually will defeat us. Y ou cannot throw yourself against
the world and expect anything but defeat and despair.

Emotional Blind Spots

All obstacles are not in their truest sense obstacles at all but merely mental
blocks in the minds of the people who perceive them. They overcome the
obstacles not by opposing them but by attempting to understand them. In
the end all obstacles are reduced to one — a false sense of self. T o
overcome opposition we must seek first for self-control and enlightenment
as to the thing that opposes us. If it is a friend who competes for a job, wewill neither gain the job nor keep the friend if we allow feelings of hostility
to develop within us. Such emotional blocks blind us to the true nature of
the job and the best way to go about getting it; they close our eyes to the
qualities in our friend which might enable him to hold and perform the job
as well as or better than ourselves.
Recognizing that opposition is really a block in our understanding is the
biggest step in overcoming obstacles. Once we know what we have to do, it
is fairly easy to take the necessary action. Doubt and confusion produce no
work. The made-up mind, even if made up erroneously, at least gets the job
done; it is dynamic and creative and at work in the world. Opposition
surrounds those who cannot make up their minds, but doors appear in blank
walls for those who come to a decision.

Willingness to Enter Conflict

There is a right and wrong way to do all things, but we do not necessarily
choose the right way the first time we set about doing something.
Immersing ourselves in events enables us to come to an understanding of
those events, but if we do not enter into them, if we stand aside and attempt
to view them from a distance, it is extremely unlikely that we ever will
come to understand them at all. W e will arrive at only an academic grasp of
what is happening. W e will have to measure the thing we are thinking about
by some past experience, and since that past experience can have only the
remotest bearing on the thing we now attempt to analyze, it will be most
difficult for us to see its real relationship and potentiality. We get to know
the things we are attempting to master only by doing them. No amount of
teaching or studying ever made an artisan. Whatever you wish to do, do it,
and you will find your skill increase. The steps to mastery lead up a long
hill replete with obstacles, and each when met and overcome increases your
understanding. The job to be done has a right way to do it, and the right
way to do it is made apparent by performance, and performance involves awillingness to enter into conflict, to meet opposition without fear, hostility,
or resentment.
The quality most necessary in the conquest of life is courage. It is very
difficult to undertake any dynamic action unless there is resident in the
person a boldness that refuses to be intimidated by obstacles. There are
three principal reactions possible to the human or ganism when faced by
danger. It can run; it can fight; or it can freeze. W e see evidence of all three
in the animal kingdom. The lion faced by danger fights; the antelope faced
by danger runs; the possum faced by danger freezes. Such reactions are
usually all present in the same person. Those who are triggered when faced
by danger depend upon their emotional conditioning and perception of
truth. If we run from danger it is obvious we have given in to fear. But the
person who is frozen has given in to fear just as much as the person who
runs away. However, few people run away today. We have been taught that
fear is bad and must be overcome. Society admires people of courage, and
our fear of others considering us cowards usually is greater than our fear of
dangerous circumstances. In the face of danger, the average person is rooted
to the spot, mesmerized by the fear that permeates them. They could not
possibly react in a worse manner. At least the person who runs away lives to
fight another day, but the one who cannot either fight or run can only be
destroyed.

