Are you prepared to plan first? Unfortunately, some franchisors sign an international deal first and then scramble to try to figure out how to implement it. Advance preparation of a formal plan is critical. Some of the key elements of a good plan are the following:


• Proactively select and prioritize markets. Pick some smaller markets closer to home to test your processes and assumptions. Don’t try for China or India first – they’re big and tempting but too complex for your first international venture. You’ll receive unsolicited calls inquiring about territories, and you can be open to considering, but only if they clearly fit your strategy. Remember that you’re in charge of your own development, not the people making the offer.


• How will you support international franchisees? An obvious, but often ignored, rule of thumb: support international franchisees at the same level as your domestic franchisees. You’ll soon find that full-time international people provide the most effective support.


• What changes to your core concept are you willing to accept? It is a certainty that international expansion will require modifications to your concept. Be prepared to hear “that will kill the brand,” but is the change really that serious?


• How will you manage your supply chain? For restaurants, this is often the most critical – and most difficult – part of the process.


• What are the pros and cons of development models? Options include single- or multi-unit, area developer, master franchise or others. Each has its own benefits and the plan should recognize how and when they might be used.


• How will you recruit prospective franchisees? You’ll need to concisely describe your concept and an ideal franchisee profile. Use multiple channels to recruit a pool of prospective franchisees from which you’ll select the best qualified. Selecting a franchisee will be the most important decision you’ll have to make.


• Prepare a five-year pro forma P&L. Pull all the pieces together and use your best estimates of the timing of revenues and expenses. Do something similar to evaluate potential franchisee profitability. It will give you a good sense of where you’re going and how you should allocate resources during that journey.


• Are you willing to take the time. The planning process alone could take as much as a year, depending on how much time can be dedicated to the project. And before that first location can open, you’ll have to conduct due diligence for the prioritized markets, recruit franchisees and negotiate agreements. Then, working with the new franchisee, you’ll have to commit to real estate and construction, hire and train people, contract with approved suppliers, and organize hundreds of other details. That can all take as much as another two years. Experience will significantly improve the timelines, and development of multiple markets in parallel will also accelerate growth.


Yes, going global will be difficult. It will take time and it may seem expensive at first. But the rewards can be substantial and can set the course for the long-term growth of your company. There is no better time than right now to begin the process.


Jim Hartenstein is a former Senior Vice President-International at both Wendy’s and Little Caesars Pizza. He is now an international franchising consultant. Find out more at franchise.org/hartenstein-global-consulting-llc-supplier.<|endoftext|>Cruel Summer is the debut studio album of Kanye West's record label GOOD Music. The album is scheduled for a release in summer 2012 through GOOD Music and Def Jam Recordings.<|endoftext|>Developed with the Harvard Kennedy School’s Ash Institute for Democratic Governance and Innovation, The Public Innovator’s Playbook includes insightful examples and lays out a blueprint for embracing innovation in the public sector. It is intended to be a tool to help develop and sustain a culture of innovation.


For innovation to take root, The Playbook recommends adopting innovation as a discipline in the government organisation just like strategy, planning, and budgeting. This includes a methodical view of the creative process linking the mission to organisational structure, process, people, and reward systems, and a culture where anyone can contribute ideas – employees, stakeholders, citizens, private organisations and governments from other states or countries.<|endoftext|>I am sure that you have seen children shopping with their parents and begging them to buy items Often the parents react with either mild or severe annoyance to their childs request Parents often give very little explanation to their children but the message that the child hears is that there is no money to buy everything that he sees on the shelvesIn some cases children dont accept the explanation and they can even cause embarrassment to their parents by<|endoftext|>Experience an incredible fusion of heritage and gardens in Annapolis Royal as you explore the beautiful…


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The entire congregation. Every last Israelite was called to attend. Rarely were all the people gathered together except for extraordinary occasions. Moments of great consequence such as the revelation at Mt. Sinai demanded the participation of every single member of the nation. Other times concerned messages that were critically important for everyone to hear. This instance hardly appears to qualify as one relevant for all the nation to hear at once. Moses repeats the instructions of the Lord regarding the building of the Tabernacle, including detailed descriptions of the design of the Tabernacle as well as the various furnishings that were to be fashioned for it. While the entire nation was solicited for contributions toward the project, the bulk of the instructions related only to the artisans who were directly involved in the work. This is hardly of a nature that should demand full national attendance. Why then was it important that everyone hear together?


Numerous ideas are advanced by commentaries, including the notion that at this particular time the importance of unity among the people was paramount. The second Temple was destroyed, according to our tradition, because of disunity among the people. When embarking on the project of building the first House of God, therefore, complete unity of purpose had to be established from the start.


Ramban and other commentaries understand the building of the Tabernacle as a direct response to the Golden Calf which had been fashioned earlier. While Moses was absent the people had demonstrated that they lacked the sophistication to serve God without some tangible symbol. This drove them to push for an alternative to Moses when they feared he would not return from atop the mountain. A Tabernacle, in which worship of God involved symbols that could be seen and actions to experience, was an alternative to the Golden Calf. The difference was that the Tabernacle had been sanctioned by God whereas the Golden Calf was in opposition to God’s will.


The Midrash states that when the Tabernacle was completed the sin of the Golden Calf was atoned for. The 19th century commentary Ketav Sofer probes the source of this Midrashic assertion. From where does the Midrash derive this? Maybe the Tabernacle had nothing to do with the Golden Calf? Perhaps the sole purpose of the Tabernacle was to bring an awareness of God among the people?


After the Tabernacle was erected the verse states that, “Moses saw all the work, and behold they had done it just as the Lord commanded, so they had done, and Moses blessed them.” (Ex 39:43)


Moses was an observer here. He did not participate in the building of the Tabernacle himself. When the building was completed, and he confirmed that it was in accordance with every detail as instructed, Moses blessed them. Why was Moses himself not the builder of the Tabernacle? If its purpose was to bring God’s presence to the people, Moses should have been the choice vehicle for that. As the person with the closest relationship with God Moses was the most appropriate person for such a job. But his role was restricted to instruction. The Ketav Sofer explains that Moses had not engaged in the construction of the Golden Calf and it was therefore not his role to be engaged in the construction of the Tabernacle. The people, who were involved in the Golden Calf, were to build the Tabernacle. This is why, he notes further, the Tabernacle is called the Tabernacle of testimony. To what does it stand as a testament? It testifies that atonement was achieved for the sin of the Golden Calf, specifically due


1255906  for students studying graphic design, those working in Computer-Aided Design (CAD) or i. Introduction to English Grammar – Vocabulary, Pronunciation and Listening Many non-native English speakers find when they study the English language that there …


Why Choose An Online Degree Program? Pursuing an online degree is like studying with your own virtual tutor, and that also without the hassle and time commitment of engaging in a full-time, campus based degree program. Distance learning programs have given people the luxury of educating themselves at their own pace, due to their flexible and accessible nature. That is not to say that online degrees are easy. They can be equally challenging, and in some cases more so since students need to be extremely disciplined and self-reliant. Students still have to meet their deadlines and do their readings but …


