diff --git "a/eval_predictions.json" "b/eval_predictions.json" --- "a/eval_predictions.json" +++ "b/eval_predictions.json" @@ -1,126 +1,126 @@ { - "56be4db0acb8001400a502ec": "50", - "56be4db0acb8001400a502ed": "10", - "56be4db0acb8001400a502ee": "50", - "56be4db0acb8001400a502ef": "50", - "56be4db0acb8001400a502f0": "50", - "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d1": "50", - "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d2": "50", - "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d3": "50", - "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91b9": "50", - "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91ba": "50", - "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91bb": "50", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91df": "50", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e0": "50", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e1": "50", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e2": "50", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e3": "50", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ec": "the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ed": "the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ee": "the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ef": "the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502f0": "the logo could prominently feature the Arabic numerals 50", + "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d1": "the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", + "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d2": "7", + "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d3": "American Football Conference", + "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91b9": "the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", + "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91ba": "the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", + "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91bb": "7", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91df": "the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e0": "Levi's Stadium", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e1": "San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e2": "L", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e3": "the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fd": "50", - "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fe": "50", - "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff": "50", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fe": "San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff": "Levi's Stadium", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9500": "10", - "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9501": "50", - "56d20362e7d4791d009025e8": "50", - "56d20362e7d4791d009025e9": "50", - "56d20362e7d4791d009025ea": "50", - "56d20362e7d4791d009025eb": "50", - "56d600e31c85041400946eae": "50", - "56d600e31c85041400946eb0": "50", - "56d600e31c85041400946eb1": "50", - "56d9895ddc89441400fdb50e": "50", - "56d9895ddc89441400fdb510": "50", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9501": "7", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025e8": "Super Bowl 50", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025e9": "the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025ea": "the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025eb": "the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", + "56d600e31c85041400946eae": "the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", + "56d600e31c85041400946eb0": "10", + "56d600e31c85041400946eb1": "the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season.", + "56d9895ddc89441400fdb50e": "Super Bowl 50", + "56d9895ddc89441400fdb510": "the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f6": "Cam Newton", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f9": "eight", "56be4e1facb8001400a502fa": "1995", - "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c2": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", - "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c3": "20", - "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91e9": "Arizona", - "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ea": "20", - "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91eb": "Cam Newton", - "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ec": "Patriots", + "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c2": "Arizona Cardinals", + "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c3": "the New England Patriots", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91e9": "Arizona Cardinals", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ea": "18", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91eb": "the AFC Championship Game.", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ec": "four", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ed": "Cam Newton", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9507": "Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP). They defeated the Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9507": "the AFC Championship Game.", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9508": "Cam Newton", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9509": "20\u201318", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950a": "Patriots", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950b": "Patriots a chance to defend their title from Super Bowl XLIX", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9509": "the regular season", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950a": "four", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950b": "New England Patriots", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f3": "Cam Newton", - "56d2045de7d4791d009025f4": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", - "56d2045de7d4791d009025f5": "eight", - "56d2045de7d4791d009025f6": "20", + "56d2045de7d4791d009025f4": "Arizona Cardinals", + "56d2045de7d4791d009025f5": "the NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second Super Bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995.", + "56d2045de7d4791d009025f6": "20\u201318", "56d6017d1c85041400946ebe": "Cam Newton", - "56d6017d1c85041400946ec1": "20", - "56d6017d1c85041400946ec2": "Arizona", + "56d6017d1c85041400946ec1": "20\u201318", + "56d6017d1c85041400946ec2": "Arizona Cardinals", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52a": "Cam Newton", - "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52b": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", - "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52e": "Cam Newton", - "56be4eafacb8001400a50302": "50", - "56be4eafacb8001400a50303": "three", - "56be4eafacb8001400a50304": "50", - "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d2": "50", + "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52b": "Arizona Cardinals", + "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52e": "1995", + "56be4eafacb8001400a50302": "a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller was named Super Bowl MVP, recording five solo tackles, 2\u00bd sacks, and two forced fumbles.", + "56be4eafacb8001400a50303": "two", + "56be4eafacb8001400a50304": "a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller was named Super Bowl MVP, recording five solo tackles, 2\u00bd sacks, and two forced fumbles.", + "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d2": "Von Miller", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d3": "five", - "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d4": "50", + "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d4": "a touchdown.", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f4": "seven", - "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f5": "50", + "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f5": "a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f6": "three", - "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f7": "three", - "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9511": "50", - "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9513": "50", + "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f7": "two", + "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9511": "a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller", + "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9513": "a touchdown.", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9514": "five", - "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9515": "three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller", - "56d204ade7d4791d00902603": "50", - "56d204ade7d4791d00902604": "50", + "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9515": "two", + "56d204ade7d4791d00902603": "a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller", + "56d204ade7d4791d00902604": "five", "56d601e41c85041400946ece": "seven", "56d601e41c85041400946ecf": "three", "56d601e41c85041400946ed0": "three", - "56d601e41c85041400946ed1": "50", - "56d601e41c85041400946ed2": "50", + "56d601e41c85041400946ed1": "a touchdown.", + "56d601e41c85041400946ed2": "a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller was named Super Bowl MVP, recording five solo tackles, 2\u00bd sacks, and two forced fumbles.", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53b": "seven", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53c": "three", - "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53d": "three", - "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53e": "50", - "56be5333acb8001400a5030a": "50", + "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53d": "three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller", + "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53e": "five", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030a": "CBS", "56be5333acb8001400a5030b": "5 million", - "56be5333acb8001400a5030c": "50", - "56be5333acb8001400a5030d": "Cold", - "56be5333acb8001400a5030e": "50", - "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fd": "50", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030c": "Coldplay", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030d": "Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030e": "Super Bowl XLVII", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fd": "CBS", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fe": "5 million", - "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91ff": "50", - "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9200": "Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", - "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9201": "Cold", - "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951b": "50", - "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951c": "5", - "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951e": "Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", - "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951f": "50", - "56d2051ce7d4791d00902608": "50", - "56d2051ce7d4791d00902609": "30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50", - "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260a": "50", - "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260b": "50", - "56d602631c85041400946ed8": "50", - "56d602631c85041400946eda": "50", - "56d602631c85041400946edb": "50", - "56d602631c85041400946edc": "50", - "56d98c53dc89441400fdb544": "30", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91ff": "Bruno Mars", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9200": "Bruno Mars", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9201": "Coldplay", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951b": "the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game.", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951c": "5 million", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951e": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951f": "third-most watched U.S. broadcast ever.", + "56d2051ce7d4791d00902608": "the U.", + "56d2051ce7d4791d00902609": "5 million", + "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260a": "Coldplay", + "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260b": "Bruno Mars", + "56d602631c85041400946ed8": "CBS", + "56d602631c85041400946eda": "Coldplay", + "56d602631c85041400946edb": "Beyonc\u00e9", + "56d602631c85041400946edc": "Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII halftime shows, respectively. It was the third-most watched U.", + "56d98c53dc89441400fdb544": "5 million", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb545": "Coldplay", - "56d98c53dc89441400fdb546": "Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", - "56d98c53dc89441400fdb548": "Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", - "56be53b8acb8001400a50314": "Roger", - "56be53b8acb8001400a50315": "50", + "56d98c53dc89441400fdb546": "Bruno Mars", + "56d98c53dc89441400fdb548": "Bruno Mars", + "56be53b8acb8001400a50314": "Roger Goodell", + "56be53b8acb8001400a50315": "the 50th Super Bowl \"spectacular", "56be53b8acb8001400a50316": "2012", - "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9207": "Roger", - "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9208": "Roger", - "56bf42f53aeaaa14008c95a3": "Roger", + "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9207": "a league", + "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9208": "Roger Goodell", + "56bf42f53aeaaa14008c95a3": "Roger Goodell", "56d2053ae7d4791d00902610": "Roger Goodell", - "56d6edd00d65d21400198250": "Roger Goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50", - "56d6edd00d65d21400198251": "Roger Goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th Super Bowl \"spectacular", - "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54e": "Roger", - "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54f": "Roger Goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th Super Bowl \"spectacular", - "56be5438acb8001400a5031a": "Mercedes", - "56be5438acb8001400a5031b": "three", - "56be5438acb8001400a5031c": "three", + "56d6edd00d65d21400198250": "a league\".", + "56d6edd00d65d21400198251": "spectacular", + "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54e": "spectacular", + "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54f": "2012", + "56be5438acb8001400a5031a": "Mercedes-Benz Superdome", + "56be5438acb8001400a5031b": "the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium.", + "56be5438acb8001400a5031c": "Levi's Stadium.", "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920b": "Sun", - "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920d": "Levi", + "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920d": "Levi's Stadium", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9580": "Levi", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9581": "Mercedes", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9582": "Sun", @@ -128,10445 +128,10445 @@ "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198254": "three", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198255": "New Orleans", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198256": "Sun", - "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198257": "Mercedes", + "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198257": "the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium.", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198258": "Levi", - "56d98db6dc89441400fdb552": "Mercedes", - "56d98db6dc89441400fdb553": "Mercedes", - "56d98db6dc89441400fdb554": "Mercedes", + "56d98db6dc89441400fdb552": "Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium.", + "56d98db6dc89441400fdb553": "Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium.", + "56d98db6dc89441400fdb554": "the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium.", "56be54bdacb8001400a50322": "October 16, 2012", "56be54bdacb8001400a50323": "10", - "56be54bdacb8001400a50324": "2010", + "56be54bdacb8001400a50324": "Super Bowl XLIV in 2010", "56be54bdacb8001400a50325": "2010", "56be54bdacb8001400a50326": "1985", - "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921b": "October 16, 2012", - "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921c": "October 16, 2012", - "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921d": "1985 (Super Bowl XIX", + "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921b": "the two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium.", + "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921c": "October", + "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921d": "1985", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921e": "May 3, 2013", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921f": "2010", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9525": "10", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9526": "2010", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9528": "October", - "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9529": "2013", + "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9529": "the most recent one being Super Bowl XLIV in 2010.", "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198260": "1985 (Super Bowl XIX", - "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198262": "10", + "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198262": "New Orleans", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb558": "October 16, 2012", - "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb559": "10 times (tied for most with New Orleans), with the most recent one being Super Bowl XLIV in 2010", - "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55a": "10", - "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55b": "10 times (tied for most with New Orleans), with the most recent one being Super Bowl XLIV in 2010. The San Francisco Bay Area", - "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55c": "refused", - "56be5523acb8001400a5032c": "2013", - "56be5523acb8001400a5032d": "2013", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb559": "The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55a": "10 times (tied for most with New Orleans", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55b": "1985", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55c": "legislature", + "56be5523acb8001400a5032c": "May 21, 2013", + "56be5523acb8001400a5032d": "the first in California since Super Bowl XXXVII took place in San Diego in 2003.", "56be5523acb8001400a5032e": "2014", - "56be5523acb8001400a5032f": "2014", - "56be5523acb8001400a50330": "2003", - "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9225": "2013", - "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9226": "2013", - "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9227": "2014", - "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9228": "2003", - "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9229": "2003", - "56bf23363aeaaa14008c952f": "2013", + "56be5523acb8001400a5032f": "1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014.", + "56be5523acb8001400a50330": "San Diego", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9225": "Boston", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9226": "May 21, 2013", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9227": "1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014.", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9228": "Super Bowl XXXVII", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9229": "San Diego", + "56bf23363aeaaa14008c952f": "May 21, 2013", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9530": "2014", - "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9531": "2014", - "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9532": "1985", + "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9531": "1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014.", + "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9532": "XIX", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9533": "XXXVII", - "56d6f0770d65d21400198268": "2013", + "56d6f0770d65d21400198268": "May 21, 2013", "56d6f0770d65d21400198269": "2014", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826a": "2003", - "56d6f0770d65d2140019826c": "2013", - "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb562": "2013", + "56d6f0770d65d2140019826c": "Boston", + "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb562": "May 21, 2013", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb563": "2014", - "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb564": "2014", - "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb565": "2014. It is the first Super Bowl held in the San Francisco Bay Area", - "56be572b3aeaaa14008c9052": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c922f": "III", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9230": "III", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9231": "50", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9232": "eight appearances in the Super Bowl. The Broncos made their second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9233": "eight appearances in the Super Bowl. The Broncos made their second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII", + "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb564": "1", + "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb565": "2003", + "56be572b3aeaaa14008c9052": "John Fox", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c922f": "ten", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9230": "six", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9231": "six", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9232": "eight", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9233": "John Fox", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c9539": "eight", - "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953a": "III, while the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, their other appearance being Super Bowl XXXVIII", - "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953c": "III", - "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953d": "III", - "56d6f1190d65d21400198272": "III", - "56d6f1190d65d21400198273": "eight appearances in the Super Bowl. The Broncos made their second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII", - "56d6f1190d65d21400198274": "eight", - "56d6f1190d65d21400198275": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50", + "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953a": "ten", + "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953c": "Super Bowl XXXVIII", + "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953d": "six", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198272": "the Super Bowl.", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198273": "the third straight season, the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl.", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198274": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198275": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl", "56d6f1190d65d21400198276": "six", - "56d99179dc89441400fdb56c": "50", - "56d99179dc89441400fdb56d": "eight", - "56d99179dc89441400fdb570": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50", + "56d99179dc89441400fdb56c": "only one loss", + "56d99179dc89441400fdb56d": "four", + "56d99179dc89441400fdb570": "John Fox", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9058": "DeAngelo Williams", - "56be59683aeaaa14008c9059": "Benjamin", - "56be59683aeaaa14008c905a": "1978", + "56be59683aeaaa14008c9059": "Kelvin Benjamin", + "56be59683aeaaa14008c905a": "seventh", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923d": "1978", - "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923e": "14", + "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923e": "the first time in franchise history.", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923f": "Ten", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9240": "eight", - "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9241": "Benjamin", + "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9241": "Kelvin Benjamin", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9543": "1978", - "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9544": "2009 New Orleans Saints", + "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9544": "2009", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9545": "2011", - "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9547": "Benjamin", + "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9547": "a torn ACL", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827c": "Kelvin Benjamin", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827d": "DeAngelo Williams", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827e": "1978", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827f": "Ten", - "56d9943fdc89441400fdb576": "14", + "56d9943fdc89441400fdb576": "the Carolina Panthers", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb577": "1978", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb578": "14", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb57a": "Ten", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9247": "six", - "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9248": "3,837 yards and rushing for 636, while recording a career-high and league-leading 45", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9248": "45", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9249": "10", - "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924a": "27", - "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924b": "3", - "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960b": "3,837 yards and rushing for 636, while recording a career-high and league-leading 45", - "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960c": "99", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924a": "27 punts for 277 yards", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924b": "Greg Olsen", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960b": "45", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960c": "99.4", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960d": "77", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960e": "39", - "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960f": "six", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960f": "Jonathan Stewart", "56d6f2960d65d21400198286": "six", - "56d6f2960d65d21400198287": "3", - "56d6f2960d65d21400198288": "3", - "56d6f2960d65d21400198289": "3", + "56d6f2960d65d21400198287": "Pro Bowl quarterback Cam Newton", + "56d6f2960d65d21400198288": "3,837", + "56d6f2960d65d21400198289": "45", "56d6f2960d65d2140019828a": "six", "56d997cddc89441400fdb586": "500 points", - "56d997cddc89441400fdb587": "3", - "56d997cddc89441400fdb588": "3", - "56d997cddc89441400fdb589": "99", - "56d997cddc89441400fdb58a": "39", - "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b": "24", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb587": "3,837", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb588": "45", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb589": "99.4", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb58a": "39 receptions for 485 yards", + "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b": "308", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c": "136", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925d": "118", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925e": "24", - "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925f": "11", + "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925f": "the season and had four interceptions, two of which were returned for touchdowns.", "56d6f3500d65d21400198290": "24", "56d6f3500d65d21400198291": "11", - "56d6f3500d65d21400198292": "24", - "56d6f3500d65d21400198293": "11", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198292": "four", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198293": "four", "56d6f3500d65d21400198294": "24", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59c": "24", - "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e": "11", - "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f": "11", - "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0": "24", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9265": "39", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9266": "three", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9267": "three", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9268": "17", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9269": "three", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954d": "39", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954e": "three", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954f": "39", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e": "Kony Ealy", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f": "the league, while also leading the NFL in interceptions with 24 and boasting four Pro Bowl selections.", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0": "four interceptions, two of which were returned for touchdowns", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9265": "Gary Kubiak as the new head coach.", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9266": "the team to a key 27\u201320 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall AFC seed.", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9267": "Indianapolis Colts", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9268": "27\u201320", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9269": "Wade Phillips", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954d": "four", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954e": "Gary", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954f": "the Indianapolis Colts", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9550": "39", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9551": "three", - "56d6f4030d65d2140019829a": "three", - "56d6f4030d65d2140019829b": "three", - "56d6f4030d65d2140019829c": "39", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9551": "the remainder of the regular season.", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829a": "the team to a key 27\u201320 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall AFC seed.", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829b": "Peyton Manning", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829c": "the NFL's all-time record", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829d": "39", - "56d6f4030d65d2140019829e": "39", - "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c8": "39", - "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c9": "27", - "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5ca": "39", - "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cb": "39", - "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cc": "re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs", - "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c9279": "67", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829e": "27\u201320", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c8": "John Fox", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c9": "the team to a key 27\u201320 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall AFC seed.", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5ca": "the team to a key 27\u201320 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall AFC seed.", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cb": "Peyton", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cc": "Wade Phillips", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c9279": "67.9", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927a": "17", - "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927b": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17", - "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927c": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927b": "Demaryius Thomas", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927c": "the team's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns, while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards.", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927d": "10", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956b": "67.9", - "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956c": "67", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956c": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956d": "17", - "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956e": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17", - "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956f": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956e": "the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions.", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956f": "six", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a4": "67.9", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a5": "17", - "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a6": "86.4. Veteran receiver Demaryius Thomas", + "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a6": "Demaryius Thomas", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a7": "five", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d6": "67.9", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d7": "17", - "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d8": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17", - "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d9": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17", - "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5da": "7", - "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928d": "11", - "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928e": "11", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d8": "Emmanuel Sanders", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d9": "the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions.", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5da": "4.7", + "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928d": "530", + "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928e": "5\u00bd", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9290": "Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles with 109", - "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9291": "three", - "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9588": "7", - "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9589": "backer", - "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c958b": "Derek", - "56d6fea90d65d214001982ae": "fourth", - "56d6fea90d65d214001982af": "11", - "56d6fea90d65d214001982b0": "Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles with 109", + "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9291": "three interceptions", + "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9588": "Linebacker DeMarcus Ware", + "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9589": "Linebacker Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles", + "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c958b": "Defensive ends", + "56d6fea90d65d214001982ae": "296", + "56d6fea90d65d214001982af": "DeMarcus Ware was selected to play in the Pro Bowl for the ninth time in his career, ranking second on the team with 7", + "56d6fea90d65d214001982b0": "109", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b2": "three", - "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5fd": "11 sacks, forced four", - "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5ff": "Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles with 109", - "56d99da8dc89441400fdb600": "11", - "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a1": "31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", - "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a2": "seven", - "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a3": "seven", + "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5fd": "Von Miller", + "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5ff": "Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles", + "56d99da8dc89441400fdb600": "Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson each had 5\u00bd", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a1": "the divisional round, running up a 31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a2": "the NFC Championship Game, 49\u201315, racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers.", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a3": "48", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a4": "seven", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a5": "31\u201324", - "56bf34293aeaaa14008c9559": "31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", - "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955a": "seven", - "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955b": "seven turnovers", - "56d701280d65d214001982b8": "31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", - "56d701280d65d214001982ba": "31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", + "56bf34293aeaaa14008c9559": "the Seattle Seahawks", + "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955a": "31\u201324", + "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955b": "487 yards", + "56d701280d65d214001982b8": "the divisional round, running up a 31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", + "56d701280d65d214001982ba": "the NFC Championship Game, 49\u201315, racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers.", "56d701280d65d214001982bc": "seven", - "56d99e78dc89441400fdb616": "31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", - "56d99e78dc89441400fdb618": "31\u201324", - "56d99e78dc89441400fdb619": "31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", - "56d99e78dc89441400fdb61a": "49", + "56d99e78dc89441400fdb616": "the divisional round, running up a 31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", + "56d99e78dc89441400fdb618": "the divisional round, running up a 31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", + "56d99e78dc89441400fdb619": "the divisional round, running up a 31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", + "56d99e78dc89441400fdb61a": "31\u201324", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ab": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ac": "11", - "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ad": "Patriots", - "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ae": "Patriots", - "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92af": "17 seconds left on the clock", - "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9561": "23", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ad": "the game.", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ae": "18", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92af": "17", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9561": "23\u201316", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9562": "23", - "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9563": "Patriots", - "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9564": "17 seconds left on the clock", - "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565": "23", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9563": "the game.", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9564": "17", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565": "the clock. Despite Manning's problems with interceptions during the season, he didn't throw any", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c2": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c3": "11", - "56d7018a0d65d214001982c5": "Patriots", - "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628": "23", + "56d7018a0d65d214001982c5": "the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots", + "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628": "the game.", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb629": "Patriots", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb62c": "17", - "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b5": "three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm in the NFC Championship Game", - "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b6": "three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm in the NFC Championship Game", + "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b5": "Thomas Davis", + "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b6": "the NFC Championship Game.", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b7": "three", - "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b8": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three", - "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9575": "three", - "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9576": "three", - "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9577": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three", - "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9579": "three", + "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b8": "11", + "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9575": "the NFC Championship Game. Despite this, he insisted he would still find a way to play in the Super Bowl.", + "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9576": "the Super Bowl. His prediction turned out to be accurate.", + "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9577": "11", + "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9579": "the NFC Championship Game. Despite this, he insisted he would still find a way to play in the Super Bowl", "56d703d10d65d214001982d6": "three", - "56d703d10d65d214001982d7": "three", - "56d703d10d65d214001982d8": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three", + "56d703d10d65d214001982d7": "the NFC Championship Game.", + "56d703d10d65d214001982d8": "11", "56d9a026dc89441400fdb632": "Thomas Davis", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bd": "39", - "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92be": "39", - "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", - "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", - "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", - "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591": "39", - "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9592": "39", - "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", - "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9594": "39", - "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595": "39", - "56d704430d65d214001982de": "39", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92be": "John Elway", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf": "38", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0": "Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1": "the Broncos", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591": "the Broncos", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9592": "Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593": "38", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9594": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595": "eyton Manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls.", + "56d704430d65d214001982de": "two different teams to multiple Super Bowls. He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39", "56d704430d65d214001982e0": "39", - "56d704430d65d214001982e1": "39", + "56d704430d65d214001982e1": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", "56d704430d65d214001982e2": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", - "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63e": "39", + "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63e": "Peyton Manning", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63f": "39", - "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb640": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", - "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c7": "39", + "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb640": "John Elway", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c7": "1998", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c8": "2011", - "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c9": "39", - "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92ca": "39", - "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92cb": "39", - "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959b": "39", - "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959c": "39", - "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959d": "39", - "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959e": "2011", - "56d7096b0d65d214001982fc": "1998", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c9": "13", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92ca": "13", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92cb": "the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011.", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959b": "Manning", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959c": "the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes.", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959d": "13", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959e": "the #1 pick in their draft classes. Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011.", + "56d7096b0d65d214001982fc": "the 1998", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fd": "2011", - "56d7096b0d65d214001982fe": "39", + "56d7096b0d65d214001982fe": "the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb647": "2011", - "56d9a199dc89441400fdb648": "39", - "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649": "39", - "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92db": "XX", - "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dc": "Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX", - "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dd": "Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX", - "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92de": "Elway at the end of the Broncos' defeats in Super Bowls XXI", - "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92df": "the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX", - "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9615": "Rivera having been a linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX", + "56d9a199dc89441400fdb648": "13", + "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649": "13 years and 48 days", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92db": "the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dc": "the Chicago Bears", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dd": "the Chicago Bears", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92de": "Elway", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92df": "the Chicago Bears", + "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9615": "the Chicago Bears", "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9617": "Elway", - "56d709ef0d65d21400198306": "the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX", + "56d709ef0d65d21400198306": "the first Super Bowl in which both head coaches played in the game themselves.", "56d709ef0d65d21400198307": "the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e5": "earlier in the 2015 season, a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e6": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e7": "Atlanta Braves field director", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e8": "Justin Tucker", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e9": "Justin Tucker", - "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a5": "Justin Tucker", - "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a6": "Justin Tucker", - "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a7": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e5": "Justin Tucker", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e6": "a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game.", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e7": "Ed Mangan", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e8": "Baltimore Ravens", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e9": "Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker", + "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a5": "kicker Justin Tucker", + "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a6": "kicker", + "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a7": "the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game.", "56d70adc0d65d21400198311": "Justin Tucker", - "56d70adc0d65d21400198312": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality", - "56d70adc0d65d21400198313": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality", + "56d70adc0d65d21400198312": "the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game.", + "56d70adc0d65d21400198313": "a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game.", "56d70adc0d65d21400198314": "ats", - "56d9a419dc89441400fdb678": "Justin Tucker", - "56d9a419dc89441400fdb679": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92f9": "III", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fa": "XXXIII", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fb": "III", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fc": "matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fd": "III", + "56d9a419dc89441400fdb678": "Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker", + "56d9a419dc89441400fdb679": "the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game.", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92f9": "the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway's last game as Denver QB, when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34\u201319.", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fa": "34\u201319", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fb": "the Atlanta Falcons", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fc": "matching white", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fd": "Super Bowl XXXIII", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ab": "III", - "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ac": "III", - "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ae": "III", - "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95af": "III", - "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831d": "matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII", + "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ac": "34\u201319", + "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ae": "the Atlanta Falcons", + "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95af": "the time.", + "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831d": "the time.", "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831f": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb697": "XXXIII", - "56d9a637dc89441400fdb698": "XXXIII", - "56d9a637dc89441400fdb699": "0-4 in Super Bowls when wearing orange jerseys, losing in Super Bowl XII, XXII, XXIV, and XLVIII", - "56d9a637dc89441400fdb69a": "matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII", - "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9303": "the San Jose Marriott", - "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9304": "Santa Clara Marriott", - "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9305": "Marriott", + "56d9a637dc89441400fdb698": "matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII", + "56d9a637dc89441400fdb699": "0-4 in Super Bowls when wearing orange jerseys", + "56d9a637dc89441400fdb69a": "black", + "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9303": "the San Jose Marriott.", + "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9304": "the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott.", + "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9305": "San Jose Marriott", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9306": "Santa Clara Marriott", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b5": "the San Jose Marriott", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b6": "Marriott", - "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b7": "the San Jose Marriott", - "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b8": "Santa Clara Marriott", - "56d70d240d65d21400198326": "Santa Clara Marriott", - "56d70d240d65d21400198327": "Marriott", - "56d70d240d65d21400198328": "Santa Clara Marriott", + "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b7": "the Santa Clara Marriott.", + "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b8": "the Santa Clara Marriott.", + "56d70d240d65d21400198326": "the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott.", + "56d70d240d65d21400198327": "the San Jose Marriott", + "56d70d240d65d21400198328": "the San Jose Marriott.", "56d70d240d65d21400198329": "Santa Clara Marriott", - "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a0": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott", - "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a1": "Marriott", - "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a2": "Santa Clara Marriott", + "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a0": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.", + "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a1": "the San Jose Marriott", + "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a2": "the San Jose Marriott.", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a3": "Santa Clara Marriott", - "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9315": "50", - "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9316": "50", - "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317": "50", - "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9318": "50", - "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9319": "50", - "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95bd": "50", - "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95be": "50", - "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c0": "50", - "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c1": "50", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9315": "June 4, 2014", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9316": "Super Bowl V", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317": "Jaime Weston", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9318": "Super Bowl XLV", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9319": "Vince Lombardi Trophy, instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo.", + "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95bd": "2014", + "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95be": "Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L. The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI", + "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c0": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", + "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c1": "gold", "56d70daa0d65d21400198332": "50", - "56d70daa0d65d21400198333": "50", - "56d70daa0d65d21400198334": "50", - "56d70daa0d65d21400198335": "50", - "56d70daa0d65d21400198336": "50", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198333": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198334": "Super Bowl 50", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198335": "Super Bowl 50", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198336": "LI", "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6a8": "50", - "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6ab": "50", - "56bebc383aeaaa14008c931f": "gold", + "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6ab": "Super Bowl 50", + "56bebc383aeaaa14008c931f": "the Super Bowl, and \"homecoming\" events were also held by Super Bowl-winning teams at games.", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9320": "7", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9321": "50-yard line on fields was colored gold", - "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c7": "50-yard line on fields was colored gold", + "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c7": "gold", "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c8": "Gold", - "56d70e570d65d2140019833c": "gold", - "56d70e570d65d2140019833e": "Gold", + "56d70e570d65d2140019833c": "the Super Bowl, and \"homecoming\" events were also held by Super Bowl-winning teams at games.", + "56d70e570d65d2140019833e": "Gold footballs", "56d70e570d65d2140019833f": "50-yard line on fields was colored gold", - "56d9b01fdc89441400fdb6d4": "gold", + "56d9b01fdc89441400fdb6d4": "the Super Bowl, and \"homecoming\" events were also held by Super Bowl-winning teams at games.", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9325": "Moscone Center", - "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9326": "Moscone Center", - "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9327": "30", - "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9328": "30", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9326": "San Francisco", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9327": "Ed Lee", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9328": "San Francisco city supervisor Jane Kim", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9329": "30", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cb": "1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in San Francisco during Super Bowl Week", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cc": "Ed Lee", - "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cd": "Moscone Center", - "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95ce": "The", - "56d7145c0d65d2140019834c": "Moscone Center", - "56d7145c0d65d2140019834d": "30", - "56d7145c0d65d2140019834f": "30", - "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ec": "30", - "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ed": "30", - "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ee": "30", - "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ef": "30", - "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6f0": "Moscone Center", - "56bebd713aeaaa14008c932f": "beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University", - "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9330": "the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally", - "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9331": "week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention Center", - "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d3": "a pep rally", - "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d4": "the Santa Clara", - "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d5": "the Santa Clara", - "56d714cd0d65d21400198356": "beer, wine and food festival", - "56d714cd0d65d21400198358": "the Santa Clara", - "56d714cd0d65d21400198359": "the Santa Clara Convention Center", - "56d9b43edc89441400fdb700": "the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally", - "56d9b43edc89441400fdb701": "the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally", - "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9335": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", - "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9336": "afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", - "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9337": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", - "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9338": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cd": "the Moscone Center", + "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95ce": "Super Bowl City", + "56d7145c0d65d2140019834c": "the Moscone Center", + "56d7145c0d65d2140019834d": "Super Bowl City", + "56d7145c0d65d2140019834f": "Ed Lee", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ec": "\"Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ed": "1 million", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ee": "Ed Lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ef": "5 million", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6f0": "The annual NFL Experience was held at the Moscone Center", + "56bebd713aeaaa14008c932f": "Santa Clara University", + "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9330": "a pep rally.", + "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9331": "week", + "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d3": "a pep rally.", + "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d4": "the event.", + "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d5": "the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally.", + "56d714cd0d65d21400198356": "at Bellomy Field", + "56d714cd0d65d21400198358": "the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally.", + "56d714cd0d65d21400198359": "the city council", + "56d9b43edc89441400fdb700": "the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally.", + "56d9b43edc89441400fdb701": "the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally.", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9335": "the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night.", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9336": "the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night.", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9337": "SAP Center", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9338": "San Jose", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9339": "Golden Gate Bridge", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95d9": "Tuesday", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95da": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95db": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dc": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dd": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", - "56d71bd80d65d2140019835e": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", - "56d71bd80d65d21400198360": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", - "56d71bd80d65d21400198361": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95d9": "afternoon", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95da": "the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night.", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95db": "Opening Night", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dc": "SAP Center", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dd": "San Jose", + "56d71bd80d65d2140019835e": "the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night.", + "56d71bd80d65d21400198360": "Night", + "56d71bd80d65d21400198361": "the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night.", "56d71bd80d65d21400198362": "Golden Gate Bridge", - "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb708": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", - "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb709": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", - "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70a": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", - "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70b": "replica", - "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70c": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c933f": "50", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9340": "50", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9341": "Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9342": "50", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9343": "50", - "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e3": "50", - "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e4": "50", - "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e5": "50", - "56d71cb60d65d21400198368": "50", - "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb720": "50", - "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb721": "50", - "56bebec43aeaaa14008c9349": "50", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb708": "the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night.", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb709": "the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70a": "the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night.", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70b": "a replica", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70c": "the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night.", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c933f": "Business Connect", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9340": "over $40 million", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9341": "Dignity Health", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9342": "Gap", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9343": "Chevron", + "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e3": "the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in Business Connect", + "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e4": "over $40 million", + "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e5": "the Super Bowl.", + "56d71cb60d65d21400198368": "Business Connect", + "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb720": "Business Connect", + "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb721": "over $40 million", + "56bebec43aeaaa14008c9349": "25 percent", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c934a": "50", - "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95e9": "25", - "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95ea": "50", - "56d71d150d65d2140019836e": "50", + "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95e9": "25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the Bay Area", + "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95ea": "the 50 fund", + "56d71d150d65d2140019836e": "the Bay Area.", "56d71d150d65d2140019836f": "25", - "56d71d150d65d21400198370": "50", - "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb72f": "25", - "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb730": "50", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934d": "Vince Lombardi Trophy that all Super Bowl champions receive, the winner of Super Bowl 50", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934e": "50", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934f": "33 lb (15 kg", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9350": "33 lb (15 kg", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9351": "33 lb (15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg). Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50", - "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ed": "33 lb (15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg). Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50", - "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ef": "33 lb (15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg). Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50", - "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95f1": "33 lb (15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg). Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50", - "56d71d9d0d65d21400198374": "33 lb (15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg). Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50", - "56d71d9d0d65d21400198377": "33 lb (15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg). Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50", - "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9357": "50", - "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9358": "50", - "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9359": "50", + "56d71d150d65d21400198370": "the 50 fund", + "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb72f": "25 percent", + "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb730": "the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934d": "Vince Lombardi Trophy that all Super Bowl champions receive, the winner of Super Bowl 50 will also receive a large, 18-karat gold-", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934e": "18", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934f": "33", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9350": "Tiffany & Co.", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9351": "Tiffany & Co.", + "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ed": "the winner of Super Bowl 50 will also receive a large, 18-karat gold-", + "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ef": "18-karat", + "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95f1": "Tiffany & Co", + "56d71d9d0d65d21400198374": "Vince Lombardi Trophy that all Super Bowl champions receive, the winner of Super Bowl 50 will also receive a large, 18-karat gold-", + "56d71d9d0d65d21400198377": "Tiffany & Co", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9357": "the sidelines.", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9358": "Jim Nantz", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9359": "Tracy Wolfson", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935a": "36", - "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935b": "50", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935b": "5K resolution", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f7": "three", - "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f8": "Tracy Wolfson", - "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f9": "50", - "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fa": "50", - "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fb": "Evan Washburn on the sidelines", - "56d71ed50d65d2140019837c": "50", - "56d71ed50d65d2140019837d": "50", - "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb740": "50", - "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb741": "50", - "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb742": "50", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f8": "Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f9": "the sidelines. CBS introduced new features during the telecast, including pylon cameras and microphones along with EyeVision 360", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fa": "5K resolution", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fb": "Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines", + "56d71ed50d65d2140019837c": "the sidelines.", + "56d71ed50d65d2140019837d": "three", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb740": "the sidelines.", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb741": "the sidelines.", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb742": "Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines.", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb743": "50", - "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb744": "50", - "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9361": "Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin", - "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9362": "Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb744": "the sidelines. CBS introduced new features during the telecast, including pylon cameras and microphones along with EyeVision 360", + "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9361": "exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the game, marking the third dedicated Spanish-language broadcast of the Super Bowl.", + "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9362": "John Sutcliffe", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9363": "Raul Allegre", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9364": "28", - "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9365": "Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin", - "56bf6d343aeaaa14008c961b": "Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin", - "56d71fc00d65d21400198386": "ESPN", + "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9365": "the game, marking the third dedicated Spanish-language broadcast of the Super Bowl.", + "56bf6d343aeaaa14008c961b": "the NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the game, marking the third dedicated Spanish-language broadcast of the Super Bowl.", + "56d71fc00d65d21400198386": "ESPN Deportes", "56d71fc00d65d21400198389": "John Sutcliffe", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb754": "third", - "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb757": "Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin", - "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb758": "Martin", - "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9371": "exclusivity, streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless", - "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9372": "ESPN Deportes Spanish", + "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb757": "Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.", + "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb758": "Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9371": "the NFL Mobile service", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9372": "WatchESPN.", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9373": "the game via CBSSports", - "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9374": "tablets", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9374": "the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox One", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9375": "10", - "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c961f": "the game via CBSSports", - "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9620": "the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10", - "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9621": "Verizon Communications exclusivity, streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless", - "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9622": "the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10", - "56d7205e0d65d21400198391": "Verizon Communications exclusivity", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c961f": "the game via CBSSports.", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9620": "the NFL Mobile service. The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN.", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9621": "Verizon Wireless", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9622": "the NFL Mobile service.", + "56d7205e0d65d21400198391": "Verizon Communications", "56d7205e0d65d21400198392": "NFL", - "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75e": "tablets", + "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75e": "the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox One and other digital media players", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75f": "Verizon Communications exclusivity", - "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb760": "ESPN Deportes Spanish", - "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937b": "late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50", - "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937c": "50", - "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9631": "The Late Show with Stephen", - "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9632": "The Late Show with Stephen", - "56d720c70d65d21400198396": "late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50", - "56d720c70d65d21400198397": "The Late Show with Stephen", - "56d720c70d65d21400198398": "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert following the game. Following a break for late local programming", - "56bec3153aeaaa14008c9389": "5", + "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb760": "WatchESPN.", + "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937b": "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", + "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937c": "The Late Late Show with James Corden", + "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9631": "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", + "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9632": "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", + "56d720c70d65d21400198396": "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", + "56d720c70d65d21400198397": "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert following the game.", + "56d720c70d65d21400198398": "The Late Late Show with James Corden.", + "56bec3153aeaaa14008c9389": "$5,000,000", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938a": "Anheuser-Busch InBev that allowed the beer manufacturer", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938b": "Doritos", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938c": "20", - "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9635": "5", + "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9635": "5,000,000", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9637": "Anheuser-Busch InBev that allowed the beer manufacturer", - "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9638": "30-second advertisement at $5,000,000, a record high price for a Super Bowl ad. As of January 26", - "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9639": "Nintendo", - "56d721af0d65d2140019839e": "Nintendo", + "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9638": "Doritos", + "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9639": "The Pok\u00e9mon Company", + "56d721af0d65d2140019839e": "The Pok\u00e9mon Company", "56d721af0d65d2140019839f": "Anheuser-Busch InBev that allowed the beer manufacturer", "56d721af0d65d214001983a0": "Doritos", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb768": "Anheuser-Busch InBev that allowed the beer manufacturer", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb769": "Doritos", - "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb76a": "the final year that Doritos", - "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9397": "Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee", - "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9398": "Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee", - "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9399": "30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee", + "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb76a": "a longtime sponsor of the game, held its \"Crash the Super Bowl", + "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9397": "QuickBooks", + "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9398": "Death Wish Coffee", + "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9399": "30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c939a": "nine", - "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c963f": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee", + "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c963f": "Death Wish Coffee", "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c9640": "nine", "56d722330d65d214001983a6": "QuickBooks", "56d722330d65d214001983a7": "Death Wish Coffee", "56d722330d65d214001983a8": "nine", - "56d9be16dc89441400fdb770": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee", - "56d9be16dc89441400fdb771": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee", - "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93a9": "Captain America: Civil War, The Jungle", - "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93aa": "The Jungle", - "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ab": "Paramount", + "56d9be16dc89441400fdb770": "Death Wish Coffee", + "56d9be16dc89441400fdb771": "the United States for the free advertisement.", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93a9": "Jason", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93aa": "The Jungle Book and Alice Through the Looking Glass.[citation needed]", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ab": "Teen", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ac": "Resurgence", - "56d723560d65d214001983ac": "The Jungle", - "56d723560d65d214001983ad": "The Secret Life of Pets", + "56d723560d65d214001983ac": "The Jungle Book and Alice Through the Looking Glass.[citation needed]", + "56d723560d65d214001983ad": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", "56d723560d65d214001983ae": "The Secret Life of Pets", - "56d723560d65d214001983af": "The Jungle", - "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77b": "The Jungle", - "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77c": "20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures", - "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77d": "20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures", + "56d723560d65d214001983af": "Walt Disney Studios", + "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77b": "Resurgence", + "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77c": "Jason Bourne and Disney paid for Captain America: Civil War, The Jungle Book and Alice Through the Looking Glass.