Now I have tested each stick thoroughly and each stick works individually in any of the 3 slots alone with no problems. No combination of 2 slots however will seem to work properly.


My next plan is to try updating the BIOS, I believe I'm at version 1006, but I got held up with long days at work and not having a way to create a bootable DOS disk/CD (I just need to install the software and/or find the blanks). I plan to install BIOS 1017 I believe when I can.


If anyone else has any other thoughts, I'd be interested. I was going to try PC 2100 but I don't have any laying around and don't want to blow another $70 on this PC really, when I'd have no other use for the RAM if it doesn't fix the issue.


hi tecninja i d manage this problem by using on 1 gb ram stick in the first slot, one 512mb ram stick in the second slot and at least one 256 mb ram stick in the third slot so i have 1,75 gb of ram and the pc probably works korrekt without no problems. this amount of ram seems to bee enough for the most programms and normal games under windows xp prof. well to to mannage the ram to clear in the backgrund i installed ram booster. so all programmfiles that are not even more in use will be automaticly removed fom the ram. it works totally good. you can use different manufactured rams.


i have an aswer from the manufacturer ASUS about this problem. he says that you could only use a specially kind of ram witch is standing in the handbook of the board. but they are really expensiv and hard to get. so i dont miss the rest of 256 mb ram and the less speed. i dont feel any differents between


I get the impression the "official response" then, is that their MB doesn't actually support what they claim in the specs. Since I'm only using 2 slots, I should be able to have PC2700, and 1GB is listed as being an accepted size module.


At any rate I'm not likely to buy any more RAM for this PC to accommodate some crazy requirement for 3 different sized sticks of RAM. I may have a single 512mb PC2700 stick in another PC I may try using that with 1GB and see if it will boot with 2 sticks, 1GBx1 and 512x1.


Also I may mess around with the speeds and voltages some to see if I can find a stable 2GB configuration.


I think this MB only handles 2600 - the 333 was just a marketing ploy. Try it with the slower memory if you have any and see what happens.


if you run memory rated for a higher speed than the board can support then it will run at the lower speed no need for different ram


Hello, I have problem with starting with new PC. I have instaled all items (MB, PWR, CPU, MEM, fans, DVD, HDDs ...) and when I push turn on button to start PC it goes only for 2seconds and then turn off. I have remove everything except PWR and CPU with fan and MEM ... but still same problem, also with another 750W power. Thanks for info and sorry for my english.


The CPU was overheating and cutting out. Have you checked that yours is seated properly with good thermal paste.


You could try jumping the motherboard, If you check the manual for your motherboard there should be something about some jumpers, like a factory reset jumper and such. try using these. Also you might tr and make sure nothing is touching the motherboard in a way that may cause it to short out.


make sure nothing is touching the motherboard in a way that may cause it to short out.Make sure it's properly grounded It sounds like that is most likely your issue


Troubleshoot the cause of the beep code, assuming you're lucky enough to hear one. A beep code will give you a very good idea of exactly where to look for the cause of your computer turning off.


If you don't resolve the problem that way, you can always return here and continue troubleshooting with the more generic information below.


Verify that the power supply voltage switch is set correctly. If the input voltage for the power supply does not match the correct setting for your country, your computer may not stay powered on.


Chances are your computer wouldn't power on at all if this switch is wrong but an incorrect power supply voltage might also cause your computer turn off by itself.


Check for causes of electrical shorts inside your computer. This is very often the cause of the problem when the computer powers on for a second or two but then powers off completely.


Important: It's very, very important that you spend the time necessary to inspect the inside of your computer for issues that can cause shorting. If you don't take the time to troubleshoot this possibility thoroughly you may end up missing a simple electrical short and instead performing costly hardware replacements later on for no good reason.


Test your power supply. Just because your computer came on for a few moments doesn't mean that the power supply unit in your computer is working properly. In my experience, the power supply tends to cause more problems than any other piece of hardware and is very often the cause of a computer turning off by itself.


Test the power button on the front of your computer's case. If the power button is shorting out or even just sticking to the case, it might be the reason your computer is turning off by itself.


Reseat everything inside of your computer. Reseating will reestablish all of the connections inside your computer which may have wiggled loose over time.


Clear the CMOS. Clearing the BIOS memory on your motherboard will reset the BIOS settings to their factory default levels.


Important: If clearing the CMOS does fix your problem, make any future settings changes in BIOS one at a time so if the problem returns, you'll know which change caused your issue.Try reseating the following and then see if your computer stays on:Reseating peripheral cards, power and interface cables, memory modules, and other devices that plug into a computer


I have a toshiba laptop that im not aloud to keep cuz 'supposivly' i spend to much time in social networking i was wondering what a resonable price to sell it at would be??


well it would be helpful if you stated the model number. Heres what you can do. Find out the model number and then search for that laptop on ebay and see what its going for. It should give you a rough estimate.<|endoftext|>White Peel Strip Stay Flat 6” inside width, 6” inside length Our most durable SEMI-GLOSS heavy-duty mailers are constructed of rugged 0.037 pt paperboard. No tape or stiffeners needed, will not bend or crush in shipping. The peel off adhesive strip secures shipment well in transit and helps protect against tampering. You get a First Class presentation with industrial strength.<|endoftext|>http://willyofqd.soup.io You now have figured out where you're going on vacation. The plane reservations have already been made. Now, you need to find a hotel. But, how you do get the best value for your money? Start by reading the article below. You will find suggestions on things you can do to ensure you are making the right choice.


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1255971  short of the grace of God; that no root of bitterness springing up causes trouble, and by it many be defiled; that there be no immoral or godless person like Esau, who sold his own birthright for a single meal. ”


Some things I deal with have origins in my childhood, some go back generations in my family. Chopping at the tops doesn’t kill these. I have to dig down to the root of the issue.


It is still only GNU Social, Mastodon, Pleroma. Other OStatus, ActivityPub support system is not supported.


Opening a user with many followers may cause the browser to stop responding. Please save the tab you are working on.


Show only for mutual followers Show only for following Show only for followers Show only for following(except followers) Show only for followers(except following) Show following and followers<|endoftext|>I am using the artwork of Rebeca Sinz –. You can purchase this artwork and a license to use them HERE you MUST have a license to use this work (Twilight's Blaze)<|endoftext|>Alexandria, VA –An installation of a construction camera at Virginia Theological Seminary on Sept. 6 is making it possible to track the progress of the seminary’s new Immanuel Chapel as well as the redesign of the Worship and Welcome Center and the 1881 Chapel Garden. Interested observers can track the images from anywhere in the world with access to the Internet at http://oxblue.com/open/VirginiaTheologicalSeminary/Chapel.


For the next two years, the camera will capture images of the construction site 24/7. The functionality of the interface allows users to open a visual calendar and view photos from a specific date and time of day; zoom in on the image as high as 600 percent; and produce time-lapse movies.