Facing Fear

In our modern society each of us is engaged in a constant bout with fear. We
must work to provide a living, and the fear is always with us that we will
not earn enough for ourselves and our families. Many people are employed
by an industrial colossus in which they are a mere cipher on the payroll, and
since they cannot help but perceive their dispensability, insecurity
constantly haunts them. They see that they neither called themselves into
existence nor can stay their eventual death, and because they cannot see
beyond these ends of existence, they turn their psychological face from anyconsideration of their spiritual side. They usually live out their lives with
their awareness fronted in the ego, and as a consequence they forever are
comparing themselves with others. They are either better or worse but never
equal, and so they are either patting themselves on the back or berating
themselves for being inferior. Though fear is their constant companion, they
often fancy they have overcome it because they do not run away; but the
fear remains and announces its presence by ulcers, high blood pressure,
heart trouble, arthritis, cancer.
If we do not want to run away from danger and if we do not want to be
frozen by it, then our only alternative is to fight it, to face it and allow our
own particular dynamic to work out the overcoming of it. This involves
above all things conquering fear, for when emotion permeates our body and
brain, we are unable to think; we encase ourselves in a shell through which
the true essence of the dangerous situation cannot possibly penetrate. W e
isolate ourselves from our own subconscious and freeze or run away.
Conquering fear means to subordinate fear, to force it out of the level of
awareness so that the psyche is free to appraise the situation, so that the
individual consciousness may penetrate the essence of the situation
confronting it and perceive its meaning independent of the ego. When we
do this, we are able to take action against our dangerous situation in such a
manner as to reduce its threat to nothing. T ake the lion tamer. As a novice
she steps into the cage and experiences the frozenness that comes with fear.
She would not be in the cage in the first place if she had not already
overcome the running-away reaction, but now she must overcome her
frozenness. She looks into the great beast’ s eyes and is mesmerized. She
can barely bring her limbs to move in response to the dictates of her mind.
But as the weeks and months go by and she is constantly in the cage with
the lion, she begins to understand and the barriers between the animal’ s
subconscious and her own are lowered. Then she comes to an instinctive
understanding of the lion, and the lion becomes aware of this and follows
her orders docilely. There comes a day when stepping into the cage and
putting the lion through its tricks no longer involves any danger at all. She
has become so skilled in perception of the true relationship between herself
and the lion and has so disciplined fear that she performs the task of
running the lion as easily as she drives her automobile. No matter thesituations that seem to imperil you, you can overcome all; you can act in the
midst of them with great bravery, with an otherworldly boldness if only you
will squeeze fear out of your consciousness, recognizing that it proceeds out
of the ego and must be surmounted before any obstacle can be overcome.

Increasing Understanding

Marcus Aurelius wrote, “Do not think that what is hard for thee to master is
impossible for man; but if a thing is possible and proper to man, deem it
attainable by thee.” In order to reduce each obstacle to its proper size we
have to grow. We only meet an obstacle in the first place because of some
smallness in