[citation needed]", + "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77d": "20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios paid for movie trailers to be aired during the Super Bowl.", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b1": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b2": "Kevin Harlan", - "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b3": "Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters. Jim Gray", - "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b4": "Bo", + "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b3": "Jim Gray", + "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b4": "Boomer Esiason", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b5": "James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters", - "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9655": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America", - "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9656": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America", - "56d723ad0d65d214001983b4": "Westwood One", - "56d723ad0d65d214001983b5": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America", + "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9655": "Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters.", + "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9656": "Kevin Harlan", + "56d723ad0d65d214001983b4": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America", + "56d723ad0d65d214001983b5": "Kevin Harlan", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b8": "Jim Gray", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78e": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78f": "Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb790": "Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb791": "pre-game and halftime", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb792": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America", - "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93cf": "103", - "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d0": "103.5 FM) will carry the game, with Dave Logan on play-by-play and Ed McCaffrey", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78e": "Kevin Harlan", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78f": "Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb790": "James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb791": "halftime", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb792": "the game throughout North America", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93cf": "KRFX", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d0": "Dave Logan", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d1": "1110", - "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d2": "99", - "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d3": "BT (1110", - "56d724620d65d214001983be": "103", - "56d724620d65d214001983bf": "103.5 FM) will carry the game, with Dave Logan on play-by-play and Ed McCaffrey", - "56d724620d65d214001983c0": "BT", - "56d724620d65d214001983c1": "BT (1110", - "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a0": "103", - "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a3": "BT-FM (99", - "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e3": "BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports", - "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e4": "the United Kingdom, BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports", - "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e5": "Rocky", - "56d724ea0d65d214001983c8": "BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports", - "56d724ea0d65d214001983c9": "BBC", - "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93e9": "50th Super Bowl, the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43", - "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ea": "Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V", - "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93eb": "I", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d2": "99.3 FM), which is based in Chester, South Carolina", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d3": "Mick Mixon", + "56d724620d65d214001983be": "Dave Logan", + "56d724620d65d214001983bf": "Ed McCaffrey", + "56d724620d65d214001983c0": "WBT", + "56d724620d65d214001983c1": "Mick Mixon", + "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a0": "KRFX (103.5 FM", + "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a3": "BT-FM (99.3 FM), which is based in Chester, South Carolina", + "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e3": "the United Kingdom, BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra will carry the contest.", + "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e4": "the United Kingdom", + "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e5": "the contest. The BBC will carry its own British English broadcast, with Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher", + "56d724ea0d65d214001983c8": "the United Kingdom", + "56d724ea0d65d214001983c9": "The BBC will carry its own British English broadcast, with Greg Brady", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93e9": "the game. No plans were announced regarding the recognition of Harvey Martin, co-MVP of Super Bowl XII, who died in 2001.", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ea": "Chuck Howley", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93eb": "the game.", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ec": "2001", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ed": "Peyton Manning", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cc": "39", - "56d7251d0d65d214001983cd": "Peyton Manning (MVP of Super Bowl XLI and current Broncos quarterback) was shown in the locker room", - "56d7251d0d65d214001983cf": "XII", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b4": "50th Super Bowl, the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43", + "56d7251d0d65d214001983cd": "Peyton Manning", + "56d7251d0d65d214001983cf": "Harvey Martin, co-MVP of Super Bowl XII", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b4": "43", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b5": "39", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b6": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b7": "I", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b8": "XII", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fd": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff": "Marlee Matlin", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400": "Marlee Matlin", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9401": "Marlee Matlin", - "56d20650e7d4791d00902614": "Marlee Matlin", - "56d20650e7d4791d00902615": "Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin", - "56d7253b0d65d214001983d4": "Marlee Matlin", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b6": "Bart Starr", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b7": "the game. No plans were announced regarding the recognition of Harvey Martin, co-MVP of Super Bowl XII, who died in 2001.", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b8": "Harvey Martin, co-MVP of Super Bowl XII", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fd": "Six", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed the national anthem", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff": "Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language (ASL) translation", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400": "Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language (ASL) translation.", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9401": "American Sign Language", + "56d20650e7d4791d00902614": "the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language (ASL) translation.", + "56d20650e7d4791d00902615": "Marlee Matlin", + "56d7253b0d65d214001983d4": "Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language (ASL) translation.", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d5": "Marlee Matlin", - "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c4": "Marlee Matlin", - "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c5": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee", + "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c4": "Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language (ASL) translation.", + "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c5": "Six", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c6": "Marlee Matlin", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940d": "3", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940e": "British", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940f": "XLVII", - "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9410": "Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyonc\u00e9, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", + "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9410": "the Weekend", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9411": "III", - "56d725790d65d214001983d8": "Cold", - "56d725790d65d214001983da": "Pepsi", - "56d725790d65d214001983db": "Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyonc\u00e9, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", - "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d0": "Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyonc\u00e9, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", - "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1": "British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press", - "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d2": "XLVII", - "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d3": "Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyonc\u00e9, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", + "56d725790d65d214001983d8": "Coldplay", + "56d725790d65d214001983da": "Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press", + "56d725790d65d214001983db": "Hymn for the Weekend", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d0": "Coldplay.", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1": "Beyonc\u00e9", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d2": "the single \"Hymn for the Weekend", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d3": "Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and collaborated with Coldplay", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9417": "3", - "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9418": "3", + "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9418": "a 22-yard throw to receiver Andre Caldwell", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9419": "3", - "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941a": "3", - "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941b": "3", - "56d728a10d65d21400198413": "3", - "56d728a10d65d21400198414": "3", - "56d728a10d65d21400198415": "3", + "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941a": "Brandon McManus", + "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941b": "3\u20130 lead on a Brandon McManus 34-yard field goal.", + "56d728a10d65d21400198413": "18-yard pass to tight end Owen Daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver Andre Caldwell. A pair of carries by C.", + "56d728a10d65d21400198414": "linebacker Shaq Thompson", + "56d728a10d65d21400198415": "Brandon McManus", "56d728a10d65d21400198416": "3", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d8": "3", - "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d9": "3", - "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7da": "3", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d9": "18-yard pass to tight end Owen Daniels", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7da": "3\u20130 lead on a Brandon McManus 34-yard field goal.", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7db": "3", - "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7dc": "3", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942b": "10", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942c": "10", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942d": "3rd-and-10", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942e": "10", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942f": "10\u20130 lead. This was the first fumble return touchdown in a Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXVIII", - "56d728e00d65d2140019841c": "10", - "56d728e00d65d2140019841d": "Mike", - "56d728e00d65d2140019841e": "10", - "56d728e00d65d2140019841f": "10", - "56d728e00d65d21400198420": "1993", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7dc": "the entire postseason that Carolina was facing a deficit", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942b": "retired referee Mike Carey", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942c": "Cam Newton", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942d": "linebacker Von Miller", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942e": "Malik Jackson", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942f": "Super Bowl XXVIII", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841c": "the end zone for a Broncos touchdown, giving the team a 10\u20130 lead.", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841d": "Mike Carey", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841e": "linebacker", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841f": "Malik Jackson", + "56d728e00d65d21400198420": "XXVIII", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e7": "Mike Carey", - "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e8": "3rd-and-10", - "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e9": "10", - "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7ea": "10", + "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e8": "linebacker Von Miller", + "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e9": "Malik Jackson", + "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7ea": "XXVIII", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9435": "Jonathan Stewart", - "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9436": "10", + "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9436": "the second quarter.", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9437": "28", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9438": "61", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9439": "33", - "56d729180d65d21400198426": "51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10", - "56d729180d65d21400198427": "Newton completed 4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart", + "56d729180d65d21400198426": "51", + "56d729180d65d21400198427": "Jonathan Stewart", "56d729180d65d21400198428": "Jonathan Stewart", - "56d729180d65d21400198429": "10", + "56d729180d65d21400198429": "Jordan Norwood received Brad Nort", "56d729180d65d2140019842a": "33", "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f0": "Jonathan Stewart", - "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f4": "10", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9445": "tackled by safety Darian Stewart", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9446": "Tre", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9447": "Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line. However, the Panthers", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9448": "11 seconds left, Newton", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9449": "11", - "56d729ec0d65d21400198430": "safety Darian Stewart", - "56d729ec0d65d21400198431": "Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line. However, the Panthers", + "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f4": "the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10\u20137 with 11:28 left in the second quarter.", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9445": "Darian Stewart", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9446": "linebacker Danny Trevathan", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9447": "Kony Ealy", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9448": "DeMarcus Ware", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9449": "DeMarcus Ware", + "56d729ec0d65d21400198430": "Mike Tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety Darian Stewart", + "56d729ec0d65d21400198431": "Kony Ealy", "56d729ec0d65d21400198432": "19", - "56d729ec0d65d21400198434": "11 seconds left, Newton", + "56d729ec0d65d21400198434": "Darian Stewart", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb804": "safety Darian Stewart", - "56d9c79edc89441400fdb805": "Danny", - "56d9c79edc89441400fdb806": "Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line. However, the Panthers", - "56d9c79edc89441400fdb807": "Newton", - "56d9c79edc89441400fdb808": "11 seconds left, Newton", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9455": "Newton", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9456": "33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16\u20137", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9457": "33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16\u20137", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9458": "33", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb805": "Danny Trevathan", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb806": "Kony Ealy", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb807": "the half.", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb808": "DeMarcus Ware", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9455": "the Denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play.", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9456": "Graham Gano", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9457": "44", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9458": "McManus' 33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9459": "T. J. Ward. Ward", - "56d7282f0d65d21400198408": "Newton", + "56d7282f0d65d21400198408": "the Denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play.", "56d7282f0d65d21400198409": "the uprights", - "56d7282f0d65d2140019840a": "Newton completing a 42-yard pass to Corey Brown", - "56d7282f0d65d2140019840c": "T. J. Ward", - "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80e": "Newton", - "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80f": "33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16\u20137", - "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb810": "the uprights", - "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb811": "33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16\u20137", - "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c945f": "50", + "56d7282f0d65d2140019840a": "T. J. Ward", + "56d7282f0d65d2140019840c": "Trevathan", + "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80e": "the second half when Newton completed a 45-yard pass to Ted Ginn Jr. on the Denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play.", + "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80f": "the 26", + "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb810": "Graham Gano hit the uprights", + "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb811": "Emmanuel Sanders", + "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c945f": "the next play, Ealy", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9460": "39", - "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9461": "Stewart then set up Gano's 39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310", - "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9462": "Stewart then set up Gano's 39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310", - "56d7261e0d65d214001983e0": "50", - "56d7261e0d65d214001983e1": "Stewart then set up Gano's 39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310", - "56d7261e0d65d214001983e2": "50", - "56d7261e0d65d214001983e4": "Stewart then set up Gano's 39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310", - "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb820": "50", + "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9461": "Devin Funchess", + "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9462": "Stewart", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e0": "41", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e1": "the third quarter, but early in the fourth, the Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line. On the next play, Ealy", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e2": "the third quarter, but early in the fourth, the Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line.", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e4": "punts", + "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb820": "the next play, Ealy", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb821": "50", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb822": "39", - "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb823": "three", + "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb823": "the third quarter, but early in the fourth, the Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line.", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946d": "24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946e": "3rd-and-9", - "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f": "3rd-and-9", - "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470": "3rd-and-9", - "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471": "3rd-and-9", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f": "cornerback Josh Norman", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470": "the next play, Miller", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471": "Manning completed a pass to Bennie Fowler", "56d726b60d65d214001983ea": "3rd-and-9", - "56d726b60d65d214001983eb": "3rd-and-9", - "56d726b60d65d214001983ec": "3rd-and-9", - "56d726b60d65d214001983ed": "3rd-and-9", - "56d726b60d65d214001983ee": "3rd-and-9", + "56d726b60d65d214001983eb": "the ball away from Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by Ward", + "56d726b60d65d214001983ec": "Newton", + "56d726b60d65d214001983ed": "cornerback Josh Norman", + "56d726b60d65d214001983ee": "3:08 left and essentially putting the game away. Carolina had two more drives, but failed to get a first down on each one.", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb832": "3rd-and-9", - "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833": "3rd-and-9", - "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834": "3rd-and-9", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833": "the next play, Miller", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834": "Ward", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb835": "three", - "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836": "3rd-and-9", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836": "Anderson", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9481": "six", - "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9482": "23", - "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9483": "23", - "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9484": "23", - "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9485": "Newton", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f4": "23", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f5": "23", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9482": "the game's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown, along with four receptions for 10 yards.", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9483": "four", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9484": "Thomas Davis", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9485": "the team's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries. Brown caught four passes for 80 yards, while Ginn had four receptions for 74.", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f4": "the game's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown, along with four receptions for 10 yards.", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f5": "zero", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f6": "90", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f7": "23", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f8": "23", - "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb842": "23", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f7": "Sanders", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f8": "Thomas Davis", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb842": "Sanders", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb843": "90", - "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb844": "McManus made all four of his field goals, making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season. Newton", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb844": "11", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb845": "18 of 41 passes for 265 yards, with one interception", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb846": "four", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948b": "21 to 11", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948b": "194", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948c": "21 to 11", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948d": "21 to 11", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948e": "21 to 11", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948f": "21 to 11", - "56d7277c0d65d214001983fe": "21 to 11", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948d": "Baltimore Ravens", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948e": "Jordan Norwood", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948f": "the first head coach to win a Super Bowl with the same franchise he went to the Super Bowl with as a player.", + "56d7277c0d65d214001983fe": "194) and first downs (21 to 11). Their 194 yards", "56d7277c0d65d214001983ff": "21 to 11", "56d7277c0d65d21400198401": "seven", - "56d7277c0d65d21400198402": "21 to 11", + "56d7277c0d65d21400198402": "the Super Bowl", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84c": "21 to 11", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84d": "21 to 11", - "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84e": "21 to 11", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84e": "21 to 11). Their 194 yards", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84f": "seven", - "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb850": "21 to 11", - "5733a5f54776f41900660f45": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie, who achieved international recognition for her research on radioactivity and was the first female recipient of the Nobel Prize", - "5733a5f54776f41900660f48": "17", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb850": "two", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f45": "the Nobel Prize", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f48": "1745", "5733a5f54776f41900660f44": "Maria", - "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric", - "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin.", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": "seven months", "57336755d058e614000b5a3d": "100", - "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "The \u0141azienki Park covers the area of 76 ha. The unique character and history of the park is reflected in its landscape architecture", - "57336755d058e614000b5a3c": "The Saxon Garden", - "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": "the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier", - "57336755d058e614000b5a40": "43", - "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": "15 kilometres", - "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": "13 natural reserves in Warsaw \u2013 among others, Bielany Forest, Kabaty Woods", + "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "the Krasi\u0144ski Palace Garden", + "57336755d058e614000b5a3c": "the area of 15.5 ha, was formally a royal garden", + "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": "east", + "57336755d058e614000b5a40": "The \u0141azienki Park", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": "About 15 kilometres", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": "a habitat of animals that includes the otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species", "57337ddc4776f41900660bba": "13", - "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd": "13", - "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": "13 natural reserves in Warsaw \u2013 among others, Bielany Forest, Kabaty Woods", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": "1933", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": "1933", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": "34% percent). Warsaw's prewar Jewish population of more than 350,000 constituted about 30", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd1": "30", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": "300 years of Warsaw's history. Most of the modern day population growth is based on internal migration", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd": "several", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": "the majority", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": "Demographically", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": "833,500", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": "34", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd1": "a significant Jewish minority", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": "internal migration", "57339555d058e614000b5df4": "Warsaw University of Technology", "57339555d058e614000b5df5": "2,000", - "57339555d058e614000b5df6": "the Medical University of Warsaw, the largest medical school", + "57339555d058e614000b5df6": "the Medical University of Warsaw", "57339555d058e614000b5df3": "1816", - "57339555d058e614000b5df7": "the Fryderyk Chopin University of Music", + "57339555d058e614000b5df7": "Fryderyk Chopin University of Music", "57339902d058e614000b5e70": "1816", - "57339902d058e614000b5e71": "1999", - "57339902d058e614000b5e72": "1999", - "57339902d058e614000b5e73": "The University Library garden, designed by Irena Bajerska, was opened on 12 June 2002", + "57339902d058e614000b5e71": "over two", + "57339902d058e614000b5e72": "Zbigniew Badowski", + "57339902d058e614000b5e73": "Irena Bajerska", "57339902d058e614000b5e74": "10", - "573399b54776f41900660e64": "considerably", - "573399b54776f41900660e65": "the initial Three-Year Plan", - "573399b54776f41900660e66": "the past decade Warsaw has seen many improvements due to solid economic growth, an increase in foreign investment as well as funding from the European Union", - "573399b54776f41900660e67": "the city's metro, roads", - "57339a554776f41900660e74": "theatres", + "573399b54776f41900660e64": "infrastructure in Warsaw suffered considerably", + "573399b54776f41900660e65": "Three-Year Plan", + "573399b54776f41900660e66": "the past decade Warsaw has seen many improvements due to solid economic growth, an increase in foreign investment as well as funding from the European Union.", + "573399b54776f41900660e67": "the European Union. In particular, the city's metro, roads, sidewalks, health care facilities and sanitation facilities have improved markedly", + "57339a554776f41900660e74": "the best medical facilities in Poland and East-Central Europe", "57339a554776f41900660e75": "the Children's Memorial Health Institute", - "57339a554776f41900660e76": "700 beds, 10", + "57339a554776f41900660e76": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Institute of Oncology", "57339a554776f41900660e77": "700", - "57339a554776f41900660e78": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Institute of Oncology", + "57339a554776f41900660e78": "The infrastructure", "57339ad74776f41900660e86": "Teatr Wielki", - "57339ad74776f41900660e87": "numerous musical venues", - "57339ad74776f41900660e88": "the Congress Hall", - "57339ad74776f41900660e89": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Piano Competition, the International Contemporary Music Festival Warsaw Autumn, the Jazz Jamboree", - "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Piano Competition, the International Contemporary Music Festival Warsaw Autumn, the Jazz Jamboree, Warsaw Summer Jazz Days", - "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "1939", - "57339c16d058e614000b5ec6": "1870 to 1939", + "57339ad74776f41900660e87": "many events and festivals", + "57339ad74776f41900660e88": "Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw hosts many events and festivals.", + "57339ad74776f41900660e89": "the Jazz Jamboree", + "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": "many events and festivals", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the Saxon Garden", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec6": "Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec7": "1870 to 1939", - "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "1870 to 1939", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "Momus", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec9": "The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre", - "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": "the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths", - "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": "the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths", - "57339dd94776f41900660ece": "the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths", - "57339dd94776f41900660ecf": "the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki", - "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki", - "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": "Museum of Posters", + "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": "\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish", + "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": "thousands", + "57339dd94776f41900660ece": "Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki", + "57339dd94776f41900660ecf": "the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom", + "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "the fern flower, there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank.", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": "Museum of Posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef7": "60", - "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": "National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings", - "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": "Adolf Hitler", - "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": "the world, Museum of Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum", - "5733a1854776f41900660f0a": "the Warsaw Uprising Museum", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": "a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": "paintings", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": "Museum of the Polish Army whose set portrays the history of arms", + "5733a1854776f41900660f0a": "the Warsaw Uprising Museum and in the Katy\u0144 Museum which preserves the memory of the crime.", "5733a1854776f41900660f0b": "the Katy\u0144", - "5733a1854776f41900660f0c": "theatre", + "5733a1854776f41900660f0c": "stereoscopic", "5733a1854776f41900660f0d": "The Museum of Independence", "5733a1854776f41900660f0e": "60", - "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": "The 17th century", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": "The 17th century Royal Ujazd\u00f3w Castle", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f29": "500", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2a": "National Gallery of Art, the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw, with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century", - "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": "the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw, with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century organises exhibitions of modern", - "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": "2011", - "5733a32bd058e614000b5f32": "2000", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": "modern art by Polish and international artists", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": "September", + "5733a32bd058e614000b5f32": "the country's top flight in 2013 because of their disastrous financial situation.", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f33": "1946", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f34": "twice", - "5733a32bd058e614000b5f35": "Street", - "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": "2013", - "5733a45d4776f41900660f23": "The mermaid (syrenka", + "5733a32bd058e614000b5f35": "at Konwiktorska Street", + "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": "the country's top flight in 2013 because of their disastrous financial situation.", + "5733a45d4776f41900660f23": "the mid-14th century.", "5733a45d4776f41900660f24": "The mermaid (syrenka", "5733a45d4776f41900660f25": "14th century", "5733a45d4776f41900660f26": "1390", - "5733a45d4776f41900660f27": "09", + "5733a45d4776f41900660f27": "a sword", "5733a560d058e614000b5f77": "Artur Oppman", - "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": "Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths", - "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": "the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of Copenhagen", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": "depths", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": "the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7a": "the Vistula River and plunged into its waters. She stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of Warszowa", - "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": "the village of Warszowa, where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice. A greedy merchant", - "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": "Maria G\u00f3rska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": "the oceans and seas.", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": "Tamara de Lempicka was a famous artist born in Warsaw", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59": "1916", - "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5a": "Better than anyone else", - "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": "Nathan Alterman, the Israeli poet", - "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": "Tamara de Lempicka was a famous artist born in Warsaw. She was born Maria G\u00f3rska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916", - "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": "2012", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5a": "the Art Deco style", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": "the Israeli poet", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": "Isaac Bashevis Singer", + "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": "Economist Intelligence Unit", "573312fcd058e614000b56e7": "2012", - "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": "the 32nd most liveable city in the world. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central Europe", + "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": "wide variety of industries, is characterised", "573312fcd058e614000b56e9": "The Warsaw Stock Exchange", - "573312fcd058e614000b56ea": "Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security", - "5733140a4776f419006606e0": "13", - "5733140a4776f419006606e1": "1313", - "5733140a4776f419006606e2": "World War II, which destroyed 85% of its buildings. On 9 November 1940", - "5733140a4776f419006606e3": "King", - "5733140a4776f419006606e4": "World War II, which destroyed 85% of its buildings. On 9 November 1940", - "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": "theatres, museums, libraries and monuments. The historic city-centre of Warsaw with its picturesque Old Town", + "573312fcd058e614000b56ea": "Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security, has its headquarters", + "5733140a4776f419006606e0": "1313", + "5733140a4776f419006606e1": "Krak\u00f3w", + "5733140a4776f419006606e2": "the title of the \"Phoenix City\" because it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions throughout its long history.", + "5733140a4776f419006606e3": "King Sigismund III Vasa", + "5733140a4776f419006606e4": "the title of the \"Phoenix City\" because it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions throughout its long history.", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": "Roman Catholic archdiocese", "573314e3d058e614000b56f1": "the Polish Academy of Sciences", - "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": "1980", - "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": "King Sigismund's Column, St. John's Cathedral", - "573314e3d058e614000b56f4": "around a quarter of the city is filled with luxurious parks and royal gardens", - "57332442d058e614000b5720": "Wars", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": "The historic city-centre of Warsaw with its picturesque Old Town in 1980 was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": "the iconic King Sigismund's Column", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f4": "around", + "57332442d058e614000b5720": "Warszawa", "57332442d058e614000b5721": "Wars", - "57332442d058e614000b5722": "Warszewa and Warszowa), meaning \"belonging to Wars", - "57332442d058e614000b5723": "Warsz was a 12th/13th-century", - "57332442d058e614000b5724": "Warszewa and Warszowa), meaning \"belonging to Wars", - "57332562d058e614000b5730": "Warszowa", - "57332562d058e614000b5731": "1300", - "57332562d058e614000b5732": "Wars", + "57332442d058e614000b5722": "Warszawa", + "57332442d058e614000b5723": "a village", + "57332442d058e614000b5724": "The Capital City", + "57332562d058e614000b5730": "a small fishing village called Warszowa", + "57332562d058e614000b5731": "the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa.", + "57332562d058e614000b5732": "about 1300", "57332562d058e614000b5733": "1413", "57332562d058e614000b5734": "26", - "5733266d4776f41900660712": "29", + "5733266d4776f41900660712": "Sejm", "5733266d4776f41900660713": "29", - "5733266d4776f41900660714": "73", - "5733266d4776f41900660715": "King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Krak\u00f3w to Warsaw in 1596", + "5733266d4776f41900660714": "religious freedom", + "5733266d4776f41900660715": "the first time became the seat of the General Sejm, permanent from 1569.", "5733266d4776f41900660716": "96", - "57332a734776f41900660726": "1796", - "57332a734776f41900660727": "1796", - "57332a734776f41900660728": "1806", - "57332a734776f41900660729": "1815", + "57332a734776f41900660726": "the province of South Prussia.", + "57332a734776f41900660727": "Kingdom of Prussia", + "57332a734776f41900660728": "Napoleon", + "57332a734776f41900660729": "the province of South Prussia.", "57332a734776f4190066072a": "1816", - "57332b66d058e614000b5758": "1918", - "57332b66d058e614000b5759": "1918", - "57332b66d058e614000b575a": "1918", + "57332b66d058e614000b5758": "4 August 1915 until November 1918", + "57332b66d058e614000b5759": "areas", + "57332b66d058e614000b575a": "Pi\u0142sudski", "57332b66d058e614000b575b": "1920", - "57332b66d058e614000b575c": "1918", - "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": "1943", - "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": "1943", + "57332b66d058e614000b575c": "Red", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": "the rule of the General Government, a German Nazi colonial administration.", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": "Central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the General Government", "57332c1e4776f4190066073c": "30%", - "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "1943", - "57332c1e4776f4190066073e": "1943", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "19 April 1943", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073e": "almost", "57332e48d058e614000b5762": "Red", - "57332e48d058e614000b5763": "London", - "57332e48d058e614000b5764": "1 August 1944", + "57332e48d058e614000b5763": "the Red Army was deep into Polish territory and pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw.", + "57332e48d058e614000b5764": "1", "57332e48d058e614000b5765": "63", - "57332e48d058e614000b5766": "150", - "57332f81d058e614000b5776": "the \"Bricks for Warsaw\" campaign", + "57332e48d058e614000b5766": "150,000 and 200,000", + "57332f81d058e614000b5776": "the \"Bricks for Warsaw", "57332f81d058e614000b5777": "prefabricated housing projects", "57332f81d058e614000b5778": "prefabricated housing projects", - "57332f81d058e614000b5779": "the Palace of Culture and Science", - "57332f81d058e614000b577a": "1980, Warsaw's historic Old Town", - "573330444776f41900660758": "1983", - "573330444776f41900660759": "1983", - "573330444776f4190066075a": "1983", + "57332f81d058e614000b5779": "Palace of Culture and Science", + "57332f81d058e614000b577a": "UNESCO's World Heritage", + "573330444776f41900660758": "John Paul II", + "573330444776f41900660759": "the growing anti-", + "573330444776f4190066075a": "less than a year", "573330444776f4190066075b": "1979", - "573330444776f4190066075c": "1983 brought support to the budding solidarity movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there. In 1979", + "573330444776f4190066075c": "the land! This land! These words were very meaningful for the Polish citizens who understood them as the incentive for the democratic changes.", "5733314e4776f4190066076a": "300 km", - "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "300 km (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains and about 260 km (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea, 523 km", + "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "523 km", "5733314e4776f4190066076c": "the Vistula River", - "5733314e4776f4190066076d": "300", - "5733314e4776f4190066076e": "300", - "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": "two main geomorphologic formations: the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley", + "5733314e4776f4190066076d": "a height of 115.7", + "5733314e4776f4190066076e": "lies", + "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": "two", "57335c20d058e614000b58fa": "the Vistula Valley", - "57335c20d058e614000b58fc": "the Vistula Valley", + "57335c20d058e614000b58fc": "The left one is situated", "57335c20d058e614000b58fb": "The Vistula River", - "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "the Vistula Valley", - "57335ddbd058e614000b592f": "groups of clay pits", - "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": "the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consist mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces", - "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": "the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one the flood plain terrace. The contemporary flooded terrace still has visible valleys", + "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "Warsaw Escarpment", + "57335ddbd058e614000b592f": "The plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of clay pits", + "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": "a number of dunes parted by peat sw", + "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": "valleys", "57335ddbd058e614000b5932": "the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consist mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces", - "57335ddbd058e614000b5933": "the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consist mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces", - "57335fcad058e614000b5970": "the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed. However, some of the buildings from the 19th century", - "57335fcad058e614000b5971": "Second", - "57335fcad058e614000b5972": "the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed. However, some of the buildings from the 19th century", - "57335fcad058e614000b5973": "1950s and 1960s", - "57335fcad058e614000b5974": "1950s and 1960s", - "573361404776f4190066093c": "Tower", - "573361404776f4190066093d": "St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th century), Gunpowder Tower", - "573361404776f4190066093e": "St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th century), Gunpowder Tower", - "573361404776f4190066093f": "Baryczko merchant family (1562", - "573361404776f41900660940": "the Royal Castle (1596\u20131619", - "573362b94776f41900660974": "later decades of the 17th century", + "57335ddbd058e614000b5933": "mainly forested areas", + "57335fcad058e614000b5970": "the turbulent history of the city and country. During the Second World War, Warsaw was razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction.", + "57335fcad058e614000b5971": "During the Second World War, Warsaw was razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction.", + "57335fcad058e614000b5972": "the Second World War, Warsaw was razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction.", + "57335fcad058e614000b5973": "Leopold Kronenberg Palace", + "57335fcad058e614000b5974": "the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction.", + "573361404776f4190066093c": "Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications.", + "573361404776f4190066093d": "14", + "573361404776f4190066093e": "the so-called Masovian gothic style", + "573361404776f4190066093f": "Renaissance architecture in the city are the house of Baryczko merchant family (1562", + "573361404776f41900660940": "mannerist architecture", + "573362b94776f41900660974": "17th century", "573362b94776f41900660975": "St. Kazimierz Church (1688\u20131692", - "573362b94776f41900660976": "1730s", - "573362b94776f41900660977": "33", - "573362b94776f41900660978": "17", - "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": "the later periods were not restored by the communist authorities after the war (like mentioned Kronenberg Palace", - "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "1899", - "5733638fd058e614000b59ea": "1899", - "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": "1899", - "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": "the Saxon Palace and the Br\u00fchl Palace, the most distinctive buildings in prewar Warsaw", - "5733647e4776f419006609ae": "the ramparts of the Old Town", - "5733647e4776f419006609af": "the Old Town", + "573362b94776f41900660976": "Palace of the Four Winds", + "573362b94776f41900660977": "The neoclassical architecture", + "573362b94776f41900660978": "1775", + "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": "the bourgeois", + "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "Exceptional", + "5733638fd058e614000b59ea": "socialist realism style (like Warsaw Philharmony edifice", + "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": "University of Technology", + "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": "the most distinctive buildings", + "5733647e4776f419006609ae": "the defeat of the November Uprising, was a place of martyr for the Poles.", + "5733647e4776f419006609af": "Pawiak", "5733647e4776f419006609b0": "The Warsaw Citadel", - "5733647e4776f419006609b1": "the statue of Little Insurgent located at the ramparts of the Old Town", - "5733647e4776f419006609b2": "the impressive Warsaw Uprising Monument by Wincenty Ku\u0107ma was erected in memory of the largest insurrection of World War II", - "573368044776f41900660a29": "the Botanic Garden", - "573368044776f41900660a2a": "a palm house in the New Orangery", - "573368044776f41900660a2b": "first horse racetrack and then the airport), Park Ujazdowski", - "573368044776f41900660a2c": "John Lennon street", + "5733647e4776f419006609b1": "Another important monument, the statue of Little Insurgent", + "5733647e4776f419006609b2": "the impressive Warsaw Uprising Monument", + "573368044776f41900660a29": "the University Library garden", + "573368044776f41900660a2a": "the New Orangery", + "573368044776f41900660a2b": "the southern city border, Park Skaryszewski by the right Vistula bank, in Praga.", + "573368044776f41900660a2c": "Park Ujazdowski", "573368044776f41900660a2d": "1927", - "573368e54776f41900660a53": "three", - "573368e54776f41900660a54": "three", - "573368e54776f41900660a55": "Bielany Forest", - "573368e54776f41900660a56": "three cycling and walking trails. Other big forest area is Kabaty Forest", - "573368e54776f41900660a57": "three cycling and walking trails. Other big forest area is Kabaty Forest by the southern city border. Warsaw has also two", - "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcb": "1939", - "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "1939", + "573368e54776f41900660a53": "the city may be considered very rich in species", + "573368e54776f41900660a54": "Bielany Forest", + "573368e54776f41900660a55": "the Masovian Primeval Forest", + "573368e54776f41900660a56": "Kabaty Forest", + "573368e54776f41900660a57": "two", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcb": "1,300", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "420,000", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcd": "51", - "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": "the capital. Unfortunately this belief still lives on in Poland (although not as much as it used to be) \u2013 even though since 1990", - "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcf": "1990", - "57338007d058e614000b5bda": "35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians", - "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": "35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later, in 1909", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": "the following years. It also bolstered some kind of conviction among Poles", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcf": "residency registration", + "57338007d058e614000b5bda": "multi-cultural city.", + "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": "711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians", "57338007d058e614000b5bdc": "56.2%", - "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": "18,189 Protestants", - "57338007d058e614000b5bde": "hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944", + "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": "18,189 Protestants (2.4%)", + "57338007d058e614000b5bde": "the Warsaw Uprising of 1944", "573380e0d058e614000b5be9": "the second level of the territorial division \u2013 counties or powiats. An example of such entitlement is a car registration", "573380e0d058e614000b5bea": "the second level of the territorial division \u2013 counties or powiats. An example of such entitlement is a car registration", - "573380e0d058e614000b5beb": "the registration numbers in Krak\u00f3w", - "57338160d058e614000b5bf9": "President", + "573380e0d058e614000b5beb": "Krak\u00f3w", + "57338160d058e614000b5bf9": "the city government.", "57338160d058e614000b5bfa": "60", - "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": "60", - "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": "60 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees", + "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": "Rada Miasta), which comprises 60 members. Council members", + "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": "the city government. Bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor (the President of Warsaw), who may sign them into law.", "57338160d058e614000b5bfd": "30", "57338255d058e614000b5c0d": "President", - "57338255d058e614000b5c0e": "Jan", - "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": "Jan Andrzej Menich (1695\u20131696", - "57338255d058e614000b5c10": "1990", - "57338255d058e614000b5c11": "President", - "573382d24776f41900660c37": "2006", - "573382d24776f41900660c38": "2006", - "573382d24776f41900660c39": "7th greatest emerging market", + "57338255d058e614000b5c0e": "Jan Andrzej Menich (16", + "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": "Jan Andrzej Menich", + "57338255d058e614000b5c10": "the citizens of Warsaw", + "57338255d058e614000b5c11": "Centrum", + "573382d24776f41900660c37": "\u015ar\u00f3dm", + "573382d24776f41900660c38": "304,016", + "573382d24776f41900660c39": "Moreover, Warsaw was ranked as the 7th greatest emerging market", "573382d24776f41900660c3a": "12%", "573382d24776f41900660c3b": "301,1 % of Polish average. Warsaw leads the region of East-Central Europe", "5733834ed058e614000b5c26": "1817", - "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": "1991 until 2000", - "5733834ed058e614000b5c28": "1991", - "5733834ed058e614000b5c29": "31 August 2009", - "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a": "1991 until 2000", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": "the end of the post-war communist control of the country and the reintroduction of a free-market economy.", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c28": "April 1991", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c29": "374", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a": "the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR", "573383d0d058e614000b5c35": "1951", - "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": "The FSO Car Factory", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": "the Aveo", "573383d0d058e614000b5c37": "Daewoo", - "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": "The FSO Car Factory", - "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": "2011", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": "the production of the Aveo expired in February 2011 and has since not been renewed.", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": "the Aveo expired in February 2011", "573166ede6313a140071cef2": "Wars", "573166ede6313a140071cef3": "Wars", - "573166ede6313a140071cef4": "Wars", - "573166ede6313a140071cef5": "6", - "573166ede6313a140071cef6": "Wars", - "5732b6b5328d981900602021": "Wars", - "5732b6b5328d981900602022": "Wars", - "5732b6b5328d981900602023": "the Vistula River in east-central Poland, roughly 260 kilometres", - "5732b6b5328d981900602024": "1", - "5732b6b5328d981900602025": "9", - "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628": "10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region", - "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629": "10th and 11th centuries", - "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a": "10th and 11th centuries", - "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "III", + "573166ede6313a140071cef4": "the Vistula", + "573166ede6313a140071cef5": "2.666 million residents", + "573166ede6313a140071cef6": "9th most-populous capital city in the European Union", + "5732b6b5328d981900602021": "the capital", + "5732b6b5328d981900602022": "the Vistula River", + "5732b6b5328d981900602023": "roughly 260 kilometres", + "5732b6b5328d981900602024": "2.666 million", + "5732b6b5328d981900602025": "9th most-populous capital city in the European Union", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628": "a region", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629": "the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a": "raiders", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "raiders and pirates", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962c": "10th century", - "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": "England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066", + "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": "1066", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad60": "Richard", - "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": "dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe", - "56dde0379a695914005b9636": "variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century", - "56dde0379a695914005b9637": "variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century", - "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75": "Saint", + "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": "the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety", + "56dde0379a695914005b9636": ", or Nordmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century)", + "56dde0379a695914005b9637": "Medieval Latin, 9th century", + "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75": "the northern part of present-day Upper Normandy down to the river Seine, but the Duchy would eventually extend west beyond the Seine.", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76": "Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III", - "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": "Saint", - "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": "the Atlantic coast included Danes, Norwegians", - "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": "the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique \"Norman\" culture", - "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": "the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique \"Norman\" culture", - "56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b": "1066", + "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": "Seine", + "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": "the 880s", + "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": "the Norse religion", + "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": "the north of France. The Norman language was forged by the adoption of the indigenous langue d'o\u00efl branch of Romance by a Norse-", + "56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b": "Normandy had been exporting fighting horsemen", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9660": "999", - "56dde3aa9a695914005b9661": "shrine", - "56dde3aa9a695914005b9662": "shrine", - "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595": "47", - "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b596": "title of count in his capital of Melfi", - "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59a": "30", + "56dde3aa9a695914005b9661": "the shrine of the Archangel Michael", + "56dde3aa9a695914005b9662": "Monte Gargano", + "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595": "Drogo", + "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b596": "William Iron Arm, with the title of count in his capital of Melfi", + "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59a": "the leadership of the famous Robert Guiscard, a Hauteville, and his younger brother Roger the Great Count.", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59b": "30", - "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59c": "30", - "56de0ed14396321400ee2579": "Roger II of Sicily, and entitled \"Kitab Rudjdjar\" (\"The Book of Roger", - "56de0ed14396321400ee257a": "Kitab Rudjdjar\" (\"The Book of Roger", - "56de0ed14396321400ee257b": "Roger II of Sicily, and entitled \"Kitab Rudjdjar\" (\"The Book of Roger", - "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f": "1038\u201340", + "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59c": "citadel at Squillace", + "56de0ed14396321400ee2579": "Tabula Rogeriana", + "56de0ed14396321400ee257a": "The Book of Roger", + "56de0ed14396321400ee257b": "meritocratic", + "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f": "the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258d": "1050s", - "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": "Robert Crispin", - "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": "1060s, Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks. Roussel de Bailleul", + "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": "1060s", + "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": "Alexius Komnenos", "56de10b44396321400ee2593": "Afranji", - "56de10b44396321400ee2594": "A Norman named Oursel led a force of \"Franks\" into the upper Euphrates valley in northern Syria", - "56de10b44396321400ee2595": "Later", + "56de10b44396321400ee2594": "A Norman named Oursel led a force of \"Franks", + "56de10b44396321400ee2595": "the Armenian state further south", "56de11154396321400ee25aa": "Raoulii", - "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": "30", + "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": "Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bd": "February 1082", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be": "30", - "56de15104396321400ee25b7": "treaty", - "56de15104396321400ee25b8": "the First Crusade, in 1107", + "56de15104396321400ee25b7": "Deabolis", + "56de15104396321400ee25b8": "Bohemond", "56de15104396321400ee25b9": "Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the river Deabolis", - "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2": "third attack in 1185", + "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2": "85", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c3": "Dyrrachium", - "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": "1185", - "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8": "Emma", - "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England. Because of this, Ethelred fled to Normandy in 1013", - "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca": "3", + "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": "the most important naval bases of the Adriatic\u2014fell again to Byzantine hands.", + "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8": "the marriage of Emma", + "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "Richard", + "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca": "Ethelred fled to Normandy", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb": "King Ethelred II of England. Because of this, Ethelred fled to Normandy in 1013", - "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0": "41", + "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0": "Harthacnut", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d1": "41", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2": "Robert", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c5": "Hastings", - "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings", - "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": "King", - "56de16ca4396321400ee25c8": "King", - "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": "Old English", - "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5da": "Bannow Bay in 1169", - "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db": "1169", - "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": "Devereux", - "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0": "III of Scotland", - "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": "III of Scotland", - "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2": "III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded Scotland in 1072", - "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3": "III of Scotland", - "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": "Sy", - "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": "introducing Normans and Norman culture to Scotland, part of the process some scholars", - "56de3d594396321400ee26ca": "Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford", - "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": "Ralph", - "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": "Here", - "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": "Bernard de Neufmarch\u00e9, Roger of Montgomery in Shropshire", + "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "Hastings", + "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": "the Battle of Hastings", + "56de16ca4396321400ee25c8": "England", + "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": "the course of the Hundred Years' War, the Norman aristocracy often identified themselves as English.", + "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5da": "1169", + "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db": "a profound effect on Irish culture and history after their invasion at Bannow Bay in 1169", + "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": "The Normans had a profound effect on Irish culture and history", + "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0": "1072, riding as far as Abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships.", + "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": "King Malcolm", + "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2": "1072", + "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3": "surrendered his son Duncan", + "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": "Sybilla of Normandy", + "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": "Norman culture to Scotland, part of the process some scholars", + "56de3d594396321400ee26ca": "Hereford", + "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": "the Marches and warring with the Welsh", + "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": "Hereford", + "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": "the Marches", "56de3e414396321400ee26d8": "1018", - "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": "1064", + "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": "William", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e6": "97", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7": "Tancred", - "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": "nephew", - "56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe": "Anglo-Norman forces of the Third Crusade opened a new chapter in the history of the island, which would be under Western European domination", - "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": "Richard", - "56de3f784396321400ee26fb": "aria", + "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": "Jerusalem", + "56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe": "380 years", + "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": "the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wrecks of several other ships, including the treasure ship.", + "56de3f784396321400ee26fb": "Berengaria", "56de3f784396321400ee26fc": "April 1191", - "56de3f784396321400ee26fd": "Richard", - "56de40da4396321400ee2708": "Guy", - "56de40da4396321400ee2709": "Richard then proceeded to conquer the whole island, his troops being led by Guy", - "56de40da4396321400ee270a": "Richard then proceeded to conquer the whole island, his troops being led by Guy", - "56de41504396321400ee2714": "Berengaria", - "56de41504396321400ee2715": "Berengaria", - "56de41504396321400ee2716": "Berengaria", + "56de3f784396321400ee26fd": "the port of Limassol on Cyprus.", + "56de40da4396321400ee2708": "Montferrat", + "56de40da4396321400ee2709": "silver chains, because Richard had promised that he would not place him in irons.", + "56de40da4396321400ee270a": "Guy", + "56de41504396321400ee2714": "Berengaria of Navarre", + "56de41504396321400ee2715": "12", + "56de41504396321400ee2716": "double coronation", "56de48f34396321400ee2770": "1489", "56de48f34396321400ee2771": "Knights Templar", - "56de49564396321400ee277a": "Jean", - "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": "1418", + "56de49564396321400ee277a": "the Atlantic coast of Africa", + "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": "Bethencourt took the title of King of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III of Castile.", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a8": "1418", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a9": "1418", - "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands. Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries", + "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "Guernsey", "56de4a474396321400ee2787": "two customaries", - "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd": "rounded arches, particularly over windows and doorways, and massive proportions", + "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd": "Romanes", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7be": "rounded", - "56de4b074396321400ee2793": "England", - "56de4b074396321400ee2794": "England", - "56de4b074396321400ee2795": "England, the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo-Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic. In southern Italy", - "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": "Saint-Ouen", - "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": "Saint-Ouen", - "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": "the 16th century and French Revolution", - "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": "Bishop of Bayeux", + "56de4b074396321400ee2793": "the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo-Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic", + "56de4b074396321400ee2794": "Anglo-Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic", + "56de4b074396321400ee2795": "Norman-Arab architecture within the Kingdom of Sicily", + "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": "the early 11th century", + "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": "a unifying force", + "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": "the 16th century", + "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": "the previous half century by the Danish Vikings.", "56de4c324396321400ee27ac": "Bayeux Tapestry", - "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": "Bishop of Bayeux", - "56de51244396321400ee27ef": "fonts", - "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": "La Trinit\u00e9-du-Mont", - "56de51c64396321400ee27f8": "John", - "56de52614396321400ee27fb": "Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy", - "56de52614396321400ee27fc": "Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy", - "56de52614396321400ee27fd": "Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard", - "56de52614396321400ee27fe": "Saint", - "56df9e2838dc4217001520f6": "1856", - "56df9e2838dc4217001520f8": "Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430; 10 July 1856 \u2013 7 January 1943", - "56df9e2838dc4217001520f9": "1943", - "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b7": "Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430; 10 July 1856 \u2013 7 January 1943", - "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b8": "1943", - "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b9": "Tesla", - "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6bb": "Tesla", + "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": "Bayeux Tapestry, which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery.", + "56de51244396321400ee27ef": "stonework or metalwork, such as capitals and baptismal fonts.", + "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": "11th century", + "56de51c64396321400ee27f8": "John of Ravenna", + "56de52614396321400ee27fb": "southern Italy", + "56de52614396321400ee27fc": "Sant'Eufemia", + "56de52614396321400ee27fd": "Robert Guiscard", + "56de52614396321400ee27fe": "the tradition of singing", + "56df9e2838dc4217001520f6": "10 July 1856", + "56df9e2838dc4217001520f8": "July", + "56df9e2838dc4217001520f9": "7 January 1943", + "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b7": "July", + "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b8": "7 January 1943", + "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b9": "Nikola Tesla", + "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6bb": "the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system.", "56df9ee138dc421700152108": "84", - "56df9ee138dc421700152109": "Thomas Edison in New York City", - "56df9ee138dc42170015210a": "Westinghouse", - "56df9ee138dc42170015210b": "Thomas Edison in New York City", - "56df9ee138dc42170015210c": "battles", - "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c1": "Thomas Edison in New York City", - "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c2": "Thomas Edison in New York City. He soon struck out on his own with financial backers, setting up laboratories", - "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3": "Thomas", + "56df9ee138dc421700152109": "Thomas Edison", + "56df9ee138dc42170015210a": "George Westinghouse", + "56df9ee138dc42170015210b": "New York City", + "56df9ee138dc42170015210c": "the formative years of electric power development was involved in a corporate alternating current/direct current \"War of Currents", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c1": "the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City.", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c2": "Thomas Edison in New York City.", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3": "New York City", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c4": "Westinghouse", - "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c5": "George", - "56dfa01738dc42170015211d": "93", - "56dfa01738dc42170015211e": "New York and Colorado Springs", - "56dfa01738dc42170015211f": "Colorado Springs", - "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35b": "New York and Colorado Springs", - "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35c": "93", - "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35d": "Colorado Springs", - "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35e": "intercontinental wireless transmission", - "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7": "1943", - "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb8": "1943", - "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb9": "1943", - "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba": "1943", - "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cb": "1943", - "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cc": "1943", - "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd": "1943", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c5": "George Westinghouse, who also hired Tesla for a short time as a consultant.", + "56dfa01738dc42170015211d": "the possibility of wireless communication", + "56dfa01738dc42170015211e": "high-voltage, high-frequency power experiments", + "56dfa01738dc42170015211f": "-fated attempt at intercontinental wireless transmission, his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project. In his lab", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35b": "Colorado Springs", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35c": "the possibility of wireless communication with his devices.", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35d": "the possibility of wireless communication with his devices.", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35e": "Wardenclyffe Tower", + "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7": "7 January 1943", + "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb8": "the 1990s.", + "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb9": "New York hotels", + "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba": "eventually earning him a reputation in popular culture", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cb": "the 1990s.", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cc": "7 January 1943", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd": "the 1990s.", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6ce": "1990s", - "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf": "1943", - "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc1": "56", - "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc2": "priest", - "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc3": "1856", - "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc4": "1856", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36b": "priest", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36c": "father, Milutin Tesla, was a Serbian Orthodox priest", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36d": "1856", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36e": "1856", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36f": "1856", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf": "renowned for his achievements and showmanship", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc1": "Croatia", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc2": "a Serbian Orthodox priest", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc3": "the village of Smiljan, Austrian Empire (modern-day Croatia). His father, Milutin Tesla, was a Serbian Orthodox priest.", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc4": "eidetic memory", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36b": "a Serbian Orthodox priest", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36c": "Milutin Tesla", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36d": "\u0110uka Tesla (n\u00e9e Mandi\u0107", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36e": "\u0110uka Tesla (n\u00e9e Mandi\u0107", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36f": "the village of Smiljan, Austrian Empire (modern-day Croatia). His father, Milutin Tesla, was a Serbian Orthodox priest.", "56dfa1d34a1a83140091ebd4": "three", - "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd6": "three", + "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd6": "German", "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd7": "1862, the Tesla family moved to Gospi\u0107", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac375": "three", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac375": "older brother named Dane", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac376": "three", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac377": "three", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac378": "three", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac379": "Tesla family moved to Gospi\u0107", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac377": "accident", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac378": "Gospi\u0107", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac379": "Gospi\u0107", "56dfa24a38dc421700152142": "Martin Sekuli\u0107", - "56dfa24a38dc421700152143": "1870", - "56dfa24a38dc421700152144": "three years, graduating in 1873", - "56dfa24a38dc421700152145": "three years, graduating in 1873", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152143": "German", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152144": "integral calculus", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152145": "cheating", "56dfa24a38dc421700152146": "73", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d5": "1870", - "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d6": "1870", - "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d7": "Karlovac, to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107", - "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d8": "three years, graduating in 1873", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d6": "Karlovac, to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d7": "Martin Sekuli\u0107", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d8": "German", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d9": "73", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf2": "cholera", - "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf3": "nine", - "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf4": "nine", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf3": "nine months", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf4": "nine months", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf5": "enter the priesthood", - "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf6": "1873", - "56e0c2307aa994140058e6df": "73", - "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e0": "1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown, Smiljan. Shortly after he arrived, Tesla contracted cholera", - "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e1": "nine", - "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e2": "1873", - "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e3": "1873", - "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfc": "1874", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf6": "Smiljan", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6df": "1873", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e0": "cholera", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e1": "nine months", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e2": "the priesthood", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e3": "promised to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illness", + "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfc": "Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac.", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfd": "Mark Twain", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfe": "Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac. There, he explored the mountains", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebff": "1874", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ec00": "Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac. There, he explored the mountains", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac389": "1874", - "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38a": "Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac. There, he explored the mountains", + "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38a": "Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac.", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38b": "Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac. There, he explored the mountains", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38c": "Mark Twain", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152154": "1879", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152155": "1879", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152156": "1879", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152157": "1879", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152158": "1879", - "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ab": "1879", - "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ac": "1879", - "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ad": "1879", - "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ae": "1879", - "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3af": "1879", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9": "78", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfaa": "78", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfab": "78", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfac": "1879", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfad": "1879", - "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e717": "78", - "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e718": "Tesla left Graz", - "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e719": "1879", - "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71a": "spare time playing cards with local men on the streets. In March 1879", - "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71b": "March 1879", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152154": "1875", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152155": "the last semester.", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152156": "79", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152157": "the end of his second year, Tesla lost his scholarship and became addicted to gambling", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152158": "never", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ab": "the last semester.", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ac": "the last semester.", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ad": "79", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ae": "the end of his second year, Tesla lost his scholarship and became addicted to gambling", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3af": "the school, Tesla would be killed through overwork", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9": "the same time.", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfaa": "the same time.", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfab": "a draftsman", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfac": "the same time.", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfad": "the same time.", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e717": "December 1878", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e718": "the same time.", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e719": "the fact that he dropped out of school. His friends thought that he had drowned", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71a": "spare time playing cards with local men on the streets", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71b": "nervous breakdown", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbd": "March 1879", - "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbe": "March 1879", - "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbf": "April 1879", - "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc0": "Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under police guard for not having a residence permit. On 17 April 1879", - "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc1": "Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under police guard for not having a residence permit. On 17 April 1879", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbe": "24 March 1879", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbf": "17 April 1879", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc0": "although some sources say that he died of a stroke", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc1": "Tesla", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3bf": "March 1879", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c0": "March 1879", - "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c1": "March 1879", + "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c1": "a stroke). During that year, Tesla taught a large class of students in his old school, Higher Real Gymnasium, in Gospi\u0107", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c2": "17 April 1879", - "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5b": "Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", - "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5c": "Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", - "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5e": "Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", - "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5f": "Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", - "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c7": "Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", - "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c8": "Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", - "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c9": "1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5b": "Prague", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5c": "too late", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5e": "Charles-Ferdinand University; he never studied Greek, a required subject; and he was illiterate in Czech, another required subject.", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5f": "the university, although, as an auditor, he did not receive grades for the courses.", + "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c7": "\u0107", + "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c8": "January 1880", + "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c9": "too late to enroll at Charles-Ferdinand University", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3ca": "two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", - "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc7": "Budapest to work under Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s at a telegraph company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc7": "Budapest", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc8": "the Budapest Telephone Exchange", - "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc9": "the Budapest Telephone Exchange", - "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfca": "the Budapest Telephone Exchange", - "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfcb": "the Central Telegraph Office", - "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fc": "81", - "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fd": "Tesla realized that the company, then under construction, was not functional, so he worked as a draftsman in the Central Telegraph Office", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc9": "the Budapest Telephone Exchange.", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfca": "a telephone repeater", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfcb": "draftsman", + "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fc": "1881", + "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fd": "1881, Tesla moved to Budapest to work under Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s at a telegraph company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange.", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fe": "the Budapest Telephone Exchange", - "56e0d402231d4119001ac3ff": "the Budapest Telephone Exchange", + "56e0d402231d4119001ac3ff": "chief electrician position.", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc83": "1882", - "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc84": "1882, Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company", - "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc85": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works", - "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc86": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works", - "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc87": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc84": "1882, Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company in France", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc85": "New York City:57\u201360 where he was hired by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side.", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc86": "Thomas Edison", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc87": "1882, Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company in France, designing and making improvements to electrical equipment.", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e769": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works", - "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76b": "84, he relocated to New York City:57\u201360 where he was hired by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works", - "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76c": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works", - "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76d": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works", - "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00d": "fifty thousand dollars in it for you\u2014if you can do it.