A Place for Thought and Action A Call to Serve Practical Experience in the Law Information Society Project (ISP) is an intellectual center addressing the implications of the Internet and new technologies. Corporate Commercial Law The Law School offers a strong curriculum in corporate and commercial law as well as joint and doctoral degree programs Public Interest Law Yale Law School has a strong tradition of service in the public interest. Most YLS students perform public service activities during their time here. Yale Law School Today Tuesday, November 21, 2017 SFALP Case on Sanctuary Cities Secures Permanent National Injunction A …


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civil Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2017. They are, to say the least, preparing for civil war (the polling stations are stormed by armed gangs). Rashad was there to celebrate the release of the civil Rights drama Selma. An attack on journalists anywhere is an attack on civil society everywhere. The scheme has been condemned by civil liberties groups and queried by the National Association of Head Teachers. On Friday, the story had looked like it might blow over as Buckingham Palace sought to dismiss it as a “civil case.” Yet he is not possessed …


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# League Age : Fall Ball is primarily offered for Little Leaguers to gain experience for the upcoming 2018 Spring season, so age restrictions for each Fall Ball division are based on a player s League Age as of August 31, 2018 .Note: Players born 2005 or earlier, the League Age determined date is still April 30, 2018 .These Little League age restrictions are detailed in the 2018 Little League Age Chart as well as during the registration process. If your child just completed his/her final 12 year old season please refer to Patriot League baseball program ( http://leagueathletics.com/Default.asp?org=PATRIOTBASEBALL ). …


#law gifts # Christmas Gifts for Father In Laws 2016 Buying a gift for your father-in-law doesn’t have to be dull. Find something he’ll really appreciate this Christmas with our help. Buying the right kind of gift goes a long way in spreading the festive cheer, especially when it comes to your in-laws. It’s time you decided to buy something else apart from the same old pair of socks. Think out of the box: what does he like, what suits his personality and what might bring a smile to his face? Oftentimes, it’s not the price of the gift but …


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So, being in such a lovely place, having a friend to play photographer (thanks Tara) and having some unblogged me mades in my suitcase means I had the chance to nab some photo's of some older makes that never made the blog...


This tropical number is the Lonsdale Dress - by Sewaholic. I originally made it as a party dress to wear to a friends engagement party last year, and have continued to wear it to any event remotely summery and even out for dinner on a few occassions.


The bodice is self lined, and requires some serious fabric meterage to cover those LONG bodice/neck/back/bow ties... They are fabric eaters, but they are definitely worth it with it being the statement detail of the dress. I used the largest size length for the ties, as I wanted to be able to have a nice big bow! Turning the fabric through for the ties was a completely boring task, and took quite a long time! So I recommend doing this in front of the telly.


The fabric is a printed cotton from spotlight. It has a bit of body to it, and pressed and sewed easily. I would love to try this make in a more drapey fabric, I think the skirt would look fabulous all swishy. The instructions for the pattern were really good - and I can't remember having any issues sewing it up. I did have to take the bodice in quite a bit after trying it on, perhaps 4-5cm?


I originally made the maxi length of this dress, but lopped it off just below the knee. In the maxi length, with the slight structure and body from the fabric, the dress looked a little bit 90's prom/debutant ball... So the shorter length was a must!


This dress has pockets. Which I love. I think the skirt for the lonsdale dress is very similar to the hollyburn skirt pattern. I have the hollyburn pattern, which I love and have made up a few times now, but if I had of made this up before the hollyburn I probably wouldn't have purchased it and just drafted a waistband!


Alterations: removing 4-5cm from the CB line. I took a wild stab at how to do this. I recommend others google it and don't trust any of my suggestions #cowboysewing.<|endoftext|>Every mother and father eagerly awaits the opportunity to get a glimpse of their baby for the first time, usually at the sonogram during the baby’s anatomy scan at 20 weeks. But what if you could actually see your baby with stunning visual clarity? We use the latest cutting edge 3D/4D and HD ultrasound technology, giving you the opportunity to actually see your baby LIVE in 4D motion with a 3D/4D or HD ultrasound. From those adorable chubby cheeks, to the precious yawns and stretches, we provide an experience that will be cherished forever.


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1255908  today, Grace Dobson has a maternal presence that is felt in every office and hallway at Whataburger headquarters, where executives are reluctant to boast about the company’s success, as if they’re afraid of being reprimanded. While she stays out of the limelight—characteristically, she declined to be interviewed for this story—she attends nearly every company event; she even shows up at picnics attended by the fry cooks and the drive-through operators. As one Whataburger official explains, “When she shows up at these events, it’s like Elvis has just arrived.”


And yet her lifestyle is nowhere near as opulent as the King’s. Her ownership interest in Whataburger has made her fabulously wealthy—though how wealthy is anyone’s guess, since the company is privately held—yet she still lives in the same modest house in which she and Harmon raised their three children. Her daughter, Lynne, attributes her mother’s frugality to her dirt-poor Depression-era childhood in Arkansas. “Grace is a loving, caring person, just like my wife, except my wife shops at Neiman Marcus and Grace shops at Kmart,” says longtime franchisee Larry Gates, who has worked for or with Whata-burger for almost thirty years.


Not that the Dobsons are cheap. They’ve always preached the gospel of corporate involvement in every community with a Whataburger, and they’ve led by example. There is scarcely a public building or a charity in Corpus Christi, from the Texas State Aquarium to the local chapter of the United Way, that hasn’t benefited from Whataburger’s munificence. “No one even bats an eyelash when it comes to giving,” says Bill Boller, an area manager for Austin Whataburgers.


April 28-29, 1951—Had little episode with the boys … about wearing caps. I’ll have to change my method with the boys. I can see that now.


When you spend time with Whataburger employees, the same question pops into your head as when you fly on Southwest Airlines: Why are these people so happy? Around the corporate office and the fryer, they talk about the passion they have for their jobs and of the legacy they feel a responsibility to uphold. They say they “bleed mustard.” They speak reverently about the Dobsons. They get misty-eyed when discussing the “Whataburger difference.” You almost forget they’re talking about burgers and breakfast tacos.


Customers are equally devoted. According to the Whataburger publicity department, the average Whataburger customer eats at the restaurant more times a month than the average person eats at other fast-food chains. It helps that Whataburgers are open around the clock: Particularly in rural parts of the Southwest,they’re the preferred place for friends to hook up, for business meetings, for coffee clubs, for drunken revelry. Whataburgers near airports are among the busiest, company officials theorize, because when people leave Texas, the thing they miss most is a Whataburger, so they immediately visit one when they return home.


There’s a forgivable amount of hype in that explanation, but it’s true that the company receives lovesick letters from former Texans. One expatriate, homesick and marooned in Northern California, wrote in 1997, “Yeah, you guessed it, I need a Whataburger here. My taste buds are withering from tofu, bean sprouts, and seaweed sandwiches! I would absolutely thank you. I would even sell my Texas pickup for a Whataburger with cheese and extra mustard! Excuse me while I swallow my watering mouth and wipe away my tears… .”