symbols and the outer representations of what has already “happened.”
The difficulty is that the world  confuses “out there” with “in here.” It
thinks the money, the success,  the stretch limos, and all that goes with
success are the causes instead of the effects. So people, like monkeys, strive
to reach  the bananas. If we look around us, we’ll see million s struggling
year in and year out to reach the bananas, and we have an inkling as to why.
Fame and success, like happin ess, cannot be sought directly. Happiness
cannot be achiev ed by struggle; it is the automatic consequence  of an innersense of delight, joy, and satisfa ction. Happiness automatically comes from
being a certain kind of a person  and being a certain way in the world and
about life. A truly happy person  is happy no matter what. I’ve been happy
rich, and I’ve been happy poor. I’ve been happy single, and I’ve been happy
married. I’ve been happy as a student, and I’ve been happy as a teacher.
The source of joy is in every moment; it is totally independen t of “out
there.” Fame and success are exactly like that. They cannot help but
happen. Once we start a snowb all rolling, it automatically goes downhill.
We don’t have to do another thing about it. The precision and the balance
are effortless. Power is effortless; it is grace, poise, ease, confidence,
certainty. What the world relies on mistakenly is force.
The greatest baseball hitters of all time were not known for having huge
muscles. In fact, there are millions of men with bigger biceps and shoulders
than the star players of all time. If force could do it, everyone would be
successful. If we look around the marketplace, we’ll see that everyone is
forcing themselves to the max. Power is something else. The momentum of
the bat hits the momentum of the ball with such precision that it is the
impact  that propels the winning ball.
Let’s look at one of the great principles with which we are going  to work:
the differ ence between for ce and power. To know the dif ference is crucial.
In World War II, the Germans assembled the greatest military force of its
time. Adolf Hitler, who relied on force, ended up insane, suicidal, disgraced,
dead, anathema to the human race, and brought defeat to the whole country.
Force may create the illusion of success for a period of time—but, as in the
case of every celebrity who kills themselves, apparently the symbols of
success are not what success really is.
What is the source of power? Power is something that we own within
ourselves. When  Winston Churchill catalyzed the will of the British people,
he mani fested power. Conseque ntly, Hitler ’s forces ran into power; when
force meets power, it always loses.
Let’s take another example where the principle is even more clearly
delineated. That was in the meeting of the power of Mahatma Gandhi
against the force of the Britis h Empire. At the time of impact in thisencounter, the British Empire was the greatest force the world had seen. It
ruled two-thirds of the earth, yet was brought to its knees by a 90-pound
“shrimp” who was disparaged by their system as “colored.” If we
understood the difference between force and power, we could have
predicted the fall of the British Empire just from that understanding.
Mahatma Gand hi was coming from a principle of universa l truth—the
equality of all men by virtue of the quality of their creation. These are the
same principles that empower the Constitution of the United States. A
universal principle is unlimited power.
The British Empire was motivated by self-interest, which was limited. It
was not concern ed with the good of all mankind, or serving life, or any
other universal principle of great power. Instead it only cared about serving
its own interest s. When self-limited force, as impressive as it was in the
British Empire, met the unlimited power of the will of Mahatma Gandhi—
which solidified, unified, and catalyzed the will of the Indian people—the
defeat of the British Empire was inevitable. The political events and all that
is listed in the history books are merely the consequences; they are not the
cause.
Our first really major secret is to reverse the world’ s understanding of
cause and effect. Cause, which is power, is “in here.” What we see “out
there” is merely  the consequence. It is automatic. It can’t help but happen
because of the universal laws of life. The world envies the wrong thing
when it envies the consequence.  It tries to imitate, but doesn’ t know what  to
imitate. For it to work in our own lives we have to imitate the cause, not the
effect. Having bananas is the consequence, the result. It’s the “out there” of
success, which merely knows what’ s “in here.”
Once we have the secret of success, which is an “aha” expe rience of
finding the open  door, we can amuse ourselves with either mani festing it or
not in the world as it pleases us. Once we’ve achieved inner mastery, we
don’t have to prove it anymore.  A real karate expert doesn’ t go out into the
street looking for fights. On the contrary, if a tough guy approac hes him, he
kids him out of it. He uses a dozen ways to avoid an encounter  because he
has absolute certainty and inner knowingness of his capacity. His assailant
doesn’ t know it, but he could break his neck in one single blow.
Like the martial arts, success is effortless. It is grace. It is ease. It is poise.
It is precision. It is focus. It is putting one’s finger on the exact center and
essence. It is not confusing cause and effect... that’s the difference. Onesecret of knowin g whether we’ve achieved this or not is the presence of joy.
If we’re  tired and burned out at the end of the day, then it’s from the
monkey business of trying to grab the bananas. When we invent a better
product, the world beats a path to our door. There’ s no need to knock our
brains out.
How long does it take to succeed? It takes exactly one split second.
Although it may take time, for instance, to read these words, the actual
“getting it” takes only a split second. At some as-yet-unknown  instant, the
door opens and the person has the inner experience of having always
known.
Once the man I mentioned earlier in the book started to dance, he
discovered that he already knew how. Psychologically, neurologically,
anatomically, what happened? Was it that his left brain connected with his
right brain? The door opened between them? The right brain, which is like
an analo g computer and connected with knowing everythin g, was not
connected with the left brain, which is like a digital computer—limited, but
capable of linear data processin g. Left-brain dancing is a pain in the neck,
awkward, dull, exhausting, and joyless.
The left brain exhausts itself,  and will exhaust us, striving for the
bananas. It gets just enough of a grip on the bananas to keep struggling. In a
way it’s unfortunate if the monkey reaches one banana out of the bunch,
because now he’s a real goner. Having once had that experience, he’s going
to be certain that the way he gets the bananas is by straining  against the
bars. He’ s going to be run by that program the rest of his days.
Now we understand the state of world and why it is the way it is. It
would be a very lucky monkey indeed if he struggles and falls down
exhausted, and in his exhausted state he looks out the door and a light goes
on for him. Most of the world  has gotten just enough of the bananas to
permanently trap themselves right where they are. Therefore, in the world
of real success, there is no competition.
I want to pound that idea home: In the world of real success, there is no
competition.  When we hit the top of anything, there is no competition there.
There are very few at the top of the pyramid. For those at the top, the world
is their oyster. What’ s the problem? If someone has the best restaurant in
town, they don’t have to struggle for success. It’s automatic.  People are
lined up outside the door.If someone is the best mechanic in town, are they going to have trouble
finding jobs? No. Every garage in town is going to offer them the
opportunity to work for them because they, by this time, have developed a
following of customers. There was a mechanic in the small town where I
lived who could get a job at practically any garage in town. He had a huge
following. Wherever he went, the customers went. He was the best, and
everyone knew it.
People use any excuse to avoid facing the basic issues involved here.
They’ll ask, “How can I be a success in the world when I don’t have any
education? I’m only a waiter.” Okay, let’s look at waiters. I knew some
back