\":54\u201357", - "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00e": "fifty thousand dollars in it for you\u2014if you can do it.\":54\u201357", - "56dfb4be7aa994140058e010": "Tesla, Edison remarked, \"There's fifty thousand dollars in it for you\u2014if you can do it.\":54\u201357", - "56e0d6367aa994140058e773": "fifty thousand dollars in it for you\u2014if you can do it.\":54\u201357", - "56e0d6367aa994140058e774": "fifty thousand dollars in it for you\u2014if you can do it.\":54\u201357", - "56e0d6367aa994140058e775": "fifty thousand dollars in it for you\u2014if you can do it.\":54\u201357", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e021": "1886", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e022": "Benjamin", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e023": "1886", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e024": "1886", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e025": "1886", - "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac420": "1886", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76b": "June 1884", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76c": "Thomas Edison", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76d": "Manhattan's lower east side. Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving more difficult problems.", + "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00d": "fifty thousand dollars", + "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00e": "US$10 a week raise", + "56dfb4be7aa994140058e010": "fifty thousand dollars in it for you\u2014if you can do it.\":54\u201357", + "56e0d6367aa994140058e773": "fifty thousand dollars", + "56e0d6367aa994140058e774": "the task of completely redesigning the Edison Company's direct current generators.", + "56e0d6367aa994140058e775": "US$10 a week", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e021": "two businessmen", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e022": "Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an electric lighting company", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e023": "the US.", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e024": "the US.", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e025": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac420": "two businessmen", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac421": "1886", - "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422": "1886", - "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423": "1886", - "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424": "1886", - "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb5": "1886/1887", - "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb6": "87", - "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb8": "Tesla considered the winter of 1886/1887", - "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb9": "1886/1887", - "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42b": "87", - "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42c": "87", - "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42d": "87", - "56dfb666231d4119001abcc0": "Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union", - "56dfb666231d4119001abcc1": "87", - "56dfb666231d4119001abcc2": "Tesla's patents and other ideas they agreed to back him financially and handle his patents. Together in April 1887", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423": "the US.", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424": "Tesla", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb5": "the company in lieu of stock.", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb6": "penn", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb8": "a ditch digger", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb9": "winter of 1886/1887", + "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42b": "the patents he had generated since he had assigned", + "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42c": "a ditch digger", + "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42d": "various electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch digger", + "56dfb666231d4119001abcc0": "Alfred S. Brown", + "56dfb666231d4119001abcc1": "April 1887", + "56dfb666231d4119001abcc2": "\u2153", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc3": "89 Liberty Street", - "56e0d810231d4119001ac432": "Alfred S. Brown", - "56e0d810231d4119001ac433": "Alfred S. Brown", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac432": "In late 1886", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac433": "Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union", "56e0d810231d4119001ac434": "Alfred S. Brown", "56e0d810231d4119001ac435": "89 Liberty Street", - "56e0d810231d4119001ac436": "87", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e053": "1887", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054": "1888", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e055": "1887", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e056": "Tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e057": "1887", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac436": "the Tesla Electric Company", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e053": "the things Tesla developed at that laboratory", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054": "May 1888", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e055": "the things Tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e056": "a simple self-starting design that did not need a commutator, thus avoiding", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e057": "the United States because of its advantages in long-distance, high-voltage transmission.", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43c": "1887", - "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43d": "1887", - "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43e": "1887", - "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43f": "1888", - "56e057e1231d4119001ac043": "Thomas Commerford Martin", + "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43d": "alternating current", + "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43e": "constantly", + "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43f": "May 1888", + "56e057e1231d4119001ac043": "Thomas Commerford Martin (a friend and publicist), arranged for Tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system, including his induction motor, at the", "56e057e1231d4119001ac044": "Institute of Electrical Engineers", "56e057e1231d4119001ac045": "1888", - "56e057e1231d4119001ac046": "Thomas Commerford Martin", - "56e057e1231d4119001ac047": "Thomas Commerford Martin", - "56e0dbb57aa994140058e779": "Thomas Commerford Martin", - "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77a": "Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company reported to George Westinghouse", - "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77b": "Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company reported to George Westinghouse", + "56e057e1231d4119001ac046": "Westinghouse had been trying to secure patents.", + "56e057e1231d4119001ac047": "alternating current system, including his induction motor, at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e779": "Thomas Commerford Martin (a friend and publicist), arranged for Tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system, including his induction motor, at the", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77a": "Westinghouse", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77b": "Westinghouse had been trying to secure patents.", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77c": "March 1888 by the Italian physicist Galileo Ferraris", - "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77d": "George Westinghouse", - "56e05900231d4119001ac04d": "1888", - "56e05900231d4119001ac04e": "Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50", - "56e05900231d4119001ac04f": "Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50", - "56e05900231d4119001ac051": "Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50", - "56e0dc667aa994140058e783": "Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50", - "56e0dc667aa994140058e784": "1888", - "56e0dc667aa994140058e785": "52,700 in today's dollars) per month to be a consultant", - "56e0dc667aa994140058e786": "Tesla for one year for the large fee of $2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars) per month to be a consultant", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77d": "Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company", + "56e05900231d4119001ac04d": "July 1888", + "56e05900231d4119001ac04e": "60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor.", + "56e05900231d4119001ac04f": "Westinghouse", + "56e05900231d4119001ac051": "a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs.", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e783": "60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor.", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e784": "July", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e785": "$2,000 ($52,700", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e786": "Pittsburgh labs", "56e059c8231d4119001ac057": "Pittsburgh", - "56e059c8231d4119001ac058": "Tesla worked in Pittsburgh", + "56e059c8231d4119001ac058": "Pittsburgh", "56e059c8231d4119001ac059": "60", - "56e059c8231d4119001ac05a": "Tesla worked in Pittsburgh", - "56e0e518231d4119001ac444": "Tesla worked in Pittsburgh", - "56e0e518231d4119001ac445": "Tesla worked in Pittsburgh", - "56e05a78231d4119001ac062": "Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse that had been simmering since Westinghouse's first AC system in 1886", - "56e05a78231d4119001ac063": "Tesla's demonstration of his induction motor and Westinghouse's subsequent licensing of the patent, both in 1888", - "56e05a78231d4119001ac064": "1890", - "56e05a78231d4119001ac065": "1890", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78b": "1888", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78c": "1888", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78d": "1888", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78e": "Tesla's demonstration of his induction motor and Westinghouse's subsequent licensing of the patent, both in 1888", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78f": "1892", - "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cd": "Westinghouse", - "56e07c86231d4119001ac1ce": "Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago", - "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cf": "Westinghouse", - "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d0": "Tesla Polyphase System", - "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d1": "1893", - "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d5": "Westinghouse", - "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d6": "Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago", - "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d7": "Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago", - "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d8": "1893", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac213": "Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac214": "Tesla's advice", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac215": "Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac216": "Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac217": "Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", - "56e0ee12231d4119001ac459": "Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", - "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45a": "Tesla's advice", - "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45b": "Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", - "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45c": "Tesla", + "56e059c8231d4119001ac05a": "the city's streetcars.", + "56e0e518231d4119001ac444": "the city's streetcars.", + "56e0e518231d4119001ac445": "the city's streetcars.", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac062": "Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac063": "rival lighting systems", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac064": "AC development", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac065": "General Electric", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78b": "the \"AC\" side of the so-called \"War of Currents", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78c": "George Westinghouse", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78d": "the point of all-out warfare by 1888.", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78e": "Tesla's motor had to be put on hold for a while.", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78f": "Thomas Edison was no longer in control of his own company, which was consolidated into the conglomerate General Electric", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cd": "George Westinghouse", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1ce": "the history of AC power, as Westinghouse demonstrated the safety, reliability, and efficiency of a fully integrated alternating current system to the American public.", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cf": "a General Electric bid by one million dollars", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d0": "the \"Tesla Polyphase System", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d1": "a wireless gas-discharge lamp", + "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d5": "the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago with alternating current, beating out a General Electric bid by one million dollars", + "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d6": "the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago", + "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d7": "1893", + "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d8": "the safety, reliability, and efficiency of a fully integrated alternating current system to the American public.", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac213": "Richard Dean Adams", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac214": "Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company sought Tesla's opinion", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac215": "Westinghouse Electric", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac216": "Westinghouse Electric. A further contract to build the AC distribution system was awarded to General Electric", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac217": "Westinghouse Electric. A further contract to build the AC distribution system was awarded to General Electric.", + "56e0ee12231d4119001ac459": "the falls.", + "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45a": "1893", + "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45b": "the falls.", + "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45c": "Tesla advised Adams that a two-phased system would be the most reliable", "56e089ab231d4119001ac285": "1896", - "56e089ab231d4119001ac287": "Tesla", - "56e089ab231d4119001ac288": "50", + "56e089ab231d4119001ac287": "$216,000", + "56e089ab231d4119001ac288": "$2.50", "56e089ab231d4119001ac289": "200", - "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac462": "J. P. Morgan, involved in takeover attempts and patent battles", + "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac462": "J. P. Morgan", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac463": "200,000 in licenses and royalties", - "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac464": "Westinghouse", + "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac464": "$216,000", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5da": "30 July", - "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5db": "91", - "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dc": "91", - "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dd": "91", + "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5db": "the same year, he patented the Tesla coil.", + "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dc": "the United States, and established his South Fifth Avenue laboratory, and later another at 46 E. Houston Street, in New York. He lit electric lamps", + "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dd": "the Tesla coil", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac468": "30 July", - "56e0ef90231d4119001ac469": "91", + "56e0ef90231d4119001ac469": "the Tesla coil", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46a": "30 July", - "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46b": "91", - "56e08aa0231d4119001ac299": "1892", - "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29a": "Institute of Radio Engineers", - "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29d": "1892", - "56e0f019231d4119001ac470": "1892", - "56e0f019231d4119001ac471": "1892", + "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46b": "the potential of wireless power transmission", + "56e08aa0231d4119001ac299": "the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the forerunner (along with the", + "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29a": "Institute of Radio Engineers) of the modern-day IEEE, from 1892 to 1894.", + "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29d": "1892 to 1894", + "56e0f019231d4119001ac470": "1892 to 1894.", + "56e0f019231d4119001ac471": "1892 to 1894.", "56e0f019231d4119001ac472": "Institute of Radio Engineers", - "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a4": "1894", + "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a4": "the discovery of x-rays\u2014when he tried to photograph Mark Twain illuminated by a Geissler tube, an earlier type of gas discharge tube.", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a5": "March", - "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a6": "Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen", - "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a7": "The New York Times", + "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a6": "Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen's December", + "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a7": "the metal locking screw", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c8": "1894", - "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c9": "1894", - "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4ca": "1894", - "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cb": "December", - "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cc": "Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen's December 1895 announcement of the discovery of x-rays\u2014when he tried to photograph Mark Twain", - "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ad": "Tesla proceeded to do his own experiments", - "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ae": "1896", - "56e08d32231d4119001ac2af": "Tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in X-ray imaging, developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube", - "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b0": "Tesla devised several experimental setups", - "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b1": "Tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in X-ray imaging, developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube", - "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d4": "1896", - "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d5": "a high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design", - "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d6": "Tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in X-ray imaging, developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c9": "the discovery of x-rays\u2014when he tried to photograph Mark Twain illuminated by a Geissler tube, an earlier type of gas discharge tube.", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4ca": "the discovery of x-rays\u2014when he tried to photograph Mark Twain illuminated by a Geissler tube, an earlier type of gas discharge tube.", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cb": "Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen's December 1895 announcement of the discovery of x-rays", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cc": "Mark Twain", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ad": "experiments", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ae": "March 1896", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2af": "radiography", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b0": "several experimental setups", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b1": "the Tesla Coil", + "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d4": "March 1896", + "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d5": "the Tesla Coil (the modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung", + "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d6": "the output of the Tesla Coil (the modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b7": "Tesla", - "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b8": "Tesla", - "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b9": "nitrous acid. Tesla", - "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2ba": "Tesla noted the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices. In his many notes", - "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2bb": "Tesla", - "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ee": "Tesla", - "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ef": "Tesla", - "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f0": "Tesla incorrectly believed that X-rays were longitudinal waves", - "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f1": "the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays", - "56e0e69b7aa994140058e795": "Benjamin", - "56e0e69b7aa994140058e796": "1893 Westinghouse", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b8": "various causes", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b9": "lesser extent", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2ba": "Tesla noted the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2bb": "plasmas", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ee": "the early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to various causes.", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ef": "a lesser extent, by nitrous acid. Tesla incorrectly believed that X-rays were longitudinal waves", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f0": "plasmas", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f1": "the early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to various causes.", + "56e0e69b7aa994140058e795": "Benjamin Lamme", + "56e0e69b7aa994140058e796": "1893", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e797": "Westinghouse Electric started branding their complete polyphase phase AC system as the \"Tesla Polyphase System", - "56e0ed557aa994140058e7dd": "the Egg of Columbus", - "56e0ed557aa994140058e7e0": "Egg of Columbus", + "56e0ed557aa994140058e7dd": "Egg of Columbus", + "56e0ed557aa994140058e7e0": "a device he constructed known as the Egg of Columbus", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e859": "11 July 1934", - "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85a": "Tesla said he could feel a sharp stinging pain", - "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85b": "Tesla said he could feel a sharp stinging pain", - "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85c": "Tesla said, \"The particles in the beam of force ... will travel much faster", - "56e0fb14231d4119001ac525": "St. Louis, Missouri, the Franklin Institute", - "56e0fb14231d4119001ac526": "St. Louis, Missouri, the Franklin Institute", - "56e0fb14231d4119001ac527": "1893 in St. Louis, Missouri, the Franklin Institute", - "56e0fb887aa994140058e869": "1899", - "56e0fb887aa994140058e86a": "1899", - "56e0fb887aa994140058e86b": "13 May 1899", - "56e0fb887aa994140058e86c": "1899", - "56e0fb887aa994140058e86d": "monkey", + "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85a": "stinging pain", + "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85b": "stinging pain where it entered his body, and again at the", + "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85c": "bits of metal projected by his \"electric gun,\" Tesla said, \"The particles in the beam of force ... will travel much faster", + "56e0fb14231d4119001ac525": "the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the National Electric Light Association", + "56e0fb14231d4119001ac526": "the Tesla Coil were used in the further development of radio.", + "56e0fb14231d4119001ac527": "the Franklin Institute", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e869": "13 May 1899", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86a": "teleautomaton", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86b": "Madison Square Garden", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86c": "Madison Square Garden", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86d": "a trained monkey", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e877": "1900", - "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878": "1900", - "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e879": "1901", + "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878": "transatlantic radio transmission in 1901, Tesla quipped that it was done with 17 Tesla patents, though there is little to support this claim.", + "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e879": "transatlantic radio transmission in 1901", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87a": "1943", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87b": "1943", - "56e0fd167aa994140058e881": "1899", - "56e0fd167aa994140058e882": "telegraphy experiments, transmitting signals from Pikes Peak to Paris.[citation needed] The 1978 book Colorado Springs Notes, 1899\u20131900", - "56e0fd167aa994140058e883": "15 June 1899", - "56e0fd167aa994140058e884": "June 1899", - "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ea": "Tesla was detecting from lightning storms", - "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673eb": "Tesla was detecting from lightning storms", - "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ec": "the earth had a resonant frequency", - "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6a": "a livery stable", - "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6b": "the ground. Sparks sprang from water line taps when touched. Light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab", - "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6c": "Thunder", - "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6d": "Cripple Creek", - "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6e": "St", - "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fb": "1917", - "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fc": "Tesla inadvertently faulted a power station generator, causing a power outage. In August 1917", - "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fd": "1917", - "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fe": "Tesla inadvertently faulted a power station generator, causing a power outage. In August 1917", - "56e10043e3433e1400422a84": "1901", - "56e10043e3433e1400422a85": "1900", - "56e10043e3433e1400422a86": "Julian Hawthorne at the Philadelphia North American on 8 December 1899", - "56e10043e3433e1400422a87": "1900", + "56e0fd167aa994140058e881": "17 May 1899", + "56e0fd167aa994140058e882": "telegraphy experiments, transmitting signals from Pikes Peak to Paris", + "56e0fd167aa994140058e883": "15 June", + "56e0fd167aa994140058e884": "five", + "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ea": "atmospheric electricity, observing lightning signals via his receivers.", + "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673eb": "the nature of what Tesla was detecting from lightning storms confirmed his belief that the earth had a resonant frequency.", + "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ec": "the nature of what Tesla was detecting from lightning storms confirmed his belief that the earth had a resonant frequency", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6a": "the ground.", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6b": "135 feet long", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6c": "15 miles away", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6d": "the ground. Sparks sprang from water line taps when touched. Light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab glowed", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6e": "swirling in circles", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fb": "a power station generator, causing a power outage", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fc": "it was found that the dynamos in a power house six miles away were repeatedly burned out", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fd": "it was found that the dynamos in a power house", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fe": "the windings", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a84": "intelligently controlled signals\" and that the signals could come from Mars, Venus, or other planets", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a85": "Mars", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a86": "Julian Hawthorne", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a87": "it had not been immediately apparent to him that he was hearing \"intelligently controlled signals\" and that the signals could come from Mars", "56e10043e3433e1400422a88": "July 1899", - "56e100b6cd28a01900c67403": "1899", + "56e100b6cd28a01900c67403": "100", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67404": "John Jacob Astor IV invested $100,000 for Tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system", - "56e100b6cd28a01900c67405": "John Jacob Astor IV invested $100,000 for Tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system", - "56e100b6cd28a01900c67406": "John Jacob Astor IV invested $100,000 for Tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system", - "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740b": "1900", - "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740c": "1904", + "56e100b6cd28a01900c67405": "Colorado Springs experiments.", + "56e100b6cd28a01900c67406": "John Jacob Astor IV invested $100,000 for Tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system.", + "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740b": "7 January 1900", + "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740c": "1904, and its contents were sold two years later to satisfy a debt.", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740d": "1904", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740e": "1904", - "56e10179cd28a01900c67413": "Tesla", - "56e10179cd28a01900c67414": "Wardenclyffe near Shoreham", - "56e10179cd28a01900c67415": "Wardenclyffe near Shoreham", - "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8e": "Tesla", - "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8f": "Tesla", - "56e101f4e3433e1400422a91": "Tesla", - "56e10296cd28a01900c67423": "1903", - "56e10296cd28a01900c67424": "Tesla wrote to Morgan that in addition to wireless communication, Wardenclyffe would be capable of wireless transmission of electric power. On 14 October 1904", - "56e10296cd28a01900c67425": "1901", - "56e10296cd28a01900c67426": "1903", + "56e10179cd28a01900c67413": "the trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility", + "56e10179cd28a01900c67414": "Wardenclyffe", + "56e10179cd28a01900c67415": "Wardenclyffe near Shoreham, Long Island.", + "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8e": "the money had gone, Tesla responded by saying that he was affected by the Panic of 1901, which he (Morgan) had caused.", + "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8f": "the money had gone", + "56e101f4e3433e1400422a91": "the original agreement, and Tesla had been facing foreclosure even before construction of the tower began.", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67423": "50", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67424": "the next five years, Tesla wrote over 50 letters to Morgan, pleading for and demanding additional funding to complete the construction of Wardenclyffe.", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67425": "December", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67426": "187", "56e10325cd28a01900c67435": "200", - "56e10325cd28a01900c67436": "200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine. During 1910\u20131911 at the Waterside Power Station", - "56e10325cd28a01900c67437": "200", - "56e10325cd28a01900c67438": "200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine. During 1910\u20131911", - "56e10412e3433e1400422aba": "steam-powered mechanical oscillator\u2014Tesla's oscillator. While experimenting with mechanical oscillators at his Houston Street", - "56e10412e3433e1400422abb": "Tesla invented a steam-powered mechanical oscillator\u2014Tesla's oscillator. While experimenting with mechanical oscillators at his Houston Street", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67436": "the Waterside Power Station in New York, several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100\u20135,000 hp.", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67437": "1906", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67438": "100\u20135,000 hp", + "56e10412e3433e1400422aba": "steam", + "56e10412e3433e1400422abb": "experimenting with mechanical oscillators", "56e10412e3433e1400422abc": "it is said that the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building and, belatedly realizing the danger", - "56e10412e3433e1400422abd": "1912", - "56e10412e3433e1400422abe": "1912", - "56e1066be3433e1400422ae4": "1912", - "56e1066be3433e1400422ae5": "1912", - "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6": "1912", + "56e10412e3433e1400422abd": "World Today", + "56e10412e3433e1400422abe": "the earth's crust", + "56e1066be3433e1400422ae4": "electricity", + "56e1066be3433e1400422ae5": "infinitesimal electric waves vibrating at high frequency.", + "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6": "William H. Maxwell", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae7": "William H. Maxwell", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afa": "1917", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afb": "1917", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afc": "1917, around the time that the Wardenclyffe Tower", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afd": "1917", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afe": "1917", - "56e108abe3433e1400422b0c": "1917", - "56e108abe3433e1400422b0d": "radar", - "56e108abe3433e1400422b0e": "1917", - "56e108abe3433e1400422b0f": "1953", - "56e1097dcd28a01900c6748f": "Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla; however, on 15 November, a Reuters story from Stockholm", - "56e1097dcd28a01900c67490": "Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla", - "56e1097dcd28a01900c67491": "Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla", - "56e1097dcd28a01900c67492": "Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla", - "56e10a28cd28a01900c674b1": "20", - "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b3": "38 possible bids in 1915 and Tesla did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1937", - "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4": "Edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915 and Tesla did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1937", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afa": "overseas", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afb": "the war started, Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in European countries.", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afc": "Wardenclyffe", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afd": "20", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afe": "the Edison Medal", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0c": "August 1917", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0d": "a fluorescent screen", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0e": "modern radar", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0f": "\u00c9mile Girardeau", + "56e1097dcd28a01900c6748f": "Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg \"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-", + "56e1097dcd28a01900c67490": "Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg \"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-", + "56e1097dcd28a01900c67491": "refused", + "56e1097dcd28a01900c67492": "the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.\":245 There were unsubstantiated rumors at the", + "56e10a28cd28a01900c674b1": "the other's achievements and right", + "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b3": "38", + "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4": "Edison", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b5": "1937", - "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b24": "1928", - "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b25": "1928", - "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b26": "1928", - "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b27": "1928", - "56e10c61e3433e1400422b36": "1934, the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company began paying Tesla $125 per month", - "56e10c61e3433e1400422b37": "1934, the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company", - "56e10c61e3433e1400422b38": "1934", - "56e10c61e3433e1400422b39": "1934, the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company", - "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d7": "1935, in an annual birthday celebration interview, Tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance", - "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d8": "Tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance", - "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d9": "Tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b24": "1,655,114", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b25": "U.S. Patent 1,655,114", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b26": "less", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b27": "the use of turbine engines", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b36": "the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company began paying Tesla $125 per month", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b37": "the rest of Tesla's life. Accounts on how this came about vary.", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b38": "the rest of Tesla's life.", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b39": "the rest of Tesla's life. Accounts on how this came about vary. Several sources say Westinghouse was worried about potential bad publicity", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d7": "a method of transmitting mechanical energy", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d8": "the location of underground mineral deposits.", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d9": "the location of underground mineral deposits.", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674da": "the location of underground mineral deposits", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674db": "1935", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b48": "Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and the library to feed the pigeons. While crossing a street", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b49": "Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and the library to feed the pigeons. While crossing a street", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b48": "the pigeons. While crossing a street", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b49": "consult a doctor\u2014an almost lifelong custom). Tesla didn't raise any question as to who was at fault and refused medical aid", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4a": "three", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4b": "Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and the library to feed the pigeons. While crossing a street", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4c": "Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and the library to feed the pigeons. While crossing a street", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674eb": "Later", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ec": "Later", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ed": "Later", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ee": "Later in life, Tesla made claims concerning a \"teleforce\" weapon after studying the Van de Graaff", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ef": "variably referred to it as a \"peace ray", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4b": "the ground.", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4c": "the fall of 1937", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674eb": "the weapon as capable of being used against ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes.", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ec": "the Van de Graaff generator. The press variably referred to it as a \"peace ray\" or death ray.", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ed": "against ground-based infantry", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ee": "the Van de Graaff generator.", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ef": "variably referred to it as a \"peace ray\" or death ray", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5c": "1937", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5d": "1937", - "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5e": "1937", - "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5f": "Tesla", - "56e10f14e3433e1400422b60": "1937", - "56e10fbacd28a01900c67509": "Tesla wrote a treatise", - "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750a": "Tesla wrote a treatise", - "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750b": "the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade", - "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750c": "Tesla", - "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750d": "Tesla", - "56e11044e3433e1400422b76": "Tesla said that efforts had been made to steal the invention. His room had been entered and his papers had been scrutinized, but the thieves", - "56e11044e3433e1400422b77": "Tesla said that efforts had been made to steal the invention. His room", - "56e11044e3433e1400422b78": "papers", - "56e110c3cd28a01900c67531": "1943", - "56e110c3cd28a01900c67532": "1943", - "56e110c3cd28a01900c67533": "1943", - "56e110c3cd28a01900c67534": "1943", - "56e110c3cd28a01900c67535": "1943", - "56e11161e3433e1400422b86": "the FBI ordered the Alien Property Custodian", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5e": "tungsten", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5f": "the world.\" His records indicate that the device is based on a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b60": "Only a little time", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c67509": "The Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media, concerning charged particle beam weapons", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750a": "The Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media, concerning charged particle beam weapons.", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750b": "Belgrade", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750c": "millions", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750d": "put an end to all war", + "56e11044e3433e1400422b76": "the invention. His room had been entered and his papers had been scrutinized, but the thieves, or spies", + "56e11044e3433e1400422b77": "the teleforce weapon was all in his mind", + "56e11044e3433e1400422b78": "empty-handed", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67531": "86", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67532": "7 January 1943", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67533": "Alice Monaghan", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67534": "the \"do not disturb\" sign", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67535": "ruled that the cause of death had been coronary thrombosis", + "56e11161e3433e1400422b86": "the Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company under the Office of Alien Property (OAP) seal. John G. Trump, a professor at M.", "56e11161e3433e1400422b87": "John G. Trump", "56e11161e3433e1400422b89": "John G. Trump", - "56e11161e3433e1400422b8a": "the FBI ordered the Alien Property Custodian", - "56e111e5e3433e1400422b90": "Fiorello La Guardia", - "56e111e5e3433e1400422b91": "Fiorello La Guardia", - "56e111e5e3433e1400422b92": "1943", - "56e111e5e3433e1400422b93": "1943", - "56e111e5e3433e1400422b94": "1943", - "56e1127bcd28a01900c67549": "1952", - "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754a": "Tesla's nephew, Sava Kosanovi\u0107", - "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754b": "1957", + "56e11161e3433e1400422b8a": "the Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b90": "Fiorello La Guardia read a eulogy written by Slovene-American author Louis Adamic", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b91": "by Slovene-American author Louis Adamic", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b92": "12", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b93": "two thousand", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b94": "the background. On 12 January, two thousand people attended a state funeral for Tesla at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine.", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c67549": "Belgrade", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754a": "Sava Kosanovi\u0107", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754b": "Charlotte Muzar", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754c": "1957", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754d": "1957", - "56e11996e3433e1400422bde": "300", - "56e11996e3433e1400422bdf": "300", - "56e11996e3433e1400422be0": "300", - "56e11996e3433e1400422be1": "300", - "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b5": "6:00 p.m. or later", - "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b6": "6:00 p.m. or later", + "56e11996e3433e1400422bde": "278", + "56e11996e3433e1400422bdf": "278", + "56e11996e3433e1400422be0": "278 patents issued to Tesla in 26", + "56e11996e3433e1400422be1": "various sources have discovered some that have lain hidden in patent archives", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b5": "the only one to serve him. \"The meal was required to be ready at eight o'clock", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b6": "the only one to serve him. \"The meal was required to be ready at eight o'clock", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b7": "3", - "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b8": "eight o'clock", - "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf0": "10", - "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf1": "Tesla", - "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf2": "Tesla walked between 8 to 10 miles per day. He squished his toes one hundred times", - "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf3": "Tesla", - "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c7": "Brisbane", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b8": "the only one to serve him. \"The meal was required to be ready at eight o'clock", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf0": "8 to 10 miles per day. He squished his toes one hundred times for each foot every night, saying that it stimulated his brain cells.", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf1": "Tesla walked between 8 to 10 miles per day.", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf2": "one hundred times", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf3": "one hundred times for each foot every night, saying that it stimulated his brain cells", + "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c7": "telepathy", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c8": "Arthur Brisbane", - "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c9": "Tesla", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d7": "Tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d8": "Tesla spent over $2,000", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d9": "Tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675da": "every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675db": "Tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room", - "56e11c24e3433e1400422c18": "6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 142 pounds (64 kg", + "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c9": "reduced to one", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d7": "the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room to nurse back to health.", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d8": "2,000", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d9": "the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room to nurse back to health.", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675da": "the end of his life, Tesla walked to the park", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675db": "room", + "56e11c24e3433e1400422c18": "142", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c19": "6", - "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1a": "6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 142 pounds (64 kg), with almost no weight variance from 1888", - "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1b": "6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 142 pounds (64 kg", - "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e7": "polyglot, speaking eight", - "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e8": "repeatedly stricken with illness", + "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1a": "almost", + "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1b": ", and regimented in his daily activities.", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e7": "eight", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e8": "repeatedly stricken with illness. He suffered a peculiar affliction", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e9": "33", - "56e11cedcd28a01900c675ea": "33", - "56e11cedcd28a01900c675eb": "supposedly possessed a photographic memory.:33", - "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f1": "Tesla developed a passion for (and became very proficient at) billiards, chess and card-playing", - "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f2": "3", - "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f3": "second year of study at Graz", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675ea": ".:33", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675eb": "a photographic memory", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f1": "more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f2": "84", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f3": "Graz", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f4": "3", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f5": "Kenneth Swezey, a journalist", - "56e11e57e3433e1400422c28": "chastity", - "56e11e57e3433e1400422c29": "the end of his life, he told a reporter", + "56e11e57e3433e1400422c28": "his chastity", + "56e11e57e3433e1400422c29": ", did not have any known relationships.", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c2a": "Sometimes", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2e": "Dorothy Skerrit", - "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2f": "Robert Underwood Johnson described him as attaining a \"distinguished sweetness", - "56e11f05e3433e1400422c30": "Tesla's friend, Julian Hawthorne", - "56e11f05e3433e1400422c31": "Tesla's friend, Julian Hawthorne", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2f": "Robert Underwood Johnson", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c30": "a social life, many people spoke very positively and admiringly of Tesla.", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c31": "Robert Underwood Johnson", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c32": "Julian Hawthorne", - "56e11f83cd28a01900c67611": "Fritz Lowenstein", - "56e11f83cd28a01900c67612": "Fritz Lowenstein", - "56e11f83cd28a01900c67613": "George", - "56e12005cd28a01900c67617": "33", - "56e12005cd28a01900c67618": "33", - "56e12005cd28a01900c67619": "Tesla could be harsh at times and openly expressed disgust for overweight people, such as when he fired a secretary", - "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a": "Tesla directed a subordinate to go home and change her dress.:33", - "56e120a1e3433e1400422c38": "the theory", - "56e120a1e3433e1400422c39": "there was no such thing as an electron creating an electric charge (he believed that if electrons existed at all, they were some fourth state of matter", - "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3a": "19th century", + "56e11f83cd28a01900c67611": "Twain", + "56e11f83cd28a01900c67612": "the late 1920s, Tesla also befriended George Sylvester Viereck", + "56e11f83cd28a01900c67613": "the late 1920s", + "56e12005cd28a01900c67617": ", such as when he fired a secretary because of her weight", + "56e12005cd28a01900c67618": "a secretary", + "56e12005cd28a01900c67619": ", such as when he fired a secretary because of her weight", + "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a": "several occasions", + "56e120a1e3433e1400422c38": "the 19th century concept of an all pervasive \"ether\" that transmitted electrical energy.", + "56e120a1e3433e1400422c39": "the 19th century concept of an all pervasive \"ether\" that transmitted electrical energy.", + "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3a": "electrical energy", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3b": "19th century", - "56e12110e3433e1400422c4a": "theory of relativity", + "56e12110e3433e1400422c4a": "Einstein's theory of relativity", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4b": "theories", - "56e12110e3433e1400422c4c": "theory", - "56e121b7e3433e1400422c50": "1892, and in 1937", - "56e121b7e3433e1400422c51": "1892, and in 1937", - "56e121b7e3433e1400422c52": "1892, and in 1937", + "56e12110e3433e1400422c4c": "theory of relativity", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c50": "a \"dynamic theory of gravity", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c51": "1892", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c52": "an end to idle speculations and false conceptions, as that of curved space", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c53": "1937", - "56e122dacd28a01900c67639": "Tesla, like many of his era, became a proponent of an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics", - "56e122dacd28a01900c6763a": "Tesla, like many of his era, became a proponent of an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics", - "56e122dacd28a01900c6763b": "the belief that humans' \"pity", + "56e122dacd28a01900c67639": "eugenics", + "56e122dacd28a01900c6763a": "ruthless workings", + "56e122dacd28a01900c6763b": "ity", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763c": "1937", - "56e1239acd28a01900c67641": "1926", + "56e1239acd28a01900c67641": "Queen Bees", "56e1239acd28a01900c67642": "1926", - "56e1239acd28a01900c67643": "1926", + "56e1239acd28a01900c67643": "Queen Bees", "56e12477e3433e1400422c5e": "1914", - "56e12477e3433e1400422c5f": "1914", - "56e12477e3433e1400422c60": "1914", - "56e12477e3433e1400422c61": "1914", - "56e124f1cd28a01900c6764f": "Tesla was raised an Orthodox Christian", - "56e124f1cd28a01900c67650": "Later in his life, he did not consider himself to be a \"believer in the orthodox sense,\" and opposed religious fanaticism", - "56e124f1cd28a01900c67651": "the orthodox sense,\" and opposed religious fanaticism. Despite this, he had a profound respect for both Buddhism", - "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66": "1937", - "56e1254ae3433e1400422c67": "Tesla", - "56e1254ae3433e1400422c68": "1937", + "56e12477e3433e1400422c5f": "Science and Discovery", + "56e12477e3433e1400422c60": "the relevant issues of a post-", + "56e12477e3433e1400422c61": "League of Nations", + "56e124f1cd28a01900c6764f": "an Orthodox Christian", + "56e124f1cd28a01900c67650": "ism", + "56e124f1cd28a01900c67651": "both Buddhism", + "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66": "article, \"A Machine to End War\", published in 1937", + "56e1254ae3433e1400422c67": "remain uncertain", + "56e1254ae3433e1400422c68": "War", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6c": "The Tesla Papers", - "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6d": "The Tesla Papers", - "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6e": "Tesla, compiled and edited by Ben Johnston", - "56e1262fcd28a01900c67655": "1900", + "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6d": "a number of books and articles for magazines and journals.", + "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6e": "Ben Johnston", + "56e1262fcd28a01900c67655": "Tesla's writings are freely available on the web", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67656": "1900", - "56e1262fcd28a01900c67657": "1900", - "56e126dae3433e1400422c7c": "Tesla is a recurring theme in several types of science fiction", - "56e126dae3433e1400422c7d": "Tesla is a recurring theme in several types of science fiction", - "56e126dae3433e1400422c7e": "Tesla is a recurring theme", - "56e127bccd28a01900c6765b": "1931", - "56e127bccd28a01900c6765c": "1931", - "56e127bccd28a01900c6765d": "1931", - "56e127bccd28a01900c6765e": "70", + "56e1262fcd28a01900c67657": "Inventions, Researches and Writings", + "56e126dae3433e1400422c7c": "a recurring theme in several types of science fiction", + "56e126dae3433e1400422c7d": "a recurring theme in several types of science fiction.", + "56e126dae3433e1400422c7e": "recurring theme", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765b": "Time magazine", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765c": "Time magazine", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765d": "the world's his power house\" noted his contribution to electrical power generation", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765e": "more than 70", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765f": "70", "56e16182e3433e1400422e28": "Computational complexity theory", - "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": "theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty", - "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": "principle", + "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": "Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty", + "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": "A computational problem", "56e16839cd28a01900c67887": "quantifying the amount of resources", - "56e16839cd28a01900c67888": "the amount of resources", - "56e16839cd28a01900c67889": "the amount of communication (used in communication complexity), the number of gates in a circuit (used in circuit complexity", + "56e16839cd28a01900c67888": "the amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time and storage.", + "56e16839cd28a01900c67889": "amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time and storage", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788a": "the amount of communication (used in communication complexity), the number of gates in a circuit (used in circuit complexity", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788b": "the number of processors (used in parallel computing). One of the roles of computational complexity theory", - "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": "analysis of algorithms and computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory", - "56e17644e3433e1400422f41": "analysis of algorithms and computability theory", - "56e17644e3433e1400422f42": "analysis of algorithms and computability theory", - "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": "analysis of algorithms and computability theory", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": "the same problem.", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f41": "the same problem. More precisely, it tries to classify problems that can or cannot be solved with appropriately restricted resources.", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f42": "the same problem. More precisely, it tries to classify problems that can or cannot be solved with appropriately restricted resources.", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": "the same problem. More precisely, it tries to classify problems that can or cannot be solved with appropriately restricted resources.", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a1": "instance", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a2": "a problem", - "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": "the solution is \"yes\" if the number is prime and \"no\" otherwise (in this case \"no\"). Stated another way, the instance", - "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": "the instance", - "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": "a problem instance", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": "rather concrete utterance", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": "The input string for a computational problem is referred to as a problem instance", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": "the output corresponding to the given input.", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f7f": "2000 kilometres", - "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "theory addresses computational problems and not particular problem instances", - "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": "10 km. For this reason, complexity theory addresses computational problems", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": "bitstrings. As in a real-world computer, mathematical objects", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1": "instance", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2": "instance", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": "bitstrings. As in a real-world computer, mathematical objects", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": "bitstrings. As in a real-world computer, mathematical objects", + "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "the following instance of the decision version of the traveling salesman problem: Is there a route of at most 2000 kilometres", + "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": "the following instance of the decision version of the traveling salesman problem: Is there a route of at most 2000 kilometres", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": ".e., the set {0,1}), and thus the strings are bitstrings.", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1": ".e., the set {0,1}), and thus the strings are bitstrings.", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2": "a problem instance", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": "binary notation", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": "adjacency matrices", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc8": "Decision problems", - "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": "Decision problems", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": "the answer yes, the algorithm is said to accept the input string, otherwise it is said to reject the input.", "56e190bce3433e1400422fca": "either 1 or 0", - "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": "members of the language are instances whose output is yes, and the non-members are those instances", - "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": "Decision problems", - "56e19557e3433e1400422fee": "the following. The input is an arbitrary graph. The problem consists in deciding", - "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": "the following. The input is an arbitrary graph. The problem consists in deciding", - "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": "deciding whether the given graph is connected, or not. The formal language associated with this decision problem", - "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": "Notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem", - "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": "Notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem", - "56e19724cd28a01900c679f8": "the traveling salesman problem", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": "instances whose output is yes, and the non-members are those instances", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": "the answer yes, the algorithm is said to accept the input string, otherwise it is said to reject the input.", + "56e19557e3433e1400422fee": "the following. The input is an arbitrary graph. The problem consists in deciding whether the given graph is connected, or not.", + "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": "the set of all connected graphs", + "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": "decide", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": "the integer factorization problem.", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": ", but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem, that is, it isn't just yes or no.", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679f8": "Not", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f9": "the traveling salesman problem", - "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": "Notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem", - "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": "notion of function problems", - "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f": "tri", - "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": "bits. Complexity theory", - "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": "the difficulty", - "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": "bits. Complexity theory", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": ", but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem, that is, it isn't just yes or no.", + "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": "the notion of decision problems.", + "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f": "the set of triples (a, b, c) such that the relation a \u00d7 b = c holds.", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": "the size of the instance.", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": "depend", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": "the size of the instance.", "56e1a38de3433e140042305f": "bits", - "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": "theory", - "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a48": "T(n) is a polynomial in n, then the algorithm is said to be a polynomial time algorithm. Cobham's thesis", - "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": "T(n) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n", + "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": "the input size", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a48": "Cobham's thesis", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": "the time taken can be expressed as a function of n", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4a": "T(n) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n", - "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4b": "T", - "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4c": "T(n) is a polynomial in n", - "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": "the Turing machine is the most commonly used model in complexity theory", - "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": "the Turing machine is the most commonly used model in complexity theory", - "56e1aba0e3433e1400423097": "the Turing machine is the most commonly used model in complexity theory", - "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": "the Turing machine is the most commonly used model in complexity theory", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a68": "deter", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": "deterministic", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": "A probabilistic Turing machine is a deterministic Turing machine with an extra supply of random bits. The ability to make probabilistic decisions", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6b": "non-deterministic Turing machine is a deterministic Turing machine with an added feature of non-determinism", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": "Algorithms that use random bits", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4b": "T(n) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n.", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4c": "T(n) is a polynomial in n, then the algorithm is said to be a polynomial time algorithm", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": "A Turing machine", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": "an algorithm", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423097": "the Turing machine", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": "symbols", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a68": "A deterministic Turing machine", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": "deterministic Turing machine is the most basic Turing machine, which uses a fixed set of rules", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": "prob", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6b": "A non-deterministic Turing machine is a deterministic Turing machine with an added feature of non-determinism", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": "Algorithms that use random bits are called randomized algorithms", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309e": "Many types of Turing machines are used to define complexity classes", - "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": "symmetric Turing machines and alternating Turing machines. They are all equally powerful in principle", + "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": ", but when resources (such as time or space) are bounded, some of these may be more powerful than others.", "56e1b00ce3433e14004230a1": "define complexity classes", - "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a72": "multi", - "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a73": "random access machines. Perhaps surprisingly, each of these models can be converted", - "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": "random access machines. Perhaps surprisingly, each of these models can be converted to another without providing any extra computational power. The time and memory", - "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": "random", - "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": "non-deterministic Turing machine is a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities", - "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": "a non-deterministic Turing machine is a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities", - "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": "non-deterministic Turing machine is a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities", - "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": "a non-deterministic Turing machine is a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities", - "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": "The time required by a deterministic Turing machine M", - "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": "criteria", - "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": "the set of problems", - "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": "the problem. Since complexity theory", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a72": "random access machines.", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a73": "the literature, for example random access machines. Perhaps surprisingly, each of these models can be converted to another without providing any extra computational power", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": "memory", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": "the literature, for example random access machines.", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": "non-deterministic Turing machine", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": "a non-deterministic Turing machine is a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities at once.", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": "many of the mathematical models", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": ", some computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources. For example, a non-deterministic Turing machine", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": "The time required by a deterministic Turing machine M on input x is the total number", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": "their difficulty", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": "instance", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": "a given amount of time and space, a computational model such as the deterministic Turing machine is used.", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abc": "time and space", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "time and space are the most well-known complexity resources", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abe": "a computational resource. Complexity measures are very generally defined by the Blum complexity axioms. Other complexity measures used in complexity theory", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": "theory include communication complexity", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": "tree", - "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e6": "three", - "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": "three", - "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": "three", - "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e9": "three", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "-known complexity resources", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abe": "the Blum complexity axioms", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": "Other complexity measures used in complexity theory include communication complexity", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": "decision tree complexity", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e6": "three different ways of measuring the time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs of the same size.", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": "The best, worst and average case complexity", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": "the same size.", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e9": "different inputs of the same size. Since some inputs of size n may be faster", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae0": "sorting", - "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": "sorting", - "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "sorting", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": "T", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": "T", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": "T", + "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": "O(n log n). The best case occurs when each pivoting divides the list in half, also needing O(n log n) time.", + "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "O(n2) for this case.", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": "the most efficient algorithm", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": "analysis", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": "T(n). However, proving lower bounds is much more difficult, since lower bounds make a statement about all possible algorithms that solve a given problem.", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423107": "T", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "T", - "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afc": "T(n) =", - "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": "T(n) = 7n2 + 15n + 40, in big O notation", - "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": "T(n) = 7n2 + 15n + 40", - "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": "T(n) = 7n2 + 15n + 40, in big O notation", - "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2c": "some complexity classes", - "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "a typical complexity class", - "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "a typical complexity class", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "the future.", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afc": "the big O notation, which hides constant factors and smaller terms.", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": "the specific details of the computational model used.", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": "instance", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": "the computational model", + "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2c": "classes", + "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "the following:", + "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "the following:", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423134": "depend", - "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": "multi", - "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": "multi", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": "quad", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": "single-tape Turing machines", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423137": "polynomially related", - "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": "the complexity class P, which is the set of decision problems", - "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423148": "the time or space used by the algorithm. Some important complexity classes", - "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "the time or space", - "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "the time or space used by the algorithm. Some important complexity classes of decision problems", - "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": "RP", - "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "Boolean circuits", - "56e1c4fce3433e1400423150": "BQP and QMA", - "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": "RP", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": "polynomial time.", + "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423148": "the time or space", + "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "bounding the time or space used by the algorithm.", + "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "Many important complexity classes", + "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": "probabilistic Turing machines", + "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "which are defined using Boolean circuits", + "56e1c4fce3433e1400423150": "BQP", + "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": ", which are defined using quantum Turing machines. #P is an important complexity class of counting problems", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423152": "Classes", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": "properly", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": "properly", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": "properly", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": "hierarchy", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": "properly", - "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "EXPTIME", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": "DTIME(n) is contained in DTIME(n2", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": "DTIME(n) is contained in DTIME(n2", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": "hierarchy", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": "proper hierarchy", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": "more", + "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "theorems", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b75": "EXPTIME", - "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b76": "EXPTIME, and the space hierarchy theorem tells us that L is strictly", - "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": "the concept of a reduction", - "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423193": "the concept of a reduction. A reduction is a transformation", - "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": "the concept of a reduction. A reduction is a transformation of one problem into another problem. It captures the informal notion of a problem being at least", - "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": "the concept of a reduction. A reduction is a transformation of one problem into another problem. It captures the informal notion of a problem being at least", + "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b76": "strictly contained in PSPACE", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": "a reduction", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423193": "polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions.", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": "polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions.", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": "polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions.", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423196": "polynomial-time reductions", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bac": "po", - "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "polynomial time. For example, the problem of squaring an integer can be reduced to the problem of multiplying two integers. This means an algorithm", - "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bae": "polynomial time. For example, the problem of squaring an integer can be reduced to the problem of multiplying two integers. This means an algorithm", - "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "polynomial-time reduction. This means that the reduction process takes polynomial time. For example, the problem", - "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bb0": "polynomial-time reduction. This means that the reduction process takes polynomial time. For example, the problem", - "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a4": "the concept of a problem being hard for a complexity class", - "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": "X is hard for a class", - "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": "every problem in C can be reduced to X", - "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "the concept of a problem being hard for a complexity class", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "polynomial-time reduction.", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bae": "polynomial-time reduction. This means that the reduction process takes polynomial time.", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "the problem of squaring an integer can be reduced to the problem of multiplying two integers.", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bb0": "polynomial-time reduction. This means that the reduction process takes polynomial time. For example, the problem of squaring an integer", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a4": "the type of reduction being used. For complexity classes larger than P, polynomial-time reductions are commonly used.", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": "polynomial-time reductions are commonly used.", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": "solve any problem in C", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "the set of problems that are hard for NP is the set of NP-hard problems", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cb": "the class of NP-complete problems", - "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": "the