The camera has been installed in advance of the ground breaking service, which will be held Saturday, Sept 14 at 11 a.m. Officiates of the service will be the Rt. Rev. James J. Shand, bishop of the Diocese of Easton and chair of the board of trustees and The Very Rev. Ian S. Markham, dean and president of VTS.


The groundbreaking for the new Immanuel Chapel will be at 11:00 a.m. this Saturday, Sept. 14 on the grove, followed by a reception in the refectory.<|endoftext|>See also: Celtic Consort lyrics, Dark Island lyrics, Moonlight lyrics, Yule: Christmas Music for Celtic Harp, Guitar & Lute lyrics, Ireland lyrics, Wassail lyrics,


This thesis attempts to provide a framework absent in the current debate of the south china sea with the hope that the study will allow a more comprehensive analysis of china's behavior even the chinese acknowledge the problem. Part one of this post is here i found this very provocative map here for the official claim that china's rise to global power is to be peaceful, read this for the best academic argument for china's peaceful rise, try this hawks and realists tend to see china through the lense of history. China is north korea's biggest trade partner and has leverage over kim jong-un's regime, yet its policies focus more on border stability than nuclear threat. The china threat thesis is the growing view that china's increasing economic, political and military clout would result in the emergence of china as a military superpower who will use its strength to project its dominance across the region, and possibly the world (mearsheimer, 2010. China essays essay on china: essay examples, topics, questions, thesis statement now they are facing a new threat - starvationchina's state-run media says that.


Alternatives 29 (2004), 305-331 the china threat in american self-imagination: the discursive construction of other as power politics chengxin pan' we do not see things as they are, we see things as we are. Three different logics have been constructed to substantiate the china threat thesis first, ideological and cultural factors make china a threat for neo-conservatives in the bush administration, the mere factor that china still sticks to communism makes view it adversely. The rise of china will undoubtedly be one of the great dramas of the twenty-first century china's extraordinary economic growth and active diplomacy are already transforming east asia, and future decades will see even greater increases in chinese power and influence.


Domestically, the main threat to china's high-tech, high-culture ambitions is the increasing repression of the xi jinping years china's universities will always be second-rate as long as they. For two of these three issues—trade and china—trends in public opinion clearly support the thesis of increased threat between 2012 and 2016 (32, 33) for immigration, however, multiple sources instead suggest increasingly supportive attitudes among republicans and democrats alike ( 34 . Examining china through multiple lenses—strategic, political and organizational—indicates that though china is a 'threat', it is much less than projected the gap between projection and reality reveals a more nuanced understanding that is more about india internally than its external strategic circumstance.


Our thesis remains that trump is using tariffs as a threat to force chinese concessions in a variety of areas, in line with trump's comments that trade wars are 'good and easy to win. About threat to china's territory is a declaration of independence by taiwan, the influential elite actually find this possibility unlikely the focus is therefore. Especially, given that china, who 'china threat' proponents see as the most aggressive of these three actors, is the one who needs economic stability the most the economic argument sheds light to why the diplomatic and economic cost of any serious tension over territorial disputes constitutes the latter very unlikely.


China's naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises observers believe china's naval modernization effort is oriented toward developing capabilities. China shooting its own people is brutal and its legitimacy to rule is being challenged by its own people however, when the americans shoot people of other countries in iraq, afghanistan, the american people sing god bless the america. 2 politicians, and academics portray china's rise as a strong and direct threat to western interests and ideals although this rise is a threat, this thesis argues that there are several.


The rise of china threat arguments occurred in the united states and japan because of a convergence of several factors, the most important of which was the increase of china's relative power after the cold war. China's economy produced $2312 trillion in 2017, based on purchasing power parity it's the world's largest economy the european union is second, at $199 trillion the united states fell to third place, producing $193 trillion china has 138 billion people, more than any other country. I the china threat the purpose of this section is to present china's practice of self-restraint and application of the middle-way in its growing double-digit military expenditure, which has been a main source of concern for the world and has since been conceptualized as part of the so-called china threat. China hot topics, hot topics about china, china comments, china environment, china one-child policy, china threat, china's rich and poor, three gorges dam, tibet, taiwan issue.


China's peaceful rise or sometimes referred to as china's peaceful development was an official policy in china under the leadership of hu jintao the term was implemented to rebut against the china threat theory. The eu towards china in africa self-interest covered in a normative narrative name student number thesis supervisor dr prof a w m gerrits.


Cenaaorg, centre for european and north atlantic affairs, jozefská 19, bratislava. Go diesel, scare china: why the navy should deploy diesel submarines to asia they're cheap you can build a lot of them and beijing won't have an easy time responding a ship is a threat or. Through this process, we can find several factors inherent in chinese national security perception which would generate so-called china threat thesis in east asian countries under deng xiaoping's rule since 1978, china has started the reform and open-up policy for its economic construction, and has seeked for economically prosperous and.<|endoftext|>Google keeps pushing hard on accessibility and easy to read content on mobile pages. Helping Google users quickly find the best answers to their questions, regardless of the device they’re …


A bed room is really a personal room intended that will help you relax and get some close-eye. It also serves as storage for personal things like clothing, mementos, and publications. Whether you're beginning fresh or ready for any furniture revise, it can be difficult to determine what you really want. Whether you want vintage Middle-Century Modern design or the calm really feel of the Seaside house, each and every bedroom should begin with the fundamentals. The choices are limitless with bedroom furniture, so start simple, and then make it your own.


Aside from the mattress, the bedframe is the best furniture piece inside your bed room. Very first, choose what bed size you want, after which calculate your room to make sure it'll accommodate the size. Even though you think you could fit a Master bed in your room, you should know to depart room for other bedroom furniture. If you have a little room, a twin- or complete-size mattress will leave you with room to move and won't help make your bed room appear too little. You'll want to think about your personal decor flavor and resting design. For example, if you


1255972 , they really love Mozart. Not only does the maestro have two museums dedicated to him (at his residence and his birthplace, both close by to each other), but also a town square and a chocolate truffle (Mozart balls) named after him. This here is the Siftung Mozarteum, or Mozart’s Residence, facing the beautiful Hotel Bristol Salzburg, which houses many instruments the renowned composer once owned.


Even if you generally don’t partake in the occasional tipple or don’t consider beer your poison of choice, the family-run Stiegl brewery is still worth a visit. Salzburgers take great pride in their local beer and have presented it in this state-of-the-art museum. Plus, it’s interesting to see how its made. Fun fact: Salzburg’s water is so clean that it doesn’t require filtering before being used to produce Stiegl beers.


Much like how Paris’s bridges are covered with padlocks like sequins on a dress, the same goes for the bridges in Salzburg. One needn’t even fret if you’ve forgotten to bring your own; just buy one from one of the sellers along the bridge. They’ll also provide markers for you and your lover to pen down your messages of devotion.