is	bloodstream	enough	to	enable	the	opaque	film	over	his

eyes	to	dissolve	and	he	was	reading	a	newspaper	when	I	met	him.	Soon	after	that

I	talked	with	a	man	who	had	just	completed	a	60	day	fast	to	cure	a	persistent

case	of	psoriasis.	He	was	entirely	healed	after	the	fast	on	water—no	food	or
	juices—and	had	so	improved	in	health	and	strength	that	he	was	helping	the

workmen	dig	a	swimming	pool	at	Dr.	Bernard	C.	Jensen’s	health	sanitarium

where	he	fasted.

Dr.	Shelton,	in	his	Hygienic	SYSTEM,	Vol.	7,	page	613	said:

"The	effects	of	fasting	are	certain.	There	is	nothing	hit-or-miss	about	the	process.

It	works	always	in	the	same	general	direction."

This	deviation	into	the	subject	of	fasting	and	diet	may	seem	a	little	off	the

subject	in	a	chapter	on	cancer	yet	it	is	of	great	importance	in	that	it	offers	the

best	solution	to	the	cancer	problem.	In	fact	it	is	the	basis	of	healing	of	all

diseases,	with	the	possible	exception	of	those	which	are	products	of	the

imagination.	Even	in	those	cases	a	fast	would	help	the	mental	and	emotional	re-
adjustment.

Since	beginning	this	chapter	on	cancer	my	attention	has	been	called	to	a	severe,

seemingly	hopeless	case	of	cancer	of	seven	years	standing.	The	woman	has	been

a	bed	patient,	unable	to	walk	for	many	years.	Recently	she	abandoned	her

medical	treatment	and,	as	a	last	resort,	decided	to	try	what	her	doctors	called	a

"crackpot	diet."	This	simple	diet,	so	frowned	upon	by	medical	men,	is	nothing

but	freshly	made	carrot	juice,	one	or	two	quarts	a	day,	a	glass	or	so	every	hour.

After	six	days	on	this	carrot	juice	she	had	the	first	peaceful	night’s	sleep,	without

pain,	in	seven	years.	At	the	end	of	two	weeks	she	could	walk,	with	aid,	to	the	car

and	go	for	a	ride.	Distressing	reactions	will	no	doubt,	be	experienced	within	four

more	weeks	but	she	will	be	prepared	and	understand	what	to	do.	She	has	learned

that	there	is	hope	of	recovery	from	cancer	and	all	diseases	when	the	simple	laws

of	nature	are	understood	and	followed.

WHAT’S	WRONG	WITH	EARLY	DIAGNOSIS?