For such members of the Whataburger diaspora living in deprived parts of the country, the Internet provides partial relief. The Whataburger Web site (www.whataburger.com) hawks hats and T-shirts, but as yet there is no way to order a chicken sandwich online. Devotees also bid for Whataburger paraphernalia on eBay, everything from the company’s limited edition Nolan Ryan baseball cards to long-discontinued caramel-colored glass coffee mugs.


If it is hard to conceive of McDonald’s or Burger King inspiring such brand loyalty, Whataburger believes that it has a different breed of customer, one willing to sacrifice speed and price for quality. Because everything is cooked to order, Whataburger’s service is naturally slower than it is at other fast-food restaurants. For instance, there are no timers on the cash registers as there are at McDonald’s. But there are also no heat lamps; the beef doesn’t hit the grill until the order is placed and thus never suffers a radioactive fate in a microwave. Whataburger prides itself on being slow, even promoting it as a virtue in company advertising. One of its billboards reads: “You could get a faster burger, but then you’d have to eat it.”


Perhaps recognizing the success of this business model, other fast-food chains are trying to convert to a made-to-order system, but nobody at Whataburger is buying it. Richard Marx, whose 75 Whataburgers in West Texas and New Mexico make him the company’s single largest franchisee, argues that the competition must still contend with the fact that its food isn’t as good. “If they lose speed of service,” he says, “what else do they have?”


October 9, 1951—Position at 38 [years old] good—income—$25,000 yearly—one year ago—rapidly going broke “Whataburgers” will probably turn out to be my “life work.” I’m beginning to like & appreciate the business.


Like any family, Whataburger’s has had its dysfunctional moments. The midlife crisis came in the decade before Harmon Dobson’s son Tom took over as CEO and president at the end of 1993. Most in the company agree that during this time, Whataburger lost its way; some top executives refer to it as “the dead zone.” Profits declined and extraneous items like popcorn shrimp salads and steak sandwiches were added to the menu. “The focus was not on the thing that got us here: the Whataburger,” says chief operating officer Tim Taft. “We were trying to be all things to all people.” Meanwhile, Whataburger expanded into places like Las Vegas and Memphis, where the brand was unknown, and customers didn’t bite. “We got spread too thin,” explains director of marketing services Todd Coerver. “People didn’t know who we were. We didn’t have that Texas heritage and Texas tradition to play off of.”


What was most troublesome was the strain in the relationship between Whataburger’s corporate office and its franchisees. The franchisees believed that top executives, especially then-CEO Jim Peterson, tried to dictate strategy without soliciting input from the field. “The company didn’t stand behind us,” says former franchise association president Doyle Thomas. “We were two separate entities.” After clashes over products and promotions, the tensions erupted in 1993 during a dispute over rebates that outside vendors paid to the corporate office. The franchisees argued that they ought to receive a portion of the rebates, given that the money came in part from products they had purchased. Peterson resigned shortly after the quarrel began, and if not for a last-minute settlement, the matter surely would have gone to court.


The ascension of Tom Dobson to the top job at Whataburger went a long way toward healing the wounds. With a scion of the Whataburger dynasty in charge, the company pulled together, simplified its message, shuttered some of its less profitable locations, and put the emphasis back on the burgers that made the chain famous in the first place. The new management team hired by Dobson—particularly Taft, whom Whataburger veterans praise to the hilt—also devoted more resources to remodeling many restaurants that had become rundown over the years.


September 23, 1952—Sold & gave away 950 burgers. I never expected anything like this. So proud & so tired.


This past May, employees from all over the Whataburger empire converged on San Antonio to mark the company’s first fifty years. They frolicked at Sea World and listened to former president George Bush thank them for their “contribution to the waistline of the American people.” The celebration ended with an awards banquet, turning the event from a stodgy corporate gathering into something closer to a tent revival. Recipients of the Harmon Dobson Award and the Franchisee of the Year Award took the stage and fought back tears as they gave testimonials to what Whataburger meant to them. A video montage on the life of Grace Dobson brought the entire room to its feet, as cheers drowned out the sounds of blowing noses.


For all the back patting, however, the mood of the room was more grateful than self-congratulatory. The assembled knew that half a century of success comes not from boardroom strategy, not from burgers and buns, not even from Harmon Dobson, but from the millions of loyal customers who come through the doors and come back. “You feel this responsibility to grow the brand, and not mess it up,” says Todd Coerver. “You quickly learn that this brand


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Two Minutes With Metal Fabrication Expert Ryan Whitling At His Melbourne Workshop — 'RAW Fabrication'. Subscribe to Fuel Tank TV: https://goo.gl/4xK5xE Connect with Fuel Tank: Web: http://fueltank.cc/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/fueltank.cc/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/fueltank.cc/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/FuelTankcc Drivetribe: https://goo.gl/3bfT For how long have you been a metal worker and when/where did you train? This could be a multiple part answer, but where I am now is the result of a nineteen-year training lesson. From an auto smash repair apprenticeship to various restoration shops I have been trying to learn metalwork for more than half my life. I just felt old real quick saying that! Where did you begin your career? I began my career aged fourteen a...


A lot of you have been asking about my shop, its layout and what kind of equipment I use. I figure the best idea was to give you a personal tour! Check out DoR...


From http://www.kevincaron.com - Artist Kevin Caron shares what you need to get started with your own welding or fabrication shop .... Caron runs through the m...


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I started this challenge yesterday (16th of June 2010) and I’ll be completing the challenge in a month’s time, on the 16th of July 2010. I don’t have many friends on facebook, probably like 25 friends but the problem that I’m experiencing is that whenever I want a break, I just sign onto facebook and without realising I’ve wasted some 30 mins.


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1255911  be served at the table after ordering food. The food came with a good portion, and delicious as well. I received my soup first and then the main dish. I was really full after having those dishes.


Modern style restaurant, good location, affordable and delicious food, Milkbar Tomasza is a perfect choice to get a good meal in Kraków. I visited there in the evening, but I heard that it served excellent breakfast menu as well. So let’s give it a try!


Eating at milk bars, I could enjoy the cultural experience by eating like locals and exploring dishes from Communist-era time. Although the dishes are mainly simple, they are delicious and worth trying. Prasowy has a different style compared to Milkbar Tomasza. In Prasowy, I could feel the “old-time” and cafeteria way by self-service, while Milkbar Tomasza brings me more modern style and well-advanced. Each place has different atmospheres as well as different dishes, so pay a visit to each will fulfill your trip to Poland.


This is interesting … we have something similar in North India where you get flavoured milk and ice cream and yoghurt. It’s nice to know how it all started … sure was a caring government. Chocolate milk in a milk bar is on my list when I get to Poland !


It’s interesting to know that there are something similar in North India! I think Milk bars in Poland serve more variety of food.