class", - "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": "\u03a02, to another problem, \u03a0", - "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": "\u03a02, to another problem, \u03a0", - "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": "the Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": "class of NP-complete problems", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": "\u03a02, to another problem", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": "polynomial time would mean that P = NP", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": "The complexity class P", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcb": "the Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis", - "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": "The complexity class", - "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": "NP", - "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": "Since deterministic Turing machines are special non-deterministic Turing machines, it is easily observed that each problem", - "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": "theoretical", - "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": "protein structure prediction in biology", - "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d8": "1,000,000", - "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd4": "\u2260", - "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": "Ladner", - "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": "\u2260", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": "no efficient algorithm", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": "The complexity class NP", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": "it is easily observed that each problem in P is also member of the class NP", + "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": "the answer is yes, many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions.", + "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": "the most important open questions in theoretical computer science because of the wide implications of a solution.", + "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d8": "US$1,000,000", + "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd4": "\u2260 NP", + "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": "intermediate problems", + "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": "The graph isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fc": "The graph isomorphism problem", - "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": "whether two finite graphs are isomorphic. An important unsolved problem in complexity theory", - "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": "the polynomial hierarchy", + "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": "The graph isomorphism problem", + "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": "polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level. Since it is widely believed that the polynomial hierarchy", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231ff": "the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level. Since it is widely believed that the polynomial hierarchy", - "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "the polynomial hierarchy", - "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": "3", - "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": "the prime factorization of a given integer. Phrased as a decision problem", - "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0c": "the RSA", - "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": "3", - "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210": "RP", - "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211": "RP", - "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": "RP, BPP, PP", - "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": "RP", - "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": "NP is not equal to co-NP; however, it has not yet been proven. It has been shown that if these two complexity classes", - "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": "the same lines, co-NP is the class containing the complement problems", - "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": "NP is not equal to co-NP; however, it has not yet been proven. It has been shown that if these two complexity classes", - "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "NP is not equal to co-NP; however, it has not yet been proven. It has been shown that if these two complexity classes", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": "L (the set of all problems", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": "the set of all problems", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": "the set of all problems", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "NL and NC, and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423226": "the two, such as NL and NC", - "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": "too long for their solutions to be useful, are known as intractable problems", - "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": "Problems that can be solved in theory (e.g., given large but finite time), but which in practice take too long", - "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": "NP", + "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "it is believed that graph isomorphism is not NP-complete.", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": "problem", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": "the problem of deciding whether the input has a factor less than k", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0c": "the RSA algorithm", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": "the best known quantum algorithm for this problem, Shor's algorithm", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210": "unequal, but this has not been proved.", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211": "\u2286 NP \u2286 PP \u2286 PSPACE, but it is possible that P = PSPACE.", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": "a major breakthrough in complexity theory.", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": "Proving that any of these classes are unequal would be a major breakthrough", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": "the same lines, co-NP is the class containing the complement problems (i.", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": "reversed", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": "the same lines, co-NP", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "the same lines, co-NP is the class containing the complement problems (i.", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": "the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P.", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": "the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P.", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": "the two, such as NL and NC, and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes.", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "many complexity classes", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423226": "the two, such as NL and NC, and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes.", + "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": "intractable problems", + "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": "Nevertheless", + "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": "the same as P", "56e1febfe3433e1400423236": "the decision problem", - "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": "reasonable times", - "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes", - "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": "less than quadratic time", - "56e1febfe3433e140042323a": "instances", - "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c14": "the complexity of algorithmic problems", - "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c15": "the complexity of algorithmic problems", - "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": "Alan Turing in 1936", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": "the problem are hard or even that most of them are.", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "the problem are hard or even that most of them are.", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": "less", + "56e1febfe3433e140042323a": "the NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c14": "the complexity of algorithmic problems started off, numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers.", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c15": "the complexity of algorithmic problems started off, numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers.", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": "Turing machines", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c17": "1936", - "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": "Alan Turing in 1936", - "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": "Richard", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": "a computer.", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": "the Computational Complexity of Algorithms\" by Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns", "56e202e9e3433e1400423241": "Richard Stearns", - "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": "Richard", - "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": "Richard Stearns", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": "1965", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": "Computational Complexity of Algorithms", "56e202e9e3433e1400423244": "1965", - "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": "1960", + "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": "Myhill", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1f": "Raymond Smullyan's study of rudimentary sets (1961", - "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c20": "Yamada", - "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c24": "theoretic theorems regularly assume some concrete choice of input encoding", - "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "theoretic theorems", - "56e20a3ae3433e140042324a": "1967", - "56e20a3ae3433e140042324b": "1967", - "56e20a3ae3433e140042324d": "21", - "56e20a3ae3433e140042324e": "Richard", - "56e7477700c9c71400d76f23": "Teachers may use a lesson plan to facilitate student learning, providing a course of study which is called the curriculum", + "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c20": "Hisao Yamada", + "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c24": "the choice of encoding.", + "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "the choice of encoding.", + "56e20a3ae3433e140042324a": "the USSR, proved that there exist practically relevant problems that are NP-complete.", + "56e20a3ae3433e140042324b": "the so-called, speed-up theorem", + "56e20a3ae3433e140042324d": "Reducibility", + "56e20a3ae3433e140042324e": "21", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f23": "the curriculum", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f24": "pedagogy", - "56e7477700c9c71400d76f25": "the study of pedagogy", - "56e7477700c9c71400d76f26": "Teachers may use a lesson plan to facilitate student learning, providing a course of study which is called the curriculum", - "56e7477700c9c71400d76f27": "teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out at a school or other place of formal education", - "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37": "teacher's role may vary among cultures", - "56e748a200c9c71400d76f38": "literacy", - "56e748a200c9c71400d76f39": "Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training", - "56e748a200c9c71400d76f3a": "the arts, religion", - "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f51": "schooling", - "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f52": "schooling", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f25": "the study of pedagogy, the science of teaching.", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f26": "the study of pedagogy, the science of teaching.", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f27": "the study of pedagogy, the science of teaching.", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37": "A teacher's role may vary among cultures", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f38": "literacy and numeracy", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f39": "craftsmanship or vocational training", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f3a": ", or life skills.", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f51": "some countries, formal education can take place through home schooling", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f52": "some countries, formal education can take place through home schooling", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f53": "some countries, formal education can take place through home schooling", - "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f54": "transient or ongoing", - "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f55": "formal education can take place through home schooling", - "56e74af500c9c71400d76f65": "Religious and spiritual teachers", - "56e74af500c9c71400d76f66": "Religious and spiritual teachers", - "56e74af500c9c71400d76f67": "Religious and spiritual teachers", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f54": "transient or ongoing role, such as a family member", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f55": "wider", + "56e74af500c9c71400d76f65": "the Quran, Torah or Bible.", + "56e74af500c9c71400d76f66": ".", + "56e74af500c9c71400d76f67": "the Quran, Torah or Bible", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f68": "Religious and spiritual teachers", - "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e33": "Teaching may be carried out informally, within the family, which is called homeschooling", - "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e34": "Formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e33": "ing", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e34": "the wider community. Formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e35": "Chartered", - "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e36": "Teaching may be carried out informally, within the family, which is called homeschooling", - "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e37": "par with physicians, lawyers, engineers, and accountants (Chartered", - "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6e": "Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips", - "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6f": "ext", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e36": "Teaching may be carried out informally, within the family, which is called homeschooling, or in the wider community", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e37": "the wider community. Formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals. Such professionals", + "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6e": ", and serve as supervisors for extracurricular activities. In some education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student discipline.", + "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6f": "extracurricular activities", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f70": "extracurricular activities", - "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f71": "some education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student discipline", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f76": "Around the world many governments", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f77": "Around the world many governments", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f78": "governments", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f79": "teacher's colleges, which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f7a": "Around the world many governments", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f94": "Education", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f95": "the State Board of Education", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f96": "teachers", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f97": "the State Board of Education", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f98": "the State Board of Education", - "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5b": "tutor", + "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f71": "some education systems", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f76": "teacher's colleges", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f77": "Around the world many governments operate teacher's colleges", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f78": "the world many governments operate teacher's colleges, which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f79": "certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f7a": "standards of practice", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f94": "the State Board of Education, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the State Education Agency or other governmental bodies.", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f95": "Teaching Unions may be responsible for some or all of these duties.", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f96": "teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing with the college", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f97": "hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs.", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f98": "accrediting teacher education programs", + "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5b": "A teacher who teaches on an individual basis may be described as a tutor.", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5c": "tutor", - "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5d": "tutor", + "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5d": "A teacher who teaches on an individual basis may be described as a tutor.", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5e": "tutor", - "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa8": "the classroom", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa8": "the past decade, has begun to shape the way teachers approach their roles in the classroom.", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa9": "Different ways to teach are often referred to as pedagogy", - "56e751fb00c9c71400d76faa": "the classroom", - "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fab": "the classroom", - "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fac": "technology", - "56e7535037bdd419002c3e6f": "the relevant authority", - "56e7535037bdd419002c3e70": "standardized curricula", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76faa": "outside", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fab": "the internet", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fac": "technology, specifically the rise of the internet", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e6f": "the relevant authority. The teacher may interact with students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e70": "the relevant authority", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e71": "the relevant authority. The teacher may interact with students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e72": "the relevant authority. The teacher may interact with students of different ages", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e73": "standardized curricula", - "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbc": "the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom", - "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbd": "the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom", - "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbe": "the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom", - "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbf": "deflate the cocky", - "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fc0": "the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc6": "the week and will teach them the whole curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc7": "the week and will teach them the whole curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc8": "the week and will teach them the whole curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc9": "the week and will teach them the whole curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fca": "the week and will teach them the whole curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbc": "particular", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbd": "problem solving", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbe": "encourage the timid", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbf": "def", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fc0": "a coach", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc6": "the relationship between teachers and children.", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc7": "the whole curriculum", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc8": "the week and will teach them the whole curriculum.", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc9": "the primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate parent during the course of the day.", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fca": "the week and may have ten or more different teachers.", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8b": "the United States as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education", - "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8c": "referred to as a \"platoon\" system, involves placing a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to another for every subject", - "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8d": "the United States as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8c": "the United States as well.", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8d": "a strong sense of security", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8e": "the United States as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education do exist. One of these, sometimes referred to as a \"platoon\" system", - "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8f": "the United States as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e95": "Co-teaching", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e96": "two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e97": "the classroom. Co-teaching", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e98": "Co-teaching", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e99": "the classroom. Co-teaching", - "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ea9": "history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment", - "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eaa": "history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment", - "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eab": "history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment", - "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eac": "history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment", - "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ead": "history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8f": "the United States as well.", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e95": "Co-teaching has also become a new trend amongst educational institutions", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e96": "the classroom.", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e97": "the classroom. Co-teaching focuses the student on learning by providing a social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential.", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e98": "the needs of every student in the classroom.", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e99": "social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential.", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ea9": "the history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eaa": "the history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment.", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eab": "the history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment.", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eac": "history of education the most common form of school discipline", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ead": "the history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb3": "past times", - "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4": "the United States following a US Supreme Court decision in 1977", - "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5": "1977", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4": "the world.", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5": "United States", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb6": "1977", - "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7": "past times, corporal punishment", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fec": "30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fed": "30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fee": "30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fef": "30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76ff0": "30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others", - "56e759bb00c9c71400d77000": "Official corporal punishment", - "56e759bb00c9c71400d77001": "details", - "56e759bb00c9c71400d77002": "details", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec7": "detention is one of the most common punishments", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec8": "the most common punishments", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7": "physical pain", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fec": "30", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fed": "the South", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fee": "the South) have not.", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fef": "specially", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76ff0": "the principal's office", + "56e759bb00c9c71400d77000": ", remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment.", + "56e759bb00c9c71400d77001": "some Asian, African and Caribbean countries", + "56e759bb00c9c71400d77002": ", remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment.", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec7": "detention", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec8": "detention", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec9": "the UK, Ireland, Singapore and other countries. It requires the pupil to remain in school", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3eca": "detention, students normally have to sit in a classroom", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ecb": "detention, students normally have to sit in a classroom", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed1": "North America and Western Europe", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed2": "Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed3": "the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed4": "reasonable discipline", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed5": "the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment", - "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef5": "Whilst this is the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics, some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline", - "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef6": "strict discipline", - "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef7": "Whilst this is the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics, some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline", - "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef8": "Whilst this is the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics, some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline", - "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702c": "the reality of East Asian classrooms", - "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702d": "the reality of East Asian classrooms", - "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702e": "the reality of East Asian classrooms", - "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702f": "discipline and behavior is highly problematic. Although, officially, schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior", - "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a": "50 students, maintaining order in the classroom", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3eca": "the UK, Ireland, Singapore and other countries.", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ecb": "the UK, Ireland, Singapore and other countries.", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed1": "the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class.", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed2": "the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class.", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed3": "firm", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed4": "inappropriate behavior. Teachers are expected to respect their students; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed5": "respect", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef5": "the majority of academics, some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef6": "East Asia", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef7": "stem from the weakness in school discipline", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef8": "the classroom they would be able to teach more efficiently.", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702c": "the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries.", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702d": "the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries.", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702e": "the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries. In Japan", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702f": "Although, officially, schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a": "the classroom", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703b": "the classroom", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703c": "ignoring", - "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703d": "ignoring", - "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703e": "the emphasis on attainment of university places, administrators", - "56e7611500c9c71400d77054": "dictatorial authority", - "56e7611500c9c71400d77055": "dictatorial authority", - "56e7611500c9c71400d77056": "dictatorial authority", - "56e7611500c9c71400d77057": "dictatorial authority for governments and schools alike. They also claim that in these schools the preservation of public order", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703d": "concentrate their attention on motivated students, ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703e": "the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction, leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught.", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77054": "dict", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77055": "Sudbury model democratic schools claim that popularly based authority can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority for governments and schools alike.", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77056": "the community as a whole, thence the school atmosphere is one of persuasion and negotiation", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77057": "preservation of public order", "56e7611500c9c71400d77058": "fairly and democratically", - "56e761d037bdd419002c3f13": "teachers can affect how students perceive the course materials, it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm", - "56e761d037bdd419002c3f14": "transfer their passion", - "56e761d037bdd419002c3f15": "teachers", - "56e761d037bdd419002c3f17": "the difficulties in this approach is that teachers may have repeatedly covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject", - "56e762fe00c9c71400d77072": "Teachers that exhibit enthusiasm", - "56e762fe00c9c71400d77073": "outside of the classroom", - "56e762fe00c9c71400d77074": "nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm", - "56e762fe00c9c71400d77075": "Teachers that exhibit enthusiasm", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f13": "it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials.", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f14": "it was found that teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content tend to transfer their passion", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f15": "it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials.", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f17": "it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials.", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77072": "the classroom.", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77073": "more likely", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77074": "the classroom.", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77075": "intrinsic motivation of college students", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77076": "higher", "56e763e800c9c71400d77086": "Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to students becoming more self-determined", - "56e763e800c9c71400d77087": "intrinsic motivation in the context of learning. Also, enthusiasm may act as a \"motivational embellishment", - "56e763e800c9c71400d77088": "Finally, the concept of emotional contagion, may also apply. Students may become more intrinsically", - "56e763e800c9c71400d77089": "Finally", - "56e764e200c9c71400d7708e": "attitudes", - "56e764e200c9c71400d7708f": "Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations", - "56e764e200c9c71400d77090": "Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students. Their ability to create effective learning environments that foster student achievement", - "56e764e200c9c71400d77091": "Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students. Their ability to create effective learning environments", - "56e764e200c9c71400d77092": "Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students. Their ability to create effective learning environments", - "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a2": "relations", - "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a4": "Teachers", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77087": "enthusiasm may act as a \"motivational embellishment", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77088": "more intrinsically", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77089": "the context of learning.", + "56e764e200c9c71400d7708e": "attitudes towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships", + "56e764e200c9c71400d7708f": "relations", + "56e764e200c9c71400d77090": "-student interactions are crucial in linking academic success with personal achievement.", + "56e764e200c9c71400d77091": "ing his personal goals", + "56e764e200c9c71400d77092": "Research shows that student motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships.", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a2": "Teachers", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a4": "Teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and effective teachers.", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a5": "Teachers", - "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a6": "Teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and effective teachers", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a6": "Teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and effective teachers.", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f49": "three", - "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4a": "three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm are enthusiasm about teaching, enthusiasm about the students, and enthusiasm", - "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4b": "teacher", - "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4c": "three", - "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4d": "three", - "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f53": "9", - "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f54": "9", - "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f55": "9", - "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f56": "9", - "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f57": "9", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4a": "enthusiasm", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4b": "the student as well", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4c": "the ability to be very influential", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4d": "three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f53": "Misconduct by teachers", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f54": "9.6%", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f55": "9.6%", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f56": "the media and the courts. A study by the American Association of University Women reported that 9.6%", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f57": "the media and the courts. A study by the American Association of University Women reported that 9.", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ca": "England", - "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cb": "0.3%", - "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cd": "0.3%", - "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ce": "0.3%", - "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f67": "Mary", - "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f69": "Mary", - "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e8": "the sex offenders register", - "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e9": "Chris Keates, the general secretary of National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers", - "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ea": "Chris Keates", + "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cb": "England", + "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cd": "England", + "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ce": "a list of 80,000 schools to create a stratified two-stage sample design of 2,065", + "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f67": "Mary Kay Letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct.", + "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f69": "Mary Kay Letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct.", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e8": "the law that we are concerned about.\" This has led to outrage from child protection and parental rights groups.", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e9": "Chris Keates", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ea": "parental rights groups", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770eb": "shortage", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ec": "the sex offenders register", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f75": "Teachers", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f76": "Teachers", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f77": "Teachers", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f78": "Teachers", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f79": "Teachers", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f75": ", including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance.", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f76": "a heavy workload, and inspections.", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f77": "occupational burnout", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f78": "organizational change", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f79": "Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f7f": "42%", - "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f80": "2000", - "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f81": "2000", - "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f82": "teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety, depression", - "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f83": "double the rate of anxiety, depression", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710e": "There are several ways to mitigate the occupational hazards of teaching", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710f": "teaching. Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules, providing support networks and mentoring", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77110": "training", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77111": "the work environment, and offering promotions and bonuses", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f80": "A 2000 study found that 42%", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f81": "A 2000 study found that 42%", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f82": "teachers", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f83": "double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than average workers", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710e": "Organizational", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710f": "Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules, providing support networks and mentoring", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77110": "Individual-level interventions, including stress-management training and counseling", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77111": "the work environment, and offering promotions and bonuses, may be effective in helping to reduce occupational stress", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77112": "Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules, providing support networks and mentoring, changing the work environment", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f93": "almost all countries teachers are educated in a university", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f94": "the world", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f95": "elementary school", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f96": "almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college. Governments", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f97": "almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college. Governments", - "56e76de800c9c71400d77122": "the responsibility of the individual states and territories", - "56e76de800c9c71400d77123": "three", - "56e76de800c9c71400d77124": "three-tier model which includes primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary", - "56e76de800c9c71400d77125": "tertiary education (universities and/or TAFE colleges", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f93": "university or college", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f94": "the world.", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f95": "many countries", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f96": "the US, require that prospective teachers pass a background check and psychiatric evaluation to be able to teach in classroom.", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f97": "the US, require that prospective teachers pass a background check and psychiatric evaluation", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77122": "the responsibility of the individual states and territories.", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77123": "three-tier model", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77124": "tert", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77125": "universities and/or TAFE colleges", "56e76de800c9c71400d77126": "three", - "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9d": "Teaching in Canada requires a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree. In most provinces a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education", - "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9e": "Teaching in Canada requires a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree. In most provinces a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education", - "56e76ea737bdd419002c3fa1": "Teaching in Canada requires a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree. In most provinces a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education", + "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9d": "the private sector, businesses and sponsors.", + "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9e": "the private sector, businesses and sponsors.", + "56e76ea737bdd419002c3fa1": "the option to teach for a public school which is funded by the provincial government or teaching in a private school which is funded by the private sector", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712c": "Teaching Education Studies", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712d": "Teaching Education Studies", - "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712e": "Teaching Education Studies", - "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712f": "Teaching Education Studies", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712e": "Grundschule", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712f": "Bundesbesoldungsordnung", "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130": "higher level secondary schools (Gymnasium", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77137": "Extra", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77138": "27,814", - "56e7714a00c9c71400d77139": "27,814", - "56e7714a00c9c71400d7713a": "90", - "56e7721500c9c71400d77140": "30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001, a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching post - who is not registered with the Teaching Council", + "56e7714a00c9c71400d77139": "\u20ac53,423", + "56e7714a00c9c71400d7713a": "90,000", + "56e7721500c9c71400d77140": "Teachers are required to be registered with the Teaching Council", "56e7721500c9c71400d77141": "Section 30", - "56e7721500c9c71400d77142": "30", - "56e7721500c9c71400d77143": "Section 30", + "56e7721500c9c71400d77142": "Teaching Council Act 2001", + "56e7721500c9c71400d77143": "Oireachtas funds", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbb": "2006", - "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbc": "2006", - "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbe": "2006", - "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbf": "2006", + "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbc": "the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role\". Existing staff will be vetted on a phased basis.", + "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbe": "the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role\". Existing staff will be vetted on a phased basis", + "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbf": "those", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714a": "September", - "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714b": "41,004 in September 2007", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714b": "\u00a320,133 to \u00a341,004 in September 2007, although some salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities.", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714c": "20", - "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714d": "41,004 in September 2007", - "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714e": "September", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd5": "retirements", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd6": "retirements", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd7": "retirements", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd8": "retirements", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714d": "bachelor's degree, complete an approved teacher education program, and be licensed.", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714e": "September 2007", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd5": "alternative licensing programs", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd6": "-fill positions.", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd7": "-fill positions.", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd8": "Excellent job opportunities", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd9": "retirements", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715c": "Provisional Registration", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715d": "Teaching in Scotland", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715e": "seven Scottish Universities", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715f": "ITE) at one of the seven Scottish Universities who offer these courses. Once successfully completed, \"Provisional Registration", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d77160": "Provisional Registration", - "56e7770037bdd419002c3fdf": "6 years teaching, but could then go on to earn up to \u00a339,942 as they complete the modules to earn Chartered Teacher Status", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715c": "Council for Scotland (GTCS", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715d": "Teaching", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715e": "seven", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715f": "the seven Scottish Universities", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d77160": "Provisional Registration\" is given by the GTCS which is raised to \"Full Registration\" status", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fdf": "April 2008", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe0": "20,427", - "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe1": "20,427 for a Probationer, up to \u00a332,583", - "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe2": "20,427 for a Probationer, up to \u00a332,583", - "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe3": "6 years teaching, but could then go on to earn up to \u00a339,942 as they complete the modules to earn Chartered Teacher Status", - "56e777e500c9c71400d77176": "a significant number of students all over Wales are educated either wholly or largely through the medium of Welsh: in 2008/09", - "56e777e500c9c71400d77177": "2008/09", - "56e777e500c9c71400d77178": "lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16", - "56e777e500c9c71400d77179": "2008/09", - "56e777e500c9c71400d7717a": "the sole or main medium of instruction. Welsh medium education is available to all age groups through nurseries", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77180": "Teachers", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77181": "recent years", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77182": "2005 and 2010", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77183": "WT", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77184": "teachers in Welsh schools", - "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd": "three", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe1": "20,427", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe2": "6 years teaching", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe3": "the Scottish Secondary Teachers' Association", + "56e777e500c9c71400d77176": "certain respects", + "56e777e500c9c71400d77177": "the medium of Welsh: in 2008/09, 22 per cent of classes in maintained primary schools used Welsh as the sole or main medium of instruction", + "56e777e500c9c71400d77178": "until the age of 16", + "56e777e500c9c71400d77179": "22 per cent of classes in maintained primary schools used Welsh as the sole or main medium of instruction", + "56e777e500c9c71400d7717a": "all age groups", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77180": "Teachers in Wales can be registered members of trade unions", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77181": "the average age of teachers in Wales is falling", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77182": "between 2005 and 2010", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77183": "the average age of teachers in Wales is falling with teachers being younger than in previous years.", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77184": "an all-time high", + "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd": "the United States", "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffe": "ten", - "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff": "temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics", + "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff": "the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools.", "56e7796637bdd419002c4000": "Many charter schools", "56e7796637bdd419002c4001": "No Child Left Behind", - "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718a": "51", - "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718b": "51,009", - "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718c": "51", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718a": "the opportunity to increase their income by supervising after-school programs and other extracurricular activities.", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718b": "recent years", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718c": "the opportunity to increase their income by supervising after-school programs and other extracurricular activities.", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718d": "elementary school teachers had the lowest median salary earning $39,259", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718e": "TeachersPayTeachers.com", - "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77194": "There are many forms of spiritual or religious teachers", - "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77196": "the latter case often a youth pastor", + "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77194": "There are many", + "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77196": "the more historic and conservative Reformation Churches, such as some of the Lutheran and Anglican. In keeping with the individualistic nature of most Protestant denominations", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77197": "Rome", - "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77198": "three major traditions - (Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant", + "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77198": "three major traditions", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401d": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", - "56e77c6737bdd419002c401e": "Bishop", - "56e77c6737bdd419002c401f": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", - "56e77c6737bdd419002c4020": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", - "56e77c6737bdd419002c4021": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c401e": "the LDS Church, often a trusted friend, who may hold any office, from Elder to Bishop, or no office at all.", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c401f": "The emphasis on spiritual mentorship", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c4020": "the LDS Church, often a trusted friend, who may hold any office, from Elder to Bishop, or no office at all.", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c4021": "Even Priesthood representatives are expected", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a8": "a guru", - "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9": "many traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship", - "56e77cee00c9c71400d771aa": "the lives of their disciples", - "56e77cee00c9c71400d771ab": "traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403b": "Lama", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403c": "Lama", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403d": "teachers of Dharma in Tibet", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403e": "Lama. A Lama who has through phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn, often many times", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403f": "Lama", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b0": "teachers", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b1": "teachers", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b2": "Jurisprudence. In the more spiritual or mystical Islamic tradition of Sufism", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b3": "teachers", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b4": "saints", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf5": "1483 \u2013 18 February 1546", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf6": "1483 \u2013 18 February 1546", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf7": "Ninety-Five Theses of 1517", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf8": "1483 \u2013 18 February 1546", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf9": "20", - "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727a": "the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God and opposed sacerdotalism", - "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727b": "salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ", - "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727c": "the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God and opposed sacerdotalism", + "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9": "the emphasis on spiritual mentorship", + "56e77cee00c9c71400d771aa": "lives of their disciples", + "56e77cee00c9c71400d771ab": "many traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403b": "most commonly called a Lama", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403c": "A Lama who has through phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403d": "Tulku", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403e": "many times", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403f": "siddhi consciously determined to be reborn, often many times, in order to continue their Bodhisattva vow is called a Tulku.", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b0": "the teaching of one of the Four Schools of Jurisprudence.", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b1": "render legal verdicts", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b2": "more spiritual or mystical Islamic tradition of Sufism", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b3": "the Five Pillars", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b4": "the highest of which is a Qutb", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf5": "1483", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf6": "18 February 1546", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf7": "several teachings and practices", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf8": "freedom from God's punishment", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf9": "1483 \u2013 18 February 1546", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727a": "the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood.", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727b": "free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727c": "the Pope", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727d": "Bible", - "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727e": "holy priesthood", - "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17284": "vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture", - "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17285": "vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727e": "a holy priesthood", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17284": "the Bible into the vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17285": "standard", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17286": "Ty", - "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17287": "vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture", - "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17288": "Katharina", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728e": "1483", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728f": "1483", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17290": "1483 in Eisleben", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17291": "1483 in Eisleben, Saxony, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He was baptized as a Catholic", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17292": "1498. The three schools focused on the so-called \"trivium\": grammar, rhetoric, and logic", - "56f7e9caaef2371900625c56": "Erfurt", - "56f7e9caaef2371900625c57": "the University of Erfurt", - "56f7e9caaef2371900625c58": "Erfurt", - "56f7e9caaef2371900625c59": "Erfurt", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17287": "Tyndale Bible", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17288": "Katharina von Bora", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728e": "83", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728f": "83", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17290": "Eisleben", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17291": "a Catholic", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17292": "1498. The three schools focused on the so-called \"trivium\": grammar, rhetoric, and logic.", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c56": "the age of 19, he entered the University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse.", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c57": "the age of 19, he entered the University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c58": "at four every morning", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c59": "ro", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c5a": "master's degree in 1505", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cd": "almost", - "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172ce": "theology", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172ce": "the same university that year but dropped out almost immediately, believing that law represented uncertainty", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cf": "theology", - "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d0": "Trutfetter, who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers", - "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d1": "Aristotle", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d7": "Erfurt", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d8": "Erfurt", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d9": "Erfurt", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172da": "17 July 1505. One friend", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172db": "Erfurt", - "56f7ef96aef2371900625c74": "Johann von Staupitz", - "56f7ef96aef2371900625c75": "Johann von Staupitz", - "56f7ef96aef2371900625c76": "Christ the Savior", - "56f7ef96aef2371900625c77": "Johann von Staupitz, his superior, pointed Luther's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d0": "Trutfetter", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d1": "God", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d7": "death and divine judgment", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d8": "July", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d9": "the Black Cloister", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172da": "One friend blamed the decision on Luther's sadness over the deaths of two friends", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172db": "furious over what he saw as a waste of Luther's education", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c74": "the merits of Christ. He taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart.", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c75": "the merits of Christ.", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c76": "jailer and hangman", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c77": "Staupitz, his superior, pointed Luther's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c78": "true repentance", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172eb": "7", - "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ec": "von Staupitz", - "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ed": "von Staupitz", - "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ee": "March 1508", - "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ef": "March 1508", - "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb0": "19", - "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb1": "21 October 1512", - "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb2": "19 October 1512, he was awarded his Doctor of Theology", - "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb3": "19 October 1512, he was awarded his Doctor of Theology", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ec": "Staupitz, first dean of the newly founded University of Wittenberg, sent for Luther, to teach theology.", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ed": "1508", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ee": "9 March", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ef": "bachelor's degree in Biblical studies", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb0": "19 October 1512", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb1": "21 October", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb2": "Doctor in Bible.", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb3": "rest", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb4": "Theology", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17367": "16", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17368": "16", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17369": "St. Peter's Basilica in Rome", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736a": "St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Roman Catholic theology", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736b": "charity", - "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5e": "October 1517", - "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5f": "Albert of Mainz", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17367": "In 1516", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17368": "1516", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17369": "Roman Catholic theology", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736a": "Roman Catholic theology", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736b": "the church.", + "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5e": "31 October 1517", + "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5f": "October 1517, Luther wrote to his bishop, Albert of Mainz", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d60": "The Ninety-Five Theses", - "56f7ffadaef2371900625d61": "Thesis 86", + "56f7ffadaef2371900625d61": "Hans Hillerbrand", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d62": "Thesis 86", - "56f80143aef2371900625d68": "the soul", - "56f80143aef2371900625d69": "Johann Tetzel", - "56f80143aef2371900625d6a": "Johann Tetzel", - "56f80143aef2371900625d6b": "Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory (also attested as 'into heaven", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17377": ", must not slacken in following Christ", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17378": "forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17379": "God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737a": ", must not slacken in following Christ", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737b": "following Christ", + "56f80143aef2371900625d68": "Tetzel", + "56f80143aef2371900625d69": "Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory (also attested as 'into heaven", + "56f80143aef2371900625d6a": "Luther", + "56f80143aef2371900625d6b": "Johann Tetzel", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17377": ", must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances.", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17378": "salvation", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17379": "absolved buyers from all punishments", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737a": ", must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances.", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737b": "Christ", "56f8046faef2371900625d71": "Tetzel", - "56f8046faef2371900625d72": "Tetzel overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead", - "56f8046faef2371900625d73": "Tetzel overstated the matter", - "56f8046faef2371900625d74": "Tetzel overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead", - "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17387": "G\u00f6tz Trenkler", - "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17388": "truth", - "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17389": "by Philipp Melanchthon", + "56f8046faef2371900625d72": "the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead, his teaching on indulgences", + "56f8046faef2371900625d73": "the matter", + "56f8046faef2371900625d74": "the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead, his teaching on indulgences for the living", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17387": "the time.", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17388": "the story of the posting on the door, even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history, has little foundation in truth", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17389": "Philipp Melanchthon", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738a": "Philipp Melanchthon, though it is thought that he was not in Wittenberg", - "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738b": "G\u00f6tz Trenkler", - "56f8074faef2371900625d79": "18", - "56f8074faef2371900625d7a": "18", - "56f8074faef2371900625d7b": "18", - "56f8074faef2371900625d7c": "18", - "56f8074faef2371900625d7d": "18", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738b": "the posting on the door, even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history, has little foundation in truth.", + "56f8074faef2371900625d79": "January 1518", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7a": "printing press", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7b": "Theses", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7c": "two weeks", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7d": "the first in history to be aided by the printing press.", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17391": "19", - "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17392": "19", - "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17393": "Three of his best-known works were published in 1520", + "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17392": "Students", + "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17393": "This early part of Luther's career was one of his most creative and productive.", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17394": "Three of his best-known works were published in 1520", - "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395": "Three of his best-known works were published in 1520", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739b": "20", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739c": "20", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739d": "20", + "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395": "Three", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739b": "the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church in new ways.", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739c": "terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church in new ways", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739d": "righteousness", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739e": "the central truths", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739f": "chief article of the whole Christian doctrine", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d83": "God. This teaching by Luther was clearly expressed in his 1525", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739f": "whole Christian doctrine", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d83": "God", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d84": "25", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d85": "On the Bondage of the Will, which was written in response to On Free Will by Desiderius Erasmus (1524", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d86": "On the Bondage of the Will, which was written in response to On Free Will by Desiderius Erasmus (1524", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d87": "Romans 1:17", - "56f80e1daef2371900625d8d": "rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation", - "56f80e1daef2371900625d8e": "rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d85": "alone", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d86": "the Smalcald Articles", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d87": "by faith", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d8d": "two", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d8e": "the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it.", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8f": "rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation", - "56f80e1daef2371900625d90": "Luther's rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation", - "56f80fdfaef2371900625d95": "Theses. He had the theses checked for heresy and in December 1517", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d90": "two", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d95": "Archbishop Albrecht", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d96": "Rome", - "56f80fdfaef2371900625d97": "17", - "56f80fdfaef2371900625d98": "St Peter's Church in Rome", - "56f80fdfaef2371900625d99": "17", - "56f811bdaef2371900625d9f": "Rome. The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg, where the Imperial Diet was held. There, in October 1518", - "56f811bdaef2371900625da0": "Rome. The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg, where the Imperial Diet was held. There, in October 1518", - "56f811bdaef2371900625da1": "18", - "56f811bdaef2371900625da2": "Rome. The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg, where the Imperial Diet was held. There, in October 1518", - "56f811bdaef2371900625da3": "Rome. The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg, where the Imperial Diet was held. There, in October 1518", - "56f81393aef2371900625da9": "Karl", - "56f81393aef2371900625daa": "Karl", - "56f81393aef2371900625dab": "Karl", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d97": "off", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d98": "one half", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d99": "December", + "56f811bdaef2371900625d9f": "X", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da0": "a series of papal theologians and envoys", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da1": "October", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da2": "the city at night, unbeknownst to Cajetan.", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da3": "the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys", + "56f81393aef2371900625da9": "January 1519", + "56f81393aef2371900625daa": "certain", + "56f81393aef2371900625dab": "The theologian Johann Eck", "56f81393aef2371900625dac": "Matthew 16:18", - "56f81393aef2371900625dad": "Karl", - "56f81537aef2371900625db3": "20", - "56f81537aef2371900625db4": "21", - "56f81537aef2371900625db5": "41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days", + "56f81393aef2371900625dad": ". For this, Eck branded Luther a new Jan Hus, referring to the Czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415.", + "56f81537aef2371900625db3": "15 June 1520", + "56f81537aef2371900625db4": "41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days.", + "56f81537aef2371900625db5": "41", "56f81537aef2371900625db6": "Karl", "56f81537aef2371900625db7": "3 January 1521", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f1": "Theses fell to the secular authorities. On 18 April 1521", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f2": "18 April 1521", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f3": "21", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f4": "21", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f5": "Prince Frederick III", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fb": "Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fc": "Archbishop of Trier", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fd": "Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe": "Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173ff": "Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier", - "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17415": "raised his arm \"in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout.\" Michael Mullett", - "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17416": "the end of this speech, Luther raised his arm \"in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout.\" Michael Mullett", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f1": "the secular authorities", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f2": "18 April", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f3": "Diet of Worms", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f4": "Emperor", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f5": "Prince Frederick III, Elector of Saxony", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fb": "Johann Eck", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fc": "Archbishop", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fd": "the answer to the second question.", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe": "the next day", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173ff": "the answer to the second question.", + "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17415": "the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout.\" Michael Mullett considers this speech as a \"world classic of epoch-", + "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17416": "a knight", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17417": "Michael Mullett", - "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17418": "Michael Mullett", - "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17427": "quoted", + "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17418": "world classic", + "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17427": "recant his writings.", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17428": "sometimes", - "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17429": "quoted", - "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e1742a": "Mullett", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e17439": "21", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743a": "21", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743b": "21", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743c": "21", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743d": "21", - "56f82989aef2371900625e6b": "III", - "56f82989aef2371900625e6c": "III", - "56f82989aef2371900625e6d": "the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach", - "56f82989aef2371900625e6e": "III", + "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17429": "the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings.", + "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e1742a": "the more dramatic", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e17439": "the next five days, private conferences were held to determine Luther's fate.", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743a": "25", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743b": "Emperor", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743c": "the next five days, private conferences were held to determine Luther's fate.", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743d": "It permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6b": "the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach.", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6c": "the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6d": "referred to as \"my Patmos", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6e": "the New Testament", "56f82989aef2371900625e6f": "Mainz", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17457": "21", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17458": "21", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17459": "21", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745a": "21", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745b": "21", - "56f84485aef2371900625f71": "21", - "56f84485aef2371900625f72": "21", - "56f84485aef2371900625f73": "21", - "56f84485aef2371900625f74": "21", - "56f84485aef2371900625f75": "21", - "56f845dba6d7ea1400e17519": "Thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the Papacy. So too was the Little Horn of Daniel 7", - "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751a": "Thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the Papacy. So too was the Little Horn of Daniel 7", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17457": "every good work designed to attract God's favor is a sin", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17458": "God's grace", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17459": "1 August 1521", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745a": "the victor over sin, death, and the world.", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745b": "a place", + "56f84485aef2371900625f71": "the summer of 1521", + "56f84485aef2371900625f72": "On the Abrogation of the Private Mass, he condemned as idolatry", + "56f84485aef2371900625f73": "Abrogation of the Private Mass", + "56f84485aef2371900625f74": "the whole congregation. His essay On Confession, Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It rejected compulsory confession", + "56f84485aef2371900625f75": "Monastic Vows", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e17519": "prophecy, in which he broadened the foundations of the Reformation placing them on prophetic faith", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751a": "21", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751b": "prophecy", - "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751c": "Thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the Papacy. So too was the Little Horn of Daniel 7", - "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d": "Thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the Papacy. So too was the Little Horn of Daniel 7", - "56f84760aef2371900625f81": "21", - "56f84760aef2371900625f82": "Andreas Karlstadt, supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling, embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521", - "56f84760aef2371900625f83": "21", - "56f84760aef2371900625f84": "21", - "56f84760aef2371900625f85": "21", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751c": "the prophecy of the Little Horn", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d": "the power of the Papacy. So too was the Little Horn of Daniel 7, coming up among the divisions of Rome, explicitly applied.", + "56f84760aef2371900625f81": "the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling", + "56f84760aef2371900625f82": "Andreas Karlstadt", + "56f84760aef2371900625f83": "disturbances", + "56f84760aef2371900625f84": "a band of visionary zealots", + "56f84760aef2371900625f85": "the town council", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e1752f": "6 March", - "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17530": "March", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17530": "rather than violence to bring about necessary change.", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17531": "eight", - "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17532": "eight", - "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17533": "eight", - "56f84a60aef2371900625f9d": "The effect of Luther's intervention was immediate. After the sixth sermon, the Wittenberg", - "56f84a60aef2371900625f9e": "The effect of Luther's intervention was immediate. After the sixth sermon, the Wittenberg", - "56f84a60aef2371900625f9f": "sixth sermon, the Wittenberg", - "56f84a60aef2371900625fa0": "Dr. Martin's return spread among us! His words, through divine mercy", - "56f84a60aef2371900625fa1": "Dr. Martin's return spread among us! His words, through divine mercy", - "56f84b68aef2371900625fa7": "the authorities to restore public order", - "56f84b68aef2371900625fa8": "the authorities to restore public order", - "56f84b68aef2371900625fa9": "the authorities to restore public order, he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation. After banishing the Zwickau prophets", - "56f84b68aef2371900625faa": "violence", - "56f84b68aef2371900625fab": "the authorities", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb1": "Storch", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb2": "Thomas M\u00fcntzer helped instigate the German Peasants' War of 1524", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb3": "Thomas M\u00fcntzer helped instigate the German Peasants' War of 1524", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb4": "Thomas M\u00fcntzer helped instigate the German Peasants' War of 1524", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb5": "Thomas M\u00fcntzer helped instigate the German Peasants' War of 1524", - "56f84e63aef2371900625fc1": "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, written on his return to Wittenberg", - "56f84e63aef2371900625fc2": "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, written on his return to Wittenberg", - "56f84e63aef2371900625fc3": "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, written on his return to Wittenberg", - "56f84e63aef2371900625fc4": "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, written on his return to Wittenberg", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17532": "the \"Invocavit Sermons", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17533": "rather than violence", + "56f84a60aef2371900625f9d": "mercy", + "56f84a60aef2371900625f9e": "Schurf", + "56f84a60aef2371900625f9f": "After the sixth", + "56f84a60aef2371900625fa0": "mercy", + "56f84a60aef2371900625fa1": "every day misguided people", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fa7": "order", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fa8": "conservative force", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fa9": "the Zwickau prophets", + "56f84b68aef2371900625faa": "social unrest and violence", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fab": "the authorities to restore public order, he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation.", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb1": "the leadership of radicals such as M\u00fcntzer in Thuringia and Michael Gaismair in Tyrol, the revolts turned into war.", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb2": "the German Peasants' War", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb3": "the German Peasants' War of 1524", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb4": "the leadership of radicals such as M\u00fcntzer in Thuringia and Michael Gaismair in Tyrol, the revolts turned into war.", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb5": "upper classes", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc1": "temporal authorities", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc2": "Thuringia", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc3": "Against", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc4": "Against", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc5": "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, written on his return to Wittenberg", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754b": "Lastly, Luther charged the rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves \"Christian brethren", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754c": "Lastly, Luther charged the rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves \"Christian brethren", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754d": "St. Paul had written in his epistle to the Romans 13:1\u20137", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754e": "Divine Right of Kings", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754f": "Lastly, Luther charged the rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves \"Christian brethren", - "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755d": "the Swabian League at the Battle of Frankenhausen on 15 May 1525", - "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755e": "Battle of Frankenhausen", - "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755f": "Battle of Frankenhausen", - "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17560": "Battle of Frankenhausen", - "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17561": "the wing of the secular powers", - "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756d": "Katharina von Bora, one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523", - "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756e": "April 1523", - "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756f": "Katharina von Bora, one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523", - "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17570": "Katharina von Bora, one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754b": "three", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754c": "ignoring Christ", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754d": "St. Paul had written in his epistle to the Romans 13:1\u20137 that all authorities are appointed by God", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754e": "the doctrine known as the Divine Right of Kings", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754f": "death in body and soul", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755d": "the wing of the secular powers.", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755e": "the Swabian League", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755f": "15 May 1525", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17560": "the Battle of Frankenhausen", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17561": "the secular powers", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756d": "Katharina von Bora", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756e": "arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756f": "26", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17570": "41", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17571": "April 1523", - "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17577": "13 June 1525", - "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17578": "13 June 1525", - "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17579": "27", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17577": "13", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17578": "evening", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17579": "the evening of the same day, the couple was married by Bugenhagen.", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757a": "27", - "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757b": "13 June 1525", - "56f855caaef2371900625ff3": "30 November 1524", - "56f855caaef2371900625ff4": "30 November 1524", - "56f855caaef2371900625ff5": "30 November 1524", - "56f855caaef2371900625ff6": "30 November 1524", - "56f855caaef2371900625ff7": "Melanchthon, who called it reckless. Luther had written to George Spalatin on 30 November 1524", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757b": "the same day, the couple was married by Bugenhagen.", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff3": "Melanchthon, who called it reckless.", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff4": "the seal of approval on clerical marriage.", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff5": "Biblical grounds", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff6": "the death of a heretic", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff7": "Melanchthon, who called it reckless", "56f8575aaef2371900625ffd": "The Black Cloister", "56f8575aaef2371900625ffe": "The Black Cloister", - "56f8575aaef2371900625fff": "The Black Cloister", - "56f8575aaef2371900626000": "The Black Cloister", - "56f8575aaef2371900626001": "The Black Cloister", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175af": "26", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b0": "catechisms", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b1": "29", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b2": "catechisms", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b3": "the direction in which he moved.