The	medical	profession	boasts	of	having	"three	proved	cures	for	cancer"	namely

X-ray,	radium	and	surgery,	and	yet	the	cancer	rate	continues	to	mount	year	after

year.	When	people	ask	the	reason	for	this,	the	doctor’s	favorite	answer	is:

"The	patients	came	too	late—early	diagnosis	would	have	saved	them."	We	might

be	able	to	believe	this	argument	if	it	were	not	for	the	fact	that	there	never	was	a

time	in	recorded	history	when	there	was	so	much	early	diagnosis	as	right	now	in

this	country.
This	mass	diagnosis	starts	at	the	tender	age	of	four	and	a	half	years	when	the

children	start	to	kindergarten.	The	teachers	are	instructed	to	examine	the	children

every	day	for	obvious	symptoms	of	disease	and	report	it	to	the	school	nurse.	The

nurse	examines	them,	herself,	each	week	and	reports	her	findings	to	the	doctors

and	the	doctors	and	dentists	come	in	for	their	check	once	or	twice	a	year	to

round	up	considerable	business	for	themselves	by	frightening	the	parents	into

needless	treatments	and	operations	for	their	children.	The	tonsils	are	the	most

vulnerable	targets	of	these	"mixed	up"	doctors.	Tonsils	are	very	necessary

lymphatic	glands	of	filtration	that	enlarge	when	the	body	is	overloaded	with

incompatible	foods	and	drugs.	Certain	drugless	doctors	claim	and	have	proved

that	enlarged	tonsils	are	100%	curable	under	the	right	non-medical	treatment.

The	public	is	bombarded	with	cancer	literature	stressing	the	need	for	early

diagnosis.	The	people	are	even	told	to	do	their	own	diagnosis—hunt	for	lumps

on	the	breast,	growths,	moles,	sores,	etc.,	that	could	be	treated	as	cancer.	And

yet,	the	doctors,	themselves,	don’t	even	know	how	to	detect	cancer	in	many

cases.	No	wonder	there	is	so	much	confusion,	suffering	and	death	with	so	many

blind	leaders	of	the	blind.	On	page	8	of	the	Doctor’s	Manual	put	out	by	the

American	Cancer	Society	we	read:

"It	is	a	well-known	fact	that	a	considerable	number	of	malignant	tumors	are	not

recognized	by	the	doctors	themselves	when	the	patients	present	the	early

symptoms	of	the	disease.	The	early	diagnosis	of	cancer	is	the	one	factor	of

greatest	importance	in	the	successful	control	of	the	disease,	but	unfortunately	the

early	symptoms	of	cancer	are	not	distinctive,	and	serve	only	to	arouse	suspicion

of	the	presence	of	the	disease...In	most	situations,	the	dictum	holds	true	that	the

more	certain	the	diagnosis	the	less	the	probability	of	cure."

So	here	we	have	the	admission	from	the	medical	cancer	field,	that	they	are	not

sure	how	to	detect	cancer	until	it	is	too	advanced	to	be	cured.

I	have	had	patients	tell	me	that	when	they	went	to	the	doctor	with	a	painful	lump

the	doctor	said	it	had	not	reached	the	cancer	stage	and	they	had	nothing	to

prevent	its	developing	into	cancer	but	to	come	back	in	a	few	months	when	it	had

turned	to	cancer	and	they	could	use	their	standard	"cures"	radium,	X-ray,	and

surgery.
During	the	frenzy	of	one	of	the	Cancer	Week	scare	campaigns,	someone	asked

the	question,	"Is	there	not	some	danger	in	developing	"cancer	phobia"	in	the
	public	mind	by	this	scare-head	publicity?"

Dr.	John	Cerster,	chairman	of	the	New	York	Committee	of	the	Society	for

Control	of	Cancer,	replied	that	"it	would	be	a	good	thing	if	it	did;	anything	that

would	scare	the	people	into	going	to	a	physician	for	an	examination	would	be

beneficial."
The	financial	benefit	to	the	doctors	is	apparent	but	the	benefit	to	the	people	is	in

reverse	ratio	to	the	amount	of	diagnosis	and	treatment	given.	This	is	obvious

since	the	cancer	rate	has	quadrupled	within	the	past	ten	years.

Dr.	G.	Earl	Thomas	has	charged	that,	"CANCER	IS	THE	MOST	PROFITABLE

DISEASE	THAT	THE	MEMBERS	OF	THE	A.M.A.	HAVE."