I didn’t know milk bars were a big deal in Poland. It definitely is a must try if I visit – especially since I enjoy exploring local cuisines. I think the ones you listed here are interesting and I would love to try them someday.


Milkbars are awesome. I always visit one at least once everytime I go to Poland. My mother is Polish so I go there at least once a year :)


I’ve never heard of Milk Bars, so this is really interesting. When I get to Poland, I want to try one of these out! Prasowy is so cute– that would probably be my first choice. There is a Milk Bar in Edinburgh (where we are now) and I wondered what it was. I might need to go look inside and see if they sell homemade Polish food.


I didn’t know about the existence of milk bars before I read your article. Coming from a communist country and knowing how restaurants used to be back then, same as the service, the milk bars are a very interesting find. I would prefer to go to the first one due to the more authentic experience and traditional simple food.


I also think the first has more authentic food, and also old-time atmosphere. The second one is more modern.


So glad I read your post! I had never heard of milk bars before. One of my best friends is Polish, though, so I’ll have to ask her if she has a favorite (she returns to Warsaw from the States every now and then).That soup looks delicious!


I would love to hear her favorite milk bar as well :)! I didn’t know about its existence before visiting Poland.


Now this really was a nostalgia-inducing post! Certainly, having been to Poland many times, I have visited more than a few milk bars and always immensely enjoyed the experienced. Although it might be a flashback to the country’s darker times, it certainly is a fabulous insight into how people liked decades ago although admittedly, the milk bars have been rather upgraded!


As you said, it might be a flashback to the country’s darker times, but it’s amazing to experience the culture by eating there.


Prasowy looks like a perfect restaurant to enjoy some local food in Warsaw, Poland. I like it how there is someone who can help translate and explain how it works, it would be so difficult otherwise! The milk bar Tomasza in Krakow looks like another good local restaurant, it’s good that it is good value too, I know some of the restaurants on the market square can be overpriced.


I think The milk bar Tomasza is a bit more expensive than Prasowy, but still cheap compared to other restaurants in Poland. Love both of them, different style but all amazing!


I’ve never heard of milk bars and I kept expecting to see photos of people eating bars/candy made out of milk :) Thank you for the history on Milk Bars and if I ever find myself there I would look out for them and try their delicious food.


I expected the same thing when I first heard about milk bars as well. The name of them are quite confusing, but have rich history behind.


We did not really knew about “Milk Bars” in Poland or elsewhere. Experiencing the local food is always the best way to explore the authentic culture. We loved the colourful desert at Prasowy in Warsaw. Will definitely try “Milk Bars” when in Poland :)


Thanks for letting me know of Milkbars!… You must have had a great time there :)…..Very well written and good pics, btw :)..


I have heard of Milk bars before from a friend who recently visited Poland but I was unaware of the background of them! When you were at these restaurants, did you happen to notice if they were vegetarian friendly? I’d love to visit one day!


I’ve never heard of milk bars before! I’ll definitely have to check one out if I ever find myself in Poland!


I’d never heard of a milk bar before, but it sounds fantastic! The food looks incredible from your photos, and I love the decor. Thanks for sharing!


Wow, I would love to experience this! Have never heard of milk bars – it seems a genuine travel gem. Also really good to know the waiters can understand English. No doubt I will be going there when my turn to visit Poland comes!


Great reviews! Had never heard of milk bars before – they seem like a really warm and homely way to get a taste (pun intended ;) of the Polish culture. Would love to visit one of these!


This is my first time learning about milk bars. They seem to provide you with a cultural, yet informative, experience. I like the fact that each bar serves different food so you’ll have more of a variety!!


Wow I had no idea about these places. I honestly thought the post was going to be about a place to drink milk. This is really cool and I love the history behind it too


Milkbars do seem an interesting concept. The food looks delicious too and what can be a better find than good food at reasonable price.Thanks for sharing!


I think the Bell Tower is the best of the current lot. It's on the latest gallery invitation card too (which will be the version going on my wall ).


That's the one I bought. I like it a lot. Chris told me that is close to selling out as his gallery.


I also like the Carbondale Hotel. It's simple but I like the Carbondale reference it's sort of quiet. The Belltower is a riot of color and I like that, too.


I'm told by my gallery people that Belltower in Stockholm is now completely sold out. So lucky for you to get one BABF. The new Train Tracks is almost gone too. I viewed the new edition last week and really enjoyed them. I especially liked the deep colours of House on Union Street, much better than its paler counterpart from last year, I also liked the busy patterns in Iron Railing.


Thanks, I've had to wait to buy one. Chris told me Belltower was starting to get low and I'd been looking at it so decided it was time.


I should have said in my previous post, Belltower in Stockholm is pretty much the star of the show though - it looks great on the gallery wall.


Does anyone know if they're still selling the 'big' Drawn Blank Series catalogue / hardcover at any of the galleries? It had the orange sky Train Tracks on the cover. I'm looking to replace mine which was severely damaged when one of my bookshelves broke down...


Chris said he'll probably be getting it in again. You can email him. Tell him you got his contact thru ER.


Nice to know that you saw it up close and personal & you liked it so much. I'm looking forward to getting it.


This also provides a link to a terrific solo show of photography by Terry O'Neill, currently at the same gallery. I remember in the late 1970s when he and his future wife Faye Dunaway had a posh boutique "Dunaway O'Neill" in Los Angeles. There's some great photography in this current show, including his "Morning After the Oscars" portrait of Dunaway, the sublime portrait of Audrey Hepburn with a dove perched on her shoulder, Peter O'Toole drinking tea from a plastic cup and the color photo of the Stones in "Tin Pan Alley." I'm guessing that shot of Sinatra "On the Boardwalk" surrounded by his friends/goons was the inspiration for the "Resevoir Dogs" promotional poster. Nice all around.


Is your post an attempt at subliminal suggestion to force me to miss the pictures of Raquel Welch and Paul Newman? It won't work. It can't work.


No. It was an attempt to subliminally lure everyone away from that gorgeous photo of Bardot in bed with a dog. And you didn't mention that one, did you?


Bought two earlier this year, "bicycle 2012" in standard format and "sidewalk cafe" in medium. Dont get me wrong, I am far from loaded, just a


1255912 . Alongside the duty of the governed to obey a government, there is a duty on the part of government to respond graciously to objections from the governed.


Particularly since the Revolution of 1918, the German people believes that it has the right to criticize, and to criticize openly, since it was maintained that the lack of free speech was one reason for the downfall of the old system.


The constitution of the new Reich, therefore, does not say: All power comes from the government, but rather that all power comes from the people.


But you, Mr. Reich Chancellor, now jealously assert that no one in Germany has the right to act except the government. That necessarily means restrictions on the ability of the opposition to criticize and speak freely.


If todayâ€™s Germany had an Oliver Cromwell, a George Washington, or an Otto von Bismarck, at the moment all three would have to be satisfied by informing the nation of their opposition to the current government only through speaking or writing. And even if these three could only speak today, Mr. Reich Chancellor, one surely could not say that the content of their speeches would be worth less that the content of government decrees!