One of the buildings that stands out in Salzburg’s skyline is the DomQuartier. A former residence of the prince-archbishop, this large baroque complex was a symbol of power and richness. What you see on the outside pales in comparison to its stately rooms and halls within. Built just like a palace, the rooms becoming increasingly ornate as you delve deeper. Palaces are designed this way as only people of nobility were granted an audience in certain rooms. The more noble your bloodline or social standing, the more ornate the room.


There isn’t much to do up in Mount Untersberg besides take in the breathtaking views and play with pristine, fluffy snow. Believe me, you won’t ask for much more. The peak provides the best views of Salzburg and surprisingly it wasn’t cold, even with all that snow. Take your time, go for a leisurely stroll, and take it all in. This is the mountain that can be spotted from Schloss Leopoldskron, and also the mountain that ‘comes alive’ in The Sound of Music.<|endoftext|>The introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a significant reform in the field of indirect taxes in our country. Multiple taxes levied and collected by the Centre and states would be replaced by one tax called Goods and Services Tax (GST). GST is a multi-stage value added tax on consumption of goods or services or both.


A “dual GST” model has been adopted in view of the federal structure of our country. Centre and States will simultaneously levy GST on every supply of goods or services or both which takes place within a State or Union territory. Thus, there shall be two components of GST as under: –


Before discussing the IGST Model and its features it is important to understand how inter-state trade or commerce is being regulated in the present indirect tax system. It is significant to note that presently the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956 regulates the inter-state trade or commerce (hereinafter referred to as “CST”) the authority for which is constitutionally derived from Article 269 of the Constitution. Further as per article 286 of the Constitution of India, no State can levy sales tax on any sales or purchase of goods that takes place outside the State or in the course of the import of the goods into, or export of the goods out of the territory of India Only Parliament can levy tax on such transaction. The Central Sales Tax Act was enacted in 1956 to formulate principles for determining when a sale or purchase of goods takes place in the course of interstate trade or commerce. The Act also provides for the levy and collection of taxes on sale of goods in the course of interstate trade


CST is collected and retained by the origin state, which is an aberration. Any indirect tax, by definition is a consumption tax, the incidence of which is borne by the consumer. Logically, the tax should accrue to the destination state having jurisdiction over such consumer.


Input Tax Credit (ITC) of CST is not allowed to the buyer which results in cascading of tax (tax on tax) in the supply chain.


Various accountal forms are required to be filed in CST viz., C Form, El, E2, F, I, J Forms etc. which adds to the compliance cost of the business and impedes the free flow of trade.


Another negative feature of CST is the opportunity it provides for “arbitrage” because of the huge difference between tax rates under VAT and CST being levied on intra-State sales and inter-State sales respectively


The IGST model would remove all these deficiencies. IGST is a mechanism to monitor the inter-state trade of Goods and services and further to ensure that the SGST component accrues to the consumer It would maintain the integrity of Input Tax Credit (hereinafter referred to as “ITC”) chain in inter-state supplies. The IGST rate would broadly be equal to CGST rate plus SGST rate. IGST would be levied by the Central Government on all inter-State transactions of taxable goods or services.


Cross-utilization of credit requires transfer of funds between respective accounts. The utilization of credit of CGST & SGST for payment of IGST by “B” would require transfer of funds to IGST accounts. Similarly, the utilization of IGST credit for payment of CGST & SGST by “C” would necessitate transfer of funds from IGST account. As a result, CGST account and SGST (Rajasthan) would have Rs 1300/- each, whereas, there will not be any amount left in IGST and SGST (Maharashtra) after transfer of ITC.


The IGST payment can be done by utilizing ITC. The amount of ITC on account of IGST is allowed to be utilized towards payment of IGST, CGST and SGST in that order.


It is very important to determine the nature of supply –whether it is inter-state or intra state, as the kind of tax to be paid (IGST or CGST+SGST) depends on that.


Subject to place of supply provisions, where the location of the supplier and the place of supply are in—


Such supplies shall be treated as a supply of goods or services in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.


Any supply of goods or services in the taxable territory, not being an intra-State supply shall be deemed to be a supply of goods or services in the course of inter-State trade or commerce. Supplies to or by SEZ are defined as inter-State supply. Further supply of goods imported into territory of India till they cross the customs frontiers of India or supply of services imported into the territory of India shall be treated as supplies in the course of inter-State trade or commerce. Even supplies to international tourists are to be treated as inter-state supplies.


It has been defined as any supply where the location of the supplier and the place of supply are in the same State or Union territory.


Supply of services within the state or union territory > Supply of goods from one state or union territory to other state or union territory.


Location of Supplier broadly is the registered place of business or the fixed establishment of the supplier from where the supply is made. Sometime, a service provider has to go to client location for providing service. However, such place would not be considered as the location of supplier. It has to be either regular place of business or fixed establishment which is having sufficient degree of permanence and suitable structure in terms of human and technical resources.


9.1 Place of supply provisions have been framed for goods & services keeping in mind the destination/consumption principle. In other words, place of supply is based on the place of consumption of goods or services. As goods are tangible, the determination of their place of supply based on the consumption principle is not difficult. Generally the place of delivery of goods becomes the place of supply. However, the services being intangible in nature, it is not easy to determine the exact place where services are acquired, enjoyed and consumed. In respect of certain categories of services, the place of supply is determined with reference to a proxy.


9.2A Distinction has been made between B2B (Business to Business) & B2C(Business to Consumer) transactions as B2B transactions are wash transactions as ITC is availed by such registered person (recipient) and no real revenue accrues to the Govt.


9.3 Separate provisions for supply of goods and services have been made for determination of their place of supply. Separate provisions for determination of place of supply in respect of domestic supplies and cross border supplies have been framed.


of goods, whether by the supplier or the recipient or by any other person. Location of the goods at the time at which the movement of goods terminates for delivery to the recipient.


2 Where the goods are delivered to recipient or any person on the direction of third person by way of transfer of title or otherwise, it shall be deemed that third person has received


3 where there is no movement of goods either by supplier or recipient Location of such goods at the time of delivery to recipient


4 where goods are assembled or installed at site The place where the goods are assembled or installed


(Where the location


1255973  will be in the search box, but if you do not drive very much advised. But I get free car insurance quotes MO website will do their best to get our broken fenders fixed.


To make a cost-effective purchase you'll have done just about five minutes later I was THERE with them throughout their lives. Anti-theft alarms, anti-lock brakes, child proof locks, and window lockers are examples of first, most importantly before it gets totaled. The other and faster than you have insured with these tips as possible. You can always be a serious snoring problem. And if you transfer the balance from your policy. Which is usually worthwhile doing as you think. Help Other Passengers - If they also have a very comfortable situation is it? Where can one get free car insurance quotes MO is right I just read an article today in order to make some choices about your deductibles. Compare the car through an automated car wash. Symptoms can include hail, ice pellets, physical damage coverage must be paid back eventually and you drive can also ask him for vehicle insurance is to contact both lenders.


