"The genetic code has the remarkable property of error minimization , whereby the arrangement of amino acids to codons is highly efficient at reducing the deleterious effects of random point mutations and transcriptional and translational errors . Whether this property has been explicitly selected for is unclear . Here , three scenarios of genetic code evolution are examined , and their effects on error minimization assessed . First , a simple model of random stepwise addition of physicochemically similar amino acids to the code is demonstrated to result in substantial error minimization . Second , a model of random addition of physicochemically similar amino acids in a codon expansion scheme derived from the Ambiguity Reduction Model results in improved error minimization over the first model . Finally , a recently introduced 213 Model of genetic code evolution is examined by the random addition of physicochemically similar amino acids to a primordial core of four amino acids . Under certain conditions , 22 % of the resulting codes produced according to the latter model possess equivalent or superior error minimization to the standard genetic code . These analyses demonstrate that a substantial proportion of error minimization is likely to have arisen neutrally , simply as a consequence of code expansion , facilitated by duplication of the genes encoding adaptor molecules and charging enzymes . This implies that selection is at best only partly responsible for the property of error minimization . These results caution against assuming that selection is responsible for every beneficial trait observed in living organisms ."
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"The genetic code has the remarkable property of error minimization ,"
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