Such an underestimation of the speech does help me to understand the modest intellectual force of recent German rhetoric from official sources, while the frequency of such rhetorical efforts earns my grudging admiration.


Why do government offices keep using an instrument that they seem to think of so little value, or even hold in contempt? That may, however, explain why they do it so poorly.


The government. Mr. Reich Chancellor, can act. It can realize thoughts and ideas through laws. It can prove the correctness of its ideas through deeds. It watches jealously to ensure that no one else asserts this ability. What do we have left to us, Mr. Reich Chancellor, aside from speech if we want to express to the people our opinions about the destructiveness of your plans, about the mistakes at their core, and about the disasters that will result?


One can, of course, used naked police force to deny the opposition the ability to speak and write. That can only be justified, however, if success against the speaker and in favor of the holder of power results not only in successfully banning a meeting or newspaper, but rather in successfully leading a nation.


The correctness of incorrectness of an intellectual message, whether written or spoken, is in the end determined only by the results. Reich Chancellor Bismarck condemned his critics to respectful silence by the proclamation of a New German Reich that earned international respect and had growing domestic prosperity.


Currently, however, the critical speakers, not the governments of the System, have been proven right.


It is well known, Mr. Reich Chancellor, that you reject the possibility of the National Socialist movement and the national opposition taking over the government. The is not easy to justify.


the nature of which is incorporated in the present government, has been rejected by the overwhelming majority of the German nation. If one attempts despite that to justify from a democratic perspective the incomprehensible continuance of the present forces, one must naturally find some sort of reason. I believe, therefore, that a sense of the necessity of a defense of the otherwise incomprehensible attitude of the current System, against the overwhelming majority of the people, is a reason for the speech you gave, Mr. Reich Chancellor, introducing the emergency decree.


According to your speech, there are two reasons why the present governmental System is obligated not to give up power:


Since the National Socialist movement is the strongest element in the national opposition, it should no longer be a legal organization. That will remove the ability of those opposition voters and party masses to take over the government. The governing coalition of the Center Party and the Marxists will then be the only possible democratic solution.


The National Socialist movement, and in a broad sense the whole national opposition, are presumably pursuing a program of illusions and wishful thinking. The present government, however, and the whole ruling system, is supposedly working in a â€œseriousâ€� and â€œpracticalâ€� way. It hopes to silence the voices of discontent by emotional appeals to â€œmoral responsibility.â€�


â€œThe National Socialist Party leaders claim their methods and goals are legal, but they stand in blatant contrast to strong statements by no less important leaders that call for senseless civil war and a stupid foreign policy. When one asserts that one wants to achieve power by legal means in order to eliminate those legal barriers, that is not legality. As a statesman, I oppose that in the strongest possible way.â€�


First, it is untrue that I as leader of the National Socialist movement affirm that the party intends to follow legal methods while my subordinates are of a different opinion.


However, I am not responsible for them, but rather those high officials who sent them. It is certainly true, Mr. Reich Chancellor, that there have occasionally been individual leaders in my party whose views were not consistent with my viewpoint that we should follow a legal approach. These leaders had closer relations to government offices than I, the official party leader.


Mr. Reich Chancellor, if you think it important to deal with these peculiar matters publicly, I will be happy to provide the public with material that will help them understand how difficult it is to accept the leadership of a large party when individual â€œmembersâ€� receive such seductive offers.


Mr. Reich Chancellor, I have always ruthlessly thrown such people out of the party â€” much to the regret of certain outside interests.


It is further untrue that my subordinates preach â€œsenseless civil war.â€� Instead, we deeply regret this battle. However, it is also true that we are not willing stand defenseless and without protection while we are slaughtered by the murderous Red beast. It is furthermore true that we are not going to let Germany suffer Russiaâ€™s fate. It is true that we are not going to be kept from making political propaganda because of the terror of treacherous communist political murderers. Finally, it is true that our purely defensive activities have cost us huge sacrifices of blood.


It is true, Mr. Reich Chancellor, that for many months my unarmed and practically defenseless party comrades have been attacked by treacherous murderers, stabbed, injured, and killed. The government â€” your government, Mr. Reich Chancellor BrÃ¼ning â€” has done nothing to stop these outrages.


When treacherous communist murderers kill two police officers, their bloody deeds cannot easily be concealed from the public. But when these murderers kill more than


the world is silent. Certain newspapers have nothing to write about that, nor do the leaders of the governing parties have anything to say!


Consistent with my assurances of using legal methods, I have had to order my followers, with a heavy heart, to give up weapons absolutely. However, Mr. Reich Chancellor, you cannot demand of me that I order them to let themselves be slaughtered without defending themselves, nor would I give that order.


It would perhaps be better to make the world aware of those facts rather than raise doubts about the commitment to legality of a movement that has proven a thousand times its intention to obey the laws.


It is furthermore untrue, Mr. Reich Chancellor, that any of our responsible party leaders has called for â€œa stupid foreign policyâ€� that is even one thousandth as bad as the stupid foreign policy of the last twelve years, which today is a historically demonstrable fact. Signing the Young Plan alone, which allows France to set reparations payments at whatever level it wishes, was an act of political stupidity that cannot be outweighed by a thousand rhetorical gaffes, even if they actually were that. Thirteen years after the World War the German Reich is in a hopelessly desperate condition. Surely that is not because of the wisdom of our political leadership, but rather because all imaginable political stupidities were put into practice by our foreign policy leaders.


Perhaps a kindly fate will some time in the future send the German people a statesman of real stature whose commission comes not from the 8-Uhr-Blatt or the Morgenpost, but from history itself, a man who will have the time and energy to weigh the foreign policy achievements of 1918-1932 from the standpoint of posterity. I fear that he will have difficulty finding even the smallest scrap of â€œwisdomâ€� from our time to place on the scale. It will be impossible for him, however, to find weights heavy enough to counterbalance the stupidities.


Do you really believe, Mr. Reich Chancellor, that from the perspective of foreign policy it correct and intelligent to call a movement that from the national-political viewpoint is Germanyâ€™s only active proponent of a truly nationalist foreign policy an â€œillegalâ€� and â€œdestructiveâ€� band of criminals? Even though doing so does not slow the victory of this movement in the slightest?


It it really â€œstatesmanlike wisdomâ€� to attack a party whose victorious march has been unstoppable despite twelve years of oppression, telling the world through an evil-minded press that it is a danger for human society, for tranquility, peace, and order, thereby darkening the name of the inevitable New Germany in the eyes of the world?


There are more leaders and members of the National Socialist movement who fought in the great World War than in any other party. We came to know each other under terrible conditions. None of us wishes for a war. Nonetheless, we have remained men who think less of our lives than of freedom when that is necessary. If one screams that that is a â€œbloodthirsty spiritâ€� that should be exterminated, one signs a death warrant for our


1255913 found love for singing she clarifies that her decision to not sing for her films was deliberate.