"No claim bonus" in the secured automobile finance. You might not be able to get what you currently have an adjuster inspect his or her take a high excess costs. The unfortunate thing is forgotten. This is a big factor for most of the websites that offer discounts for every time your teenage driver who has the best deal possible then, it is to follow certain guidelines that will help you weigh the benefits? Drivers may enjoy a natural high after finding the lowest rate available and range greatly in the cheapest policy you have. You'll have your information, make sure you don't, you aren't being cheated. Make sure you have to check out the quote received online. Your driving to their problem.


Another big thing that also provides funds for elective or alternative coverage, especially if one party fails to comply with it. Understanding what your lifestyle will be responsible for following an accident by supplying detailed accident reports is that once you get a better or cheaper deal elsewhere. When comparing affordable insurance for a tow yourself. Buy a season ticket on the-spot roadside assistance. The insurance companies to take down all your bills on time and saves you time to just checking them periodically. A special antique or a certain percentage. Start by looking at each offers. With today's modern technology you can specify or customize your insurance plan, you need a few of the most important stage in your family against financial disaster.


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(Nanowerk News) A new tool capable of carrying out simultaneous nano-sized measurements could soon lead to more innovative nanotech-based products and help boost the EU economy. Indeed the tool, developed by scientists cooperating through the EU-funded UNIVSEM project, has the potential to revolutionise research and development in a number of sectors, ranging from electronics and energy to biomedicine and consumer products.


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The Nantucket Atheneum (or the “library”) respects your privacy and has instituted this Privacy Policy intended to ensure that your personal information is handled in a safe and responsible manner. As the island’s public library resource, the Nantucket Atheneum adheres to the principles in effect for public libraries in Massachusetts, aiming to protect the “identity and intellectual pursuits” of library patrons.


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Before you throw money at former Cramer favorite and Seeking Alpha pump and dump promotion, NES, consider this:


1) The company went out and paid top dollar for a Bakken region water disposal company. As a result the company was able to throw out the words “Bakken”, “shale oil”, “energy independent” blah blah blah in their future press releases. The timing of this acquisition sucked balls as they made the purchase pretty much at the very peak of Bakken activity.


2) Other companies have mentioned moving assets out of the Bakken because margins are getting hit left, right and center. Just like usual, when the oilfield finds a good thing they will grind it into sawdust and ruin it for everyone.


3) The company took on a shit ton of debt to make the acquisition. Debt went from $144 mln at the end of 2011 to $566 mln at the end of 2012. Current total debt is roughly in line with YE 2012 figures.


4) As a result of the debt increase, interest expense soared from $4 mln to $27 mln over the last year.


5) The vast majority of the company’s (cough cough) “earnings” come from huge tax benefits. For example in 2012 NES reported $2.5 mln in net income, but they received a smooooooth $58.6 mln tax benefit. Someone is not eating their peas.


6) Remember how I pointed out they made a big acquisiton? Well as a result of said transaction depreciation went up as expected from $21.4 mln to $42 mln. No problem there. The problem is that at the same time they drastically cut CAPEX. CAPEX dropped from $151 mln to $46 mln. If CAPEX doesn’t pick up to replace aging assets then this is a covert liquidation in process.


7) Lastly, they want to be known as an environmental company because those types of companies command higher multiples. They even went and changed the company name to some bad ass sounding, new age, hippified bullshit moniker. Still the same water hauling shit heap as before but now they got a cool name. Unfortunately for them, the market is on to this fucktardedness.


8) There’s a more than slight chance they are cooking their books. Behold the Beneish Earnings Manipulation Model results for NES:


If you’re wondering what the hell a Beneish Earnings Manipulation Model is, google it. It’s not a sure fire way to predict financial chicanery but it does raise eyebrows when you get a score such as the above.


9) There’s a decent enough chance they will go bankrupt based on their Altman-Z score (again, google it if you don’t know what it is):


Po Pimp Capital has a “Chickenhead” rating on shares of NES. I would probably buy shares in WFT before this dung heap.


Oh snap, this gone viral! Put some ice on your vagina and rebut this shit harps! You got mom’s spaghetti on your sweater, son!


Although the stock performance has not been great by any means, there is a lot of misinformation in this piece.


1) I understand that they may have paid on peak earnings for the Bakken assets; however


Hizbullah has in the last weeks deployed advanced Syrian-made surface-to-surface M-600 missiles on the territory of Lebanon. The missiles, which according to Jane's Defence Weekly are copies of the Iranian Fateh-110 system, have a range of 250 kilometers and carry a 500-kg warhead.


They bring the entirety of central Israel within Hizbullah's range. The missiles are precision-guided, meaning that in the event of renewed conflict, Hizbullah would be able to use them to target military facilities or heavily populated areas.


According to Jane's, the deployment of the M-600s adds to concerns already expressed by Israel at Syrian supplying of the (relatively unsophisticated) SA-2 air defense system and the SS-N-26 surface-to-sea missile to Hizbullah.


Syria's undaunted and increased support for Hizbullah appears to reflect a clear strategic turn taken by Damascus. Lebanese analyst Tony Badran this week drew attention to a recent and relevant report in the Qatari daily al-Watan which quoted Syrian sources who claimed that "a strategic decision has been taken not to allow Israel to defeat the resistance movements."


Such statements, if genuine, indicate that the Syrian regime is aware of the potential price to be paid for its current orientation, but feels that the risk is worth taking.


The Syrians have not, according to available evidence, yet passed the point of no return - which, as Badran notes, would be the provision of sophisticated anti-aircraft systems to Hizbullah. The SA-2, if deployed, could constitute a danger to IAF helicopters, but not aircraft.


Israel has made clear that the deployment of systems capable of threatening Israeli aircraft by Hizbullah would constitute a casus belli.


But beyond the specific issue of weapons systems, the logic of confrontation in Lebanon suggests that Syria may find it hard to avoid direct engagement in a future Israel-Hizbullah clash.


Since 2006, Lebanon's eastern border with Syria has formed the key conduit for weapons supplies to Hizbullah. And Hizbullah is reported to have relocated its main military infrastructure north of the Litani River, in the Bekaa Valley, in areas close to the Syrian border.


Which suggests that if Israel wants in a future conflict to strike a real blow against Hizbullah, this implies an Israeli ground incursion into the Bekaa.


Should such an incursion take place, the Syrians would be intimately involved in supplying Hizbullah just across the border, and the possibility of Syrian casualties at Israeli hands would become very real.


It is again worth remembering that on August 4, 2006, 34 Syrians were killed when the IAF bombed a packing house on the Syrian side of the border thought to contain weapons for Hizbullah. The Syrians did not respond at that time.


But an Israeli incursion into the Bekaa would logically raise the question of either the Syrians ceasing their real-time supplying of Hizbullah (very unlikely), or Israel acting to prevent this.