\" From 1525 to 1529", - "56f85bb8aef237190062600f": "28", - "56f85bb8aef2371900626010": "28", - "56f85bb8aef2371900626011": "Parish Pastors in Electoral Saxony (1528", - "56f85bb8aef2371900626012": "28", - "56f85bb8aef2371900626013": "28", - "56f85cf0aef2371900626019": "demands for a German liturgy, Luther wrote a German Mass, which he published in early 1526", - "56f85cf0aef237190062601a": "demands for a German liturgy, Luther wrote a German Mass, which he published in early 1526", - "56f85cf0aef237190062601b": "26", - "56f85cf0aef237190062601c": "26", - "56f85cf0aef237190062601d": "trappings such as the Mass vestments, altar, and candles were made optional, allowing freedom of ceremony", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c3": "27", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c4": "27", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c5": "27", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c6": "27", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c7": "27", - "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cd": "29", + "56f8575aaef2371900625fff": "six", + "56f8575aaef2371900626000": "August 1526", + "56f8575aaef2371900626001": "Katharina", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175af": "His Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b0": "a supervisory church body", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b1": "a new form of worship service", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b2": "two catechisms", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b3": "territorial church including all in a given locality", + "56f85bb8aef237190062600f": "the Electorate of Saxony, acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories, many of which followed his Saxon model.", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626010": "the church in the Electorate of Saxony", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626011": "adviser", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626012": "John the Steadfast", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626013": "a church government", + "56f85cf0aef2371900626019": "early 1526", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601a": "replacement", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601b": "the \"simple people", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601c": "everything", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601d": "freedom of ceremony", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c3": "the new order of worship during their visitation of the Electorate of Saxony, which began in 1527", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c4": "the new order of worship during their visitation of the Electorate of Saxony", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c5": "standard of pastoral care and Christian education in the territory", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c6": "doctrine", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c7": "teaching", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cd": "the catechism", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175ce": "29", - "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cf": "29", - "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d0": "29", - "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d1": "29", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cf": "pastors and teachers", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d0": "the Small Catechism", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d1": "questions and answers", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d7": "The catechism", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d8": "The catechism", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d9": "The catechism", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175da": "The catechism", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db": "translation of the Bible", - "56f86966aef2371900626053": "three persons of the Trinity, each of which works in the catechumen's life. That is, Luther depicted the Trinity", - "56f86966aef2371900626054": "arger Catechism was effective for pastors", - "56f86966aef2371900626055": "three persons of the Trinity, each of which works in the catechumen's life. That is, Luther depicted the Trinity", - "56f86966aef2371900626056": "three persons of the Trinity, each of which works in the catechumen's life. That is, Luther depicted the Trinity", - "56f86966aef2371900626057": "Salvation", - "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f5": "34", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d8": "a model of clear religious teaching.", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d9": "none of them", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175da": "model of clear religious teaching", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db": "his translation of the Bible", + "56f86966aef2371900626053": "Catechism", + "56f86966aef2371900626054": "Larger Catechism", + "56f86966aef2371900626055": "Trinitarian language", + "56f86966aef2371900626056": "three", + "56f86966aef2371900626057": "Salvation originates with the Father", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f5": "22", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f6": "34", - "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f7": "34", - "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f8": "3:28", - "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f9": "34", - "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17605": "the Saxon chancellery", - "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17606": "the Saxon chancellery", - "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17607": "the Saxon chancellery", - "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17608": "Luther's translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery", - "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17609": "the Saxon chancellery", - "56f86e91aef2371900626067": "The Luther Bible", - "56f86e91aef2371900626068": "The Luther Bible", - "56f86e91aef2371900626069": "anti-papal imagery, it played a major role in the spread of Luther's doctrine", - "56f86e91aef237190062606a": "by", - "56f86e91aef237190062606b": "The Luther Bible", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f7": "He continued to work on refining the translation", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f8": "the word \"alone\" after \"faith\" in Romans 3:28", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f9": "Faith alone", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17605": "the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17606": "northern and southern Germans", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17607": ", \"for we are removing impediments and difficulties", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17608": "Luther's translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery, intelligible to both northern and southern Germans.", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17609": "difficulties", + "56f86e91aef2371900626067": "rising demand", + "56f86e91aef2371900626068": "a popular and influential Bible translation", + "56f86e91aef2371900626069": "the evolution of the German language and literature", + "56f86e91aef237190062606a": "by Lucas Cranach", + "56f86e91aef237190062606b": "Tyndale's English Bible (1525 forward), a precursor of the King James Bible.", "56f87000aef2371900626071": "hymn-writer", - "56f87000aef2371900626072": "hymn-writer, authoring hymns such as \"Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott", - "56f87000aef2371900626073": "a lute", + "56f87000aef2371900626072": "the singing of German hymns in connection with worship, school, home, and the public arena. He often accompanied the sung hymns", + "56f87000aef2371900626073": "the singing of German hymns", "56f87000aef2371900626074": "a lute", - "56f87000aef2371900626075": "20", - "56f8720eaef237190062608f": "the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views, prompting Luther", - "56f8720eaef2371900626090": "Heinrich Voes", - "56f8720eaef2371900626091": "Heinrich Voes", - "56f8720eaef2371900626092": "John C. Messenger's translation by the title and first line \"Flung", - "56f8720eaef2371900626093": "the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views, prompting Luther", - "56f87392aef2371900626099": "24", - "56f87392aef237190062609a": "20", - "56f87392aef237190062609b": "three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring Luther's 1529", - "56f87392aef237190062609c": "vernacular Lutheran liturgies as early as 1525", - "56f87392aef237190062609d": "20", + "56f87000aef2371900626075": "20th century", + "56f8720eaef237190062608f": "the title and first line \"Flung to the Heedless Winds\" and sung to the tune Ibstone composed in 1875 by Maria C.", + "56f8720eaef2371900626090": "the title and first line \"Flung to the Heedless Winds\" and sung to the tune Ibstone composed in 1875 by Maria C.", + "56f8720eaef2371900626091": "the title and first line \"Flung to the Heedless Winds\" and sung to the tune Ibstone composed in 1875 by Maria C.", + "56f8720eaef2371900626092": "John C. Messenger", + "56f8720eaef2371900626093": "generally known in English by John C. Messenger's translation by the title and first line \"Flung to the Heedless Winds", + "56f87392aef2371900626099": "Luther's 1524", + "56f87392aef237190062609a": "the Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism.", + "56f87392aef237190062609b": "three-part explanation of the Apostles' Creed", + "56f87392aef237190062609c": "\"Wir glauben all an einen Gott\" (\"We All Believe in One True God\") is a three-stanza confession of faith", + "56f87392aef237190062609d": "20th-century Lutherans rarely use the hymn because of the perceived difficulty of its tune.", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e1766f": "38", - "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17670": "38", - "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17671": "Lord's Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions", - "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17672": "20", - "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17673": "20", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17670": "extant manuscript", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17671": "The hymn functioned both as a liturgical setting of the Lord's Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17672": "multiple revisions", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17673": "Other 16th- and 20th-century versifications of the Lord's Prayer have adopted Luther's tune", "56f87760aef23719006260cc": "23", - "56f87760aef23719006260cd": "23", - "56f87760aef23719006260ce": "23", - "56f87760aef23719006260cf": "23", - "56f87760aef23719006260d0": "23", - "56f879bdaef23719006260de": "Te Deum as \"Herr Gott", - "56f879bdaef23719006260df": "Te Deum as \"Herr Gott", - "56f879bdaef23719006260e0": "lied", + "56f87760aef23719006260cd": "the theme of \"grace alone\" more fully. Because it expressed essential Reformation doctrine, this expanded version of \"Aus tiefer Not", + "56f87760aef23719006260ce": "psalm-hymns", + "56f87760aef23719006260cf": "Achtliederbuch", + "56f87760aef23719006260d0": "doctrine", + "56f879bdaef23719006260de": "the main hymn (Hauptlied", + "56f879bdaef23719006260df": "Oh God, look down from heaven", + "56f879bdaef23719006260e0": "the main hymn (Hauptlied", "56f879bdaef23719006260e1": "two", - "56f879bdaef23719006260e2": "Te Deum as \"Herr Gott", - "56f87e95aef237190062610a": "41", - "56f87e95aef237190062610b": "67", - "56f87e95aef237190062610c": "67", + "56f879bdaef23719006260e2": "It became known as the German Te Deum", + "56f87e95aef237190062610a": "Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam\" (\"To Jordan came the Christ our Lord", + "56f87e95aef237190062610b": "preexisting Johann Walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of Psalm 67", + "56f87e95aef237190062610c": "Psalm 67", "56f87e95aef237190062610d": "J. S. Bach", - "56f87e95aef237190062610e": "41", - "56f88025aef237190062611e": "Erfurt", - "56f88025aef237190062611f": "eight", + "56f87e95aef237190062610e": "Heintz's four-part setting of the hymn was used to introduce the Lutheran Reformation in Halle in 1541", + "56f88025aef237190062611e": "hymns were included in early Lutheran hymnals", + "56f88025aef237190062611f": "four of eight", "56f88025aef2371900626120": "18 of 26", - "56f88025aef2371900626121": "Johann Walter, Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn, all published in 1524", - "56f88025aef2371900626122": "24", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f3": "91", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f4": "91", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f5": "91", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f6": "91", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f7": "91", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fd": "the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fe": "the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176ff": "the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17700": "existence of Purgatory", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17701": "the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints", - "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17707": "Franz Pieper observed that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard", + "56f88025aef2371900626121": "24", + "56f88025aef2371900626122": "Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn, all published in 1524", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f3": "Johann Sebastian Bach", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f4": "chorale cantatas", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f5": "1707", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f6": "17", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f7": "1707", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fd": "a prepared bedchamber", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fe": "torments for the saints", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176ff": "a prepared bedchamber", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17700": "existence", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17701": "the saints as currently residing \"in their graves and in heaven", + "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17707": "Franz Pieper", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17708": "Johann Gerhard", - "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17709": "Franz Pieper observed that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard", - "56f884cba6d7ea1400e1770a": "1755", - "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17723": "Gottfried Fritschel", + "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17709": "Johann Gerhard", + "56f884cba6d7ea1400e1770a": "17", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17723": "the soul does not sleep (anima non sic dormit), but wakes (sed vigilat) and experiences visions", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17724": "17", - "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17725": "1765", - "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17726": "Gottfried Fritschel pointed out in 1867", - "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17727": "1867", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17725": "17", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17726": "Gottfried Fritschel", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17727": "Gottfried Fritschel pointed out in 1867", "56f88c37aef2371900626176": "October 1529", - "56f88c37aef2371900626177": "October 1529", - "56f88c37aef2371900626178": "29", + "56f88c37aef2371900626177": "the Lord's Supper\u2014an issue crucial to Luther.", + "56f88c37aef2371900626178": "doctrinal unity", "56f88c37aef2371900626179": "fourteen", "56f88c37aef237190062617a": "fourteen", - "56f88eafaef2371900626194": "Last Supper: \"This is my body which is for you\" and \"This cup is the new covenant in my blood\" (1 Corinthians 11", - "56f88eafaef2371900626195": "Real Presence", - "56f88eafaef2371900626196": "insisted on the Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ", - "56f88eafaef2371900626197": "Last Supper", - "56f88eafaef2371900626198": "Last Supper", + "56f88eafaef2371900626194": "the significance of the words spoken by Jesus", + "56f88eafaef2371900626195": "the body and blood of Christ", + "56f88eafaef2371900626196": "sacramental union", + "56f88eafaef2371900626197": "the words spoken by Jesus at the Last Supper", + "56f88eafaef2371900626198": "the Last Supper", "56f8907faef23719006261b2": "30", - "56f8907faef23719006261b3": "30", - "56f8907faef23719006261b4": "30", - "56f8907faef23719006261b5": "30", - "56f8907faef23719006261b6": "30", + "56f8907faef23719006261b3": "the Marburg Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530", + "56f8907faef23719006261b4": "the Schmalkaldic League", + "56f8907faef23719006261b5": "The Swiss cities", + "56f8907faef23719006261b6": "leading Protestant nobles", "56f895339e9bad19000a0177": "antit", - "56f895339e9bad19000a0178": "antit", - "56f895339e9bad19000a0179": "antit", - "56f895339e9bad19000a017a": "antit", - "56f895339e9bad19000a017b": "antit", - "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5d": "23", - "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5e": "43", - "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5f": "43", - "56f897059b226e1400dd0c60": "43", + "56f895339e9bad19000a0178": "reason", + "56f895339e9bad19000a0179": "Reason", + "56f895339e9bad19000a017a": "reason", + "56f895339e9bad19000a017b": "the separate spheres of knowledge", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5d": "Jesus Christ", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5e": "hope", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5f": "the Jews", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c60": "the Anabaptists", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c61": "43", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a5": "Emperor Charles V", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a6": "Emperor Charles V", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a7": "29", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a8": "Emperor Charles V", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a9": "Emperor Charles V", - "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9d": "42", - "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9e": "42", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a5": "the other hand, in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms, Luther did support non-religious war against the Turks.", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a6": "the other hand, in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms, Luther did support non-religious war against the Turks.", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a7": "punish", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a8": "the other hand, in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms, Luther did support non-religious war against the Turks.", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a9": "the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate, to be waged through prayer and repentance", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9d": "a Latin translation of the Qur'an", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9e": "pamphlets", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9f": "Mohammedanism", - "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca0": "the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called \"Mohammedanism", - "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca1": "the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called \"Mohammedanism", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022b": "1494\u20131566) \u2013 serving at the time as pastor in Luther's birthplace, Eisleben", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022c": "1494\u20131566) \u2013 serving at the time as pastor in Luther's birthplace, Eisleben", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022d": "1494\u20131566) \u2013 serving at the time as pastor in Luther's birthplace, Eisleben", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022e": "1494\u20131566) \u2013 serving at the time as pastor in Luther's birthplace, Eisleben", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022f": "39", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0251": "Ten", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0252": "Ten", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0253": "Ten", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0254": "Ten", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0255": "Ten", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025b": "Ten", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025c": "Ten", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025d": "Ten", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025e": "Ten", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025f": "Ten", - "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da7": "Ten", - "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da8": "Ten", - "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da9": "Ten", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02b9": "39", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02ba": "39", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bb": "39", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bc": "39", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bd": "39", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02eb": "a local community that had expelled Jews some ninety years earlier", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ec": "the Messiah. But Luther believed that all human beings who set themselves against God were equally guilty. As early as 1516", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ed": "blasphemers and liars", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ee": "liars", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ef": "23", - "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e05": "43", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca0": "Mohammedanism", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca1": "the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny.", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022b": "37", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022c": "the same year.", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022d": "1494\u20131566", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022e": "the same year.", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022f": "On", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0251": "the \"second use of the law,\" that is, the law as the Holy", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0252": "the law, even if it is Christ's life, Christ's death for sin, or God's goodness experienced in creation.", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0253": "the law, even if it is Christ's life, Christ's death for sin, or God's goodness experienced in creation.", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0254": "the law, even if it is Christ's life, Christ's death for sin, or God's goodness experienced in creation.", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0255": "three", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025b": "the Christian ought to live.", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025c": "the natural law \u2013 also positively teach how the Christian ought to live.", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025d": "third", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025e": "nothing more than an illustration", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025f": "Ten Commandments", + "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da7": "baptism", + "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da8": "the sacrament of baptism, are a present foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven", + "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da9": "eschatological", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02b9": "Landgrave of Hesse", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02ba": "the bigamy", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bb": "ladies", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bc": "next", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bd": "lasting damage", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02eb": "a local community that had expelled Jews", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ec": "encountered", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ed": "theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people guilty of the murder of Christ", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ee": "the divinity of Jesus, whereas Christians believed Jesus was the Messiah. But Luther believed that all human beings who set themselves against God were equally guilty.", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ef": "That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew and also aimed to convert them to Christianity", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e05": "Von", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e06": "43", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e07": "43", - "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e08": "43", - "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e09": "Robert Michael", - "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3b": "Martin Luther", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e08": "Von den Juden und Ihren L\u00fcgen (On the Jews and Their Lies", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e09": "Robert Michael's view", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3b": "the Jews", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3c": "Martin Luther", - "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3d": "Martin", - "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3e": "Martin Luther", - "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3f": "80s", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e75": "Third Reich contained references to and quotations from Luther. Heinrich Himmler wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the Jews in 1940", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e76": "1930", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e77": "Third Reich contained references to and quotations from Luther. Heinrich Himmler wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the Jews in 1940", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e78": "Third Reich contained references to and quotations from Luther. Heinrich Himmler wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the Jews in 1940", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3d": "perdition", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3e": "the city of Strasbourg", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3f": "Throughout the 1580s", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e75": "Luther was the most widely read author of his generation, and within Germany he acquired the status of a prophet.", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e76": "the prevailing view among historians, his anti-Jewish rhetoric", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e77": "Heinrich Himmler wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the Jews in 1940.", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e78": "the right to justify himself by triumphantly referring to Luther", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e79": "Der St\u00fcrmer, on his birthday in 1937; the newspaper", - "56f8b7189e9bad19000a0389": "1941", - "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038a": "1941", - "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038b": "1941", - "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038c": "1941", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a0389": "17 December 1941", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038a": "seven", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038b": "Diarmaid Mac", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038c": "17 December 1941", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038d": "Bishop", - "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03bf": "Biographer Martin Brecht points out that \"There is a world of difference between his belief in salvation", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03bf": "the Nazis' use of his work as opportunistic", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c0": "Biographer Martin Brecht", - "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c1": "anti-Semitism", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c1": "anti-Semitism and thus provided material for the modern hatred of the Jews", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c2": "18th and 19th centuries", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c3": "Roland Bainton, noted church historian", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03db": "anti-Semitism as a key element of German culture and national identity", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03db": "a new element to the standard Christian suspicion of Judaism", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dc": "anti-Semitism as a key element of German culture and national identity", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dd": "Rose", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03de": "Third Reich used Luther's hostile publications towards the Jews and their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03df": "Third Reich used Luther's hostile publications towards the Jews and their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eed": "Mark U. Edwards", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eee": "partly the product of a declining state of mind", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eef": "Polemics 1531\u201346", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef0": "diatribes", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dd": "hysterical and demonizing mentality", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03de": "anti-Semitism as a key element of German culture and national identity", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03df": "anti-Semitic policies", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eed": "at least partly the product of a declining state of mind", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eee": "declining state of mind", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eef": "vulgarity and violence", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef0": "deliberately used \"vulgarity", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef1": "1983", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f35": "1980s", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f36": "1970", - "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f37": "1928-1933", + "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f37": "the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans.", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f38": "1928-1933", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f45": "tinnitus, and a cataract in one eye. From 1531 to 1546", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f46": "tinnitus, and a cataract in one eye. From 1531 to 1546", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f47": "36", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f48": "tinnitus, and a cataract in one eye. From 1531 to 1546", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f49": "tinnitus, and a cataract in one eye. From 1531 to 1546", - "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f61": "Katharina", - "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f62": "Katharina", - "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f63": "Katharina", - "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f64": "Katharina", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f45": "tinnitus, and a cataract in one eye. From 1531 to 1546, his health deteriorated further.", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f46": "The years of struggle with Rome, the antagonisms with and among his fellow reformers, and the scandal", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f47": "kidney and bladder stones, and arthritis", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f48": "M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, vertigo, fainting, tinnitus, and a cataract in one eye.", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f49": "December 1544, he began to feel the effects of angina", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f61": "poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments.", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f62": "poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments.", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f63": "-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments.", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f64": "-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments.", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f65": "three", - "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7d": "at Eisleben, his place of birth, on 15 February 1546", - "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7e": "46", - "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7f": "46", - "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f80": "46", - "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f81": "46", - "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a0": "third visit was needed in early 1546", - "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a1": "third visit was needed in early 1546", - "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a2": "third visit was needed in early 1546", - "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a3": "third visit was needed in early 1546", - "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a4": "third visit was needed in early 1546", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c6": "17 February 1546", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c7": "17 February 1546", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c8": "17 February 1546", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c9": "31", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04ca": "17 February 1546", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e0": "18 February 1546", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7d": "at Eisleben", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7e": "15 February", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7f": "irely", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f80": "territory", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f81": "entirely devoted to the obdurate Jews, whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a0": "to Mansfeld", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a1": "the negotiations for a settlement", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a2": "late 1545", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a3": "the negotiations for a settlement, and a third visit was needed in early 1546", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a4": "the negotiations for a settlement, and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion.", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c6": "17", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c7": "chest pains", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c8": "Ps. 31:5", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c9": "the common prayer of the dying.", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04ca": "1", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e0": "apoplectic stroke deprived him of his speech", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e1": "18 February 1546", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e2": "18 February 1546", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e3": "18 February 1546", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e4": "18 February 1546", - "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007": "paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in Latin", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e2": "18 February", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e3": "Eisleben", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e4": "by his friends", + "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007": "A piece of paper", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1008": "Latin", - "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009": "apart from \"We are beggars,\" which was in German", - "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0514": "30", - "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0515": "saints", - "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0516": "30", - "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0517": "ascetic life of the medieval religious orders. Famous images from this period include the woodcuts by Hans Brosamer (1530", - "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0518": "30", + "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009": "apart from \"We are beggars", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0514": "Famous", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0515": "images of frail Catholic saints", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0516": "the 1530s and 1540s, printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size were crucial to the spread of Protestantism", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0517": "ascetic life of the medieval religious orders", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0518": "Famous", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103d": "18 February", - "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103e": "18 February", - "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103f": "31 October", - "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1040": "18 February with a commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints. In the Church of England", - "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1041": "18 February with a commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints", - "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": "Southern California, often abbreviated SoCal", - "5705e26d75f01819005e76d5": "Southern California, often abbreviated SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises California's southernmost 10 counties. The region", - "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": "Southern California, often abbreviated SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103e": "the Church of England", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103f": "October", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1040": "England", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1041": "Calendar of Saints", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": "SoCal", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d5": "The region", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": "Southern California is a major economic center", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d7": "demographics and economic ties", - "5705e26d75f01819005e76d8": "10", - "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "10-county definitions are not used for the greater Southern California Megaregion", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d8": "San Luis Obispo counties", + "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "the greater Southern California Megaregion", "5705e33f52bb89140068964d": "11", "5705e33f52bb89140068964e": "Las Vegas, Nevada", - "5705e33f52bb89140068964f": "11", - "5705e33f52bb891400689650": "10-county", - "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": "seven", + "5705e33f52bb89140068964f": "the Mexican border", + "5705e33f52bb891400689650": "Tijuana", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": "the Pacific coast", "5705e3f252bb89140068966b": "seven", - "5705e3f252bb89140068966c": "seven", - "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": "seven", - "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": "seven", - "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": "the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona, and the Mojave Desert", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966c": "17", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": "three are heavy populated areas", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": "17", + "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": "the Colorado Desert", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7705": "the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona, and the Mojave Desert", - "5705e4fe75f01819005e7706": "the Mojave Desert", - "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona, and the Mojave Desert at the border with the state of Nevada. To the south", - "5705e63175f01819005e7720": "3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. To the south", + "5705e4fe75f01819005e7706": "Mojave Desert", + "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "the Mexico\u2013United States border", + "5705e63175f01819005e7720": "a population of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California", "5705e63175f01819005e7721": "3,792,621", - "5705e63175f01819005e7722": "3,792,621", - "5705e63175f01819005e7723": "3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. To the south", - "5705e63175f01819005e7724": "3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. To the south", - "5705e99452bb891400689688": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside", - "5705e99452bb891400689689": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside", - "5705e99452bb89140068968a": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside", - "5705e99452bb89140068968b": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15", - "5705e99452bb89140068968c": "the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": "district", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7765": "district", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": "The Walt Disney Company (which also owns ABC), Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7767": "The Walt Disney Company (which also owns ABC), Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": "20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers. Universal, Warner Brothers", - "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": "three", + "5705e63175f01819005e7722": "Los Angeles", + "5705e63175f01819005e7723": "San Diego, the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation", + "5705e63175f01819005e7724": "the south", + "5705e99452bb891400689688": "Riverside", + "5705e99452bb891400689689": "the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States.", + "5705e99452bb89140068968a": "the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties", + "5705e99452bb89140068968b": "the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties", + "5705e99452bb89140068968c": "the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States.", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": "Hollywood", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7765": "Los Angeles", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": "Walt Disney", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7767": "20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers.", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": "20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers.", + "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": "the island of Oahu in terms of famous surf breaks.", "5705ec1675f01819005e776f": "Tony Hawk", "5705ec1675f01819005e7770": "Shaun White", - "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": "famous", - "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": "Transpac, from Los Angeles to Hawaii, is one of yachting's premier events. The San Diego Yacht Club", + "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": "Oahu", + "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": "Transpacific Yacht Race, or Transpac", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b8": "the desert city of Palm Springs", - "5705eccb52bb8914006896b9": "of Palm Springs", - "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": "the desert city of Palm Springs", - "5705eccb52bb8914006896bb": "tourists", - "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "37\u00b0 9' 58.23\"", - "5705edcd52bb8914006896cb": "11", + "5705eccb52bb8914006896b9": "the desert city of Palm Springs", + "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": "the desert city of Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces.", + "5705eccb52bb8914006896bb": "the desert city of Palm Springs", + "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "lies at exactly", + "5705edcd52bb8914006896cb": "around 11", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cc": "ten", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cd": "the Tehachapi Mountains", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ce": "the Tehachapi Mountains", - "5705eee952bb8914006896de": "northern boundary of southern California, such a division", - "5705eee952bb8914006896df": "Los Angeles in the lower part of Alta California", - "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": "Monterey in the upper part and Los Angeles", - "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": "36 degrees, 30 minutes, the line of the Missouri Compromise. Instead, the passing of the Compromise of 1850", + "5705eee952bb8914006896de": "Mexico", + "5705eee952bb8914006896df": "ta California", + "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": "Monterey", + "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": "the Compromise", "5705eee952bb8914006896e2": "1850", - "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": "three", - "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": "pro-slavery southerners", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": "dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": "the lightly populated \"Cow Counties", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a6": "three", - "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": "1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status separate from Northern California. The last attempt, the Pico Act of 1859", - "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": "Washington, D.C. with a strong advocate in Senator Milton Latham", - "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": "1900, the Los Angeles Times", - "5705f13d52bb8914006896f1": "1900, the Los Angeles Times", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": "nearly 75%", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": "Milton Latham", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": "the Los Angeles Times", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f1": "1900", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f2": "1999", - "5705f13d52bb8914006896f3": "1999", - "5705f13d52bb8914006896f4": "1900", - "5705f36452bb891400689718": "three", - "5705f36452bb891400689719": "three", - "5705f36452bb89140068971a": "either northern or southern California, in contrast to the three-region point of view", - "5705f36452bb89140068971b": "three", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f3": "Imperial", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f4": "1900, the Los Angeles Times defined southern California as including \"the seven", + "5705f36452bb891400689718": "three-region point of view.", + "5705f36452bb891400689719": "The two AAA Auto Clubs", + "5705f36452bb89140068971a": "the three", + "5705f36452bb89140068971b": "the crest of that transverse range, but in that definition, the desert portions of north Los Angeles County and eastern Kern and San Bernardino Counties", "5705f36452bb89140068971c": "the southern California region", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": "third", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": "Southern California", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": "famous", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": "famous for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": "third most populated megalopolis in the United States", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": "Southern California consists of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the largest urban areas in the state, along with vast areas", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": "famous for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": "highways", "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0": "the center of its respective metropolitan area, composed of numerous smaller cities and communities. The urban area is also host to an international metropolitan region", - "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": "Temecula and Murrieta have as much connection with the San Diego metropolitan area as they do with the Inland Empire", - "5705fb7f52bb891400689751": "Temecula and Murrieta have as much connection with the San Diego metropolitan area as they do with the Inland Empire", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": "Camp Pendleton", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689751": "the San Diego metropolitan area as they do with the Inland Empire", "5705fb7f52bb891400689752": "United States Census Bureau", "5705fb7f52bb891400689753": "L.A. and Orange Counties", - "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "1980s", - "5705fc3a52bb89140068976a": "70", - "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": "70", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "the 1980s and 1990s", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976a": "a Mediterranean", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": "infrequent rain", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976c": "90", - "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": "70-50's, usually all of Southern California have Mediterranean climate. But snow is very rare", - "5705fc3a52bb89140068976e": "70", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": "Transverse and Peninsular Ranges with their peaks, into the large and small interior valleys, to the vast deserts", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": "the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7843": "Transverse and Peninsular Ranges", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": "Transverse and Peninsular Ranges with their peaks, into the large and small interior valleys, to the vast deserts", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": "rare", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976e": "70-50's", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": "The region", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": "the state and country.", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions in the state and country.", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7843": "The region", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": "the state and country.", "5705fec152bb89140068977a": "10", - "5705fec152bb89140068977b": "10,000 earthquakes. Nearly all of them are so small that they are not felt. Only several hundred are greater than magnitude 3", - "5705fec152bb89140068977c": "6.7", - "5705fec152bb89140068977d": "20 billion", - "5705fec152bb89140068977e": "6.7", - "5705ffde52bb891400689784": "the San Andreas Fault, which can produce a magnitude 8.0", - "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "6.7", - "5705ffde52bb891400689786": "the San Jacinto Fault, the Puente Hills Fault", - "5705ffde52bb891400689787": "USGS", - "5705ffde52bb891400689788": "the Elsinore Fault Zone. The USGS", + "5705fec152bb89140068977b": "Only several hundred are greater than magnitude 3.", + "5705fec152bb89140068977c": "6", + "5705fec152bb89140068977d": "$20 billion", + "5705fec152bb89140068977e": "$20 billion", + "5705ffde52bb891400689784": "the San Andreas Fault", + "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "6.7+", + "5705ffde52bb891400689786": "the Puente Hills Fault, and the Elsinore Fault Zone", + "5705ffde52bb891400689787": "The USGS", + "5705ffde52bb891400689788": "USGS", "570602fa52bb89140068979e": "atmosphere", "570602fa52bb89140068979f": "global", - "570602fa52bb8914006897a0": "usually", - "570603c475f01819005e7882": "2010 United States Census, southern California has a population of 22,680,010", + "570602fa52bb8914006897a0": "economic activity", + "570603c475f01819005e7882": "2010 United States Census", "570603c475f01819005e7883": "rates", - "570603c475f01819005e7884": "10.0%", - "570603c475f01819005e7885": "northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay Area", - "570603c475f01819005e7886": "the state average of 10.0%", - "5706074552bb8914006897d4": "eight", - "5706074552bb8914006897d5": "eight", - "5706074552bb8914006897d6": "eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas, one international metropolitan area, and multiple metropolitan divisions. The region is home to two", - "5706074552bb8914006897d7": "eight", - "5706074552bb8914006897d8": "17", - "570607f575f01819005e78b4": "3", - "570607f575f01819005e78b5": "3", + "570603c475f01819005e7884": "10", + "570603c475f01819005e7885": "the Bay Area", + "570603c475f01819005e7886": "Greater Sacramento region", + "5706074552bb8914006897d4": "Southern Border Region", + "5706074552bb8914006897d5": "two", + "5706074552bb8914006897d6": "five million in population", + "5706074552bb8914006897d7": "the Southern Border Region", + "5706074552bb8914006897d8": "17,786,419", + "570607f575f01819005e78b4": "Los", + "570607f575f01819005e78b5": "Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego", "570607f575f01819005e78b6": "twelve", - "570607f575f01819005e78b7": "200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100", - "570607f575f01819005e78b8": "San Bernardino and Riverside", - "5706094b52bb8914006897de": "dependent", - "5706094b52bb8914006897df": "famous for tourism and Hollywood", - "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": "2001\u20132007", - "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": "famous", - "5706094b52bb8914006897e2": "2007", + "570607f575f01819005e78b7": "34 cities over 100,000 in population", + "570607f575f01819005e78b8": "Riverside", + "5706094b52bb8914006897de": "heavily", + "5706094b52bb8914006897df": "Hollywood", + "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": "the housing bubble", + "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": "diverse and one of the largest in the United States", + "5706094b52bb8914006897e2": "heavily", "57060a1175f01819005e78d2": "1920s", - "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": "1920s, motion pictures", - "57060a1175f01819005e78d5": "1920s", - "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": "1920s, motion pictures, petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have been major industries. In one of the richest agricultural regions", - "57060a1175f01819005e78d6": "1920s, motion pictures", - "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": "many major business districts. Central business districts", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": "the richest agricultural regions", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d5": "the richest agricultural regions", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": "the richest agricultural regions", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d6": "the 1920s, motion pictures, petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have been major industries. In one of the richest agricultural regions in the U.", + "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": "many major business districts", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f9": "Central business districts", - "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": "Downtown Los Angeles", + "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": "Central business districts", "57060cc352bb89140068980e": "Downtown", - "57060cc352bb89140068980f": "Downtown", - "57060cc352bb891400689810": "Warner Center in the San Fernando Valley", - "57060cc352bb891400689811": "Century", - "57060df252bb891400689820": "Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town", - "57060df252bb891400689821": "University Town", - "57060df252bb891400689822": "Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town", - "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": "Downtown", - "57060eaf75f01819005e7911": "University", + "57060cc352bb89140068980f": "the Los Angeles Area", + "57060cc352bb891400689810": "San Fernando Valley", + "57060cc352bb891400689811": "Los Angeles", + "57060df252bb891400689820": "The San Bernardino-Riverside area maintains the business districts", + "57060df252bb891400689821": "Riverside area maintains the business districts of Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town", + "57060df252bb891400689822": "Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": "Orange County", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7911": "University of California, Irvine", "57060eaf75f01819005e7912": "West Irvine", - "57060eaf75f01819005e7913": "Downtown", - "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": "Downtown", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7913": "a rapidly developing business center that includes Downtown Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center districts", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": "the University of California, Irvine.", "57060f3e75f01819005e7922": "Downtown", - "57060f3e75f01819005e7923": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts", - "57060f3e75f01819005e7924": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts", - "57060f3e75f01819005e7925": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts", - "570610b275f01819005e792a": "the second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic) and the third", - "570610b275f01819005e792b": "third", + "57060f3e75f01819005e7923": "Downtown", + "57060f3e75f01819005e7924": "Most of these districts", + "57060f3e75f01819005e7925": "Sorrento Mesa, and University City", + "570610b275f01819005e792a": "Los Angeles International Airport, the second-busiest airport in the United States", + "570610b275f01819005e792b": "the world; Van Nuys Airport, the", "570610b275f01819005e792c": "third", - "570610b275f01819005e792d": "San Diego International Airport the busiest", - "570610b275f01819005e792e": "Van Nuys", - "5706111a52bb89140068984c": "seven", + "570610b275f01819005e792d": "San Diego", + "570610b275f01819005e792e": "Van Nuys Airport", + "5706111a52bb89140068984c": "Metrolink", "5706111a52bb89140068984d": "seven", "5706111a52bb89140068984e": "Six", - "5706111a52bb89140068984f": "the seven", + "5706111a52bb89140068984f": "San Bernardino, Riverside, and Orange counties", "570611c475f01819005e793c": "Los Angeles", - "570611c475f01819005e793d": "Long Beach", - "570611c475f01819005e793e": "Long", - "5706139252bb891400689864": "12", - "5706139252bb891400689865": "12", - "5706139252bb891400689866": "Institute of Technology", + "570611c475f01819005e793d": "the adjacent Port of Long Beach", + "570611c475f01819005e793e": "Port of Long Beach", + "5706139252bb891400689864": "The Tech Coast", + "5706139252bb891400689865": "prestigious and world-renowned", + "5706139252bb891400689866": "the California Institute of Technology", "5706139252bb891400689867": "5", "5706139252bb891400689868": "12", "5706143575f01819005e7950": "Los Angeles Rams", - "5706143575f01819005e7951": "Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, San Diego Padres); NHL (Los Angeles Kings", - "5706143575f01819005e7952": "Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, San Diego Padres); NHL (Los Angeles Kings", + "5706143575f01819005e7951": "NBA", + "5706143575f01819005e7952": "MLB", "5706143575f01819005e7953": "Los Angeles Kings", "5706143575f01819005e7954": "LA Galaxy", "5706149552bb891400689880": "2014", - "5706149552bb891400689881": "2014, there were two Major League Soccer teams in Los Angeles \u2014 the LA Galaxy", + "5706149552bb891400689881": "LA Galaxy", "5706149552bb891400689882": "2014", - "5706149552bb891400689883": "LA Galaxy", - "5706149552bb891400689884": "2014", - "570614ff52bb89140068988a": "UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans both field teams in NCAA Division I in the Pac", - "570614ff52bb89140068988b": "UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans both field teams in NCAA Division I in the Pac-12 Conference, and there is a longtime rivalry", - "570614ff52bb89140068988c": "Trojans both field teams in NCAA Division I in the Pac", - "570614ff52bb89140068988d": "UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans both field teams in NCAA Division I in the Pac", - "570614ff52bb89140068988e": "UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans both field teams in NCAA Division I in the Pac", + "5706149552bb891400689883": "LA Galaxy and Chivas USA \u2014 that both played at the StubHub Center", + "5706149552bb891400689884": "2018", + "570614ff52bb89140068988a": ", and there is a longtime rivalry between the schools.", + "570614ff52bb89140068988b": "the Pac-12 Conference, and there is a longtime rivalry between the schools.", + "570614ff52bb89140068988c": "Trojans", + "570614ff52bb89140068988d": "Pac", + "570614ff52bb89140068988e": "the Pac-12 Conference, and there is a longtime rivalry between the schools.", "5706155352bb891400689894": "Rugby", "5706155352bb891400689895": "Rugby", - "5706155352bb891400689896": "Rugby", + "5706155352bb891400689896": "an official school sport", "57092322efce8f15003a7db0": "1990", - "57092322efce8f15003a7db1": "1990", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db1": "BSkyB", "57092322efce8f15003a7db2": "2014", - "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": "1990", - "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": "1990", - "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc4": "2006", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": "British Sky Broadcasting Group", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": "Sky UK Limited, still trading as Sky", + "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc4": "May 2006", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc5": "2006", - "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": "2006", - "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": "2006", - "57094b4f9928a814004714f6": "Three", - "57094b4f9928a814004714f7": "Three", - "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": "three BSkyB channels were available on this platform: Sky News, Sky Three", + "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": "six Premier League packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the remaining four for \u00a31.3bn", + "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": "\u00a34.2bn", + "57094b4f9928a814004714f6": "the ONdigital", + "57094b4f9928a814004714f7": "Sky News, Sky Three", + "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": "three", "57094b4f9928a814004714f9": "Three", - "57094b4f9928a814004714fa": "Three", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": "2007", + "57094b4f9928a814004714fa": "TV", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": "a Sky+", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd7": "September 2007", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": "2007", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": "2007", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": "2007", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": "monthly fee", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": "January 2010", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": "the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels.", "57094d489928a8140047150a": "VideoGuard", "57094d489928a8140047150b": "Cisco Systems", "57094d489928a8140047150c": "Cisco Systems", - "57094d489928a8140047150d": "SkyB has design authority over all digital satellite receivers", - "57094d489928a8140047150e": "the others. This extends to the Personal video recorder (PVR) offering (branded Sky", - "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": "March 2007", + "57094d489928a8140047150d": "BSkyB", + "57094d489928a8140047150e": "Sky+", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": "Virgin Media", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dfe": "2007", - "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": "March 2007", - "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "price", - "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": "price", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": "the network on 1 March 2007", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "Video On Demand", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": "Video On Demand content", "570960cf200fba1400367f01": "July 2013", "570960cf200fba1400367f02": "31 July 2013", - "570960cf200fba1400367f03": "2014", - "570960cf200fba1400367f04": "2014", - "570960cf200fba1400367f05": "2014", - "570961aa200fba1400367f15": "Rupert Murdoch", - "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "Rupert Murdoch", + "570960cf200fba1400367f03": "27 January", + "570960cf200fba1400367f04": "27 January 2014, Microsoft announced \"that SkyDrive will soon become OneDrive\" and \"SkyDrive Pro\" becomes \"OneDrive for Business", + "570960cf200fba1400367f05": "SkyDrive cloud storage", + "570961aa200fba1400367f15": "1993", + "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "Astra", "570961aa200fba1400367f17": "27 September 2001", "570961aa200fba1400367f18": "27 September 2001", - "570961aa200fba1400367f19": "1993", + "570961aa200fba1400367f19": "3", "570963a5200fba1400367f33": "British Sky Broadcasting", - "570963a5200fba1400367f34": "11 million customers as of 2015. It was the UK's most popular digital TV service until it was overtaken by Freeview in April 2007", - "570963a5200fba1400367f35": "11", - "570963a5200fba1400367f36": "2007", - "57096505ed30961900e84082": "three set top boxes (Sky Q, Sky Q Silver and Sky Q Mini), a broadband router (Sky Q Hub", - "57096505ed30961900e84083": "three", + "570963a5200fba1400367f34": "the UK's most popular digital TV service until it was overtaken by Freeview in April 2007. Its corporate headquarters are based in Isleworth", + "570963a5200fba1400367f35": "11 million customers", + "570963a5200fba1400367f36": "Freeview in April 2007", + "57096505ed30961900e84082": "Sky Q Hub", + "57096505ed30961900e84083": "a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection rather than receive their own satellite feeds. This allows all set top boxes in a household", "57096505ed30961900e84084": "three", "57096505ed30961900e84085": "later", - "57096505ed30961900e84086": "three", - "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": "Sky News", + "57096505ed30961900e84086": "three set top boxes (Sky Q, Sky Q Silver and Sky Q Mini), a broadband router (Sky Q Hub) and mobile applications.", + "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": "DVB-compliant MPEG-2", "570966e0200fba1400367f50": "the Sky Movies and Sky Box Office", - "570966e0200fba1400367f51": "Sky News", - "570966e0200fba1400367f52": "Sky News", - "570966e0200fba1400367f53": "Sky News", + "570966e0200fba1400367f51": "the DVB-S2 standard", + "570966e0200fba1400367f52": "OpenTV", + "570966e0200fba1400367f53": "the DVB-S2 standard", "570967c4ed30961900e840ba": "1998", - "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "28", - "570967c4ed30961900e840bc": "1998", + "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "the 28.5\u00b0E orbital position, unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2\u00b0E.", + "570967c4ed30961900e840bc": "the potential to carry hundreds of television and radio channels.", "570967c4ed30961900e840bd": "hundreds", "570967c4ed30961900e840be": "28.5\u00b0E came to be used almost exclusively for channels that broadcast to the United Kingdom", "5709686c200fba1400367f77": "2006", - "5709686c200fba1400367f78": "17", - "5709686c200fba1400367f79": "17", - "5709686c200fba1400367f7a": "17,000 customers had yet to receive the service due to failed deliveries", - "5709686c200fba1400367f7b": "17", + "5709686c200fba1400367f78": "40", + "5709686c200fba1400367f79": "manufacturer Thomson", + "5709686c200fba1400367f7a": "17", + "5709686c200fba1400367f7b": "the total number of homes with Sky+HD was 4,222,000", "57096b66200fba1400367fa7": "three", "57096b66200fba1400367fa8": "March", - "57096b66200fba1400367fa9": "March", - "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "March as a subscription service on the digital terrestrial platform, and on the same day that NTL's services re-branded as Virgin Media", - "57096b66200fba1400367fab": "three", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": "9.75/10.600 GHz) which is fitted at the end of the dish", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": "9.75/10.600 GHz) which is fitted at the end of the dish", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "9.75/10.600 GHz) which is fitted at the end of the dish", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "9", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "a VideoGuard UK", - "57096e1ced30961900e84102": "1991", - "57096e1ced30961900e84103": "1991", - "57096e1ced30961900e84104": "1991", - "57096e1ced30961900e84105": "BBC", - "57096e1ced30961900e84106": "1991", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": "28\u00b0", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe6": "28\u00b0", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": "28\u00b0", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": "28\u00b0", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe9": "picture quality", - "57097051ed30961900e84132": "October 1998", - "57097051ed30961900e84133": "Sky Digital, although small-scale tests were carried out before then. At this time the use of the Sky Digital brand", - "57097051ed30961900e84134": "Sky", - "57097051ed30961900e84135": "Sky", - "57097051ed30961900e84136": "1999", + "57096b66200fba1400367fa9": "the digital terrestrial platform", + "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "Virgin Media", + "57096b66200fba1400367fab": "the BSkyB portfolio", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": "the end of the dish and pointed at the correct satellite constellation; most digital receivers will receive the free to air channels.", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": "a monthly subscription", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "the end of the dish and pointed at the correct satellite constellation; most digital receivers will receive the free to air channels.", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "the end of the dish and pointed at the correct satellite constellation; most digital receivers will receive the free to air channels.", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "the Sky service", + "57096e1ced30961900e84102": "autumn", + "57096e1ced30961900e84103": "ITV", + "57096e1ced30961900e84104": "\u00a3", + "57096e1ced30961900e84105": "The BBC", + "57096e1ced30961900e84106": "\u00a3304m for the Premier", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": "Ofcom", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe6": "ranging from \u00a315", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": "the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from Ofcom.", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": "the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe9": "BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality", + "57097051ed30961900e84132": "October", + "57097051ed30961900e84133": "Sky Digital", + "57097051ed30961900e84134": "the new service and Sky's analogue services.", + "57097051ed30961900e84135": "the name Sky Digital, although small-scale tests were carried out before then.", + "57097051ed30961900e84136": "over 100", "57097141200fba1400367ff9": "2007", - "57097141200fba1400367ffa": "2007", - "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "2006", - "57097141200fba1400367ffc": "30 November 2006 until 30 July 2009", - "57097141200fba1400367ffd": "2006", + "57097141200fba1400367ffa": "NTL:Telewest", + "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "Video On Demand service", + "57097141200fba1400367ffc": "BBC", + "57097141200fba1400367ffd": "Channel 4 HD", "57097b50200fba140036804d": "10", - "57097b50200fba140036804e": "36%", + "57097b50200fba140036804e": "more than", "57097b50200fba140036804f": "August 2004", "57097b50200fba1400368050": "36%", - "57097b50200fba1400368051": "10", - "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": "MP Alec Shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a \"Welfare Cash Card", - "57097c8fed30961900e841f3": "the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, that could be used to buy only \"essentials", + "57097b50200fba1400368051": "the growth in subscriber numbers elsewhere in Europe", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": "Welfare Cash Card", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f3": "essentials", "57097c8fed30961900e841f4": "claim", "57097c8fed30961900e841f5": "Sky TV", - "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": "checking claimants' \"Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone", - "57097d63ed30961900e841fc": "30m for the channels with both channel suppliers", - "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": "Video On Demand", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": "the household", + "57097d63ed30961900e841fc": "fixed annual carriage fees of \u00a330m", + "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": "the carriage of their respective basic channels.", "57097d63ed30961900e841fe": "both BSkyB and Virgin Media", - "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": "both BSkyB and Virgin Media", - "57097d63ed30961900e84200": "\u00a330m for the channels with both channel suppliers", - "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": "theatres and is also described as the \"sporting capital of Australia", - "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": "Australia", - "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3f": "fourth in terms of GSP per capita", - "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": "theatres and is also described as the \"sporting capital of Australia", + "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": "both BSkyB", + "57097d63ed30961900e84200": "relating to the carriage of their respective basic channels.", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": "The economy of Victoria", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": "second in Australia", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3f": "fourth in terms of GSP", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": "Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is also described as the \"sporting capital of Australia", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c41": "The Melbourne Cricket Ground", - "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": "1857", - "570d2556fed7b91900d45c48": "Lambing Flat riots in New South Wales. However, there was a riot at Buckland Valley near Bright in 1857", - "570d2556fed7b91900d45c49": "57", - "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4a": "1854", - "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "1854", - "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "eight electorates with each electorate represented by five representatives elected by Single Transferable Vote. The total number of upper house members was reduced from 44 to 40", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": "Bendigo", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c48": "Lambing Flat riots in New South Wales", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c49": "Buckland Valley", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4a": "1,000", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "uns", + "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "multi-member proportional representation system", "570d26efb3d812140066d490": "eight", - "570d26efb3d812140066d491": "eight electorates with each electorate represented by five", - "570d26efb3d812140066d492": "40", - "570d26efb3d812140066d493": "every", - "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": "2014", - "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4": "2014", - "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": "2014", - "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "2014", + "570d26efb3d812140066d491": "five", + "570d26efb3d812140066d492": "four", + "570d26efb3d812140066d493": "four years", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": "Trad", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4": "The Liberals", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": "Traditionally, Labor is strongest in Melbourne's working class western and northern suburbs", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "Traditionally, Labor is strongest in Melbourne's working class western and northern suburbs, and the regional cities of Ballarat, Bendigo and Geelong.", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7": "Traditionally, Labor is strongest in Melbourne's working class western and northern suburbs, and the regional cities of Ballarat", - "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bd": "61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman Catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7%", - "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": "26", - "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": "Around 20%", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bd": "61.1%", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": "26.7%", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": "Buddhism", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c0": "168,637", - "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": "20", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": "Vic", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": "Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "Vic", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": "Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne", - "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca7": "a large number of Aboriginal peoples, collectively known as the Koori", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": "Around 20%", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": "the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne, which is Australia's second-largest city.", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": "the north, the Tasman Sea to the east, and South Australia to the west.", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne, which is Australia's second-largest city.", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "Melbourne", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": "metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne, which is Australia's second-largest city", + "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca7": "the Koori", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca8": "1788", - "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": "the area occurred in 1803", + "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": "Victoria", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45caa": "03", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45cab": "1803", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbb": "50%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbc": "50%", - "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbd": "6", + "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbd": "A further 6", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbe": "90%", - "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbf": "270,000 tonnes of tomatoes", + "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbf": "270,000 tonnes", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45ccf": "1975", - "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": "the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act 1855, which establishes the Parliament", - "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1": "Parliament", - "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": "Parliament", - "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": "the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act 1855, which establishes the Parliament", - "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce3": "The Mallee and upper Wimmera are Victoria's warmest regions", - "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce4": "32", - "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce5": "chart", - "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": "2009", - "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": "2009", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d01": "the Victoria Department of Education", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": "the Victoria Department of Education", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": "tuition", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d04": "parish schools run by the Roman Catholic Church", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": "the Victoria Department of Education", - "570d3468b3d812140066d543": "2017", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": "the 1855", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1": "Parliament of Victoria", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": "certain \"entrenched\" provisions", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": "1855", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce3": "warmest regions", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce4": "Average temperatures", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce5": "winter", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": "recorded in Hopetoun on 7 February 2009", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": "7 February 2009", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d01": "the Victoria Department of Education . Students do not pay tuition fees, but some extra costs are levied.", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": "Department of Education", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": "the Victoria Department of Education . Students do not pay tuition fees, but some extra costs", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d04": "the Roman Catholic Church", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": "comply with government-set curriculum standards", + "570d3468b3d812140066d543": "the major car brands", "570d3468b3d812140066d544": "2017", - "570d3468b3d812140066d545": "2014 outlining a closure year of 2017. Holden's announcement occurred in May 2013", - "570d3468b3d812140066d546": "2017", - "570d3468b3d812140066d547": "2017", - "570d35b7b3d812140066d54d": "snow-covered Victorian alpine areas", - "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": "Mount Bogong the highest peak at 1,986 m (6,516 ft", - "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "Mount Bogong the highest peak", + "570d3468b3d812140066d545": "May 2013", + "570d3468b3d812140066d546": "the global car industry, with Toyota's statement in February 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017", + "570d3468b3d812140066d547": "the global car industry, with Toyota's statement in February 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017.", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d54d": "almost 2,000 m", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": "Mount Bogong", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "1,986 m", "570d35b7b3d812140066d550": "There is an extensive series of river systems", - "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "the helmeted honeyeater", - "570d391fb3d812140066d575": "9", - "570d391fb3d812140066d576": "below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) in the highest parts of the ranges", - "570d391fb3d812140066d577": "below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) in the highest parts of the ranges", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "helmeted honeyeater", + "570d391fb3d812140066d575": "The Victorian Alps", + "570d391fb3d812140066d576": "the Great Dividing Range mountain system", + "570d391fb3d812140066d577": "east-west through the centre", "570d391fb3d812140066d578": "below", - "570d391fb3d812140066d579": "1970", - "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": "Metro", + "570d391fb3d812140066d579": "\u221211.7", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": "the Victorian Government", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da0": "Metro", - "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": "Metro Trains Melbourne which runs an extensive, electrified, passenger system throughout Melbourne and suburbs; V/Line which is now owned by the Victorian Government", - "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": "Pacific National", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": "the Victorian Government", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": "the Victorian Government, operates a concentrated service to major regional centres, as well as long distance services on other lines; Pacific National", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da3": "Metro", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbd": "37", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbe": "12", - "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": "Parliament", - "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": "Parliament", - "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1": "37", - "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd7": "51", - "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd8": "near Ballarat", - "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": "51", - "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": "July 1851", - "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": "20", - "570d44abb3d812140066d5fd": "1,548 public schools, 489", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": "Legislative Assembly", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": "Legislative Council", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1": "Linda Dessau", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd7": "July 1851", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd8": "1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": "1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": "sevenfold", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": "20 million ounces of gold, one third", + "570d44abb3d812140066d5fd": "1,548", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fe": "489", - "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": "August 2010", - "570d44abb3d812140066d600": "63", - "570d44abb3d812140066d601": "61", - "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "the centre of dairy farming in Australia. It is home to 60%", + "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": "540,800", + "570d44abb3d812140066d600": "63,519", + "570d44abb3d812140066d601": "Over 61 per cent", + "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "Victoria", "570d4606b3d812140066d61a": "3", "570d4606b3d812140066d61b": "60%", "570d4606b3d812140066d61c": "thirds", "570d4606b3d812140066d61d": "Asia", - "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d": "tourist", - "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": "west", - "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": "tourist", - "570d47b8b3d812140066d630": "tourist", - "570d47b8b3d812140066d631": "the remnants", - "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e13": "88", - "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": "Sydney", - "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15": "Sydney", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d": "the 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": "1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1\u20442 in) standard gauge", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": "narrow", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d630": "five", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d631": "five", + "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e13": "1788", + "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": "New South Wales", + "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15": "the administration of the colonial government in Sydney.", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e16": "Sydney", - "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e31": "54", - "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33": "54", - "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e32": "54", - "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34": "54", - "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35": "55", - "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": "Premier", - "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66e": "Premier", - "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66f": "Premier of Victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier", - "570d4e6cb3d812140066d670": "Premier of Victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier", - "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": "Premier", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "2003\u201304, the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increased by 17%", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e31": "1854", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33": "British troops", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e32": "1854", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34": "the administration", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35": "1855", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": "the Legislative Assembly.", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66e": "the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66f": "the Legislative Assembly.", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d670": "Daniel Andrews", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": "the Legislative Assembly. The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet, sets the legislative and political agenda.", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "17", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7e": "17%", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": "32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60%", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": "32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60%", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": "32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60%", - "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": "tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism", - "570d529fb3d812140066d6bc": "a big part in tourism", - "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd": "a big part in tourism", - "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "a big part in tourism", - "570d529fb3d812140066d6bf": "Bell", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd699e": "by 1562", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "62", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": "series of religious conflicts followed, known as the Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": "the Edict of Nantes", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "edicts of toleration from the French crown. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the Wars of Religion", - "57106185b654c5140001f8db": "the \"Confederate Party", - "57106185b654c5140001f8dd": "Huisgenoten", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": "32", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": "around", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": "around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60%", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": "Major events also play a big part in tourism", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6bc": "a big part in tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism and sports tourism.", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd": "Melbourne", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "Major events also play a big part in tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism and sports tourism.", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6bf": "Bells Beach Surf", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd699e": "mainly", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "one-eighth", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": "intermittently", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": "Edict of Nantes", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "the southern and central parts of France, about one-eighth the number of French Catholics.", + "57106185b654c5140001f8db": "conspirators", + "57106185b654c5140001f8dd": "Geneva", "57106185b654c5140001f8dc": "the Swiss politician Besan\u00e7on Hugues (died 1532", - "57106185b654c5140001f8de": "Huisgenoten", + "57106185b654c5140001f8de": "Amboise plot of 1560", "57106185b654c5140001f8df": "Huisgenoten", - "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": "1487", - "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": "1487", - "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": "1487", - "57106644b654c5140001f8e8": "1487", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": "the time the Protestant Reformation finally arrived.", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": "Around 1294", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": "the Roman Catholic priest, Guyard de Moulin", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e8": "Jean de R\u00e9ly, was printed in Paris in 1487", "57106644b654c5140001f8e9": "1487", - "57106d2fb654c5140001f8ef": "66 \"villes de s\u00fbret\u00e9\" that the Edict", - "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": "the Edict of Al\u00e8s (1629", - "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": "the Edict of Al\u00e8s (1629", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8ef": "Montpellier was among the most important of the 66", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": "Montpellier", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": "Edict of 1598", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f1": "22", - "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": "the Edict of Al\u00e8s (1629", - "571077ecb654c5140001f909": "87", - "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": "87", - "571077ecb654c5140001f90b": "87", - "571077ecb654c5140001f90c": "87", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": "the most important of the 66 \"villes de s\u00fbret\u00e9\" that the Edict of 1598 granted to the Huguenots.", + "571077ecb654c5140001f909": "the arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion (Viljoen", + "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": "Cape Town", + "571077ecb654c5140001f90b": "the arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion (Viljoen", + "571077ecb654c5140001f90c": "Dutch East India Company post at the Cape of Good Hope", "571077ecb654c5140001f90d": "1700", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ca": "24", - "57107932a58dae1900cd69cb": "24", - "57107932a58dae1900cd69cc": "28", - "57107932a58dae1900cd69cd": "28", - "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": "Brooklyn", - "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "Jean Postell of Dieppe France, Alexander Pepin, Antoine Poitevin of Orsement France, and Jacques de Bordeaux", - "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "Jacques de Bordeaux", - "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e2": "Rev. Elie Prioleau", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69cb": "Forest", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69cc": "L'\u00c9glise fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 la Nouvelle-Amsterdam (the French church in New Amsterdam", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69cd": "L'\u00c9glise fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 la Nouvelle-Amsterdam (the French church in New Amsterdam", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": "Brooklyn, then known as Boschwick, in the neighborhood now known as Bushwick", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "present-day Charleston, South Carolina.", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "inger", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e2": "town of Pons", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e0": "97", - "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": "Jean Postell of Dieppe France, Alexander Pepin, Antoine Poitevin of Orsement France, and Jacques de Bordeaux", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": "III", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": "III of Orange, who later became King of England", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": "III", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": "III", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ec": "III", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": "present-day Charleston, South Carolina", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": "the strongest opponent of king Louis XIV after the French attacked the Dutch Republic in 1672.", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": "King of England", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": "League of Augsburg", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": "the wealthy and Calvinist Dutch Republic, which led the opposition to Louis XIV, as the most attractive country", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ec": "the strongest opponent of king Louis XIV after the French attacked the Dutch Republic in 1672.", "57107d73b654c5140001f91d": "Fontainebleau (1685", "57107d73b654c5140001f91e": "Fontainebleau (1685", - "57107d73b654c5140001f91f": "Fontainebleau (1685), which abolished all legal recognition of Protestantism", - "57107d73b654c5140001f920": "500,000 Huguenots had fled France by the early 18th century", - "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f2": "St", - "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": "St. Bartholomew's Day massacre when 5,000 to 30", - "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": "St. Bartholomew's Day massacre when 5,000 to 30", - "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "St", + "57107d73b654c5140001f91f": "the 1620s caused the political and military privileges of the Huguenots to be abolished following their defeat.", + "57107d73b654c5140001f920": "500", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f2": "The Catholic Church", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": "the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": "5,000 to 30,000", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "Retaliating against the French Catholics, the Huguenots had their own militia.", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f6": "St", - "57108073b654c5140001f927": "three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out, mainly in southwestern France, between 1621", - "57108073b654c5140001f926": "three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out, mainly in southwestern France, between 1621", - "57108073b654c5140001f928": "three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out, mainly in southwestern France, between 1621", + "57108073b654c5140001f927": "the Huguenot rebellions broke out, mainly in southwestern France, between 1621", + "57108073b654c5140001f926": "the death of Henry IV, a Huguenot before converting to Catholicism, who had protected Protestants through the Edict of Nantes.", + "57108073b654c5140001f928": "the defensive, and the government increasingly applied pressure.", "57108073b654c5140001f929": "XIII", - "57108073b654c5140001f925": "three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out, mainly in southwestern France, between 1621", + "57108073b654c5140001f925": "three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions", "57108198b654c5140001f937": "Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2%", "57108198b654c5140001f938": "2%", - "57108198b654c5140001f939": "Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2%", - "57108198b654c5140001f93a": "Alsace in northeast France and the C\u00e9vennes mountain region in the south", - "57108198b654c5140001f93b": "Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2%", - "57108c95b654c5140001f979": "third further upstate in New Paltz. The \"Huguenot Street", - "57108c95b654c5140001f97a": "third further upstate in New Paltz. The \"Huguenot Street", - "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": "third further upstate in New Paltz. The \"Huguenot Street", - "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": "third further upstate in New Paltz. The \"Huguenot Street", - "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": "third further upstate in New Paltz. The \"Huguenot Street", - "57108d69b654c5140001f983": "the entire population of the Dutch Republic amounted to ca. 2 million at that time. Around 1700, it is estimated that nearly 25%", - "57108d69b654c5140001f984": "the C\u00e9vennes, for instance, the village of Fraissinet-de-Loz\u00e8re", - "57108d69b654c5140001f985": "1700, it is estimated that nearly 25%", - "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "05", + "57108198b654c5140001f939": "Alsace", + "57108198b654c5140001f93a": "the C\u00e9vennes mountain region", + "57108198b654c5140001f93b": "Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2% of its population.", + "57108c95b654c5140001f979": "New Rochelle", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97a": "further upstate in New Paltz", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": "The \"Huguenot Street Historic District", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": "Huguenot Street Historic District", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": "the current neighborhood", + "57108d69b654c5140001f983": "the Dutch Republic", + "57108d69b654c5140001f984": "75,000", + "57108d69b654c5140001f985": "the Dutch Republic amounted to ca. 2 million", + "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia", "57108d69b654c5140001f987": "the Edict of Nantes", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1a": "Tours", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1b": "Tours", - "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1c": "Tours", + "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1c": "the ghost of le roi Huguet", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1d": "Tours", - "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1e": "r\u00e9form\u00e9s", - "571090abb654c5140001f995": "a block of houses in Turnagain Lane", - "571090abb654c5140001f996": "The Weavers, a half-timbered house by the river, was the site of a weaving school from the late 16th century to about 1830", - "571090abb654c5140001f997": "a block of houses in Turnagain Lane", - "571090abb654c5140001f998": "a block of houses in Turnagain Lane", + "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1e": "Tours", + "571090abb654c5140001f995": "the top floor, as many Huguenots worked as weavers.", + "571090abb654c5140001f996": "The Weavers", + "571090abb654c5140001f997": "the variety of occupations", + "571090abb654c5140001f998": "the top floor, as many Huguenots worked as weavers.", "571090abb654c5140001f999": "The Weavers, a half-timbered house by the river, was the site of a weaving school", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a41": "French Church Street", - "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "French Church Street in Cork City; and D'Olier Street", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "the time, they constituted the majority of the townspeople.", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a42": "D'Olier Street", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43": "D'Olier Street", - "57109180a58dae1900cd6a44": "96", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a44": "1696", "57109275b654c5140001f99f": "the time of the French and Indian War (the North American front of the Seven Years' War), a sizeable population of Huguenot descent", - "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "17", - "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": "refusal", - "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": "1759", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "New France", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": "non-Catholics", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": "the Seven", "57109275b654c5140001f9a3": "1759", - "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": "98", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": "Henry", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5d": "98", - "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": "98", - "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": "98", - "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "Henry of Navarre, having succeeded to the French throne as Henry IV, and having recanted Protestantism", - "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": "hundreds of thousands of Protestants", - "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": "hundreds of thousands of Protestants", - "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a68": "hundreds of thousands of Protestants", - "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a69": "Catholics and were called \"new converts", - "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": "hundreds of thousands of Protestants", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": "the French throne as Henry IV, and having recanted Protestantism in favour of Roman Catholicism, issued the Edict of Nantes", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": "the founding of new Protestant churches", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "the French throne as Henry IV, and having recanted Protestantism", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": "education of children as Catholics", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": "the North American colonies, where they settled in New York and Virginia, especially.", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a68": "Four thousand", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a69": "became Catholics and were called \"new converts", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": "The revocation forbade Protestant services, required education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration.", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a76": "the Netherlands", - "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a77": "Fort Coligny", - "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a78": "Fort Coligny", + "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a77": "the Netherlands.[citation needed] A group of Huguenots was part of the French colonisers who arrived in Brazil in 1555", + "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a78": "Guanabara", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a79": "60", - "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a7a": "the Guanabara Confession of Faith", - "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": "Ther", - "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a87": "Theron, Viljoen (Villion) and Visagie (Visage). The wine industry", - "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": "Ther", - "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a89": "Ther", - "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": "Henry", + "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a7a": "Guanabara Confession of Faith", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": "Afrikaans", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a87": "The wine industry", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": "the Western Cape province in South Africa still bear French names", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a89": "surnames", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": "Paul Revere", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a99": "Henry Laurens", - "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9a": "Charleston", - "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9b": "Henry Laurens", - "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": "Henry Laurens", - "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "Some Huguenots settled in Bedfordshire", - "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": "twenty-five widows who settled in Dover, and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lacemakers in Bedfordshire", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9a": "Charleston, South Carolina", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9b": "The Huguenot Society of America maintains Manakin Episcopal Church", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": "Texas", + "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "the British lace industry", + "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": "the 18th century, when it was widely copied throughout Europe.", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab4": "twenty-five widows who settled in Dover, and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lacemakers in Bedfordshire", - "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": "twenty-five widows who settled in Dover, and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lacemakers in Bedfordshire", - "571099b2b654c5140001f9b3": "Berlin, the Huguenots created two new neighbourhoods", - "571099b2b654c5140001f9b4": "1700, one-fifth", - "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": "1806", - "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": "1700", - "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": "1700", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": "ist", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": "1702 and 1709", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": "1702 and 1709", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": "09", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b2a": "1702 and 1709", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": "Jean Ribault established the small colony of Fort Caroline on the banks of the St. Johns River in what is today Jacksonville", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": "Jean", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": "Jean Ribault established the small colony of Fort Caroline", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b33": "Jean Ribault", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b34": "Jean Ribault established the small colony of Fort Caroline", - "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": "Jean", - "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": "Ren\u00e9 Goulaine de Laudonni\u00e8re", + "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": "the eighteenth century", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b3": "two new neighbourhoods", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b4": "one-fifth", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": "the city's population was French speaking.", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": "the city's population was French speaking.", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": "the city's population was French speaking. The Berlin Huguenots preserved the French language in their church services for nearly a century.", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": "Great Elector Frederick William", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": "the rugged C\u00e9vennes region", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": "the Camisards", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": "the Catholic Church", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b2a": "between 1702 and 1709", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": "the small colony of Fort Caroline on the banks of the St. Johns River in what is today Jacksonville", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": "Jean Ribault", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": "Fort Caroline", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b33": "Pedro Menendez. Menendez", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b34": "the St. Johns River in what is today Jacksonville, Florida.", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": "of Charlesfort on Parris Island", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": "St. Augustine", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa19": "Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s", - "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1a": "Jean", - "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": "Jean Ribault led an expedition that explored Florida and the present-day Southeastern U.S., and founded the outpost of Charlesfort", - "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a": "20 miles above the falls of the James River, at the abandoned Monacan village known as Manakin Town", - "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b": "20 miles above the falls of the James River, at the abandoned Monacan village known as Manakin Town", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1a": "Jean Ribault led an expedition that explored Florida and the present-day Southeastern U.", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": "The Wars of Religion", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a": "the Piedmont, and across the Appalachian Mountains into the West of what became Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and other states.", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b": "the Manakintown", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c": "20 miles above the falls of the James River, at the abandoned Monacan village known as Manakin Town", - "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": "1705, the Virginia General Assembly passed an act to naturalise the 148 Huguenots still resident at Manakintown", - "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "1705, the Virginia General Assembly passed an act to naturalise the 148 Huguenots still resident at Manakintown", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": "68\u20131609", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": "Some Huguenots fought in the Low Countries alongside the Dutch against Spain during the first years of the Dutch Revolt (1568\u20131609", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2d": "Pierre L'Oyseleur, lord of Villiers", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2e": "Pierre L'Oyseleur, lord of Villiers", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "Pierre L'Oyseleur, lord of Villiers", - "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": "London", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": "390", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "May 1705", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": "the first years of the Dutch Revolt (1568\u20131609). The Dutch Republic rapidly became a destination for Huguenot exiles.", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": "Some Huguenots fought in the Low Countries", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2d": "Apologie\" of William", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2e": "L'Oyseleur, lord of Villiers", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "William the Silent", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": "the doctrine of transubstantiation during Mass.", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b61": "08", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b62": "50", - "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b63": "Andrew Lortie (born Andr\u00e9 Lortie), a leading Huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in London", - "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": "Andrew Lortie (born Andr\u00e9 Lortie), a leading Huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in London", - "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": "17th and early 18th centuries", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b63": "Andrew Lortie", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": "transubstantiation", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": "the Williamite war in Ireland", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b73": "regiments fought for William of Orange", - "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": "Lis", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": "the late 17th and early 18th centuries, encouraged by an act of parliament for Protestants' settling in Ireland.", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b75": "Smaller settlements, which included Killeshandra", - "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b76": "Smaller settlements, which included Killeshandra in County Cavan, contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen", - "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa45": "present-day Saarland in 1604", - "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa46": "Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbr\u00fccken to establish a Huguenot community in present-day Saarland in 1604", - "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": "Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbr\u00fccken to establish a Huguenot community in present-day Saarland in 1604", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b76": "Irish linen industry", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa45": "Prince Louis de Cond\u00e9, along with his sons Daniel and Osias,[citation needed] arranged", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa46": "Saarbr\u00fccken", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": "a thriving glass-making works", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa48": "1890s", - "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa49": "present-day Saarland in 1604", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae3": "\u00e9migr\u00e9s relocated to Protestant European nations such as England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "\u00e9migr\u00e9s relocated to Protestant European nations such as England, Wales", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae6": "\u00e9migr\u00e9s", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": "Cape Colony", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": "\u00e9migr\u00e9s", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": "hypothesis", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": "the French language. The \"Hugues hypothesis", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bce": "the French language. The \"Hugues hypothesis", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": "the French language. The \"Hugues hypothesis", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bd0": "the French language. The \"Hugues hypothesis", - "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6": "1455\u20131536", - "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": "1455\u20131536", - "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8": "23", - "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "1455\u20131536", - "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda": "1455\u20131536", - "57111428b654c5140001faff": "3,000 and 7,000 more in the French provinces. By 17 September", - "57111428b654c5140001fb00": "3,000 and 7,000 more in the French provinces. By 17 September", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa49": "the founding families still living in the region. Some members of this community emigrated to the United States in the 1890s.", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae3": "the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "the Duchy of Prussia, the Channel Islands, and Ireland.", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae6": "the Duchy of Prussia, the Channel Islands, and Ireland.", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": "Dutch Cape Colony", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": "the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, and several of the English colonies of North America", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": "association with Hugues Capet", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": "association with Hugues Capet, king of France", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bce": "the French language.", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": "hypothesis", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bd0": "the word to have spread into common use in France, it must have originated in the French language.", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6": "Jacques Lefevre", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": "Jacques Lefevre", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8": "30", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "William Farel", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda": "Lefevre", + "57111428b654c5140001faff": "St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 24 August \u2013 3 October 1572", + "57111428b654c5140001fb00": "Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots in Paris", "57111428b654c5140001fb01": "3,000", "57111428b654c5140001fb02": "73", - "57111429b654c5140001fb03": "25,000 Protestants had been massacred in Paris alone", - "571114cfb654c5140001fb09": "43", - "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": "43", - "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "43", + "57111429b654c5140001fb03": "almost 25,000", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb09": "Louis XIV gained the throne", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": "the throne in 1643 and acted increasingly aggressively to force the Huguenots to convert.", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "the throne in 1643 and acted increasingly aggressively to force the Huguenots to convert.", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0c": "closed Huguenot schools", - "571114cfb654c5140001fb0d": "the occupation and looting", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": "La Rochelle", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": "La Rochelle", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": "La Rochelle", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb0d": "the occupation and looting of Huguenot homes by military troops", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": "county of Westchester", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": "the final resting place for a wide range of the Huguenot founders, early settlers and prominent citizens dating back more than three centuries.", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": "John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor", "5711163bb654c5140001fb16": "La Rochelle", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": "third", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "E.I. du Pont, a former student of Lavoisier", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "E.I. du Pont, a former student of Lavoisier", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": "E.I. du Pont, a former student of Lavoisier", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": "E.I. du Pont, a former student of Lavoisier", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c04": "E.I. du Pont", - "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0a": "Rotterdam", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": ". Paul's", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "the nineteenth century.", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "the nineteenth century.", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": "the late Colonial and early Federal periods. For example, E.", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": "descendants in many families continued to use French first names and surnames for their children well into the nineteenth century", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c04": "E.I. du Pont, a former student of Lavoisier, established the Eleutherian gunpowder mills", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0a": "Pierre Bayle", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0b": "Rotterdam", - "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0c": "Pierre", - "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": "Pierre Bayle. He started teaching in Rotterdam, where he finished writing and publishing his multi-volume masterpiece, Historical and Critical Dictionary", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0c": "Pierre Bayle. He started teaching in Rotterdam, where he finished writing and publishing his multi-volume masterpiece, Historical and Critical Dictionary", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": "the US Library of Congress", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0e": "Saint Nicolas", - "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "London", + "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "Royal Charter in 1550", "57111992b654c5140001fb44": "Royal Charter in 1550", - "57111992b654c5140001fb45": "Royal Charter in 1550. It is now located at Soho Square", + "57111992b654c5140001fb45": "Soho Square", "57111992b654c5140001fb46": "Shoreditch", "57111992b654c5140001fb47": "1724", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "20", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "20", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3e": "20,000 of whom were welcomed in Brandenburg-Prussia, where they were granted special privileges (Edict", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "20", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": "20", - "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": "Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, invited Huguenots", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "the Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany and Scandinavia", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "the Church of St.", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3e": "Edict of Potsdam", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": "the Church of St. Peter and St.", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": "Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c51": "Theodor Fontane", - "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": "Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, invited Huguenots", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": "Hermann von Fran\u00e7ois", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53": "Lothar de Maizi\u00e8re", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c54": "Thomas de Maizi\u00e8re", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": "Non", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd4": "the Rankine cycle", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": "Non-combustion heat sources", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": "Non-combustion heat sources", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": "Non-combustion heat sources", - "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": "Thomas Newcomen", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": "Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd4": "Rankine cycle", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": "the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": "the Rankine cycle.", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": "The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler.", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": "the atmospheric engine", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb3": "Thomas Newcomen", - "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb4": "Thomas Newcomen around 1712", - "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": "Thomas Newcomen", - "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": "Thomas Newcomen", - "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc4": "Richard", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb4": "around 1712", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": "steam pump", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": "a piston as proposed by Papin", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc4": "The first full-", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc5": "21 February", - "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "Richard Trevithick in the United Kingdom and, on 21 February 1804", - "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": "yr", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "21 February", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": "Merthyr", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc8": "Abercynon", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0e": "a water pump", - "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0f": "multi", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0f": "multi-stage centrifugal pumps; however, other types are used.", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d10": "1850s", - "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": "lower-pressure boiler feed water is an injector", - "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": "lower-pressure boiler feed water is an injector", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": "the 1850s but are no longer widely used, except in applications such as steam locomotives", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": "lower-pressure boiler feed water is an injector, which uses a steam jet usually supplied from the boiler", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d18": "three", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d19": "three", - "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": "three", - "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": "three", - "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": "three", - "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": "cut-off", - "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": "off", - "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24": "usual compromise solution has been to provide lap by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": "crown of the boiler's firebox", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "the boiler's firebox", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": "the boiler's firebox", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": "the boiler's firebox", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": "the steam escape has little effect", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": "late 19th century", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": "the late 19th century", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": "the Olympic class", + "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": "the effect that the exhaust side remains open for a longer period after cut-off", + "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": "Stephenson, Joy and Walschaerts motions", + "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24": "usual compromise solution has been to provide lap", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": "Lead fusible plugs", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire.", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": "the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire.", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": "the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire.", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": "little effect", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d28": "James Watt", - "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d29": "17", + "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d29": "1781 James Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2a": "ten", - "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2b": "10", + "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2b": "1883", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2c": "the Industrial Revolution", - "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": "the properties of steam. A rudimentary steam turbine device was described by Taqi al-Din in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 1629", - "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d33": "the properties of steam. A rudimentary steam turbine device was described by Taqi al-Din in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 1629", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": "first century AD", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d33": "Hero of Alexandria", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d34": "Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria", - "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d35": "Giovanni Branca in 1629", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d35": "Giovanni Branca", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d36": "06", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": "triple", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc2a": "triple", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": "triple", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": "20th century", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": "triple", - "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": "19th century", - "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "19", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": "the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use.", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2a": "successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": "especially in shipping", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": "advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": "triple expansion engines being common, especially in shipping", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": "steam turbines", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "late part of the 19th century", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5c": "several hundred", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5d": "90%", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5e": "90%", - "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": "various sources, most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space", - "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6f": "combustion chamber", - "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": "combustion chamber, firebox). In some cases the heat source is a nuclear reactor", - "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71": "the case of model or toy steam engines, the heat source can be an electric heating element", + "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": "the case of model or toy steam engines, the heat source can be an electric heating element.", + "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6f": "variously combustion chamber", + "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": "the case of model or toy steam engines, the heat source can be an electric heating element.", + "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71": "an electric heating element", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d80": "the steam engine indicator", - "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81": "1851, but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard", + "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81": "1851, but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London Exhibition in 1862", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d82": "Charles Richard", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d83": "Charles Richard", - "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84": "Charles Richard", + "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84": "London Exhibition", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a": "90\u00b0", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8b": "180\u00b0", - "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "180\u00b0, the groups being set at 90\u00b0", - "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": "reverses its direction of flow at each stroke (counterflow), entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same port", + "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "90\u00b0", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": "counterflow", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3e": "two", - "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": "the same port", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": "The complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes; the cycle also comprises four events \u2013 admission, expansion, exhaust, compression.", "5711488ab654c5140001fc40": "four", "5711488ab654c5140001fc41": "four", - "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": "The Quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas", + "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": "The Quasiturbine", "57114aceb654c5140001fc48": "usual", - "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": "usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls", - "57114b1a2419e31400955575": "holes", - "57114b1a2419e31400955576": "holes", - "57114b1a2419e31400955577": "mainly used in toys", + "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": "the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction.", + "57114b1a2419e31400955575": "the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder.", + "57114b1a2419e31400955576": "holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting", + "57114b1a2419e31400955577": "mainly used in toys and models", "57114b1a2419e31400955578": "mainly on ships", - "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53": "the atmosphere", - "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54": "atmosphere", - "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": "the atmosphere", - "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": "atmosphere", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": "63", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": "63%", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": "entry temperatures are typically 565 \u00b0C (the creep limit of stainless steel", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": "63", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": "30", - "57114f0050c2381900b54a65": "the Industrial Revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving machinery in factories, mills and mines; powering pumping stations", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53": "recycled continuously", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54": "directly released to the atmosphere", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": "Mercury is the working fluid in the mercury vapor turbine. Low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a binary cycle.", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": "the atmosphere, and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied.", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": "the working fluid.", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": "565 \u00b0C", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": "stainless steel", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": "63%", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": "around", + "57114f0050c2381900b54a65": "the land available for cultivation.", "57114f0050c2381900b54a66": "railway locomotives, ships, steamboats", - "57114f0050c2381900b54a67": "the Industrial Revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving machinery in factories, mills and mines; powering pumping stations", + "57114f0050c2381900b54a67": "the land available for cultivation.", "57114f0050c2381900b54a68": "factories", "57114f0050c2381900b54a69": "agriculture", - "571153422419e3140095557d": "twin", - "571153422419e3140095557e": "twin", + "571153422419e3140095557d": "the Catch Me Who Can", + "571153422419e3140095557e": "Matthew Murray", "571153422419e3140095557f": "twin", - "571153422419e31400955580": "twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray", - "571153422419e31400955581": "Stephenson", - "5711541350c2381900b54a6f": "Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805", - "5711541350c2381900b54a70": "1804", - "5711541350c2381900b54a71": "1804", - "5711541350c2381900b54a72": "larger", + "571153422419e31400955580": "Middleton Railway", + "571153422419e31400955581": "the Stockton and Darlington Railway", + "5711541350c2381900b54a6f": "Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805.", + "5711541350c2381900b54a70": "British engineer", + "5711541350c2381900b54a71": "the efficiency", + "5711541350c2381900b54a72": "larger cylinders", "571154c72419e31400955587": "90%", - "571154c72419e31400955588": "90%", - "571154c72419e31400955589": "90%", - "571154c72419e3140095558a": "90%", - "571154c72419e3140095558b": "90%", - "571155ae2419e31400955591": "90%", - "571155ae2419e31400955592": "90%", + "571154c72419e31400955588": "the late 20th century, being more efficient (and requiring far less maintenance) than reciprocating steam engines.", + "571154c72419e31400955589": "almost entirely", + "571154c72419e3140095558a": "the late 20th century, being more efficient (and requiring far less maintenance) than reciprocating steam engines.", + "571154c72419e3140095558b": "reduction gearing", + "571155ae2419e31400955591": "The Rankine cycle", + "571155ae2419e31400955592": "removed in a condenser", "571155ae2419e31400955593": "1990s", - "571155ae2419e31400955594": "90%", - "571155ae2419e31400955595": "John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath", - "571156152419e3140095559b": "duty", - "571156152419e3140095559f": "duty", - "571156152419e3140095559e": "Duty", - "571156152419e3140095559d": "Duty", - "571156152419e3140095559c": "duty", - "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": "20", - "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": "20", - "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": "20", - "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": "20", + "571155ae2419e31400955594": "virtually all solar, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants", + "571155ae2419e31400955595": "William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath", + "571156152419e3140095559b": "its \"duty", + "571156152419e3140095559f": "17", + "571156152419e3140095559e": "7", + "571156152419e3140095559d": "94", + "571156152419e3140095559c": "the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel (94 pounds) of coal.", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": "the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines in commercial usage, and the ascendancy of steam turbines", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": "Reciprocating piston type steam engines", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": "turbine type steam engines, the \"steam age\" is continuing with energy levels far beyond those of the turn of the 19th century.", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": "the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines in commercial usage, and the ascendancy of steam turbines in power generation.", "57115b2850c2381900b54a7f": "Thomas Savery", - "57115b2850c2381900b54a80": "Thomas Savery", - "57115b2850c2381900b54a81": "Thomas Savery", - "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": "John Smeaton in the Philosophical Transactions published in 1751", - "57115b2850c2381900b54a83": "John Smeaton in the Philosophical Transactions published in 1751", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": "Richard Trevithick", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": "Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8b": "Trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": "Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": "Richard Trevithick", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a80": "a water pump, developed in 1698 by Thomas Savery.", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a81": "98", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": "Bento de Moura", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a83": "John Smeaton", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": "Trevithick", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": "Oliver Evans", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8b": "1802", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": "transport applications", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": "adoption of the steam engine", "57115bf350c2381900b54a93": "Energiprojekt AB", - "57115bf350c2381900b54a94": "Energiprojekt AB", - "57115bf350c2381900b54a95": "Energiprojekt AB", + "57115bf350c2381900b54a94": "the potential of the engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines. The company Energiprojekt AB in Sweden", + "57115bf350c2381900b54a95": "5", "57115bf350c2381900b54a96": "4 kg", "57115bf350c2381900b54a97": "27", - "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": "towers", - "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": "towers", - "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": "towers", + "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": "ers", + "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": "an automobile radiator", + "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": "A dry type cooling tower", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa0": "towers", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa1": "3600", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": "1788", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": "James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt\u2019s partner Boulton", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": "James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt\u2019s partner Boulton", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": "The centrifugal governor", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": "1788 after Watt\u2019s partner Boulton", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": "a flour mill", "57115dbe2419e314009555a8": "cotton spinning", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": "James Watt for use on a steam engine in 17", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": "the end of the 19th century.", "57115e532419e314009555af": "1880", - "57115e532419e314009555b0": "1930", - "57115e532419e314009555b1": "1930", + "57115e532419e314009555b0": "Britain", + "57115e532419e314009555b1": "often perceived as complicated", "57115e532419e314009555b2": "1930", - "57115e532419e314009555b3": "1930", - "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": "period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission", - "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa8": "period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods", - "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": "period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods", + "57115e532419e314009555b3": "railway locomotives", + "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": "rather, shortening the admission event", + "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa8": "kick back", + "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": "brief", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aaa": "fixed length", - "57115f652419e314009555b9": "06", + "57115f652419e314009555b9": "Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606", "57115f652419e314009555ba": "Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606", "57115f652419e314009555bb": "06", - "57115f652419e314009555bc": "Thomas Savery", - "57115f652419e314009555bd": "Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston, and was used in 1712", - "57115ff82419e314009555c3": "series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages", - "57115ff82419e314009555c4": "series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages", - "57115ff82419e314009555c5": "series", - "57115ff82419e314009555c6": "series", + "57115f652419e314009555bc": "1698", + "57115f652419e314009555bd": "1712", + "57115ff82419e314009555c3": "the outer edge.", + "57115ff82419e314009555c4": "one or more rotors (rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft", + "57115ff82419e314009555c5": "the outer edge. Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion.", + "57115ff82419e314009555c6": "the turbine casing", "57115ff82419e314009555c7": "00 revolutions per minute (RPM", - "5711607f2419e314009555cd": "ratio", - "5711607f2419e314009555ce": "ratio", - "5711607f2419e314009555cf": "ratio", - "5711607f2419e314009555d0": "ratio", + "5711607f2419e314009555cd": "lower", + "5711607f2419e314009555ce": "internal combustion engines or electric motors", + "5711607f2419e314009555cf": "steam", + "5711607f2419e314009555d0": "the Advanced Steam movement", "5711607f2419e314009555d1": "Recent concerns about fuel sources and pollution", - "571161092419e314009555d7": "the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear", - "571161092419e314009555d8": "the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear", - "571161092419e314009555d9": "difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight", - "5711619950c2381900b54aaf": "James Watt developed (1763", - "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": "James Watt developed (1763", - "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": "John Smeaton", - "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": "John Smeaton", - "5711619950c2381900b54ab3": "John Smeaton's improved version of Newcomen's. Newcomen", + "571161092419e314009555d7": "the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine.", + "571161092419e314009555d8": "the cylinders and valve gear", + "571161092419e314009555d9": "thermal expansion", + "5711619950c2381900b54aaf": "1763", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": "the pressure of expanding steam. The engine cylinders had to be large because the only usable force acting on them was due to atmospheric pressure.", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": "half", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": "the pressure of expanding steam. The engine cylinders had to be large because the only usable force acting on them was due to atmospheric pressure.", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab3": "a piston", "5711623e50c2381900b54ab9": "two independent mechanisms", "5711623e50c2381900b54aba": "a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler. One end of the lever carried a weight or spring", - "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": "the pressure", - "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": "adjustable spring-loaded valve, which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken. This arrangement", - "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": "Early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers", - "5711628a2419e314009555dd": "30% less steam, it provided more uniform speed due to variable steam cut off", + "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": "The more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring", + "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": "a seal illegally is broken.", + "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": "more power", + "5711628a2419e314009555dd": "30% less steam, it provided more uniform speed due to variable steam cut off, making it well suited to manufacturing, especially cotton spinning.", "5711628a2419e314009555de": "1849", "5711628a2419e314009555e1": "30%", "5711628a2419e314009555df": "four", - "5711628a2419e314009555e0": "1849", - "571163172419e314009555e7": "the development of thermodynamic theory", - "571163172419e314009555e8": "the development of thermodynamic theory", - "571163172419e314009555e9": "the development of thermodynamic theory", - "571163172419e314009555ea": "Black", + "5711628a2419e314009555e0": "the efficiency of the steam engine\". In addition to using 30%", + "571163172419e314009555e7": "thermodynamic theory", + "571163172419e314009555e8": "by Watt", + "571163172419e314009555e9": "the separate condenser", + "571163172419e314009555ea": "Joseph Black", "571163172419e314009555eb": "latent heat, which was confirmed by the original discoverer Joseph Black", - "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": "3%", - "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": "the Rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": "the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point.", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": "the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase", "5711648850c2381900b54ac5": "3%", - "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": "3%", - "5711651050c2381900b54acb": "pumps", - "5711651050c2381900b54acc": "ers", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": "approaching", + "5711651050c2381900b54acb": "or", + "5711651050c2381900b54acc": "the boiler during operation, condensers", "5711651050c2381900b54acd": "aters", - "5711651050c2381900b54ace": "bin", - "5711651050c2381900b54acf": "a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin", - "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": "HMS", - "5711658e50c2381900b54ad6": "HMS Dreadnought of 1905", - "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7": "HMS Dread", - "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8": "HMS Dread", - "5711658e50c2381900b54ad9": "HMS Dreadnought of 1905", - "571166352419e314009555f1": "Elsewhere, notably in the U.S.A., more advanced designs with electric transmission", - "571166352419e314009555f2": "Elsewhere, notably in the U.S.A., more advanced designs with electric transmission", - "571166352419e314009555f3": "Elsewhere, notably in the U.S.A., more advanced designs with electric transmission", - "571166352419e314009555f4": "Elsewhere, notably in the U.S.A., more advanced designs with electric transmission", - "571166352419e314009555f5": "Elsewhere, notably in the U.S.A., more advanced designs with electric transmission", - "5711669550c2381900b54adf": "theoretical", - "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": "rejection", - "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": "the Rankine cycle and isothermal (constant temperature) processes in the theoretical", - "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": "theoretical", - "5711669550c2381900b54ae3": "the condenser", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": "symbol O and atomic number 8", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "symbol O and atomic number 8", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fc0": "symbol O and atomic number 8", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": "symbol O and atomic number 8", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": "20", - "571bb2269499d21900609ca9": "20", - "571bb2269499d21900609caa": "symbol O and atomic number 8", - "571bb2269499d21900609cab": "symbol O and atomic number 8", - "571bb2269499d21900609cad": "symbol O and atomic number 8", - "571bb2269499d21900609cac": "symbol O and atomic number 8", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": "symbol O and atomic number 8", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": "symbol O and atomic number 8", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": "symbol O and atomic number 8", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": "symbol O and atomic number 8", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": "symbol O and atomic number 8", - "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94a": "Oxygen is used in cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis", - "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": "produce oxygen", - "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": "the biosphere", + "5711651050c2381900b54ace": "bunker", + "5711651050c2381900b54acf": "the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point, and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes.", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": "usually", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad6": "British invention steam turbine where speed was required, for instance in warships, such as the dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners.", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7": "HMS Dreadnought", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8": "instance", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad9": "1905", + "571166352419e314009555f1": "irtually all nuclear power plants", + "571166352419e314009555f2": "a turbine connected to an electrical generator", + "571166352419e314009555f3": "an electrical generator", + "571166352419e314009555f4": "turbo-electric transmission", + "571166352419e314009555f5": "Some non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in Sweden and for express passenger work in Britain", + "5711669550c2381900b54adf": "sometimes referred", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": "the condenser) are isobaric (constant pressure) processes", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": "constant pressure) processes", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": "const", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae3": "the condenser as a liquid", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": "8", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "third-most abundant element in the universe", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fc0": "two", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": "almost half", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": "Diatomic oxygen gas", + "571bb2269499d21900609ca9": "20.8%", + "571bb2269499d21900609caa": "almost half of the crust's mass.", + "571bb2269499d21900609cab": "8", + "571bb2269499d21900609cad": "the Earth's atmosphere. However, monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend", + "571bb2269499d21900609cac": "third", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": "8", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": "the chalcogen group on the periodic table", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": "most", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": "the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": "the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with most elements.", + "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94a": "photosynthesis", + "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": "sunlight", + "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": "the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09c": "oxygen", - "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09d": "the photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another form (allotrope) of oxygen, ozone (O\n3", - "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09e": "the photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another form (allotrope) of oxygen, ozone (O\n3", - "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": "the photosynthetic action of living organisms", - "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c0a0": "the photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another form (allotrope) of oxygen, ozone (O\n3", - "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": "17th century", - "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd6": "John Mayow (1641\u20131679", - "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": "John Mayow (1641\u20131679", - "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": "John Mayow (1641\u20131679", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09d": "Most", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09e": "the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water.", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": "the energy of sunlight", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c0a0": "the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water.", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": "Robert Boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion. English chemist John Mayow", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd6": "John Mayow", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": "nitroaereus", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": "1641\u20131679", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a6": "17th century", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": "John Mayow (1641\u20131679", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "John Mayow", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": "John Mayow", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0aa": "John Mayow (1641\u20131679", - "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": "Joseph Priestley", - "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": "clergyman Joseph Priestley", - "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": "1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley", - "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": "August 1, 17", - "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": "1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley", - "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": "1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley", - "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b2": "1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley", - "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": "1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": "nitroaereus", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "the late 17th century", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": "a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaereus", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0aa": "English chemist John Mayow", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": "Priestley", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": "1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": "the second volume of his book titled Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air.", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": "mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": "mercuric oxide", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": "a gas he named \"dephlogisticated air", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b2": "1775", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": "the second volume of his book titled Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air.", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b4": "longer", - "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "centuries later", - "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fde": "Pneumatica", - "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": "Leonardo da Vinci built on Philo's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration", - "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "surmised that parts", - "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0ba": "Leonardo da Vinci built on Philo's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "Leonardo da Vinci", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fde": "2nd century", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": "2nd century", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "parts", + "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0ba": "the 2nd century", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bb": "parts", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bc": "Pneumatica", - "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bd": "Leonardo", + "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bd": "Leonardo da Vinci", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0be": "Leonardo da Vinci built on Philo's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration", - "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": "Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity", - "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a961": "Oxy", - "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a962": "peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dich", - "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": "Oxygen is the oxidant", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": "event", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a961": "Oxygen is the oxidant, not the fuel, but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion.", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a962": "Combustion hazards also apply to compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": "Oxygen", "571cebc05efbb31900334e49": "event", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": "Oxygen is the oxidant", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": "Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": "Oxygen", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "the chemical energy released in combustion. Combustion hazards also apply to compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential", - "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a968": "the Apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule", - "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": "pipes", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": "Oxygen is the oxidant, not the fuel, but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": "the chemical energy released in combustion.", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": "most of the chemical energy", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "oxygen", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a968": "the Apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure O\n2", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": "the design and manufacture of O\n2 systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized.", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96a": "slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 1\u20443", - "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": "pipes", - "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": "pipes", - "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": "pipes", - "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a2": "pipes", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": "special training to ensure that ignition sources", + "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": "energetically", + "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": "the design and manufacture of O\n2 systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized.", + "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a2": "Steel pipes", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a4": "the Apollo 1 crew", - "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": "atmosphere", + "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": "The Earth's crustal rock is composed in large part of oxides of silicon (silica SiO\n2, as found in granite and quartz", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe7": "atmosphere", - "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe5": "atmosphere", + "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe5": "The Earth's mantle, of much larger mass than the crust, is largely composed of silicates of magnesium and iron", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3e": "atmosphere", - "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3f": "atmosphere", - "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": "atmosphere", - "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": "atmosphere", - "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": "atmosphere", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "John Dalton's original atomic hypothesis", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c5": "John Dalton's original atomic hypothesis", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": "8", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": "1805", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c8": "1811 Amedeo Avogadro", - "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "the phlogiston theory", - "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": "the phlogiston theory", - "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d0": "the phlogiston theory", - "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d1": "Indeed, one of the first clues that the phlogiston theory", - "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d2": "the phlogiston theory", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "\u03c0*", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "\u03c0*", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": "\u03c0*", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "\u03c0*", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "\u03c0*", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3f": "The Earth's crustal rock is composed in large part of oxides of silicon", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": "The Earth's mantle", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": "The Earth's mantle", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": "The rest of the", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "monatomic", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c5": "respect", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": "HO, giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen, instead of the modern value of about 16.", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": "1805, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c8": "Amedeo Avogadro", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "phlogiston", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": "phlogiston", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d0": "the first clues that the phlogiston theory", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d1": "Indeed, one of the first clues that the phlogiston theory was incorrect was that metals", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d2": "most common objects", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "reasonably", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "two", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": "Aufbau", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "a covalent double bond", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2": "1773", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e3": "1774", - "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "Joseph Priestley", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "Wiltshire, in 1774", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e5": "Antoine Lavoisier", - "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": "1777", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": "the then-popular phlogiston theory", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ec": "triplet oxygen.