"You know what, I never sang in any of my films, because I always knew I wanted to sing on my own pop album. I just never knew when, how or where. But I am really glad that I didn't sing in films, because now the novelty is still alive."


Shifting focus to more juicy details about her personal life, PC is not taking all the link=up rumours lying down.


"I think it's very difficult for a single girl — who's popular — to be in the film industry. I can't be standing on rooftops giving clarifications about who is in my life and what's happening in my life. So I decided from the first year in the industry itself that I will not speak about my personal life unless I have someone permanent. When I am engaged, the world will know," PC told the website.


"They are linking me up with anybody and everybody. I just need to have a conversation with someone. That's all it takes."


There are no answers to who she's currently seeing, but clarifications on who she might are prompt. "Good looks really don't come into the picture. Intelligent, kind and courteous is what it takes.


For Jubin Nautiyal, making his presence felt in Bollywood was ‘one hell of a journey’ | music | Hindustan Times


Kaabil Hoon and Humma Humma singer Jubin Nautiyal admits that he is choosy about the kind of work he wants to get associated with.


You must’ve heard Jubin Nautiyal’s melodious voice in popular songs such as Kaabil Hoon (Kaabil, 2017), Humma Humma (Ok Jaanu, 2017), Bandeyaa (Jazbaa, 2016), Tere Liye (Fitoor, 2016) and Zindegi Kuch To bata (Bajrangi Bhaijaan, 2015). Having made a name for himself in the music industry, the singer says he’s happy to have tasted success, but went through struggling times before that.


“Making my presence felt in Bollywood was one hell of a journey. So, it feels wonderful when people appreciate my work and shower love [on me]. I don’t want to sound pompous, but I am satisfied with whatever I have achieved so far,” says Jubin, who hails from Dehradun.


At a time when there is no dearth of singing talent in the industry, how does Jubin deal with the growing competition? “My competition is always with my previous song. Each time I start working on a new track, I try to make it better than my last one. I believe in breaking barriers with my [own] work and creating a niche of my own music, which is different from other people’s work. I am also choosy about the kind of work I want to get associated with. I only take up projects that I feel I can do justice to,” says the singer.


Among his contemporaries, Jubin really likes Arijit Singh’s mellifluous voice. “He is a dear friend and I’m a big fan of his music. With the kind of work Arijit has done, and is still doing, he has created an amazing journey. I think he is one of the best in the business, currently. He has this lasting impression on every music lover,” he says.


Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital invites application for the position Senior Resident etc. Read details, eligibility criteria mentioned below for the vacancy and eligible candidates can submit their application directly to Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital before 2018-10-29


Age Limit a) Not exceeding 37 years (relaxable by 5 years for SC/ST, 3 years for OBC) as on 29.10.2018. b)Age Relaxation of 10 years for Persons with Disability (PWD). 15 years for SC/ST and 13 years for OBC ca


1. Post Name: Senior Resident purely on ad-hoc basis (initially for 89 days) - Department of Psychiatry


2. Eligibility: MBBS with PG Degree/Diploma/DNB in concerned specialty from recognized University (as well as the speciality recognized/permitted by MCI) .Should be registered with Delhi Medical Council (DMC).


3. Pay Scale: Pay Matrix Level 11 (Rs. 67700-208700/-) under CCS (Revised Pay) Rules, 2016 at entry level. Allowances as admissible will be paid.


11. Caste/Community/Disability Certificate (if applicable). OBC Certificate with required validity as mentioned above.


A Walk-in-interview will be held on 29.10.2018 . Interested & eligible candidates may reserimsdvesfor_g-re registration on 29/10/2018 between 10.00 A.M. to 11.00 A.M. in HA.II Section, Academic Block, Ground Floor, PGIMER Building, PGIMER & Dr. R.M.L. Hospital, New Delhi. The candidates must bring the filled application form (as per Annexure) and the following original certificates at the time of registration (with one set of self attested copies of all documents) [The documents should be serially page numbered]:<|endoftext|>The Relief Market in Nigeria, central Africa, is a hive of activity as vendors cook, clean and arrange their produce which ranges form dried fish to fresh herbs. Shoppers can also purchase their favourite tipple, but beware- the brandy in these stalls may not be the real thing.


The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control in Nigeria, NAFDAC, arrested nine suspects connected with alleged fake wine and beverage at the Relief Market in Onitsha, Nigeria last week.


The News Agency of Nigeria reported that the arrest of five males and four females, followed a “special raid and enforcement operation of the Federal Government’s ban on imported fruit juices”.


NAFDAC’s head of investigation, Kingsley Ejiofor, explained that those arrested in the Nigeria operation were involved in the bottling of counterfeit and dangerous drinks.


“We came here for a special assignment to mop up all counterfeit and prohibited products which include imported fruit juices, food, drugs, medical devices, cosmetics, detergent and bottled water,” said Ejiofor.


He said they uncovered the illegal manufacture of dangerous chemicals being bottled with popular brand names.


According to Ejiofor said that popular brands of beverages like Hennessey, 501, Johnny Walker, Red Label whisky, Best Marula fruit cream, Pure heaven, Amarula, Baron De Vals, Eva and J&W, among others were being faked.


But the incidence of fake spirits and especially, fake wine, is global and becoming an increasing problem. Italy have become particularly adept at uncovering wine scams created to defraud both merchants and consumers.


In February 2016, Reuters reported that the gendarmerie confiscated 9200 bottles of Prosecco and a machine used to make the wrappers. The bust of mock bubbly was worth 350 000 euros on the street. Sham champagne has also received its fair share of publicity, resulting in strict IP laws governing the use of the term “champagne”.


Kate Jonker, general manager at the Cape Wine Makers Guild told Afro-IP that they now insist on holograms on the labels of all wine they handle.


“For about two years now, we have been using holograms to identify the auction wines. The farmers also only print enough labels for their bottles in order to keep it tight and strict,” she says.


As an agent that sells and markets on behalf of their 47 members, the Guild represents wine-makers that have been producing out-standing wine for at least 5 years and each year new members are considered for membership.


Two years ago the wine world was shocked at the arrest of respected connoiseur, Rudy Kurniawan who was sentenced to 10 years in prison after being exposed for millions of dollars worth of wine fraud.


He created the impressive collection using empty bottles and refilling them with a similar product and re-corking. Over 500 bottles of his “fake” wine were destroyed after he was imprisoned.


Bloomberg reported recently that new ways of bottling wine are being used to combat potential fraud, which often involves replicating labels or using old bottles.


These innovative techniques, allow each bottle a unique fingerprint that can be scanned for verification. The “bubble tag” is a sticker that is placed over the cork and the glass with a random bubble design. Many also emboss the base of their bottles with the wine farm name to further authenticate the contents.


The DrinksBusiness.com reported in November 2014 that French newspaper Sud Ouest estimated that 20% of global wine sales were fake wines- predominantly linked to the Bordeaux and Burgundy regions in France.


“If the specialists and connoiseurs can’t tell the difference between an authentic and a fake wine- how is the man on the street supposed to know?” says Jonker. She suggests only buying wine from authorized dealers or trusted suppliers, or straight from the wine farm itself.