One	of	the	noted	American	cancer	authorities,	Dr.	L.	Duncan	Bulkley,	senior

surgeon	of	the	New	York	Skin	and	Cancer	Hospital,	denounced	the	popular

medical	claim	that	cancer	is	a	"surgical	disease"	when	he	stated:

"Cancer	is	not	a	surgical	disease.	Neither	surgery	not	X-ray	nor	radium	have

changed,	in	anyway	whatever,	the	ultimate	mortality	of	cancer	in	forty	years.	It

was	90%	in	1884.	Now	it	is	92%".

For	more	details	on	the	other	side	of	the	cancer	question	see	the	book


elling for ces between the two negatively char ged
terminal amino acids (arr ows) causes the backbone to extend so that the
negative amino acids ar e as far apart as possible Figur e B shows a
close-up of an end amino acid A signal, in this case a molecule with a
very positive electric char ge (white spher e), is attracted to and binds
with the negative site on the pr otein’ s terminal amino acid In ourparticular scenario, the signal is mor e positive in char ge than the amino
acid is negative in char ge After the signal couples with the pr otein, ther e
is now an excess positive char ge at this end of the backbone Since
positive and negative char ges attract one another, the backbone’ s amino
acids will r otate ar ound their bonds so that positive and negative
terminals will come closer together Figur e C shows the pr otein changing
fr om conformation A to conformation B Changing conformations
generates movement and the movement is harnessed to do work,
pr oviding for such functions as digestion, r espiration, and muscle
contraction When the signal detaches, the pr otein r eturns to its pr eferr ed
extended conformation This is how signal-generated pr otein movements
pr ovide for life
The shape-shifting proteins exemplify an even more impressive
engineering feat because their precise, three-dimensional shapes also
give them the ability to link up with other proteins. When a protein
encounters a molecule that is a physical and ener getic complement, the
two bind together like human-made products with interlocking gears, say
an eggbeater or an old-fashioned watch.
Examine the following two illustrations. The first shows five uniquely
shaped proteins, examples of the molecular “gears” found in cells. These
or ganic “gears” have softer edges than machine shop-manufactured
gears, but you can see that their precise, three-dimensional shapes would
enable them to securely engage with other complementary proteins.
Pr otein Menagerie. Illustrated above ar e five differ ent examples of
pr otein molecules. Each pr otein possesses a pr ecise thr ee-dimensional
conformation that is the same for each copy of itself in every cell. A)
Enzyme that digests hydr ogen atoms; B) W oven filament of collagen
pr otein; C) Channel, a membrane-bound pr otein with hollow centralpor e; D) Pr otein subunit of “capsule” that encloses a virus; E) DNA-
synthesizing enzyme with attached helical DNA molecule
In the second illustration (p. 29), I chose a wind-up watch to represent
the workings of the cell. The first picture shows a metal machine,
revealing the gears, springs, jewels, and case of the watch model. When
Gear A turns it causes Gear B to turn. When B moves it causes Gear C to
turn, etc. In the next image, I overlay the human-made machine gears
with softer -edged or ganic proteins (magnified millions of times in
proportion to the watch) so that it becomes visually conceivable that
proteins could be like the watch’ s mechanism. In this metal-protein
“machine,” one can imagine Protein A rotating and causing Protein B to
revolve, which in turn causes Protein C to move. Once you see that
possibility, you can look to the third figure in which the human-made
parts are removed. V oilà! W e are left with a protein “machine,” one of
the thousands of similar protein assemblies that collectively comprise the
cell!
Cytoplasmic proteins that cooperate in creating specific physiologic
functions are grouped into specific assemblies known as pathways.
These assemblies are identified by functions such as respiration
pathways, digestion pathways, muscle contraction pathways, and the
infamous, ener gy-generating Krebs cycle, the bane of many a science
student who has to memorize every one of its protein components and
complex chemical reactions.
Can you imagine how excited cell biologists were when they figured
out how the protein assembly machines work? Cells exploit the
movements of these protein assembly machines to empower specific
metabolic and behavioral functions. The constant, shape-shifting
movements of proteins—which can occur thousands of times in a single
second—are the movements that propel life.T h e  P r i m a c y  o f  D N A
Y ou’ll notice that, in the above section, I didn’ t discuss DNA at all.