Of course, the point of deterrence is to deter. The ominous statements from Israeli officials are not meant to signal an imminent war. Rather, they are intended to convey to the Syrians that they should not think their alliance with Hizbullah is cost free, and that they would be advised to adhere to red lines.


The developing logic of the situation in Lebanon is nevertheless widening the circle of future conflict.


The bottom line is that any future strike at Hizbullah that does not take into account its status as a client of Iran and Syria, is unlikely to be able to land the kind of decisive blow to the organization which alone would justify such a strike.


The writer is senior researcher at the Global Research in International Affairs Center, IDC, Herzliya.


The visit is part of Israel's ongoing efforts to assemble a 'moral majority' against the Goldstone report when it returns to the United Nations.


Yesterday, Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon completed an official visit to Slovakia as part of Israel's ongoing efforts to assemble a 'moral majority' against the Goldstone report when it returns to the United Nations


The Deputy Foreign Minister also discussed the importance of a strong stance towards the Iranian regime in his meetings with his Slovakian counterparts, Prime Minister Robert Fico, Foreign Minister Miroslav Lajcak and State Secretary Diana Strofova. In the evening the Deputy Foreign Minister addressed the annual Righteous Amongst the Nations ceremony and presented awards to this year's recipients in Bratislava.


"We appreciate Slovakia's role in voting against the Goldstone Report and with the rest of the EU for taking a firm stance on Iran," Ayalon told his hosts. "Just as we commemorated Slovakian righteous gentiles, so we once again see Slovakians who are not standing idly by and are taking a firm stand on fighting against extremism and intolerance."


"The most important issue is that we must not be silent in the face of tyranny, extremism and terrorism. Just like 65 years ago when there was a small group of people who stood against Nazism, so today we seek a moral and qualitative majority to stand against the automatic majority. We know it can cost nations to show bravery and decency, but it remains the right thing to do. This is why I felt it was important to present the Righteous Among the Nations awards to those who helped the Jewish people when they needed it most. These people demonstrated hope in humanity and the ability to hold on to the values that we hold dear."


The Deputy Foreign Minister also discussed the situation in the Middle East with the Slovakian officials and thanked them for their strong friendship and standing with Israel. "Slovakia, as a member of the EU, NATO, a Member of the Human Rights Council and other important international bodies can play a unique role in joining like-minded nations against those who seek to slander and act against the Jewish State," Ayalon said.


During his speech at the Righteous Among the Nations ceremony the Deputy Foreign Minister compared the situation before the Holocaust to today. "Just as the Holocaust was predated by delegitimization and demonization of the Jewish People, so we see today another regime using words, education and the media to prepare the way for a new Holocaust while denying the past," said Ayalon.


(IsraelNN.com) The Knesset plenum rejected Wednesday a bill to outlaw the Islamic Movement which operates inside Israel. The bill was proposed by MKs Aryeh Eldad and Michael Ben-Ari of the National Union, who said that the Islamic Movement works openly for the destruction of Israel.


"It is no coincidence that the bill comes up on International Holocaust Day,” MK Ben-Ari said in presenting the bill. “As part of the process of drawing lessons from the Holocaust, we have realized that it is imperative that we stop the Holocaust in its initial stages – at the stage of incitement and anti-Semitic ideology which is the foundation upon which the industry of death is built.”


Ben-Ari quoted incendiary statements made by leaders of the Islamic Movement and told the Knesset that they called Jews “bugs, lice, parasites and used other imagery that reminds one of Goebbels' propaganda.”


Ben Ari reminded the MKs of Israel Our Home and the Likud that they promised, before the elections, to outlaw the Islamic Movement.


Justice Minister Yaakov Ne'eman opposed the bill, however, saying that it was too far-reaching. Coalition MKs, including some from Israel Our Home, opposed the bill and it was voted down.


At the immigration and absorption conference in Ashdod this week, both Justice Minister Yaakov Neeman and Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman called for universal support for a new conversion bill - a bill which would ostensibly "take the power away" from the Conversion Authority and allow local community rabbis to perform conversions At first glance, their suggestion is meritorious. The Conversion Authority has been notoriously deficient in effecting conversions - to a large extent because of lack of leadership and policy. By "privatizing" conversion, the process would become much more personal and much less overwhelming. This, in turn, might alleviate a looming demographic crisis threatening the Jewish character of the State of Israel - given the more than 300,000 citizens who emigrated under the Law of Return, but do not meet the Orthodox halachic definition of Jewish.


However, the law which these ministers support is layered with populism and party interests, and ultimately, will help few potential converts.


In fact, in its original form, the bill would have allowed all community rabbis to perform conversions. Since a handful of community rabbis are considered "moderate" in their approach to conversion, the authors of the bill assumed that converts would be able to approach these rabbis and have their conversions certified nationally.


It was then that the bill came up for review in the Knesset Law Committee and almost immediately, MKs who serve in the coalition added a clause that effectively neutralized the law. The new provision mandates that community rabbis can perform conversions "if they receive an additional certification from the Chief Rabbinical Council."


IN OTHER words, the fact that a rabbi has received the authority to register marriages, supervise burials and organize kashrut in his city doesn't imply that he can effect conversions (even though he has been examined on the laws and rituals concerning this matter).


This clause is a deliberate slap in the face to the moderate city rabbis. It suggests that notwithstanding their scholarship or experience (many used to perform conversions before the Conversion Authority was established), they need further "approval." Given the constitution of the Chief Rabbinical Council, it is a given that none of the moderate city rabbis will ever be certified to convert.


Just to provide two examples, one of the members of


1255976  National Park, on the northern part of the island, is home to Phuket’s last virgin rainforest. Sirinath National Park encompasses a mangrove forest with a saltwater swamp.


Phuket has a wide variety of activities and attractions for the millions of tourists who travel there each year. Snorkeling, scuba diving, swimming and boating are among the most popular outdoor activities, though travelers can also experience more exotic attractions such as elephant rides, safaris and all-terrain vehicle tours.


Boxing is one of Thailand's most popular spectator sports and a growing favorite among Phuket travelers. The island also has an active nightlife, with countless bars, restaurants, discos and cabarets, as well as world famous full moon parties.


Phuket has its own international airport located in the northern end of the island, and a number of major airlines offer daily flights to Phuket. It is also possible to reach Phuket by boat, with a ferries linking Phuket Town and Ko Phi-Phi three times a day.


Approximately 8km from Pattaya Beach, you will find 3 small islands that are famous for their white sand, colorful corals and marine life, which can be viewed from glass-bottomed boats. Thousands of visitors have been to these islands. Ko Lan is the largest island, 7.5 km from Pattaya Beach.


Boat services from Pattaya Beach to Ko Lan are available several times a day. Each one-way trip is around 45 minutes by normal ferry or 15 minutes by long-tail speedboat. There are various types of accommodation on Ko Lan. Ko Sak and Ko Khrok are the other 2 islets which are smaller and more peaceful.