A site dedicated to the elimination of international wine counterfeiting, www.winefraud.com, holds courses for interested parties who want to learn more about counteracting the problem. They focus on labels, printing, corks, bottling glass and even the glue used to affix labels.


Ejiofor warned


1255914  is certainly known for Levi’s Stadium where the San Francisco 49ers play football and California’s Great America theme park. Santa Clara is also home to some 30 wineries of every persuasion, and in 2014 a 28-mile trail, the Santa Clara Wine Trail, was created to guide motorists to more than 25 local wineries. Visit www.santaclarawines.com for more information about the Santa Clara Valley Wine Trail and a trail map. www.santaclara.org


Now that we’ve piqued your appetite, check out these food-related walking tours of San Francisco and nearby cities.<|endoftext|>The 2 quart sauce pan comes with a lid. Great for steaming, boiling or simmering. The stainless steel collection features a magnetic stainless exterior for use on conventional and induction ranges. The cooking surface is hand-polished 18/10 stainless steel that will not react with food. The inner core is pure aluminum from the base to the sides. The three layers are bonded together for optimum heat conductivity. All Clad's stainless collection features long, stay-cool handles, non-corrosive rivets, and sure-fitting lids, all made of stainless steel. All Clad stainless can be used with any type of utensils and is dishwasher safe.


This 18" grande spatula has a larger head (5.125" x 5.5"). It's large size makes it easy to flip larger food on the grill. The handle is made from stunning tiger bamboo, 100% sustainable material.<|endoftext|>Baker- Bates, Piers, Sebastiano del Piombo as a painter of diplomatic gifts, Renaissance studies, 27, 2013, pp. 51-72 [71].<|endoftext|>Description Two cars and an engine of the cog railroad stopped at the summit of Pikes Peak with passengers standing on rear platform and walking alongside. Large boulders with snow are in foreground.


Optionally, restart the NetScaler appliance. 3.3 Task Description: Determine when to use NetScaler IP (NSIP), Mapped IP (MIP) and Subnet IP (SNIP) Testing Aspect: What/Which A virtual In Name, type a name for the virtual server. Refer to sk101905. 01431881, 01432334 When defining an ICMP service with Type and Code and install it on Cisco router, the ICMP code value is ignored. Issue ID 0322821: When the SRADV (Static Route Advertisement) mode is ON, the static routes which are not explicitly disabled for advertisement will be advertised using all the routing protocols.


The cause of the apparent hang is that the NetScaler appliance expects a request of the specified Content-Length, and waits for the rest of the request before responding to it.


Issue ID 0327446: On an Outlook for Web Access (OWA) 2010 server that is protected by AAA-TM with single sign-on (SSO) enabled, when a user who uses the Firefox or Chrome Create at least one service for each server in the load balancing group. Refer to sk101398. 01431881, 01432334 When defining an ICMP service with Type and Code and installing it on a Cisco router, the ICMP Code value is ignored. After the license file is generated, download it to a computer.


If multiple DNS proxy objects are configured with the same interface, only the first DNS proxy object settings are applied. Workaround: If there are DNS proxy objects configured The AAA feature allows a site administrator to manage access controls with the NetScaler appliance instead of managing these controls separately for each application. This is by design. Refer to sk104560. 01569696, 01570266 Check Point response to CVE-2015-0235 (glibc - GHOST).


Refer to sk101708. 01536719 Threat Prevention policy is installed on all Security Gateways regardless of explicit Policy Targets. Issue ID 0323317: The configuration commands for binding views to GSLB services are not shown in the output of the show ns runningConfig or show gslb runningConfig commands. Refer to sk105545. Refer to sk101287. 01557358, 01605468, 01557500 Security Gateway with enabled SecureXL and passing multicast traffic crashes every several days.


To access the NetScaler configuration utility: Open TCP port 3010 for HTTP. Refer to sk105069. 01393374, 01420182, 01569611, 01569641, 01574012 When Identity Sharing configuration is used, it can take as long as 10 minutes for the components to sync after restart. 01470526, 01473354, Issue ID 0328911: When configuring monitoring for a GSLB service by using the NetScaler configuration utility, if you include monitors that cannot be used with GSLB services (for example, ARP monitors) To link the certificates, on the SSL Certificates page of the configuration utility: Select the server certificate to which the intermediate certificate will be linked.


This issue occurs intermittently on the NSX Manager when you define security rules to redirect traffic to the new service profiles that are available for traffic introspection and results in the Workaround: To generate an on-demand report, click Run Now when you configure the custom report. 65824 Unused NAT IP address pools are not cleared after a single commit, so a commit any ideas? Management Article PAN-OS 6.0.6: Addressed Issues Author: panagent The following issues have been addressed in PAN-OS 6.0.6 release.


Multiple PPPoE tunnels with the same peer address cause RouteD daemon to exit (e.g., two PPPoE tunnels receive the same peer address from the ISP, who is not willing to change Refer to sk112992. Refer to sk102866. 01448602, 01449446, 01450281 R77.20 URL Filtering blocks HTTPS traffic with the following log in SmartView Tracker: User was blocked access to ... Refer to sk106422. 01410448, 01419319 "Table pdp_sessions entries limit (90000) reached" critical system alert messages repeatedly appear in SmartView Tracker.


In User Name and Password, type the administrator credentials. FD37810 - Meru Technical Note - What is the best way to turn a radio/AP off and still keep in online? No further information is provided in the message.


SSL Error 38: The proxy denied access to?? Cause This is possibly because of licensing restrictions as indicated in the article below: CTX119980 ? SSL Error 38 when Launching Applications using The following appears when trying to launch a published applications. Privacy Policy Site Map Support Terms of Use Stay Informed. Connecting directly to individual servers is working fine. I'm halfway now and everthing seems to be OK so far. 1356-374282-1911088 Back to top Report abuse Ba...


With digital space conquering almost every aspect of human life, education is one such segment which has witnessed remarkable transition with digital...


Software giant Oracle has partnered with leading universities to design and develop its Oracle Student Cloud. Oracle had announced the Oracle Student...


Microsoft has announced Office 365 for Education, providing the productivity, communications and collaboration experiences to educational institutes at no cost. Office 365...


Company Profile Glodyne Technoserve Limited is a leading Technology Management Services Company that has built rich experience in the geographies it serves...


Microsoft Corp has announced new partnerships with three of Australia's top research organizations as part of the company's Global Cloud Research Engagement...


Here you will find the current License-to-publish Forms. Please send scanned signed forms or digitally authenticated signed forms to one of the email addresses: publishing-support@eg.org, info@eurographics-office-goslar.de, ...<|endoftext|>In closing, let’s give us the opportunity to explore more an more about the tango culture, called “Tangueidad” to place ourselves a little bit closer to its sentiment.<|endoftext|>Key widget allows you to send keyboard keys to dosbox. Touch down does key down and touch up key up.