That’ s because it is the changing of the proteins’ electromagnetic char ges
that is responsible for their behavior -generating movement, not DNA.
How did we get to the widespread and often-cited notion that genes
“control” biology? In the Origin of Species,  Darwin suggested that
“hereditary” factors were passed on from generation to generation,
controlling the traits of the of fspring. Darwin’ s influence was so great
that scientists myopically focused on identifying that hereditary material
which, they thought, controlled life.
In 1910, intensive microscopic analyses revealed that the hereditary
information passed on generation after generation was contained in
chromosomes, thread-like structures that become visible in the cell just
before it divides into two “daughter” cells. Chromosomes are
incorporated into the daughter cell’ s lar gest or ganelle, the nucleus. When
scientists isolated the nucleus, they dissected the chromosomes and
found that the hereditary elements were essentially comprised of only
two kinds of molecules, protein and DNA. Somehow the protein
machinery of life was entangled in the structure and function of these
chromosome molecules.The understanding of the chromosome’ s functions was further refined
in 1944 when scientists determined that it was DNA that actually
contained hereditary information. (A very, et al, 1944; Lederber g 1994)
The experiments that singled out DNA were elegant. These scientists
isolated pure DNA from one species of bacteria—let’ s call it Species A
—and added the pure DNA to cultures containing only Species B
bacteria. W ithin a short time, Species B bacteria began to show
hereditary traits that were formerly seen only in Species A. Once it was
known that you needed nothing other than DNA to pass on traits, the
DNA molecule became a scientific superstar.
It was now left to W atson and Crick to unravel the structure and
function of that superstar molecule. DNA molecules are long and
threadlike. They are made from four nitrogen-containing chemicals
called bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, or A, T, C, and
G). W atson and Crick’ s discovery of DNA ’ s structure led to the fact that
the sequence of the A, T, C, and G bases in DNA spells out the sequence
of amino acids along a protein’ s backbone (W atson and Crick 1953).
Those long strings of DNA molecules can be subdivided into single
genes, segments that provide the blueprint for specific proteins. The code
for recreating the protein machinery of the cell had been cracked!
W atson and Crick also explained why DNA is the perfect hereditary
molecule. Each DNA strand is normally intertwined with a second strand
of DNA, a loosely wrapped configuration known as the “double helix.”
The genius of this system is that the sequences of DNA bases on both
strands are mirror images of each other. When the two strands of DNA
unwind, each single strand contains the information to make an exact,
complementary copy of itself. So through a process of separating the
strands of a double helix, DNA molecules become self-replicating. This
observation led to the assumption that DNA “controlled” its own
replication … it was its own “boss.”
The “suggestion” that DNA controlled its own replication and  served
as the blueprint for the body’ s proteins led Francis Crick to create
biology’ s Central Dogma, the belief that DNA rules. The dogma is so
fundamental to modern biology it is essentially written in stone, the
equivalent of science’ s T en Commandments. The dogma, also referred to
as “the Primacy of DNA,” is a fixture of every scientific text.In the dogma’ s scheme of how life unfolds, DNA perches loftily on
top, followed by RNA. RNA is the short-lived Xerox copy of the DNA.
As such, it is the physical template encoding the amino acid sequence
that makes up a protein’ s backbone. The Primacy of DNA diagram
provides the logic for the Age of Genetic Determinism. Because the
character of a living or ganism is defined by the nature of its proteins and
its proteins are encoded in the DNA, then by logic, DNA would
represent the “first cause,” or primary determinant of an or ganism’ s
traits.
T h e  H u m a n  G e n o m e  P r o j e c t
After DNA achieved superstar status, the remaining challenge was to
create a catalog of all the genetic stars in the human firmament. Enter the
Human Genome Project, a global, scientific ef fort begun in the late
1980s to create a catalog of all the genes present in humans.
From the outset, the Human Genome Project was a massively
ambitious one. Conventional thought held that the body needed one gene
to provide the blueprint for each of the 100,000 plus dif ferent proteins
that make up our bodies. Add to that at least 20,


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