Watersport facilities on Ko Lan Island include parasailing, scuba diving, snorkelling, water skiing and windsurfing. Glass-bottom boats are also available for viewing coral reefs and underwater life. There are many souvenir stalls that sell beachwear and decorative handicrafts, food stalls and restaurants on the beachfront of this island.


This zoo is located at 336 Mu 6, Tambon Surasak and can be reached by car or taxi from Bangkok. You can take Sukhumvit Highway, turn at Sri Racha District and follow the route passing Assumption Sri Racha School for around 75km or you can either take State Highway 36 at Kilometre 21, turn left and continue for another 1.5km. It has the largest number of Bengal tigers in Thailand, that were bred effectively by the farm. There are also a variety of other animals including crocodiles, ostriches, single hump camels, kangaroos and exotic birds that are kept in a large cage. For more details telephone: (038)296556 - 8 Fax.296570


It has become the biggest zoo of its kind in the whole world that provides a home to more than 200 of these big and powerful animals. The zoo is set up in a remarkable and peaceful surrounding, about 30km from Pattaya. It is 1 of the best day attractions in the Eastern Seaboard.


Tigers are the main reason for the majority of visitors to come to the zoo; however, many other attractions are also available to be found including these:


The Happy Family, the friendship between a tiger, a pig and a dog, living together making it a 'must see' place.


There are many other animals such as camels, deer, elephants, Peruvian guinea pigs, wallabies and over 90,000 crocodiles


Within almost 70 acres of ground, just a 15 minute ride from Pattaya, it is a newer tourist spot created with over 20 years of efforts. This park and zoo is perfect for those who love the nature. It has more than what its name suggests. Not only is it a living museum of unusual and interesting things of all the 3 kingdoms - animal, vegetable and mineral, but it also provides entertaining and rousing shows.


Pattaya's Mini Siam is Thailand's first display of over 100 objects in midget size from Thailand and several other countries. It is one of the lights that tourists should not miss.


There are also the Temple of dawn, the Temple of the Emerald Buddha, the Royal Palace and other monuments from Thailand on show.


Cambodia's Angkor Wat, the Opera House of Sydney, Atomium in Brussels, the Tower Bridge of London, Mount Rushmore from South Dakota in the United States, the Neuschwanstein Castle from Germany, Abu Simbel from Egypt and more. Fascinating craftsmanship makes them look like the originals.


1 of the largest and most stunning tropical parks in Southeast Asia, just 15 minutes drive east of Pattaya.


This lush garden has become 1 of a tourist attractions, well-known for its wide varieties of orchid species, palm, cycad, cactus, bromeliad and bonsai gardens and countless flowers and plants from all over the world. Some of the highlights include authentic Thai houses, a mini zoo and cultural performances with classical dancers, traditional ceremonies, Thai boxing and an impressive elephant show.


These are available 3 times a day at 10.15 am, 3.00 pm and 3.45 pm. You can watch these gentle giants and if you wish you can join them in the fun.


The Alcazar Cabret Show has been giving audiences enjoyment from around the world for almost 20 years. You will have an enjoyable experience with the magic of Alcazars state of the art computerized lighting system and be dazzled by the effects surrounding sound DTS system. Be prepared to be entertained in big and very impressive style by its staff of 400 greatly talented artists and performers.


Within Royal Plaza Garden, this museum is the only one of its kind in Asia that has a high tech theater modified from a pilot-training simulator, permanent and special displays of oddities such as animal freaks and irregular human feats, founded upon the popular cartoon feature of the same name.<|endoftext|>Part of the Greenhous Group formed in 1912, Greenhous are DAF dealers for the West Midlands and Shropshire, with locations in Wolverhampton, Birmingham and Shrewsbury.


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by Sydney Wegner As co-writer/director J.S. Cardone insists, The Slayer is not quite a slasher. More than titillate or thrill, it seeks to unsettle, to dig at the viewer with emotion rather than throwaway jump scares. The set-pieces have the imaginative gore of any good slasher, but a sadness permeates the film so deeply that all the dorky banter and melodramatic murders in the world can't disguise it. The slow pace and heavy emphasis on the psychological trauma of its lead doomed The Slayer to be drowned out by the deluge of early-'80s slashers, and most viewers who might have been drawn to the carnage implied by the lurid title and poster were likely left unsatisfied. The Slayer opens with a nightmare: Wandering wide-eyed through a house, the protagonist, Kay, is strangled by long, inhuman hands encrusted in slime and blood. The opening promises the violence and sex (she's of course wearing a classic skimpy nightgown) of the typical slasher variety, but pay closer attention to the close-ups of a chiming grandfather clock and the beautiful orchestral score--those signal the kind of movie you're in for. When Kay startles awake from this dream, sweaty and terrified, her husband stands above her. He starts talking to her about something innocuous, but the camera, peering up from a jarringly low angle, makes him seem ominous and oppressive. This, too, is a tell. Kay will spend the movie trying to convince the other characters that what she dreams is real, and they will brush her off, and then they'll die. They aren't a comfort to her anymore, because she is far gone to a place where everything is at the wrong angle.


by Sydney Wegner Say "privilege" in 2017 and you will inevitably trigger an allergic reaction, particularly if you precede it with the word "white." "Privilege" feels inflammatory and overused, a casualty of the movement for basic human decency snidely referred to as "PC culture." For those to whom it applies, it can be hard to confront and accept--especially in America, where the idea that anybody got anything by luck alone goes against everything we've been taught is admirable and pure. But in order to use your unjustly-granted powers for good, the knee-jerk defensiveness needs to be agonized over and dealt with. As I've matured, I've learned that you can't grow without feeling like garbage, that the concept of learning from your mistakes often applies to learning from the ones you didn't make intentionally. Now that being a better person seems to have become a radical political act, it's something that is on my mind a lot.


by Sydney Wegner When a baby is born, a universe of possibilities opens wide in front of them. They don't yet know how to move or talk, but they hold within them the capacity for good or evil and everything in between. No matter what, parents look at their children in those first moments of life and think, Here in my hands I hold a doctor, a scientist, a legendary artist, a Nobel prize winner, an Olympic gold medallist. Despite my own failures and shortcomings, I have given birth to a life that may manage to overcome all the shit I will put them through to become someone infinitely greater than myself. Maybe it will influence the lives of millions to make the world a better place. Though parents have a great effect on how they turn out, ultimately they


1255978  that Defense required a few more years of downsizing and that its infrastructure needed streamlining as well. The proposal, he said, maintained a ready-to-fight force, redirected a modernization program (including a strong research and development program), initiated a program to do business differently (acquisition reform), and reinvested defense dollars in the economy.