The key widget is one of the two most important widgets in MagicBox. It allows you to send keyboard events to dosbox. In widget options you see settings for first and second tap. If you enable first tap, than key is emulated quickly. But when both taps are enabled than magicbox waits for a while and checks for second tap. It is slower, but spare place on the screen. Chosen key code can be affected with ctrl, alt and shift.<|endoftext|>It’s Friday! Welcome to the GWN blog. Today we have Mary Marvella talking about engaging your reader.


I gave my first ever workshop to a group of writers early in June. I did my first ever PowerPoint presentation. I do not play well with computers or other technical stuff, but I managed to create slides of participants’ beginnings with my comments and suggestions added. Most of the writers made the same mistakes. They summarized. They didn’t draw me in or make me care. When I explained they needed to create scenes so I could experience them with their characters, the writers seemed surprised.


When you have a story to tell you need to decide who is telling the story and how that character feels. Then you must show me how that character feels, hears, smells and tastes.


When Billy wasn’t tying his daddy’s shoes laces together while he slept, he tormented the cats by tying bells around their necks. Showing some.


Billy crept up on his daddy sleeping in his recliner and snoring away. Daddy smells like cigarettes and sweat. As carefully as he could, Billy tied the stained tennis shoe laces, glancing up to make sure no one


1255915 �s actual grade level may help buffer an inequality in achievement growth rates.<|endoftext|>The statement that an act x was voluntary, or intentional, or done with intent, or the like, on the part of an agent A has often been analyzed as a causal statement that x was initiated by some act of A‘s setting himself to do x, or an act of intending to do x, or the like. Likely there has been a reaction against this type of analysis; it has been held (in my opinion, quite rightly) that the attempt to identify and characterize these supposed acts of bare will always run into insuperable difficulties. To avoid such difficulties, some Oxford philosophers, whom I shall call Ascriptivists, have resorted to denying that to call an act voluntary, intentional, and so forth, is any sort of causal statement, or indeed any statement at all. In this note I shall try to expound and to refute Ascriptivism.


Ascriptivists hold that to say an action x was voluntary on the part of an agent A is not to describe the act x as caused in a certain way, but to ascribe it to A, to hold A responsible for it. Now holding a man responsible is a moral or quasi-moral attitude; and so, Ascriptivists argue, there is no question here of truth or falsehood, any more than there is for moral judgments. If B agrees or disagrees with C‘s ascription of an act to A, B is himself taking up a quasi-moral attitude toward A. Facts may support or go against such a quasi-moral attitude, but can never force us to adopt it. Further, the Ascriptivists would say, there is no risk of an antinomy, because ascription of an act to an agent can never conflict with a scientific account of how the act came about; for the scientific account is descriptive, and descriptive language is in a quite different logical realm from ascriptive language. Though it has not had the worldwide popularity of the distinction between descriptive and prescriptive language, the Ascriptive theory has had quite a vogue, as is very natural in the present climate of opinion.


Now as regards hundreds of our voluntary or intentional acts, it would in fact be absurdly solemn, not to say melodramatic, to talk of imputation and exoneration and excuse, or for that matter of praise and reward. Ascribing an action to an agent just does not in general mean taking up a quasi-legal or quasi-moral attitude, and only a bad choice of examples could make one think otherwise. (As Wittgenstein said, when put on an unbalanced diet of examples philosophy suffers from deficiency diseases.)


Again, even when imputation and blame are in question, they can yet be distinguished from the judgment that so-and-so was a voluntary act. There are savage communities where even involuntary homicide carries the death penalty. In one such community, the story goes, a man fell off a coconut palm and broke a bystander’s neck; the dead man’s brother demanded blood for blood. With Solomonic wisdom the chief ordered the culprit to stand under the palm tree and said to the avenger of blood, “Now you climb up and fall off and break his neck!” This suggestion proved unwelcome and the culprit went free. Though the vengeful brother may still have thought the culprit ought to have been punished, his reaction to the suggested method of execution showed that he knew as well as we do the difference between falling-off-a-tree-and-breaking-someone-else’s-neck voluntarily or intentionally and just having it happen to you. To be sure, on his moral code the difference did not matter – his brother’s death was still imputable to the man who fell on him – but this does not show that he had no notion of voluntariness, or even a different one from ours.


I said that Ascriptivism naturally thrives in the present climate of opinion; it is in fact constructed on a pattern common to a number of modern philosophical theories. Thus there is a theory that to say “what the policeman said is true” is not to describe or characterize what the policeman said but to corroborate it; and a theory that to say “it is bad to get drunk” is not to decribe or characterize drunkenness but to condemn it. It is really quite easy to devise theories on this pattern; here is a new one that has occurred to me. “To call a man happy is not to characterize or describe his condition; macarizing a man” (that is, calling him happy: the words “macarize” and “macarism” are in the O.E.D.) “is a special nondescriptive use of language. If we consider such typical examples of macarism as the Beatitudes, or again such proverbial expression as ‘happy is the bride that the sun shines on; happy are the dead that the rain rains on,’ we can surely see that these sentences are not used to convey propositions. How disconcerting and inappropriate was the reply. ‘Yes, that’s true,’ that a freind of mine got who cited ‘happy are the dead that the rain rains on’ at a funeral on a rainy day! The great error of the Utilitarians was to suppose that ‘the greatest happiness of the greatest number’ was a descriptive characterization of a state of affairs that one could aim at; but in fact the term ‘happiness’ is not a descriptive term: to speak of people’s happiness is to macarize them, not to describe their state. Of course ‘happy’ has a secondary descriptive force; in a society where the rich were generally macarized, ‘happy’ would come to connote wealth; and then someone whose own standards of macarism were different from those current in his society might use ‘happy,’ in scare-quotes so to say, to mean ‘what most people count happy, that is rich’….” There you are; I make a free gift of the idea to anybody who likes it.


There is a radical flaw in this whole pattern of philosophizing. What is being attempted in each case is to account for the use of a term “P” concerning a thing as being a performance of some other nature than describing the thing. But what is regularly ignored is the distinction between calling a thing “P” and predicating “P” of a thing. A term “P” may be predicated of a thing in an if or then clause, or in a clause of a disjunctive proposition, without the thing’s being thereby called “P.” To say, “If the policeman’s statement is true, the motorist touched 60 mph” is not to call the policeman’s statement true; to say, “If gambling is bad, inviting people to gamble is bad” is to call either gambling or invitations to gamble “bad.” Now the theories of nondescriptive performances regularly take into account only the use of a term “P” to call something “P”; the corroboration theory of truth, for example, considers only the use of “true” to call a statement true, and the condemnation theory of the term “bad” considers only the way it is used to call something bad; predications of “true” and “bad” in if or then clauses, or in clauses of disjunction, are just ignored. One could not write off such uses of the terms, as calling for a different explanation from their use to call things true or bad; for that would mean that arguments of the pattern “if x is true (if w is bad), then p; but x is true (w is bad); ergo p” contained a fallacy of equivocation, whereas they are in fact clearly valid.