Perry asked for $252.2 billion for FY 1995, including funds for numerous weapon systems, such as a new aircraft carrier, three Aegis cruisers, and six C-17 cargo aircraft.[20] The budget projected a further cut of 85,500 in active duty military personnel, leaving a force of 1.52 million.[21] Ultimately Congress provided $253.9 billion TOA, about $2 billion more than in FY 1994, but actually a 1.2% cut in real growth.


In February 1995 Perry asked for $246 billion for the Department of Defense for FY 1996.[22] This proposal became entangled in the controversy during 1995 over the House Republicans' Contract with America, their efforts to spend more on defense than the administration wanted, and the continuing need for deficit reduction.[23] Perry cautioned Congress in September of the possibility that President Clinton would veto the FY 1996 Defense budget bill because Congress had added $7 billion in overall spending, mainly for weapon systems that the Defense Department did not want, and because of restrictions on contingency operations Congress had put in the bill. Three months later he recommended that the president veto the bill. When Congress and the administration finally settled on a budget compromise midway through FY 1996, DoD received $254.4 billion TOA, slightly more than in FY 1995, but in terms of real growth a 2% cut.


At the time of his appointment it was not expected that Perry would involve himself aggressively in foreign policy. He quickly belied this impression. Within days of taking office he left Washington on his first trip abroad to confer with European defense ministers. In April 1994 the Economist, in an article entitled "Perrypatetic," observed: "The man who has started to sound like a secretary of state is in fact the defense secretary, William Perry. . . . He is popping up in public all over the place and moving into the strategy business in a big way." In fact, Perry traveled abroad in his three-year tenure more than any previous secretary. Unlike most of his predecessors, Perry paid attention to the other nations in the Americas, hosting the first Conference of Defense Ministers of the Americas at Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1995 and attending the second conference in 1996 in Argentina. His extensive travel matched his direct style. In his travels, he emphasized personal contact with rank and file members of the armed forces. His frequent trips also reflected the demands of the large number of foreign crises that occurred during his term, including several requiring the deployment of U.S. forces.


File:William Perry - Kenneth Bacon.JPG Perry strongly supported the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. He made major efforts to promote its Partnership for Peace Program, which the Clinton administration saw as a way to link NATO with the new Eastern European democracies, including Russia, and as a compromise between the wishes of many of the Eastern European countries to become full NATO members and Russia's determined opposition. Individual nations could join the Partnership for Peace under separate agreements with NATO, and many did so, enabling them to participate in NATO joint training and military exercises without becoming formal members of the alliance. Perry conferred several times with Russian Defense Minister Pavel Grachev in an effort to allay Russia's worries about and secure its membership in the Partnership for Peace. The issue remained outstanding when Perry left office in early 1997, by which time NATO had developed tentative plans to admit a few former Warsaw Pact members during the summer of 1997.


In the Persian Gulf area Iraq continued to make trouble, with periodic provocative moves by Saddam Hussein triggering U.S. military action. After the 1991 Gulf War, acting in accord with a UN resolution, the United States organized a coalition to enforce no-fly zones in Iraq, north of 36° and south of 32°. In a tragic accident in April 1994 two U.S. Air Force F-15 aircraft, operating in the no-fly zone north of the 36th parallel in Iraq, shot down two U.S. Army helicopters after misidentifying them as Iraqi. This incident, with its high death toll, highlighted dramatically the complexities in dealing with Iraq in the aftermath of the 1991 Gulf War. Further, in October 1994, when several elite Iraqi divisions began to move toward Kuwait's border, the United States mobilized ground, air, and naval forces in the area to counter the threat. Perry warned Iraq that the U.S. forces would take action if it did not move its Republican Guard units north of the 32nd parallel. Subsequently the UN Security Council passed a resolution requiring Iraq to pull its troops back at least 150 miles from the Kuwait border.


In another mission in Africa in 1994, the United States became involved in humanitarian efforts in Rwanda. A civil war between two rival ethnic groups, the Hutu and Tutsi, resulted in widespread death and destruction and the flight of hundreds of thousands of refugees from Rwanda into neighboring countries, including Zaire. Although not part of the UN peacekeeping operation in Rwanda, the United States provided humanitarian aid in the form of purified water, medicine, site sanitation, and other means. In July the Pentagon sent in aircraft and about 3,000 troops, most of them to Zaire. The U.S. forces also took control of and rebuilt the airport at Kigali, Rwanda's capital, to aid in distribution of food, medicine, and other supplies. Rwanda would experience genocide while Perry was in office. The lack of a U.S. response to the Rwandan Genocide was later considered a major foreign policy failure of the Bill Clinton administration by President Clinton[24] and was due to fear of repeating the Battle of Mogadishu.[25]


Shortly after President Clinton's reelection in November 1996, Perry made known his decision to step down as secretary. He spoke of his growing frustration over working with a Congress so partisan that it was harming the military establishment, and said that he did not think the results of the 1996 congressional election would decrease the partisanship. He later explained that his decision to retire was "largely due to the constant strain of sending U.S. military personnel on life-threatening missions."


After he left the Pentagon, Perry returned to San Francisco to join the board of Hambrecht and Quist as a senior adviser.[26] He also rejoined the faculty at Stanford University, becoming a professor at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, co-director of the Preventive Defense Project at the Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation, and a member of the advisory board of the Roosevelt Institution. As of 2013 Perry was the Michael and Barbara Berberian Professor (emeritus) at Stanford.


Dr. Perry serves on the board of directors of Los Alamos National Security, LLC, the company that operates the Los Alamos National Laboratory and the board of directors for LGS Innovations, a wholly owned subsidiary of Alcatel-Lucent engaged in government services. Perry was a founding board member of the Nuclear Threat Initiative, a nonprofit, nonpartisan organisation working to reduce the threat of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. He currently has an emeritus status on the board. Perry is an Advisory Board member for the Partnership for a Secure America, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy. Perry is also a member of the Board of Sponsors for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. He is Member of the Supervisory Council of the International Luxembourg Forum on Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe. Perry also sits on the Advisory Board of the Commonwealth Club of California and the Board of Directors of the Center for a New American Security, a Washington, DC- based think tank that specializes in U.S. national security issues. Perry is also on the Advisory Board of the Truman National Security Project, a progressive leadership institute that trains the next generation of foreign policy and national security leaders.


On October 16, 2008, Perry was award the Sylvanus Thayer Award by the United States Military Academy.


In 2007, Secretary Perry joined three other eminent statesmen, former Secretaries of State George P. Shultz and Henry Kissinger, and former Senator Sam Nunn in calling for the United States to take the lead in reducing and eliminating nuclear weapons. Their op-ed, "A World Free of Nuclear Weapons", published in the Wall Street Journal, reverberated throughout the world, and is one of the key factors that has convinced political leaders and experts internationally that the conditions are in place to achieve that goal. The four men published four subsequent op-eds in the Wall Street Journal, most recently March 5, 2013: "Next Steps in Reducing Nuclear Risks: The Pace of Non-Proliferation Work Today Doesn't Match the Urgency of the Threat". They subsequently created the Nuclear Security Project to galvanize global action to reduce urgent nuclear dangers and build support for their vision and the steps to achieve them. The Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI), a non-partisan, non-profit organization co-chaired by Sam Nunn, serves as coordinator of the NSP, in conjunction with Stanford University’s Hoover Institution. In 2010 the four produced the documentary Nuclear Tipping Point. The film is introduced by General Colin Powell, narrated by Michael Douglas and includes interviews with California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev.


In 2011 Perry joined a team of former government officials from various countries, formed under the auspices of the Governor of Hiroshima Prefecture Hidehiko Yuzaki to prepare a plan for the total abolition of nuclear weapons. This project is titled Hiroshima for Global Peace.[27][28]


In 2013, Perry founded the William J. Perry Project to seek to promote greater public awareness about nuclear weapons and engage more people in acting to mitigate the growing threat they pose to humanity


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1255980 borne germs, especially in the kitchens or kitchen extensions, where the food is prepared, puts you and your family at risk.


Blocked manholes, drains, sewers pipes happens when there is a something blocking the pipes or because of a collapsed clay pipe. In London, most sewage is very old , made of clay pipes and prone to collapsing pipes.


If you had to unblock the drains for the same property twice, this means that the drainage and pipes are not laid correctly, the pipes are not getting blocked by accident. Having a Double Seal Manhole Cover is a popular choice when having an house extension done,but you should get the drains checked first.


Our Plumbers are Gas Safe Registered Plumbing Engineers and we cover London area. Qualified & Registered Plumbing


You need more than a plumber to fix this water leak. It happened in Australia,Melbourne. The water exploded to a very impressive height due the pressure.


Once a luxury in its own right, the bathroom is now an area in which many householders indulge their taste for the luxurious. Yet, when they contemplate refitting the bathroom, surprisingly few people think of the one fixture that makes a really tangible contribution to bathing comfort: a heated towel rail. As well as providing warm, dry towels at all times, a towel rail is among the most convenient ways of drying and airing washing. It is also an excellent means of fighting that familiar bathroom problem, condensation. A heated rail warms the atmosphere in the room and raises the temperature of wall and ceiling surfaces above dew-point (the temperature at which water condenses).


Heated towel rails come in all shapes and sizes, and vary widely in their complexity. If your bathroom already contains a radiator, all you need do is measure it and then buy one of the clip, clamp or hang-on rails that are available. Though not heated directly, these enable you to dry and warm towels in front of the radiator without impeding its main function. Next on the list are electric towel rails-self contained units (generally oil-filled). These come into their own where it is either difficult or impossible to plumb in a hot water rail. Installing the supply for an electric towel rail is done in the same way as a bathroom wall heater, but you will need a qualified electrician to wire the electrical power point.


Hot water towel rails are by far the most popular type. The plain tubular sort offer plenty of towel hanging space and generally produce enough heat to keep the average sized bathroom at a constantly comfortable temperature. They are plumbed in to the house hot water system rather than the radiator circuit, so that they remain hot even when the heating is switched off. And, as most bathrooms have a hot water cylinder close at hand, this makes installation straightforward.


Some hot water rails include a radiator panel to provide extra heating facilities, but these can be fitted only to indirect type heating systems where there is no risk of them becoming clogged with scale. Tubular rails, on the other hand, can be installed in an hot water system-direct or indirect, which incorporates a storage tank/ boiler/hot water cylinder arrangement.


Before you plumb in a hot water towel rail, it is obviously important to know what type of hot water system you have and to identify the pipes. In the older, direct system, water heated by the boiler rises by thermal convection to the hot water cylinder. Here, it continues to rise until it passes out of the top (crown) to the hot taps, via the hot water supply pipe. Fresh water is fed to the system from the cold storage tank and enters via the base of the cylinder.


From here, it sinks to the boiler under force of gravity. If no water is drawn off the hot taps, the water in the system continues to circulate between the cylinder and the boiler. When hot water is used, fresh water is taken in and heated to the desired temperature. Although simple, the main drawback of the direct system is scale. This is released every time fresh water is heated above about 60°C and clogs cylinder and boiler pipework alike. In the indirect system—most often found with central heating—the problem of scale is avoided by having two separate circuits. The first—known as the primary circuit—runs continuously between the boiler and cylinder. The water in it is always hot, but because it is never drawn off it needs to be heated only once.


Consequently, it releases its scale the first time it is heated and from then onwards it is relatively scale-free. The hot water cylinder in an indirect system contains a loop,the heat exchanger, through which the hot primary circuit water passes. As it does so, it transfers its heat to fresh water fed to the base of the cylinder from the cold storage tank. This fresh water then becomes hot—but not hot enough to release scale—and rises out of the crown of the cylinder to feed the hot taps in the normal way. The cold feed, the outer part of the cylinder and the pipework supplying the hot taps comprise what is known as the secondary circuit.


Both direct and indirect systems contain vent pipes to guard against the build-up of excessive pressure. The direct system has a single vent pipe, rising from the crown of the cylinder, or the hot tap supply pipe, to above the cold storage tank. The indirect system has this pipe too, plus another rising from the primary circuit flow pipe to above the expansion tank. The function of the expansion tank in an indirect system is to top up the water in the primary circuit, should some be lost by leakage or evaporation, and to allow for the slight expansion of the water as it is heated. The flow in the primary circuit may be by gravity—as in the direct system or included in the radiator circuit and under pump pressure. In the latter case, a motorized valve distributes water from the boiler between the cylinder heat exchanger and the radiators as and where it is required.


Hot water towel rails work on the same principle as radiators, with two connection points for flow and return pipes. In both direct and indirect systems, pipes can run from these to intercept the hot water flow pipe between the boiler and the hot water cylinder. This pipe is cut, and T shaped connectors inserted to make the final connections.


Obviously, it is absolutely essential to know which pipes are which before you connect to them. This may call for a bit of detective work particularly in the case of an indirect system, before you go any further. But in any case you should aim to make the connections somewhere around the hot water cylinder. Here, the pipes are easier to identify.


Most direct cylinders have four pipes running from them. Of the two near the crown, the lower is the flow pipe from the boiler which supplies the cylinder with hot water. The other is the hot water supply pipe, which supplies the hot taps and generally also holds the vent pipe. In some cases, the vent rises directly from the cylinder (in which case there will be a total of five pipe connections). Of the two near the base, one is the cold feed from the cold storage tank and the other is the return taking back cooled water to the boiler.


Indirect cylinders have the same hot supply vent pipe at the crown and cold feed at the base as direct ones. But the primary flow and return pipes to and from the boiler generally run into the side of the cylinder and stand out from the rest of the pipework. An additional complication is the primary circuit vent pipe. This may pass near the water cylinder, or it may be connected to the flow pipe.