[b] The highest energy, partially filled orbitals are antibonding, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three", - "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": "triplet oxygen.[b] The highest energy, partially filled orbitals are antibonding, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three", - "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ee": "triplet oxygen.[b] The highest energy, partially filled orbitals are antibonding, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three", - "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": "triplet oxygen.[b] The highest energy, partially filled orbitals are antibonding, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": "triplet oxygen", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ee": "triplet oxygen reacts only slowly", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": "spontaneous", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0f0": "\u03c0", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": "1777", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": "1777", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": "1777", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": "part", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": "weight", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": "He also noted that the tin had increased in weight", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f9": "1777", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": "1777", - "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": "Trioxygen (O\n3", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": "\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \"lifeless", + "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": "Tri", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c101": "Tri", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c102": "Trioxygen (O\n3) is usually known as ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c103": "Tri", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c104": "Tri", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10a": "atmosphere", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": "atmosphere", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "atmosphere", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": "atmosphere", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": "the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere", - "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114": "1891", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10a": "the Earth's atmosphere", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": "the Earth's atmosphere (see Occurrence). O2 has a bond length of 121 pm", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "It is the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": "the Earth's atmosphere (see Occurrence). O2 has a bond length of 121 pm", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": "respiration", + "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114": "James Dewar", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c115": "1891", - "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116": "James Dewar", - "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": "1901", - "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "0 \u00b0C than at 20", - "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": "14.6 mg\u00b7L\u22121) dissolves at 0 \u00b0C than at 20", + "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116": "the first time by burning a mixture of acetylene and compressed O\n2. This method of welding and cutting metal later became common.", + "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": "Later", + "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "Oxygen", + "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": "temperature-dependent", "571c96095efbb31900334dbe": "6.04 milliliters (mL) of oxygen per liter", - "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": "14.6 mg\u00b7L\u22121) dissolves at 0 \u00b0C than at 20", - "571c96095efbb31900334dc0": "14", - "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": "20", - "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11f": "20", + "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": ".3 kPa) of air, freshwater contains about 6.", + "571c96095efbb31900334dc0": "twice", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": "Oxygen", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11f": "third", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c120": "0.9%", - "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen. Oxygen constitutes 49.2%", - "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c122": "20", - "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": "Raoul Pierre Pictet", - "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": "Raoul Pierre Pictet", - "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": "1877", - "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "83", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "88.8%", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c122": "The O\n2 surrounding these other planets is produced solely by ultraviolet radiation", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": "late 19th century", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": "the late 19th century scientists realized that air could be liquefied, and its components isolated, by compressing and cooling it.", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": "telegram on December 22, 1877", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "few drops", "571caac55efbb31900334dca": "March 29, 1883", - "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": "reference values for the isotope ratios", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": "the Sun", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd1": "the Sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16", - "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": "the Moon, Mars, and meteorites, but were long unable to obtain reference values for the isotope ratios", - "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd3": "the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed Genesis spacecraft has shown that the Sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": "the crashed Genesis spacecraft", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd3": "an unknown process", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd4": "the Sun's disk of protoplanetary material prior to the coalescence of dust grains that formed the Earth", - "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": "higher-energy species of molecular O\n2 in which all the electron spins", - "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": "the troposphere", - "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": "the troposphere", - "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12b": "troposphere", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": "Sing", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": "towards common organic molecules", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": "the energy of sunlight.", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12b": "the troposphere", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12c": "Carotenoids", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": "ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": "ratio of oxygen-18", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": "ratio of oxygen-18", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": "18", - "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c": "the wavelengths 687", - "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d": "the carbon cycle", - "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "the wavelengths 687", - "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": "the wavelengths 687", - "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140": "the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing scientists", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": "triple", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c147": "a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": "the presence of a magnetic field, because of the spin magnetic moments", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": "triple", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c14a": "the presence of a magnetic field, because of the spin magnetic moments", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": "atmosphere", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": "atmosphere", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "Paleoclimatologists", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": "ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine what the climate", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": "a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12% heavier oxygen-18; this disparity increases at lower temperatures.", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": "a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12% heavier oxygen-18; this disparity increases at lower temperatures.", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": "to be higher in oxygen-18. Marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c": "687 and 760 nm", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d": "the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": "the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140": "Some remote sensing scientists", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": "the triplet form, O\n2 molecules are paramagnetic.", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c147": "laboratory demonstrations, a bridge of liquid oxygen", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": "moments", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": "the triplet form, O\n2 molecules are paramagnetic.", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c14a": "the triplet form, O\n2 molecules are paramagnetic.", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": "Reactive oxygen species", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": "Parts", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddc": "Reactive oxygen species", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": "atmosphere", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": "atmosphere", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": "90.20", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de5": "sky", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": "54.36 K", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de7": "nitrogen", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "54.36 K", - "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "the world's water bodies. The increased solubility of O\n2 at lower temperatures", - "571cc8815efbb31900334def": "lower temperatures", - "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": "Scientists assess this aspect of water quality", - "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": "nitrates or phosphates may stimulate growth of algae by a process called eutrophication", - "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "Scientists assess this aspect of water quality", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": "the dominant form of early life on Earth until O\n2", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": "about 2.5 billion years ago", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": "90.20 K", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de5": "a light sky", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": "liquid nitrogen", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de7": "liquid nitrogen", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "combustible materials", + "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "the world's water bodies.", + "571cc8815efbb31900334def": "lower", + "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": "the world's water bodies.", + "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": "eutrophication", + "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "measuring the water's biochemical oxygen demand", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c150": "3", - "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": "3", - "571cca4add7acb1400e4c152": "3", - "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "10% of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago", - "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": "3", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "the present equilibrium, production and consumption occur at the same rate of roughly 1/2000th", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": "three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": "three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": "three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": "the result of the oxygen cycle. This biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere", - "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df8": "90% to 93%", - "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df9": "90% to 93%", - "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "pair", - "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": "90% to 93%", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": "the Paleoproterozoic", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c152": "ed iron formations", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "around 1.7 billion years ago", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": "3\u20132.7 billion years ago, reaching 10% of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago.", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "the result of the oxygen cycle", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": "the result of the oxygen cycle", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": "the result of the oxygen cycle", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": "the result of the oxygen cycle", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": "the same rate of roughly 1/2000th of the entire atmospheric oxygen per year.", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df8": "the reverse direction of flow.", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df9": "90%", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": "technologies", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfc": "90% to 93%", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "ratio", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c165": "ratio", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": "ratio", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": "ratio", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": "ratio", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": "xygen, as a supposed mild euphoric, has a history of recreational use in oxygen bars and in sports. Oxygen bars", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16f": "Las Vegas, Nevada since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal O\n2 exposure", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": "Las Vegas, Nevada since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal O\n2 exposure", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c172": "Las Vegas, Nevada since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal O\n2 exposure", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": "Las Vegas, Nevada since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal O\n2 exposure", - "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": "the patient and, when needed, the medical staff. Carbon monoxide poisoning, gas gangrene, and decompression sickness", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "Oxygen gas can also be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c165": "Oxygen gas", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": "Oxygen gas can also be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen.", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": "A similar method is the electrocatalytic", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": "A similar method is the electrocatalytic O\n2 evolution from oxides and oxoacids.", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": "supposed mild euphoric, has a history of recreational use in oxygen bars", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16f": "the late 1990s that offer higher than normal O\n2 exposure for a fee.", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": "a \"boost\" in performance", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c172": "the late 1990s that offer higher than normal O\n2 exposure for a fee.", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": "during aerobic exercise", + "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": "Hyperbaric (high-pressure) medicine", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e04": "the lungs", - "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05": "the lungs helps to displace carbon monoxide from the heme group of hemoglobin. Oxygen gas is poisonous to the anaerobic bacteria", - "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": "sickness", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17b": "therapy", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart. Oxygen therapy", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": "therapy", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c178": "therapy", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": "therapy", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": "the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": "the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": "the chemical formula would show. For example, the mineral FeO (w\u00fcst", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "thin film of oxide", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": "thin", - "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": "Pass", - "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": "Passengers", - "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18f": "the canister. A steady stream of oxygen gas is then produced by the exothermic reaction", + "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05": "Oxygen gas is poisonous to the anaerobic bacteria", + "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": "Decompression sickness", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17b": "Oxygen therapy", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "the heart", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": "the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart. Oxygen therapy", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c178": "the air", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": "the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart. Oxygen therapy", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": "the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion.", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": "the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion.", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": "the mineral FeO (w\u00fcst", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion.", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": "a thin film of oxide", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": "the flow of oxygen\" as cabin safety instructions dictate, forces iron filings into the sodium chlorate inside the canister.", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": "reaction", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18f": "exothermic reaction", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c190": "the exothermic reaction", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c196": "xygen storage methods include high pressure oxygen tanks, cryogenics", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": "20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F). Such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid oxygen storage containers, which stand outside hospitals", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": "bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c199": "smaller", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": "20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F). Such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid oxygen storage containers, which stand outside hospitals", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": "the most important classes", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": "the most important classes", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": "3)\n2CO) and phenol (C\n6H\n5OH) are used as feeder materials", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "three", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e10": "the most important classes", - "571cde695efbb31900334e16": "Only a few common complex biomolecules, such as squalene and the carotenes, contain no oxygen", - "571cde695efbb31900334e17": "Only", - "571cde695efbb31900334e18": "the presence of carbonyl groups", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c196": "Oxygen storage", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": "the compressed gas; a form that is useful in certain portable medical applications and oxy-fuel welding and cutting.", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": "a liquid in specially insulated tankers", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c199": "Oxygen is also stored and shipped in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": "hospitals and other institutions", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": "R-C(O)-NR\n2). There are many important organic solvents", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": "R-CO-O-CO-R", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": "er materials", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "Epoxides are ethers in which the oxygen atom is part of a ring of three", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e10": "R-O-R", + "571cde695efbb31900334e16": "almost all biomolecules that are important to (or generated by) life.", + "571cde695efbb31900334e17": "Only a few", + "571cde695efbb31900334e18": "carbohydrates contain the largest proportion by mass of oxygen", "571cde695efbb31900334e19": "All fats, fatty acids, amino acids, and proteins", - "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": "almost", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": "21", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": "21", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": "160", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": "21", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e24": "21", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": "30", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2b": "30", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": "30", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "30", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "30", - "571ce6655efbb31900334e34": "50", - "571ce6655efbb31900334e35": "50", - "571ce6655efbb31900334e36": "50", - "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": "50", - "571ce6655efbb31900334e38": "30%\u201350% O\n2 by volume (about 30", + "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": "a few common complex biomolecules, such as squalene and the carotenes, contain no oxygen.", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": "the same thing can occur by breathing 100% O\n2 at only 6 m.", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": "permanent pulmonary fibrosis", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": "Exposure to a O\n2 partial pressures greater than 160", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": "Acute oxygen toxicity (causing seizures", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e24": "the same thing can occur by breathing 100% O\n2 at only 6 m.", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": "the case of spacesuits, the O\n2 partial pressure in the breathing gas is, in general, about 30 kPa (1.", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2b": "30 kPa", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": "30 kPa (1.4 times normal", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "the case of spacesuits, the O\n2 partial pressure in the breathing gas is, in general, about 30 kPa (1.", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "normal sea-level O\n2 partial pressure", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e34": "Oxygen toxicity", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e35": "usually", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e36": "50%", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": "a problem except for patients on mechanical ventilators, since gas supplied through oxygen masks in medical applications is typically composed of only 30%\u201350%", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e38": "30%\u201350%", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952d": "October", - "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952e": "March", - "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952f": "1979", - "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89530": "1973 oil crisis began in October 1973", - "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89531": "October", - "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": "relations", - "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": "the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights. By January 18, 1974, US Secretary of State", - "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2a": "18, 1974, US Secretary of State", + "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952e": "the end of the embargo in March", + "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952f": "1979 oil crisis, termed the \"second oil shock", + "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89530": "1973", + "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89531": "October 1973", + "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": "the Middle East to avoid being targeted by the boycott. Arab oil producers linked any future policy changes to peace between the belligerents.", + "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": "multilateral negotiations", + "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2a": "18", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2b": "March", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": "1971", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": "1971", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": "1971", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4d": "1971", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": "1971", - "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": "1967", - "5725b92e38643c19005acbd4": "1971, OPEC was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation. From 1947 to 1967", - "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": "1967", - "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": "1967", - "5725bad5271a42140099d0bd": "1973", - "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "1973", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": "August", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": "the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": "The result was a depreciation of the dollar and other industrialized nations' currencies", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4d": "The result was a depreciation of the dollar and other industrialized nations' currencies. Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased.", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": "The result was a depreciation of the dollar and other industrialized nations' currencies. Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased.", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": "less than two", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd4": "the dollar price of oil had risen by less than two percent per year.", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": "The substantial price increases of 1973\u20131974 largely returned their prices and corresponding incomes to Bretton Woods levels in terms of commodities such as gold.", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": "fairly", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0bd": "October", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "Iran", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bf": "ten", - "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": "1973", - "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": "1973", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "70%, to $5.11", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "70%, to $5.11", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": "70%, to $5.11", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ee": "70%, to $5.11", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": "70%, to $5.11", - "57261dab38643c19005ad037": "100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades for helping spread its fundamentalist interpretation of Islam, known as Wahhabism", - "57261dab38643c19005ad038": "the world, via religious charities such al-Haramain Foundation", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": "Iran", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": "the time, Iran was the world's second-largest oil exporter and a close US ally. Weeks", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "70%,", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "70", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": "The following day", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ee": "2.2 billion", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": "the United States. Saudi Arabia and the other Arab oil-producing states joined the embargo on October 20, 1973.", + "57261dab38643c19005ad037": "over 100", + "57261dab38643c19005ad038": "Al-Qaeda", "57261dab38643c19005ad039": "Middle East", "57261dab38643c19005ad03a": "other underdeveloped nations", - "57261dab38643c19005ad03b": "fundamentalist interpretation of Islam, known as Wahhabism", - "57261f9f271a42140099d4a9": "periods of excessive inflation", - "57261f9f271a42140099d4aa": "1973. The possibility that the Middle East could become another superpower confrontation with the USSR", + "57261dab38643c19005ad03b": "Wahhabism", + "57261f9f271a42140099d4a9": "reduced productivity", + "57261f9f271a42140099d4aa": "USSR", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ab": "1973", - "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": "Further", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": "Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts. The embargo left oil companies searching for new ways to increase oil supplies", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": "Macro", + "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": "Kissinger's dominance", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": "The embargo", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": "many industries, such as automobiles", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0": "Macroeconomic problems", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": "Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts. The embargo left oil companies", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "ten", - "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": "1970", - "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": "1970", - "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": "1970", - "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": "1970", - "5726487b5951b619008f6ee1": "1970", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": "1973", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": "1973", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": "series of strikes by coal miners", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": "1973", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db3a": "1973", - "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "1973", - "57264cac708984140094c1b4": "higher price", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": "Arctic", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "ten years", + "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": "the Netherlands", + "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": "refused", + "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": "The UK", + "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": "Harold Wilson's government supported the Israelis", + "5726487b5951b619008f6ee1": "Ted Heath", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": "the winter of 1973\u201374 became a major factor in the change of government.", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": "the winter of 1973\u201374 became a major factor in the change of government.", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": "winter", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": "Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Norway", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db3a": "Sweden", + "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "the US.", + "57264cac708984140094c1b4": "the US.", "57264cac708984140094c1b5": "Predict", - "57264cac708984140094c1b7": "scarcity. The rule also discouraged development of alternative energies. The rule had been intended to promote oil exploration. Scarcity", + "57264cac708984140094c1b7": "Scarcity was addressed by rationing (as in many countries", "57264d9edd62a815002e80fe": "William E. Simon", - "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff": "20%", - "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "William E. Simon", + "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff": "William E. Simon", + "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "the Federal Energy Office", "57264d9edd62a815002e8101": "20%", - "57264efddd62a815002e8134": "1974 a national", - "57264efddd62a815002e8135": "1974 a national", - "57264efddd62a815002e8136": "November 28, 1995", + "57264efddd62a815002e8134": "a national", + "57264efddd62a815002e8135": "Act", + "57264efddd62a815002e8136": "November 28, 1995, Bill Clinton", "57264efddd62a815002e8137": "November 28", "57264efddd62a815002e8138": "1977", - "572650325951b619008f6fa9": "The energy crisis", - "572650325951b619008f6faa": "expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions", + "572650325951b619008f6fa9": "The energy crisis led to greater interest in renewable energy, nuclear power and domestic fossil fuels.", + "572650325951b619008f6faa": "market and technology realities", "572650325951b619008f6fab": "repeatedly", - "57265200708984140094c237": "1973", - "57265200708984140094c238": "1973", - "57265200708984140094c239": "1973", - "57265200708984140094c23a": "1973", - "57265360dd62a815002e819a": "1970", - "57265360dd62a815002e819b": "1970", - "57265360dd62a815002e819c": "1973", - "57265360dd62a815002e819d": "1973", - "57265360dd62a815002e819e": "1973", - "57265526708984140094c2bd": "1979", - "57265526708984140094c2be": "1979", + "57265200708984140094c237": "the U.", + "57265200708984140094c238": "British Prime Minister Edward Heath", + "57265200708984140094c239": "10 years", + "57265200708984140094c23a": "\u2018total alienation\u2019 of the Arabs", + "57265360dd62a815002e819a": "the country most dependent on Arab oil. 71%", + "57265360dd62a815002e819b": "71%", + "57265360dd62a815002e819c": "the Middle East in 1970.", + "57265360dd62a815002e819d": "November 22", + "57265360dd62a815002e819e": "December 25", + "57265526708984140094c2bd": "USSR's invasion of Afghanistan", + "57265526708984140094c2be": "Saudi Arabia and Iran became increasingly dependent on American security assurances to manage both external", "57265526708984140094c2bf": "1979", - "57265526708984140094c2c0": "1979", + "57265526708984140094c2c0": "the US by Saudi Arabia was the failure of the Shah during January 1979", "57265526708984140094c2c1": "November 1979", - "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": "the Honda Civic", - "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": "the Honda Civic", - "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": "the Honda Civic", - "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": "the Honda Civic", - "572659535951b619008f703f": "the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": "The crisis reduced the demand for large cars.", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": "Japanese imports", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": "six cylinder engines", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": "Japanese imports became mass-market leaders with unibody construction and front-wheel drive, which became de facto standards.", + "572659535951b619008f703f": "the price of the vehicle.", "572659535951b619008f7040": "the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810", "572659535951b619008f7041": "the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810", - "572659535951b619008f7042": "Inf", - "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": "Mitsubishi and Isuzu had joint partnerships", + "572659535951b619008f7042": "Acura", + "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": "the Datsun Truck, followed by the Mazda Truck (sold as the Ford Courier), and the Isuzu-built Chevrolet LUV.", "57265a58dd62a815002e8271": "the Dodge D-50", - "57265a58dd62a815002e8272": "Mitsubishi and Isuzu had joint partnerships", - "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": "Ranger", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": "Fiesta", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e829f": "Fiesta", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "17.4 miles per gallon, compared to 13", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": "13.5 in 1970. The improvements stayed even though the price of a barrel of oil remained constant at $12 from 1974 to 1979", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": "Fiesta", + "57265a58dd62a815002e8272": "Mitsubishi and Isuzu had joint partnerships with Ford, Chrysler, and GM, respectively", + "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": "their captive import policy", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": "the Oldsmobile Cutlass, Chevrolet Monte Carlo, Ford Thunderbird and various other models sold well.", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e829f": "four", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "17.4 miles per gallon", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": "various other luxury oriented sedans", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": "the mid-1970s. The only full-size models", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b8": "1979", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b9": "1981", - "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": "1979", + "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": "down", "57265e11708984140094c3bb": "1981", - "57265e11708984140094c3bc": "less than $10", - "57265e11708984140094c3bd": "10", - "57265e11708984140094c3be": "40", - "5725b41838643c19005acb7f": "three", - "5725b41838643c19005acb80": "1968", + "57265e11708984140094c3bc": "less", + "57265e11708984140094c3bd": "the 1980s to less than $10 per barrel. Adjusted for inflation, oil briefly fell back to pre-1973 levels.", + "57265e11708984140094c3be": "nearly $40", + "5725b41838643c19005acb7f": "Mercury", + "5725b41838643c19005acb80": "the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished landing the first humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972.", "5725b41838643c19005acb81": "1968", "5725b41838643c19005acb82": "John F. Kennedy", "5725b41838643c19005acb83": "three", - "5725b56589a1e219009abd20": "1961 to 1972", - "5725b56589a1e219009abd21": "1961", - "5725b56589a1e219009abd22": "joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union", - "5725b56589a1e219009abd23": "1973\u201374", + "5725b56589a1e219009abd20": "the Soviet Union in 1975.", + "5725b56589a1e219009abd21": "Gemini missions", + "5725b56589a1e219009abd22": "a joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union", + "5725b56589a1e219009abd23": "Skylab, a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973\u201374", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd40": "1967", - "5725b64d89a1e219009abd41": "1967", - "5725b64d89a1e219009abd42": "three", - "5725b64d89a1e219009abd43": "nine", - "5725b64d89a1e219009abd44": "13", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd41": "a prelaunch test", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd42": "Budget cuts", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd43": "Five", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd44": "the entire crew during a prelaunch test.", "5725b77889a1e219009abd54": "8", "5725b77889a1e219009abd55": "17", - "5725b77889a1e219009abd56": "8", - "5725b77889a1e219009abd57": "the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while the final Apollo 17", - "5725b888ec44d21400f3d453": "three", + "5725b77889a1e219009abd56": "842", + "5725b77889a1e219009abd57": "the foundation for NASA's current human spaceflight capability, and funded construction of its Johnson Space Center and Kennedy Space Center. Apollo also spurred advances in many", + "5725b888ec44d21400f3d453": "a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three astronauts.", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d454": "three", - "5725b888ec44d21400f3d455": "three", + "5725b888ec44d21400f3d455": "Abe Silverstein", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d457": "three", - "5725b888ec44d21400f3d456": "three", - "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7": "three", - "5725ba5038643c19005acbe8": "three", + "5725b888ec44d21400f3d456": "early 1960", + "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7": "July 1960", + "5725ba5038643c19005acbe8": "Maxime Faget", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe9": "three", - "5725ba5038643c19005acbea": "three", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0c7": "1960", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0c8": "John F. Kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised American superiority over the Soviet Union", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9": "1960", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca": "1960", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0cb": "1960", + "5725ba5038643c19005acbea": "Hugh L. Dryden", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0c7": "John F. Kennedy", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0c8": "the Soviet Union", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9": "the massive financial commitment", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca": "Webb", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0cb": "the election of 1960, Kennedy had been speaking out against the \"missile gap", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1d": "Yuri Gagarin", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1e": "Yuri Gagarin", - "5725bc7138643c19005acc1f": "1961", + "5725bc7138643c19005acc1f": "one day after Gagarin's flight, many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that America would catch up.", "5725bc7138643c19005acc20": "Yuri Gagarin", - "5725bd4b38643c19005acc31": "20, Kennedy sent a memo to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson", + "5725bd4b38643c19005acc31": "April 20, Kennedy sent a memo to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc32": "Lyndon B. Johnson", - "5725bd4b38643c19005acc33": "Lyndon B. Johnson", - "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34": "Lyndon B. Johnson", - "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a5": "Robert R. Gilruth's Space Task Group", - "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a6": "Robert R. Gilruth's Space Task Group", - "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a7": "1961", - "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a8": "Rice University, and Administrator Webb announced the conversion on September 19, 1961", + "5725bd4b38643c19005acc33": "approximately one week later", + "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34": "the future that it was likely the United States would achieve it first.", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a5": "Robert R. Gilruth", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a6": "the nation's manned space program from NASA's Langley Research Center.", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a7": "Texas", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a8": "Rice University", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a9": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station launch facilities in Florida", - "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdce": "1961", - "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdcf": "1963", - "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd0": "Kurt H. Debus, a member of Dr. Wernher von Braun's original V-2 rocket engineering team. Debus", - "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd1": "1963", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdce": "Merritt Island. The design, development and construction of the center was conducted by Kurt H. Debus, a member of Dr.", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdcf": "Kurt H. Debus", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd0": "Director", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd1": "1963, to rename the LOC and Cape Canaveral in honor of Kennedy", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd7": "three", - "5725c01389a1e219009abdd8": "two vacuum chambers", + "5725c01389a1e219009abdd8": "The Apollo spacecraft", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd9": "250,000 feet (76 km", - "5725c01389a1e219009abdd6": "130 million cubic foot (3.7 million cubic meter) Vertical Assembly Building", - "5725c123271a42140099d131": "George E. Mueller", + "5725c01389a1e219009abdd6": "130", + "5725c123271a42140099d131": "greater project management skills", "5725c123271a42140099d132": "July", - "5725c123271a42140099d133": "Dr. George E. Mueller", - "5725c123271a42140099d134": "Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, to replace then Associate Administrator D. Brainerd Holmes on his retirement effective September 1. Under Webb", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6b": "the first manned landing in July 1969", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6c": "Samuel C. Phillips", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6d": "Samuel C. Phillips", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6e": "Director. Mueller agreed, and Phillips managed Apollo from January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6f": "Samuel C. Phillips", - "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44": "John Houbolt", + "5725c123271a42140099d133": "Deputy", + "5725c123271a42140099d134": "Mueller", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6b": "the United States Air Force, so he got Webb's permission to recruit General Samuel C.", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6c": "the United States Air Force, so he got Webb's permission to recruit General Samuel C. Phillips", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6d": "the United States Air Force, so he got Webb's permission to recruit General Samuel C. Phillips", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6e": "the first manned landing in July 1969, after which he returned to Air Force duty.", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6f": "General Samuel C. Phillips", + "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44": "a rendezvous \u2014let alone a docking", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe45": "1961", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe46": "Robert Seamans", - "5725c604271a42140099d185": "July 1961", - "5725c604271a42140099d186": "July 1961", - "5725c604271a42140099d187": "the workability of the approach. In late 1961", - "5725c604271a42140099d188": "deputy director of the Office of Manned Space Flight, Joseph Shea", - "5725c604271a42140099d189": "the Office of Manned Space Flight, Joseph Shea, who became a champion of LOR. The engineers at Marshall Space Flight Center", - "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d531": "Wiesner", + "5725c604271a42140099d185": "Nicholas E. Golovin", + "5725c604271a42140099d186": "July", + "5725c604271a42140099d187": "the Office of Manned Space Flight, Joseph Shea, who became a champion of LOR.", + "5725c604271a42140099d188": "Shea", + "5725c604271a42140099d189": "Marshall Space Flight Center", + "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d531": "ner", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d532": "the Moon, hired Golovin, who had left NASA, to chair his own \"Space Vehicle Panel", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d533": "the Moon, hired Golovin", - "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d534": "July 11", - "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a1": "Webb", - "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a2": "the press", - "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a3": "the press, during a presentation by von Braun. Webb", - "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a4": "the press, during a presentation by von Braun. Webb", - "5725c948ec44d21400f3d577": "the lander spacecraft to be used as a \"lifeboat", - "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578": "13", - "5725c948ec44d21400f3d579": "13", + "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d534": "July", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a1": "blurted out \"No, that's no good\" in front of the press", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a2": "Wiesner blurted out \"No, that's no good\" in front of the press, during a presentation by von Braun.", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a3": "the press, during a presentation by von Braun.", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a4": "Grumman", + "5725c948ec44d21400f3d577": "the lander spacecraft to be used as a \"lifeboat\" in the event of a failure of the command ship.", + "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578": "the lander spacecraft", + "5725c948ec44d21400f3d579": "electrical power and life support", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d57a": "1964", - "5725ca35271a42140099d1c1": "Maxime", - "5725ca35271a42140099d1c2": "off", - "5725ca35271a42140099d1c3": "the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM", + "5725ca35271a42140099d1c1": "shaped", + "5725ca35271a42140099d1c2": "the lunar surface and return them to the CSM.", + "5725ca35271a42140099d1c3": "two", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec8": "three", - "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec9": "three", - "5725cb4a89a1e219009abeca": "three", - "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecb": "three", - "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecc": "three", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec9": "Parachutes were carried to slow its descent to splashdown. The module was 11.42 feet (3.", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abeca": "ablative heat shield", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecb": "Parachutes", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecc": "approximately 12,250", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1b": "A cylindrical Service Module", - "5725cc2038643c19005acd1c": "12", - "5725cc2038643c19005acd1d": "12", - "5725cc2038643c19005acd1e": "51", - "5725cc2038643c19005acd1f": "54,000 pounds (24,000 kg", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1c": "A high-gain S-band antenna was used for long-distance communications", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1d": "The Service Module", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1e": "51,300", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1f": "an orbital scientific instrument package", "5725cda338643c19005acd3f": "North American Aviation", - "5725cda338643c19005acd40": "the CSM, and also the second stage of the Saturn V", + "5725cda338643c19005acd40": "twice", "5725cda338643c19005acd41": "1964", "5725cda338643c19005acd42": "the Saturn V", - "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0a": "33", - "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0b": "33", - "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0d": "33", - "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0e": "3", - "5725d01989a1e219009abf28": "Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket engineers", - "5725d01989a1e219009abf29": "von Braun", - "5725d01989a1e219009abf2b": "June 11, 1962", - "5725d0e3271a42140099d235": "four", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0a": "two", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0b": "the Earth's atmosphere", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0d": "33,300", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0e": "3 days", + "5725d01989a1e219009abf28": "Wernher von Braun", + "5725d01989a1e219009abf29": "the Army", + "5725d01989a1e219009abf2b": "June 11", + "5725d0e3271a42140099d235": "dummy upper stages", "5725d0e3271a42140099d236": "five", - "5725d0e3271a42140099d237": "five", - "5725d0e3271a42140099d238": "three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying Pegasus satellites, which verified the safety", - "5725d2ef271a42140099d255": "200", + "5725d0e3271a42140099d237": "three", + "5725d0e3271a42140099d238": "micrometeorite impacts", + "5725d2ef271a42140099d255": "The Saturn IB", "5725d2ef271a42140099d256": "200", - "5725d2ef271a42140099d257": "200", - "5725d2ef271a42140099d258": "200", - "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65b": "7", - "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65c": "33", - "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65d": "7", - "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65e": "7", - "5725d51589a1e219009abf6e": "17", - "5725d51589a1e219009abf6f": "17", - "5725d51589a1e219009abf70": "Dr. Harrison Schmitt, a geologist", + "5725d2ef271a42140099d257": "third", + "5725d2ef271a42140099d258": "40", + "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65b": "The three-stage Saturn V", + "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65c": "33 feet (10.1 m) in diameter", + "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65d": "three", + "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65e": "the Moon.", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf6e": "two later astronaut groups. All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans.", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf6f": "All missions were commanded", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf70": "Harrison Schmitt", "5725d51589a1e219009abf71": "17", "5725d51589a1e219009abf72": "17", - "5725d61038643c19005acdd3": "the first Earth orbital test mission Apollo 7", - "5725d61038643c19005acdd4": "the first Earth orbital test mission Apollo 7", - "5725d61038643c19005acdd5": "1969", - "5725d61038643c19005acdd6": "the first Earth orbital test mission Apollo 7", - "5725d61038643c19005acdd7": "1969", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd3": "the crews of all missions from Apollo 8 onward.", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd4": "Dist", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd5": "October", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd6": "Walter M. Schirra, Donn Eisele, and Walter Cunningham, were awarded the lesser NASA Exceptional Service Medal", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd7": "8", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde7": "1966", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde8": "265.7", - "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9": "13", - "5725d6cb38643c19005acdea": "265.7", - "5725d79e89a1e219009abf90": "206", - "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91": "AS-207", - "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92": "visibility", - "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93": "206", + "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9": "8,477 km", + "5725d6cb38643c19005acdea": "the Pacific ocean. These flights validated the Service Module engine and the Command Module", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf90": "unmanned LM test flight AS-206", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91": "a new Apollo spacesuit", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92": "The traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear \"fishbowl\" type for greater visibility", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93": "the lunar surface EVA suit", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf94": "Pilot", - "5725d8a3271a42140099d28f": "the Gemini and Apollo programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966", - "5725d8a3271a42140099d290": "Director of Flight Crew Operations", - "5725d8a3271a42140099d291": "the first Apollo crew in January 1966", - "5725d8a3271a42140099d292": "the first Apollo crew in January 1966", - "5725d8a3271a42140099d293": "27", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d28f": "the first Apollo crew in January 1966", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d290": "Deke Slayton, the grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director of Flight Crew Operations", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d291": "January 1966", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d292": "Eisele", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d293": "Pilot", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69b": "1966", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69c": "August 1967", - "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69d": "258, planned for August 1967", - "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69e": "1967", - "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ab": "Administrator George Mueller to appoint program director Samuel Phillips", + "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69d": "AS-258, planned for August 1967", + "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69e": "reassigned as the Apollo 1 backup crew", + "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ab": "Samuel Phillips", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ac": "tiger team", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ad": "1967", - "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ae": "tiger team", - "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd": "the Kennedy Space Center", - "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6be": "the Kennedy Space Center", - "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf": "the Kennedy Space Center. A \"plugs-out\" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown on LC-34", + "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ae": "the first manned CSM flights.", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd": "the Kennedy Space Center.", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6be": "Apollo 1", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf": "the Kennedy Space Center. A \"plugs-out\" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6c0": "the Kennedy Space Center", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace01": "the cabin, and spread quickly in the high pressure, 100% oxygen atmosphere", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace02": "the cabin, and spread quickly in the high pressure, 100% oxygen atmosphere", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace03": "27, 1967", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace04": "the cabin, and spread quickly in the high pressure, 100% oxygen atmosphere", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace01": "the morning of January 27, 1967", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace02": "27", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace03": "strange", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace04": "the cabin", "5725dc1638643c19005ace05": "the cabin, and spread quickly in the high pressure, 100% oxygen atmosphere", - "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe2": "the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb", - "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3": "the review board concluded that \"deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship", - "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe4": "Manager", - "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe5": "the review board concluded that \"deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control.\" At the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe2": "the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb, North American removed Harrison Storms as Command Module program manager.", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3": "the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex, the review board concluded that \"deficiencies", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe4": "George Low", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe5": "the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex, the review board concluded that \"deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ed": "the most important of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ee": "flammable cabin and space suit materials", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ef": "a quick-release, outward opening door", - "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0": "the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights. Crew members would also exclusively wear modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits", - "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f1": "the fire, changes were made in the Block II", - "5725df1838643c19005ace15": "1967", - "5725df1838643c19005ace16": "1967", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0": "the most important of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f1": "resistant", + "5725df1838643c19005ace15": "the first manned landing.", + "5725df1838643c19005ace16": "the first manned landing.", "5725df1838643c19005ace17": "letters", - "5725e08389a1e219009ac010": "1967", - "5725e08389a1e219009ac011": "1967", - "5725e08389a1e219009ac012": "1967", - "5725e08389a1e219009ac013": "1967", - "5725e152271a42140099d2cd": "1968", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac010": "Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac011": "the Command Module's heat shield", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac012": "the atmosphere at higher than the usual Earth-orbital reentry speed. This was followed on April 4", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac013": "third", + "5725e152271a42140099d2cd": "Apollo 5", "5725e152271a42140099d2ce": "37", - "5725e152271a42140099d2cf": "1968", - "5725e152271a42140099d2d0": "1968", - "5725e152271a42140099d2d1": "1968", - "5725e28f38643c19005ace23": "the next mission in March 1969", - "5725e28f38643c19005ace24": "September 15, 1968", - "5725e28f38643c19005ace25": "10 lunar orbits in 20 hours, transmitting television pictures of the lunar surface on Christmas Eve", - "5725e28f38643c19005ace26": "George Low suggested the bold step of sending Apollo 8 to orbit the Moon instead, deferring the D mission to the next mission in March 1969", + "5725e152271a42140099d2cf": "the first unmanned test flight of LM in Earth orbit, launched from pad 37", + "5725e152271a42140099d2d0": "The LM engines", + "5725e152271a42140099d2d1": "a \"fire-in-the-hole", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace23": "the next mission in March 1969, and eliminating the E mission.", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace24": "September 15, 1968, aboard Zond 5", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace25": "Christmas Eve", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace26": "the next mission in March 1969, and eliminating the E mission. This would keep the program on track.", "5725e28f38643c19005ace27": "1968", - "5725e36f89a1e219009ac038": "11 in July 1969", - "5725e36f89a1e219009ac039": "July 1969", - "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03a": "21", - "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03b": "21", - "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03c": "21", - "5725e44238643c19005ace35": "1969", - "5725e44238643c19005ace36": "the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe, which had landed in April 1967", - "5725e44238643c19005ace37": "the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe, which had landed in April 1967", - "5725e44238643c19005ace38": "1969", - "5725e547ec44d21400f3d71f": "20", - "5725e547ec44d21400f3d720": "II", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac038": "emini", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac039": "July", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03a": "continuously", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03b": "the Sea of Tranquility at 20:17:40 UTC on July 20, 1969.", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03c": "July 24", + "5725e44238643c19005ace35": "a precision landing on Apollo 12", + "5725e44238643c19005ace36": "the Surveyor 3", + "5725e44238643c19005ace37": "the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe, which had landed in April 1967 on the Ocean of Storms.", + "5725e44238643c19005ace38": "it was damaged when accidentally pointed into the Sun", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d71f": "the Lunar Roving Vehicle", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d720": "the Block II spacesuit", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d721": "eight", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d722": "three days", - "5725e547ec44d21400f3d723": "20", - "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d729": "1970", - "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72a": "the remaining missions to be crewed with a single veteran as Commander, with two rookies. Apollo 13", - "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b": "1970", - "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72c": "1970", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d723": "the mass", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d729": "the LM as a \"life boat\" to return to Earth.", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72a": "the remaining missions to be crewed with a single veteran as Commander, with two rookies", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b": "remainder of 1970", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72c": "the oxygen tank", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72d": "April 1970", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac086": "18 and 19", - "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087": "1969", - "5725e95f89a1e219009ac088": "1971, the decision was made to also cancel missions 18 and 19", + "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087": "the ground, replacing the original plan to construct it in orbit from several Saturn IB launches; this eliminated Apollo 20.", + "5725e95f89a1e219009ac088": "The two unused Saturn Vs", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac089": "1971", - "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e": "3", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e": "the Moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth, as measured by radiometric dating", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09f": "3", - "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a0": "3", - "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1": "3", - "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f": "micrometeoroid impact craters, which is never seen on Earth rocks, due to the thick atmosphere", - "5725eb8a38643c19005ace80": "the Moon are highly brecciated as a result of being subjected to multiple impact events", - "5725eb8a38643c19005ace81": "Some of the returned samples are of impact melt", - "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f": "1973", - "5725ec7538643c19005ace90": "1973", - "5725ec7538643c19005ace91": "1973", - "5725ee6438643c19005aceb3": "The Apollo Extension Series", - "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4": "the Apollo Applications Program (AAP", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a0": "KREEP", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1": "the Genesis Rock", + "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f": "the thick atmosphere", + "5725eb8a38643c19005ace80": "the Moon are highly brecciated as a result of being subjected to multiple impact events.", + "5725eb8a38643c19005ace81": "Some of the returned samples are of impact melt (materials", + "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f": "$170 billion", + "5725ec7538643c19005ace90": "15", + "5725ec7538643c19005ace91": "20", + "5725ee6438643c19005aceb3": "Apollo X", + "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4": "the Apollo Applications Program", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb5": "Venus", "5725ef6838643c19005acece": "1973", - "5725ef6838643c19005acecf": "1973", - "5725ef6838643c19005aced0": "1974, and the station itself re-entered the atmosphere in 1979", - "5725ef6838643c19005aced1": "1973", - "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0be": "2009", + "5725ef6838643c19005acecf": "the drawing board. Dubbed Skylab", + "5725ef6838643c19005aced0": "8, 1974", + "5725ef6838643c19005aced1": "an Apollo Telescope Mount", + "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0be": "the lunar surface. In 2009", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0bf": "the Apollo 11", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0c0": "the lunar surface and return to the mission Command Module in lunar orbit; the degree to which these flags retain their original colors", - "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cc": "1968", - "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd": "the Earth and the Moon back to Earth, and read from the creation story in the Book of Genesis", - "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0ce": "1968", - "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf": "8", - "5725f239271a42140099d35d": "West", - "5725f239271a42140099d35e": "incompatible", - "5725f239271a42140099d35f": "National Archives and Records Administration", - "5725f239271a42140099d360": "National Archives and Records Administration", - "5725f239271a42140099d361": "National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data. Stan Lebar, who led the team", - "5725f39638643c19005acef7": "the CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings made at Johnson Space Center", - "5725f39638643c19005acef8": "11", - "5725f39638643c19005acef9": "11", - "5725f39638643c19005acefa": "11", - "5725f39638643c19005acefb": "11", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5c": "regulations", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": "regulations", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": "regulations", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5f": "regulations", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": "Parliament", - "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "regulations", - "5725c28a271a42140099d14e": "regulations", - "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": "regulations", - "5725c28a271a42140099d150": "regulations", - "57268b43dd62a815002e88f0": "regulations", - "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": "regulations", - "57268b43dd62a815002e88f2": "Parliament", - "57268b43dd62a815002e88f3": "regulations", - "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": "European Court of Justice", - "5725bbec271a42140099d0d2": "Where", - "5725bbec271a42140099d0d3": "the Treaty", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cc": "8", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd": "the Book of Genesis", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0ce": "one-quarter", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf": "the Earth and the Moon back to Earth, and read from the creation story in the Book of Genesis, on Christmas Eve, 1968.", + "5725f239271a42140099d35d": "a special Apollo TV camera which recorded in a format incompatible with broadcast TV.", + "5725f239271a42140099d35e": "a special Apollo TV camera which recorded in a format incompatible with broadcast TV", + "5725f239271a42140099d35f": "the National Archives and Records Administration", + "5725f239271a42140099d360": "the National Archives and Records Administration", + "5725f239271a42140099d361": "the missing tapes", + "5725f39638643c19005acef7": "the surviving original lunar broadcast data from Apollo 11 was compiled by Nafzger and assigned to Lowry Digital for restoration.", + "5725f39638643c19005acef8": "historical legitimacy", + "5725f39638643c19005acef9": "kinescope recordings made at Johnson Space Center", + "5725f39638643c19005acefa": "a budget of $230,000, the surviving original lunar broadcast data from Apollo 11 was compiled by Nafzger and assigned to Lowry Digital", + "5725f39638643c19005acefb": "The video was processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy.", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5c": "the European Union, which under the Treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the Treaties.", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": "the European Union, which under the Treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the Treaties.", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": "the Treaties establishing the European Union.", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5f": "the European Union, which under the Treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the Treaties.", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": "the European Parliament", + "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "the European Union, which under the Treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the Treaties.", + "5725c28a271a42140099d14e": "the European Union, which under the Treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the Treaties.", + "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": "the European Union, which under the Treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the Treaties.", + "5725c28a271a42140099d150": "Parliament", + "57268b43dd62a815002e88f0": "the European Union, which under the Treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the Treaties.", + "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": "the Treaties establishing the European Union.", + "57268b43dd62a815002e88f2": "the European Parliament", + "57268b43dd62a815002e88f3": "three", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": "the European Union. Where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states.", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d2": "Where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d3": "Treaty", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d4": "European Court of Justice", - "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": "Supplementary sources of European Union law include case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": "principles", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d503": "European Court of Justice", - "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": "the Treaty", + "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": "Treaty", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d505": "European Court of Justice", - "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": "Supplementary sources of European Union law include case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles", - "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": "European Court of Justice", - "57268bf9dd62a815002e890b": "European Court of Justice", + "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": "principles", + "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": "the European Union. Where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states.", + "57268bf9dd62a815002e890b": "the European Union. Where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states.", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890c": "European Court of Justice", - "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": "European Court of Justice", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": "Treaty", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": "Treaty", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": "the European Parliament", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": "Treaty", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": "Treaty", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": "Treaty", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "the Faroe Islands", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": "Treaty", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": "Treaty", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": "Treaty", - "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": "Treaty", - "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": "territories where a member state is responsible for external relations", - "57268d2ddd62a815002e8950": "the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Treaties", + "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": "the Court of Justice, international law and general principles", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": "the Treaty", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": "the legality of the EU institutions' actions, in compliance with the Treaties.", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": "European Parliament", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": "European Court of Justice", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": "It appoints the Commissioners", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": "The TEU establishes that European Union law applies to the metropolitan territories", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "certain regions, for example the Faroe Islands", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": "the European Union", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": "the European Union", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": "soon", + "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": "the Treaty on European Union", + "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": "territories where a member state is responsible for external relations, for example Gibraltar", + "57268d2ddd62a815002e8950": "soon", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8951": "Court of Justice", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": "the Treaty of Rome", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": "the Treaty of Rome 1957", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": "1979", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be": "Maastricht Treaty", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": "1985", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": "Rome", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": "Ma", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": "1985", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be": "the UK, Ireland, Denmark and Norway", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": "Greenland", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0": "Rome", - "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1": "Maastricht Treaty", + "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1": "Maastricht Treaty 1992", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b2": "1986", - "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": "Rome", + "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": "1972", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4": "1985", - "57264865dd62a815002e8062": "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", - "57264865dd62a815002e8063": "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", - "57264865dd62a815002e8064": "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", - "57264865dd62a815002e8065": "Treaty", - "57264865dd62a815002e8066": "Treaty", - "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", - "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", - "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", - "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", - "57264a8cdd62a815002e808c": "17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should \"promote the general interest of the Union\" while Article 17(3", - "57264a8cdd62a815002e808d": "Article 17(3", - "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": "17", - "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": "17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should \"promote the general interest of the Union\" while Article 17(3", + "57264865dd62a815002e8062": "the European Union", + "57264865dd62a815002e8063": "Netherlands", + "57264865dd62a815002e8064": "the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force. Instead, the Lisbon Treaty was enacted. Its substance", + "57264865dd62a815002e8065": "the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force. Instead, the Lisbon Treaty", + "57264865dd62a815002e8066": "completely", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": "the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": "Treaty", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": "the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808c": "The European Commission", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808d": "The European Commission", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": "President", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": "the European Union.", "57264a8cdd62a815002e8090": "Federica Mogherini", - "572691545951b619008f76e1": "3", - "572691545951b619008f76e2": "17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should \"promote the general interest of the Union\" while Article 17(3", - "572691545951b619008f76e3": "17", - "572691545951b619008f76e4": "Treaty of Lisbon 2007", - "572691545951b619008f76e5": "Article 17(3", - "57264e455951b619008f6f65": "Parliament", - "57264e455951b619008f6f66": "Edith Cresson where the European Court of Justice", + "572691545951b619008f76e1": "Article 17(3", + "572691545951b619008f76e2": "Jean-Claude Juncker", + "572691545951b619008f76e3": "the agenda for the EU's work. Decisions", + "572691545951b619008f76e4": "Ireland", + "572691545951b619008f76e5": "Commissioners", + "57264e455951b619008f6f65": "the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament", + "57264e455951b619008f6f66": "the creation of the European Anti-fraud Office.", "57264e455951b619008f6f67": "Committee of Independent Experts", - "57264e455951b619008f6f68": "the European Council, on the Council's recommendation. The President", - "57264e455951b619008f6f69": "the European Council, on the Council's recommendation. The President", + "57264e455951b619008f6f68": "six", + "57264e455951b619008f6f69": "the creation of the European Anti-fraud Office.", "5726926a5951b619008f7709": "1999", "5726926a5951b619008f770a": "1999", "5726926a5951b619008f770b": "Committee of Independent Experts", "5726926a5951b619008f770c": "the European Anti-fraud Office", - "5726926a5951b619008f770d": "2012 it investigated the Maltese Commissioner for Health", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee": "Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef": "Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0": "TFEU article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the Parliament", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1": "TFEU article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the Parliament", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2": "ten times the voting weight in Parliament", - "5726938af1498d1400e8e446": "Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10", - "5726938af1498d1400e8e447": "ten times the voting weight in Parliament", + "5726926a5951b619008f770d": "2012", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee": "the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef": "the Commission with one million signatures. TFEU article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the Parliament", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0": "every five years", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1": "ten times the voting weight", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2": "ten times the voting weight in Parliament as citizens of the largest countries", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e446": "the Commission", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e447": "the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union", "5726938af1498d1400e8e448": "1979", - "5726938af1498d1400e8e449": "TFEU article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the Parliament", - "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a": "Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10", - "5726545f708984140094c2a5": "the EU", - "5726545f708984140094c2a6": "the EU", - "5726545f708984140094c2a7": "the EU", - "5726545f708984140094c2a8": "the EU", - "5726545f708984140094c2a9": "the EU", - "57269424dd62a815002e8a1e": "the EU", - "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": "the EU", - "57269424dd62a815002e8a20": "352 votes, but for most acts there must be a qualified majority vote, if not consensus. TEU article 16", - "57269424dd62a815002e8a21": "the EU", - "572656e4dd62a815002e81fa": "three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament", - "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": "three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e449": "every five years", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a": "the conservative European People's Party is currently the largest, and the Party of European Socialists", + "5726545f708984140094c2a5": "the EU: currently this means around 74 per cent, or 260 of the 352 votes. This is critical during the legislative process.", + "5726545f708984140094c2a6": "Donald Tusk", + "5726545f708984140094c2a7": "the EU: currently this means around 74 per cent, or 260 of the 352 votes.", + "5726545f708984140094c2a8": "the EU: currently this means around 74 per cent, or 260", + "5726545f708984140094c2a9": "around", + "57269424dd62a815002e8a1e": "the Council", + "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": "six months", + "57269424dd62a815002e8a20": "352", + "57269424dd62a815002e8a21": "the EU: currently this means around 74 per cent, or 260 of the 352 votes.", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fa": "the Council, and a majority in the Commission: it is harder to change EU law than stay the same.", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": "the Council, and a majority in the Commission: it is harder to change EU law than stay the same. A different procedure exists for budgets.", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fc": "harder", - "572656e4dd62a815002e81fd": "the Treaties. TEU articles 4 and 5", - "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": "Court of Justice", - "572695285951b619008f774b": "ordinary legislative procedure\" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament", - "572695285951b619008f774c": "three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fd": "the EU, the Court of Justice believes it has the final say.", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": "the EU, the Court of Justice", + "572695285951b619008f774b": "TFEU article 294", + "572695285951b619008f774c": "a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission", "572695285951b619008f774d": "the Treaties. TEU articles 4 and 5", - "572695285951b619008f774e": "three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament", - "572658435951b619008f7025": "3", - "572658435951b619008f7026": "3", - "572658435951b619008f7027": "Treaty on European Union article 19", - "572658435951b619008f7028": "3", - "572658435951b619008f7029": "3", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "3", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": "Treaty on European Union article 19", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": "a Civil Service Tribunal", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": "three years. Under TEU article 19(3", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": "3", - "57265e455951b619008f70bb": "Treaty of Rome, and requested a reference be made to both the Italian Constitutional Court and the Court of Justice", - "57265e455951b619008f70bc": "Mr Costa. However, in principle, Mr Costa", - "57265e455951b619008f70bd": "1968", - "5726975c708984140094cb1f": "the European Court of Justice", + "572695285951b619008f774e": "Conciliation Committee", + "572658435951b619008f7025": "the European Union", + "572658435951b619008f7026": "the Court of Justice of the European Union", + "572658435951b619008f7027": "28", + "572658435951b619008f7028": "member state courts", + "572658435951b619008f7029": "ens", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "the European Union", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": "the Court of Justice of the European Union", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": "Tribunal", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": "three", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": "ens", + "57265e455951b619008f70bb": "TFEU", + "57265e455951b619008f70bc": "the Court of Justice under TFEU article 267. The Italian Constitutional Court", + "57265e455951b619008f70bd": "1964 and 1968", + "5726975c708984140094cb1f": "European Court of Justice", "5726975c708984140094cb20": "1964", - "5726975c708984140094cb21": "Treaty of Rome, and requested a reference be made to both the Italian Constitutional Court and the Court of Justice", - "572699db5951b619008f7799": "the Court of Justice", - "572699db5951b619008f779a": "Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice", - "572699db5951b619008f779b": "the European Communities Act 1972", - "572699db5951b619008f779d": "Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice", - "572699db5951b619008f779c": "the Court of Justice", - "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": "the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states", + "5726975c708984140094cb21": "the views of the Court of Justice, the national courts of member states", + "572699db5951b619008f7799": "EU law takes primacy over national law where this agreed in the Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice", + "572699db5951b619008f779a": "the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions", + "572699db5951b619008f779b": "1972", + "572699db5951b619008f779d": "the basic principle is that Parliament, as the sovereign expression of democratic legitimacy, can decide whether it wishes to expressly legislate against EU law.", + "572699db5951b619008f779c": "the rule of law and the social state principles", + "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": "administrative law", "57269aa65951b619008f77ac": "1986", - "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "the extent to which member state courts are bound to administer EU law. All actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review", - "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": "the European Union", - "57269bb8708984140094cb95": "30", - "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "30", - "57269bb8708984140094cb97": "30", - "57269bb8708984140094cb98": "30", - "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": "Treaties and Regulations", - "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13": "TFEU article 288 says Directives are addressed to the member states and usually \"leave to the national authorities", - "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14": "TFEU article 288 says Directives are addressed to the member states and usually \"leave to the national authorities", - "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b15": "1990s", - "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": "Third", - "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517": "the Employment Equality Framework Directive", - "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e518": "Third", - "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "K\u00fcc\u00fckdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG where the German Civil Code \u00a7622", - "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": "Mrs Foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer, British Gas plc, which made women retire at age 60", + "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "All actions by EU institutions", + "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": "constitutional law concerns the European Union", + "57269bb8708984140094cb95": "Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen it was held that the provisions of the Treaties", + "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "TFEU article 30", + "57269bb8708984140094cb97": "Van Gend en Loos", + "57269bb8708984140094cb98": "the same as Treaty provisions in this sense", + "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": "Directives", + "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13": "28", + "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14": "28", + "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b15": "the early 1990s", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": "the Employment Equality Framework Directive", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517": "Employment Equality Framework Directive", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e518": "10", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "the Employment Equality Framework Directive", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": "the Employment Equality Framework Directive. The Court of Justice held that the Directive could be relied on by her because equality was also a general principle", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534": "the Insolvency Protection Directive", - "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "11", + "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "the Insolvency Protection Directive", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e536": "the Insolvency Protection Directive", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e537": "6 million Lira from the Italian government", - "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550": "by the European Court of Justice", - "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": "European Court of Justice", + "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550": "European Court of Justice", + "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": "Accepted general principles of European Union Law", "5726a09f708984140094cc39": "Proportionality is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1950s", "5726a09f708984140094cc3a": "Article 5 of the EC Treaty", - "5726a09f708984140094cc3b": "Pro", + "5726a09f708984140094cc3b": "the least onerous must be adopted, and any disadvantage caused must not be disproportionate to the aims pursued.", "5726a14c708984140094cc51": "European Court of Justice", - "5726a14c708984140094cc52": "It is an important general principle of international law and public law, which predates European Union law. As a general principle", - "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "proper", - "5726a14c708984140094cc54": "principles of legal certainty and good faith, is also a central element of the general principle of legal certainty", - "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "the European Court of Justice", - "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87": "constitutions of member states", - "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": "None of the original treaties", - "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": "1950", + "5726a14c708984140094cc52": "It is an important general principle", + "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "proper legal basis", + "5726a14c708984140094cc54": "principles of legal certainty", + "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "the general principles of European Union law. As such the European Court of Justice is bound to draw inspiration from the constitutional traditions", + "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87": "fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states", + "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": "None", + "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": "European Court of Human Rights", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba0": "1950", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1": "1950", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba2": "1999", - "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": "6", - "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "2007", - "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": "2007", - "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": "2000, as adopted at Strasbourg on 12 December 2007", - "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": "The Social Chapter", - "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af": "The Social Chapter", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": "2007", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "the Charter of Fundamental Rights", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": "European Union law", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": "European", + "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": "Treaty of Amsterdam", + "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af": "1997", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b0": "1989", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b1": "30", - "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2": "The Social Chapter", - "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": "1989", - "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1": "1989", - "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "1989", - "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3": "1989", - "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": "1997, the UK formally subscribed", - "5726a5525951b619008f78de": "1997", - "5726a5525951b619008f78df": "1996", + "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2": "40", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": "11", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1": "The UK", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "the \"Social Chapter", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3": "1992", + "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": "the Agreement on Social Policy", + "5726a5525951b619008f78de": "the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 1997", + "5726a5525951b619008f78df": "Works Council Directive", "5726a5525951b619008f78e0": "1996", "5726a5525951b619008f78e1": "1994", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf6": "1951", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf7": "1951", - "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8": "86", - "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9": "86", - "5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa": "86", - "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": "101", - "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in Article 101", - "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656": "Articles 106", - "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": "Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in Article 101(1), including price fixing", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8": "the second World War.", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9": "66", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa": "1957", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": "Article 101", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "Article 101(1), including price fixing", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656": "Articles 106 and 107", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": "Article 102", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b55": "2007", - "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articles 28 to 37 establish the principle of free movement of goods in the EU, while articles 45 to 66", - "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": "2007, free movement and trade were central to European development since the Treaty of Rome 1957. According to the standard theory", - "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articles 28 to 37", - "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articles 28 to 37 establish the principle of free movement of goods in the EU, while articles 45 to 66", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": "TFEU article 11", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union article 34", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0": "Treaty", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union article 34", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2": "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union article 34, \u2018Quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between", - "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": "article 36", - "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9": "the market\". It would require justification under article 36", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": "the concept of a \"social market economy", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": "reduce consumer prices", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "the view that the specific goals of free trade are underpinned by the general aims of the treaty for improvement of people's well being", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": "Increasingly the Court of Justice", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": "principle of non-discrimination", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": "trading rules\" that are \"enacted by Member States", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0": "trade", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": "the authorities", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2": "the", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": "25", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9": "TFEU", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ea": "2003", - "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": "34", - "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "2009", - "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": "trader", - "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "article 34", - "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": "trader", - "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "article 36", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74": "18 to 21", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75": "18 to 21", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": "18 to 21", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": "21", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": "21", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": "7", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": "7", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": "7", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": "7", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa": "14 hours a week", - "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": "the EU has increasingly been seen as a \"fundamental\" status of member state nationals", - "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": "the EU", - "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": "Austria", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": "cocoa butter alone", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "a minimum alcohol content of 25 per cent was contrary to TFEU article 34", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": "TFEU", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "prevent cut throat competition", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": "In Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini the Court of Justice", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "Unfair Commercial Practices Directive", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74": "the Treaties", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75": "the European Community", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": "Free movement was increasingly based on \"citizenship", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": "Ste", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": "the 1970s, this focus shifted towards developing a more \"social\" Europe.", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": "The Free Movement of Workers Regulation articles 1 to 7", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": "famous", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": "a requirement to speak Gaelic", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": "the Court of Justice", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa": "between 3 and 14", + "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": "Citizenship of the EU", + "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": "the number of social services", + "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": "In Commission v Austria", "5726bcde708984140094cfc2": "higher education", - "5726c002708984140094d073": "56", - "5726c002708984140094d074": "Treaty", - "5726c002708984140094d075": "Treaty", - "5726c002708984140094d076": "Treaty", - "5726c002708984140094d077": "Treaty", + "5726c002708984140094d073": "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union", + "5726c002708984140094d074": "However", + "5726c002708984140094d075": "In Reyners v Belgium the Court of Justice", + "5726c002708984140094d076": "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union", + "5726c002708984140094d077": "By contrast", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8a": "2006", - "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "2006", + "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "shipping toxic waste", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8c": "October 2007", - "5726c19add62a815002e8f8d": "2007", - "5726c3da708984140094d0d9": "TFEU article 56", - "5726c3da708984140094d0da": "56", - "5726c3da708984140094d0db": "56", - "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": "56", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": "TFEU article 49. This meant the Daily Mail newspaper's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": "TFEU article 49. This meant the Daily Mail newspaper", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": "TFEU article 49. This meant the Daily Mail newspaper", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac7": "TFEU", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": "TFEU", - "5725b81b271a42140099d097": "English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle", - "5725b81b271a42140099d098": "English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle", + "5726c19add62a815002e8f8d": "The competence for the Union to do this was contested in 2005", + "5726c3da708984140094d0d9": "people who", + "5726c3da708984140094d0da": "the scope of article 56, because usually the state funds it, though higher education does not.", + "5726c3da708984140094d0db": "narcotic drugs", + "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": "The Dutch health authorities", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": "Daily Mail newspaper", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": "\u00a3", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": "\u00a3", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac7": "basis that it was not validly incorporated in Germany. Although restrictions on freedom of establishment", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": "Similarly", + "5725b81b271a42140099d097": "the Amazon Jungle", + "5725b81b271a42140099d098": "5", "5725b81b271a42140099d099": "nine", - "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": "English", + "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": "four", "5725b81b271a42140099d09b": "half", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": "English", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": "English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00": "English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": "English", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02": "English", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": "English", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": "English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": "English", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": "English", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": "English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle", - "5725be0f271a42140099d117": "tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent", - "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0. Climate fluctuations", - "5725be0f271a42140099d119": "tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent", - "5725be0f271a42140099d11a": "the rainforest", - "5725be0f271a42140099d11b": "However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f94": "tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": "66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": "the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f97": "During", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent", - "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": "tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66\u201334 My", - "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": "66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south", - "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": "tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66\u201334 My", - "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": "Amazoneregenwoud", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": "the Amazon Jungle", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00": "The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": "half", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02": "16", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": "Selva Amaz\u00f3nica, Amazon\u00eda", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": "7", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": "nine", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": "The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": "16", + "5725be0f271a42140099d117": "wet", + "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "Climate fluctuations", + "5725be0f271a42140099d119": "the Oligocene", + "5725be0f271a42140099d11a": "the continent. From 66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0.", + "5725be0f271a42140099d11b": "However", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f94": "the tropics. During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band.", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": "45\u00b0", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": "Climate fluctuations", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f97": "the Oligocene", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "the Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum.", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": "the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics.", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": "66\u201334 Mya", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": "the Oligocene", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "the last glacial", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b9": "Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions", "5725c071271a42140099d127": "the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle", - "5725c071271a42140099d128": "the Solim\u00f5es Basin", + "5725c071271a42140099d128": "the Atlantic", "5725c071271a42140099d129": "the Solim\u00f5es Basin", "5725c071271a42140099d12a": "5\u201310 million years", - "5725c071271a42140099d12b": "Basin", - "57283d173acd2414000df78f": "Basin", - "57283d173acd2414000df790": "easterly flow toward the Atlantic", - "57283d173acd2414000df791": "the Solim\u00f5es Basin", - "57283d173acd2414000df792": "the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west", - "57283d173acd2414000df793": "the Solim\u00f5es Basin", - "5729e6313f37b319004785a9": "the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle", + "5725c071271a42140099d12b": "easterly", + "57283d173acd2414000df78f": "the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch.", + "57283d173acd2414000df790": "the Atlantic", + "57283d173acd2414000df791": "the Pacific", + "57283d173acd2414000df792": "the Amazonas Basin", + "57283d173acd2414000df793": "a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solim\u00f5es Basin", + "5729e6313f37b319004785a9": "the mid-Eocene", "5729e6313f37b319004785aa": "middle", - "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": "the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west", - "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": "easterly flow toward the Atlantic", + "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": "the Atlantic", + "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": "the Pacific", "5729e6313f37b319004785ad": "the Solim\u00f5es Basin", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50b": "Last", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": "Last", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": "Last", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "Last", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": "Last", - "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "Last", - "572841772ca10214002da1a7": "the Last", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50b": "Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation.", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": "the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin.", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": "the north, south, and east than is seen today.", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "the north, south, and east than is seen today. This debate", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": "reasonably well supported by the available data", + "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "21,000 years", + "572841772ca10214002da1a7": "the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation.", "572841772ca10214002da1a8": "lower", - "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "Last", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "21", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77a": "the LGM was lower", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": "Last", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": "refugia separated by open forest and grassland", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": "Last", - "5725c63438643c19005acc9f": "27", - "5725c63438643c19005acca0": "27", - "5725c63438643c19005acca1": "27", + "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin.", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "21,000 years", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77a": "lower", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": "the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin.", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": "open forest and grassland", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": "proved", + "5725c63438643c19005acc9f": "CALIPSO", + "5725c63438643c19005acca0": "182", + "5725c63438643c19005acca1": "1,600 miles", "5725c63438643c19005acca2": "27", - "5725c63438643c19005acca3": "27.7 million tons (15%)", - "5728455bff5b5019007da078": "27", - "5728455bff5b5019007da079": "27", + "5725c63438643c19005acca3": "132", + "5728455bff5b5019007da078": "NASA's CALIPSO satellite", + "5728455bff5b5019007da079": "182", "5728455bff5b5019007da07a": "27", "5728455bff5b5019007da07b": "27", - "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": "27", + "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": "43", "5729ea263f37b319004785bd": "27", "5729ea263f37b319004785be": "27", - "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": "27", - "5729ea263f37b319004785c0": "27", + "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": "182", + "5729ea263f37b319004785c0": "1,600 miles", "5729ea263f37b319004785c1": "27", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": "Betty Meggers", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf4": "Betty Meggers", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": "0.2 inhabitants", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": "0.2 inhabitants", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf7": "5", - "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": "0.2 inhabitants", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": "ia", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf4": "0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52/sq mi", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": "the early 1980s it was less than 200,000.", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": "recent anthropological", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf7": "Some 5", + "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": "the early 1980s it was less than 200,000.", "572847dd4b864d19001648bd": "Betty Meggers", - "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "Betty Meggers", - "572847dd4b864d19001648bf": "Betty Meggers", + "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "0.2", + "572847dd4b864d19001648bf": "book Amazonia", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6c9": "Betty Meggers", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6ca": "Betty Meggers", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cb": "0.2 inhabitants", - "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cc": "5", - "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cc": "Some 5", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "200,000", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed2": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542", - "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542", - "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542. The BBC", - "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": "1970", - "5725cbb289a1e219009abed6": "1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between AD 0\u20131250", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": "the 1540s", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": "the 1540s. It is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from Europe, such as smallpox", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": "Ondemar Dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed6": "AD 0\u20131250", "5729edd56aef051400155112": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542", - "5729edd56aef051400155113": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542", - "5729edd56aef051400155114": "1970s", - "5729edd56aef051400155115": "1970", - "5729edd56aef051400155116": "11", + "5729edd56aef051400155113": "42", + "5729edd56aef051400155114": "AD", + "5729edd56aef051400155115": "Ondemar Dias", + "5729edd56aef051400155116": "11,000 years", "5725cf3238643c19005acd61": "Terra preta (black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest, is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management", - "5725cf3238643c19005acd62": "Terra preta (black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest, is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management", - "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": "centuries of human management", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd62": "Terra preta (black earth", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": "centuries", "5725cf3238643c19005acd64": "2003", - "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": "centuries of human management, rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": "the result of centuries of human management, rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed.", "5729ef266aef05140015511c": "Terra preta (black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest, is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management", - "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "centuries of human management, rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed", + "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "centuries of human management", "5729ef266aef05140015511e": "2003", "5729ef266aef05140015511f": "2003", - "5729ef266aef051400155120": "2003", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61b": "40", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61c": "five", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": "40", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": "40,000 plant species, 2,200", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": "40", + "5729ef266aef051400155120": "roads", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61b": "2.5 million", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61c": "One in five", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": "40,000", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": "200", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": "96,660 and 128,843", "5729f0db6aef051400155126": "2.5 million", - "5729f0db6aef051400155127": "40", - "5729f0db6aef051400155128": "40", - "5729f0db6aef051400155129": "40", - "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": "40", - "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "a quarter square kilometer (62 acres) of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species", - "5726722bdd62a815002e8529": "16", - "5726722bdd62a815002e852a": "90", - "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": "90,790 tonnes of living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 \u00b1 47 tonnes per hectare", - "5726722bdd62a815002e852c": "38,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region", - "5729f2646aef051400155130": "90,790 tonnes of living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 \u00b1 47 tonnes per hectare", + "5729f0db6aef051400155127": "1,294 birds, 427", + "5729f0db6aef051400155128": "40,000", + "5729f0db6aef051400155129": "378", + "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": "One in five", + "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "more than 1,100 tree species", + "5726722bdd62a815002e8529": "16,000", + "5726722bdd62a815002e852a": "90,790 tonnes", + "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": "356 \u00b1 47 tonnes per hectare", + "5726722bdd62a815002e852c": "438,000", + "5729f2646aef051400155130": "the region is estimated at 16,000.", "5729f2646aef051400155131": "1,100", - "5729f2646aef051400155132": "90", - "5729f2646aef051400155133": "90,790 tonnes of living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 \u00b1 47 tonnes per hectare", - "5729f2646aef051400155134": "38,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region", - "5729f3831d0469140077967b": "electric eels can produce an electric shock", - "5729f3831d0469140077967c": "jaguar", + "5729f2646aef051400155132": "90,790 tonnes", + "5729f2646aef051400155133": "356 \u00b1 47 tonnes", + "5729f2646aef051400155134": "438,000", + "5729f3831d0469140077967b": "electric eels", + "5729f3831d0469140077967c": "the largest predatory creatures", "5729f3831d0469140077967d": "piranha are known to bite and injure humans", - "5729f3831d0469140077967e": "Various species of poison dart frogs", - "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "the rabies virus. Malaria, yellow fever and Dengue fever can also be contracted in the Amazon region", - "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": "Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas. The main sources of deforestation in the Amazon are human settlement", - "5729fd56af94a219006aa730": "1960s", - "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": "the 1960s", - "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": "the early 1960s", + "5729f3831d0469140077967e": "Various", + "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "Vampire bats dwell in the rainforest and can spread the rabies virus", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": "-forested areas.", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa730": "Prior to the early 1960s", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": "the slash and burn method", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": "the loss of soil fertility and weed invasion.", "5729fd56af94a219006aa733": "outer space", - "5729feaf6aef051400155188": "1991", - "5729feaf6aef051400155189": "1991", - "5729feaf6aef05140015518a": "Seventy", - "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": "Seventy", + "5729feaf6aef051400155188": "587", + "5729feaf6aef051400155189": "587", + "5729feaf6aef05140015518a": "Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970, is used for livestock pasture", + "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": "the second-largest global producer of soybeans after the United States", "5729feaf6aef05140015518c": "Seventy", - "572a005f1d046914007796b7": "2000 to 2005 (22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18%", - "572a005f1d046914007796b8": "2000 to 2005 (22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18%", - "572a005f1d046914007796b9": "2000 to 2005 (22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18%", - "572a005f1d046914007796bb": "2014", - "572a005f1d046914007796ba": "2000 to 2005 (22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18%", - "572a020f6aef051400155198": "0.62 \u00b1 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare", + "572a005f1d046914007796b7": "The first two highways successfully opened up the rainforest and led to increased settlement and deforestation.", + "572a005f1d046914007796b8": "The first two", + "572a005f1d046914007796b9": "8", + "572a005f1d046914007796bb": "declined", + "572a005f1d046914007796ba": "18%", + "572a020f6aef051400155198": "biodiversity", "572a020f6aef051400155199": "destruction of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate global warming", - "572a020f6aef05140015519a": "the carbon contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate global warming", + "572a020f6aef05140015519a": "the release of the carbon", "572a020f6aef05140015519b": "10%", - "572a020f6aef05140015519c": "0.62 \u00b1 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare", - "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": "2100", - "572a03a06aef0514001551ab": "2100", + "572a020f6aef05140015519c": "1.1 \u00d7 1011 metric tonnes", + "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": "severely reduced rainfall", + "572a03a06aef0514001551ab": "greenhouse gas emissions", "572a03a06aef0514001551ac": "2100", - "572a03a06aef0514001551ad": "2100", - "572a03a06aef0514001551ae": "2100", - "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": "disappear, while others, like the Urarina continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival", - "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": "survival", - "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": "disappear, while others, like the Urarina continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival", - "572a064a3f37b31900478660": "survival", - "572a064a3f37b31900478661": "disappear, while others, like the Urarina continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival", + "572a03a06aef0514001551ad": "the 21st century by climate change in addition to deforestation.", + "572a03a06aef0514001551ae": "21st century by climate change in addition to deforestation.", + "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": "deforestation", + "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": "ethno-biology and community-based conservation efforts.", + "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": "ecocide", + "572a064a3f37b31900478660": "the Urarina continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival", + "572a064a3f37b31900478661": "ethno-biology", "572a07c11d046914007796d5": "remote sensing", - "572a07c11d046914007796d6": "the Trio Tribe", + "572a07c11d046914007796d6": "Trio Tribe", "572a07c11d046914007796d7": "the Trio Tribe", - "572a07c11d046914007796d8": "Earth", - "572a07c11d046914007796d9": "Google Earth", - "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": "2006", - "572a09abaf94a219006aa75c": "2006", + "572a07c11d046914007796d8": "the Trio Tribe", + "572a07c11d046914007796d9": "the rainforests of southern Suriname, map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims.", + "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": "tree growth stages", + "572a09abaf94a219006aa75c": "the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions, the classification of tree growth stages", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75d": "2006", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75e": "2006", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75f": "2006", - "572a0b101d046914007796e9": "three", - "572a0b101d046914007796eb": "The Independent reported Woods Hole Research Center results showing that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought. Scientists", - "572a0b101d046914007796ec": "three", - "572a0b101d046914007796ed": "three", - "572a0b101d046914007796ea": "The Independent reported Woods Hole Research Center results showing that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought. Scientists", - "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f": "734,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) in 2005. The 2010 drought", - "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": "7", + "572a0b101d046914007796e9": "2005", + "572a0b101d046914007796eb": "Scientists", + "572a0b101d046914007796ec": "tipping point\" where it would irreversibly start to die.", + "572a0b101d046914007796ed": "irreversibly start to die. It concludes that the forest is on the brink of being turned into savanna or desert", + "572a0b101d046914007796ea": "Woods", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f": "2010", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": "1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) of rainforest", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771": "three", - "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772": "734,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) in 2005", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772": "The 2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation died off, whereas in 2005", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa773": "1", - "5725b9db38643c19005acbe1": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r", - "5725b9db38643c19005acbe2": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", - "5725b9db38643c19005acbe3": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", + "5725b9db38643c19005acbe1": "the body cavity for both digestion and respiration.", + "5725b9db38643c19005acbe2": "the body cavity for both digestion and respiration. Increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla.", + "5725b9db38643c19005acbe3": "range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": "the body cavity for both digestion and respiration. Increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla.", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": "means", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "water flow through the body cavity", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": "1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size.", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "Their most distinctive feature is the \u2018combs", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "the body cavity for both digestion and respiration. Increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla.", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": "1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size.", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": "water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration.", "57263eaa38643c19005ad374": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "the body cavity for both digestion and respiration. Increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla.", "5725bae289a1e219009abd90": "ten", - "5725bae289a1e219009abd91": "100", + "5725bae289a1e219009abd91": "100\u2013150", "5725bae289a1e219009abd92": "25", - "5725c337271a42140099d163": "100", - "5725c337271a42140099d164": "pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla (\"little tentacles\") that are covered with colloblasts", + "5725c337271a42140099d163": "100\u2013150", + "5725c337271a42140099d164": "pair", "5725c337271a42140099d165": "ten", - "5725c337271a42140099d166": "asts", - "5725c337271a42140099d167": "huge mouths", + "5725c337271a42140099d166": "the same area, because they specialize in different types of prey, which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use.", + "5725c337271a42140099d167": "huge", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ee": "ten", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ef": "pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla (\"little tentacles", - "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": "pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla (\"little tentacles\") that are covered with colloblasts", - "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles", - "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2": "asts", - "5725bc0338643c19005acc11": "hermaphroditism", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": "huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "asts", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2": "a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla (\"little tentacles\") that are covered with colloblasts", + "5725bc0338643c19005acc11": "the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form.", "5725bc0338643c19005acc12": "the bottom", - "5725bc0338643c19005acc13": "some species, juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape. The combination of hermaphroditism", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": "hermaphroditism", + "5725bc0338643c19005acc13": "the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form. In at least some species", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": "the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form.", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f": "simultaneous", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "sequential", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": "platyctenids' eggs are fertilized inside", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": "hermaphroditism", - "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": "hermaphroditism", - "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": "the bottom", - "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": "sequential", - "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4": "platyctenids' eggs are fertilized inside", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "Others", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": "platyctenids", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": "the same time.", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": "the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times.", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": "simultaneous", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": "Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4": "platyctenids", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5": "the beroids", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc39": "the Black Sea", - "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a": "Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae", - "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b": "Mnemiopsis", - "5725c69738643c19005accb9": "Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae", - "5725c69738643c19005accba": "Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea", - "5725c69738643c19005accbb": "the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae", - "5725c69738643c19005accbc": "the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places", - "5726431d271a42140099d7f5": "the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places", + "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a": "Mnemiopsis", + "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b": "the Mnemiopsis population", + "5725c69738643c19005accb9": "the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys", + "5725c69738643c19005accba": "Mnemiopsis", + "5725c69738643c19005accbb": "larvae", + "5725c69738643c19005accbc": "the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f5": "the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find.", "5726431d271a42140099d7f6": "phytoplankton", - "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": "the Black Sea", - "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": "the Black Sea", - "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": "the Black Sea", - "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": "66 million years ago", - "5725c91e38643c19005accec": "1980", - "5725c91e38643c19005acced": "the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago", - "5725c91e38643c19005accee": "the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago", - "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": "the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago", - "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago", - "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": "the \"cydippids\" are not monophylet", - "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago", - "5725cb33271a42140099d1db": "cnidarians", - "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": "sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": "Mnemiopsis", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": "the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": "the Mnemiopsis population.", + "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": "66", + "5725c91e38643c19005accec": "the \"cydippids\" are not monophyletic", + "5725c91e38643c19005acced": "about 515 million years ago", + "5725c91e38643c19005accee": "fossils thought to represent ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows", + "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": "515 million years ago", + "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event", + "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": "the \"cydippids\" are not monophyletic", + "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago.", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1db": "Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": "distinguished from all other animals by having colloblasts, which are sticky and adhere to prey, although a few ctenophore species lack them.", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dd": "bilaterians", - "5725cb33271a42140099d1de": "Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians", - "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": "Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians", - "572646655951b619008f6ebf": "arians", - "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians", - "572646655951b619008f6ec1": "Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians", - "572646655951b619008f6ec2": "nervous systems", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1de": "Ctenophores", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": "a few ctenophore species lack them.", + "572646655951b619008f6ebf": "cnidarians", + "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "a few ctenophore species lack them.", + "572646655951b619008f6ec1": "a few ctenophore species lack them.", + "572646655951b619008f6ec2": "both ctenophores and cnidarians", "572646655951b619008f6ec3": "bilaterians", - "572647d0708984140094c14b": "three", + "572647d0708984140094c14b": "the mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores; more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer", "572647d0708984140094c14c": "tri", - "572647d0708984140094c14d": "three", - "572647d0708984140094c14e": "three", - "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": "1.5 meters (4.9 ft", - "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "1.5 meters (4.9 ft", - "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": "1.5 meters (4.9 ft", - "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": "1.5 meters (4.9 ft", + "572647d0708984140094c14d": "three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer.", + "572647d0708984140094c14e": "Hence ctenophores and cnidarians have traditionally been labelled diploblastic, along with sponges", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": "the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called \"ctenes", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called \"ctenes", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": "ctenes", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": "\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db40": "Pleurobrachia", - "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "three coastal genera \u2013 Pleurobrachia", - "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42": "three coastal genera \u2013 Pleurobrachia", - "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43": "three", + "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "some oceanic species are so fragile that it is very difficult to capture them intact for study.", + "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42": "Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis", + "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43": "Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis. At least two textbooks", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a0": "gastrodermis", - "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1": "the mesoglea to the most active parts of the animal: the mouth and pharynx", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1": "bioluminescence", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a2": "pharynx", - "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": "the center that acts as a stomach", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": "a system of internal canals.", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a4": "the mouth and pharynx", - "57264cfa708984140094c1c3": "eight comb rows", - "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": "3", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c3": "the distance from the aboral pole towards the mouth. The \"combs\" (also called \"ctenes\" or \"comb plates", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": "the distance from the aboral pole towards the mouth. The \"combs\" (also called \"ctenes\" or \"comb plates", "57264cfa708984140094c1c5": "9 + 3", - "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": "3", - "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": "six times its normal speed", - "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": "the body cavity", - "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "tes in the body cavity", - "57264e66dd62a815002e811c": "the body cavity", - "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": "tes", - "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e": "the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst", - "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": "the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst", - "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60": "the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst", - "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": "the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": "the direction", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": "2 millimeters", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": "the body cavity may pump this into the mesoglea to increase its bulk and decrease its density, to avoid sinking.", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "the body cavity", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811c": "the body cavity may pump this into the mesoglea to increase its bulk and decrease its density, to avoid sinking.", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": "pump this into the mesoglea to increase its bulk", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e": "the aboral organ", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": "the aboral organ", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60": "a transparent dome", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": "a statocyst", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc62": "the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst", "57265746dd62a815002e8218": "Pleurobrachia", - "57265746dd62a815002e8219": "opposite sides of the body extends a pair", - "57265746dd62a815002e821a": "the body extends a pair of long, slender tentacles, each housed in a sheath into which it can be withdrawn. Some species", - "57265746dd62a815002e821b": "opposite sides of the body extends a pair of long, slender tentacles, each housed in a sheath", + "57265746dd62a815002e8219": "a pair of long, slender tentacles", + "57265746dd62a815002e821a": "more or less rounded, sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical", + "57265746dd62a815002e821b": "a sheath", "57265746dd62a815002e821c": "the common coastal \"sea gooseberry,\" Pleurobrachia", - "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": "fringed with tentilla", - "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": "the epidermis or in the mesoglea; and a spiral thread", - "572658daf1498d1400e8dcae": "thread", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": "tentilla", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": "the lower layer of the epidermis or in the mesoglea; and a spiral thread", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcae": "the lower layer of the epidermis or in the mesoglea; and a spiral thread", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcaf": "three", - "572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0": "three types of movement", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0": "three types of movement that are used in capturing prey: they may flick out very quickly", "572659ea5951b619008f7051": "eight", "572659ea5951b619008f7052": "eight", - "572659ea5951b619008f7053": "eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth to the opposite end, and are spaced evenly", - "572659ea5951b619008f7054": "eight", + "572659ea5951b619008f7053": "evenly", + "572659ea5951b619008f7054": "a ciliary groove", "57265aaf5951b619008f706b": "pair", "57265aaf5951b619008f706c": "four auricles", "57265aaf5951b619008f706d": "four", - "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "four auricles", - "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": "the mouth, many species", + "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth.", + "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": "planktonic prey", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd36": "Members of the lobate genera Bathocyroe and Ocyropsis can escape from danger", - "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": "eight comb-rows", - "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": "eight", - "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "eight comb-rows", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50": "Beroida", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": "pair", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "pair", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": "pair", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": "Beroida", - "57265e97708984140094c3c3": "pair of comb-rows", - "57265e97708984140094c3c6": "1.5 meters", - "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "pair of comb-rows", - "57265e97708984140094c3c5": "pair of comb-rows", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": "Members of the lobate genera Bathocyroe and Ocyropsis", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": "nerves", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "the movements of lobates' combs are coordinated by nerves", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50": "the opposite adhesive strip.", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": "the stomach wall that \"zip\" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding, by forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip.", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "the stomach wall that \"zip\" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding, by forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip.", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": "This tight closure streamlines the front of the animal when it is pursuing prey.", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": "the stomach wall that \"zip\" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding, by forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip.", + "57265e97708984140094c3c3": "the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon.", + "57265e97708984140094c3c6": "Cestum veneris (\"Venus' girdle\")", + "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "The Cestida (\"belt animals", + "57265e97708984140094c3c5": "the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon.", "57265e97708984140094c3c7": "faster", - "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": "pair", - "572681c1dd62a815002e8797": "pair", - "572681c1dd62a815002e8798": "All but one of the known platyctenid species", - "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": "pair", - "572683075951b619008f7513": "pores", - "572683075951b619008f7514": "platyctenids use internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers", - "572683075951b619008f7515": "occasionally been seen in species of the genus Mnemiopsis", - "572683075951b619008f7516": "the same single sex", - "572683075951b619008f7517": "Fertilization", - "572684365951b619008f753f": "the genus Beroe the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths", - "572684365951b619008f7540": "the plankton and thus occupy a different ecological niche from their parents and attain the adult form by a more radical metamorphosis", - "572684365951b619008f7541": "the plankton and thus occupy a different ecological niche from their parents and attain the adult form by a more radical metamorphosis", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": "pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8797": "the back of the ctenophore into the current.", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8798": "All but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": "the back of the ctenophore into the current.", + "572683075951b619008f7513": "via pores", + "572683075951b619008f7514": "the same single sex all their lives.", + "572683075951b619008f7515": "occasionally", + "572683075951b619008f7516": "the same single sex all their lives. The gonads", + "572683075951b619008f7517": "Fertilization is external", + "572684365951b619008f753f": "the genus Beroe the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles", + "572684365951b619008f7540": "the sea-floor.", + "572684365951b619008f7541": "the sea-floor.", "572684365951b619008f7542": "larvae", - "572684365951b619008f7543": "tentacle sheaths", + "572684365951b619008f7543": "the genus", "572686fc708984140094c8e5": "athyctena chuni", - "572686fc708984140094c8e6": "When some species, including Bathyctena chuni", - "572686fc708984140094c8e7": "Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea vexilligera, are disturbed, they produce secretions", - "572686fc708984140094c8e8": "Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea vexilligera, are disturbed, they produce secretions", + "572686fc708984140094c8e6": "When some species", + "572686fc708984140094c8e7": "the same wavelengths as their bodies.", + "572686fc708984140094c8e8": "the same wavelengths as their bodies. Juveniles will luminesce more brightly", "5726887e708984140094c917": "the genus Haeckelia", - "5726887e708984140094c918": "Members of the genus Haeckelia", - "5726887e708984140094c919": "Members of the genus Haeckelia", - "5726887e708984140094c91a": "ia", - "5726887e708984140094c91b": "The two-tentacled \"cydippid\" Lampea", - "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": "ists", - "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d": "On", - "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": "the Red Sea", + "5726887e708984140094c918": "Haeckelia prey on jellyfish", + "5726887e708984140094c919": "Haeckelia", + "5726887e708984140094c91a": "the cydippid genus Pleurobrachia and the lobate Bolinopsis", + "5726887e708984140094c91b": "Lampea", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": "their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water made them a poor diet for other animals.", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d": "Oncorhynchus", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": "the guts of possible predators, although the combs sometimes remain intact long enough to provide a clue.", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33f": "the Red Sea", - "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": "the Red Sea", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": "blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "1980s", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": "1991 to 1993", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": "1980s", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8916": "1991 to 1993", - "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c": "Three", - "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": "Three", - "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e": "Three", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": "ctenophores", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": "the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "the late 1980s", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": "eventually", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": "late 1980s", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8916": "climate", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c": "the mid-Cambrian period. All three apparently lacked tentacles but had between 24 and 80 comb rows", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": "The Ediacaran Eoandromeda could putatively", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e": "mid-Cambrian", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f": "Three", - "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": "Three additional putative species were then found in the Burgess Shale and other Canadian rocks of similar age, about 505 million years ago", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": "Three", "57268f05dd62a815002e8990": "Stromatoveris", "57268f05dd62a815002e8991": "Stromatoveris", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": "Stromatoveris", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": "Stromatoveris", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": "ta", - "57269016708984140094ca41": "series", - "57269016708984140094ca42": "the latter two scenarios, that ctenophores are either sister to Cnidaria, Placozoa and Bilateria", - "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "larvae", - "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "2001", - "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "Richard", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": "Stromatoveris was an evolutionary \"aunt\" of ctenophores", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": "ta", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": "Ediacaran period", + "57269016708984140094ca41": "all other animals", + "57269016708984140094ca42": "Porifera", + "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "the beroids", + "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "the cydippids are not monophyletic", + "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event", "572691bedd62a815002e89df": "Richard", - "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": "fifth", - "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": "res", - "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f": "res", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": "fifth-largest city in California", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": "220", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f": "tree", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd50": "an ash leaf", - "5725ce4d38643c19005acd51": "res", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd51": "resno", "5725cfd0271a42140099d225": "1872", - "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": "1872", - "5725cfd0271a42140099d227": "85", + "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": "the new community.", + "5725cfd0271a42140099d227": "1885", "5725cfd0271a42140099d228": "47", - "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": "1872", - "5725d183271a42140099d23d": "2.7% Asian. (Incongruously, Chinatown", + "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": "town of Fresno Station", + "5725d183271a42140099d23d": "2", "5725d183271a42140099d23e": "Chinatown", - "5725d183271a42140099d23f": "World War II, Fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods, including Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy", - "5725d183271a42140099d240": "Pinedale Assembly Center", - "5725d183271a42140099d241": "World War II, Fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods, including Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy", + "5725d183271a42140099d23f": "Pinedale, in what is now North Fresno, was the site of the Pinedale Assembly Center", + "5725d183271a42140099d240": "the Pinedale Assembly Center", + "5725d183271a42140099d241": "The Fresno Fairgrounds was also utilized as an assembly center", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d639": "September", - "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": "1976", - "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b": "1976", + "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": "BankAmericard", + "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b": "the other but not both). In 1976, BankAmericard was renamed and spun off into a separate company known today as Visa Inc.", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63c": "1976", - "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d": "1976", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf58": "1970s", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "1970s", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a": "Madera", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": "1970s, the city was the subject of a song, \"Walking Into Fresno", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "1970s, the city was the subject of a song, \"Walking Into Fresno", + "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d": "Visa", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf58": "the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child.", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "Bob Gallion", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a": "era", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": "The Fresno Barn", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "Lupe Mayorga", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d687": "three", - "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": "three", - "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": "three", - "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": "three", - "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": "three", - "5725d7e438643c19005acdf9": "Between the 1880s and World War II", - "5725d7e438643c19005acdfa": "Tower", - "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "1401", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": "eding Park", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": "Kearney Park", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": "the southwest. Woodward Park, which features the Shinzen Japanese Gardens, numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": "Kearney Park", + "5725d7e438643c19005acdf9": "Between the 1880s", + "5725d7e438643c19005acdfa": "the Fresno Water Tower", + "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "the San Joaquin Light & Power Building", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfc": "the Hughes Hotel", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b3": "1964", - "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b4": "1964", - "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "Street", - "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "Street", - "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": "Street", - "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": "1950", - "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c6": "Kings", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b4": "the Fulton Mall", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "Pierre-Auguste Renoir", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "near", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": "wide sidewalks (up to 28' on the east side of the street) to continue with the pedestrian friendly environment of the district", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": "the 1970s, it has recently experienced a surge in new home construction.", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c6": "Kings Canyon Avenue", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c7": "1950s", - "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c8": "the Sunnyside Country Club", - "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c9": "Bell", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c8": "It", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c9": "William P. Bell", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfea": "the historic Tower Theatre", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfeb": "1939", - "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": "the historic Tower Theatre", - "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": "the Tower District is centered around the historic Tower Theatre", - "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": "the Tower District is centered around the historic Tower Theatre", - "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d7": "1970s", - "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": "1970s", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": "a well-known landmark water tower", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": "later renamed California State University at Fresno", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": "one-half mile south of Fresno City College.", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d7": "late 1970s", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": "the late 1970s", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d9": "1978", - "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": "the Tower Theatre", - "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": "the Tower Theatre", - "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "Tower District", - "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": "Tower District", - "5725e45689a1e219009ac04a": "Tower District", - "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": "Tower District", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": "the leading roles of Evita and The Wiz at the theater while she was a high school student.", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": "the theater", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "The neighborhood features restaurants, live theater and nightclubs", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": "few hundred feet", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac04a": "the Tower District", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": "the Tower District", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04c": "Tower District", - "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": "twentieth century", - "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": "Taylor", - "5725e748ec44d21400f3d735": "the Tower District", - "5725e748ec44d21400f3d736": "twentieth century homes, many of which have been restored in recent decades", - "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0ae": "20th century", - "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0af": "William Stranahan for the Pacific Improvement Corporation, and was officially platted in 1911", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": "early twentieth century", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": "many Storybook houses designed by Fresno architects, Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d735": "the Tower District contrasts with the newer areas of tract homes urban sprawl in north and east areas of Fresno.", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d736": "decades", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0ae": "The section of Huntington Boulevard", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0af": "William Stranahan", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b0": "1914", - "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": "1914", - "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "20th century line this boulevard in the heart of the historic Alta Vista Tract. The section of Huntington Boulevard between First Street", - "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f": "41", - "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": "the 99", - "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "41", - "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": "41", - "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "41", - "5725f00938643c19005aced7": "20 mi (32 km) west to Kerman, California. A small, two-lane rural road for most of its length, Kearney Boulevard", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": "267", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "Traction", + "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f": "Southwest", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": "the 99 freeway", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "Fresno's African-American community", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": "principally Hmong or Laotian", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "The neighborhood lies southwest of the 99 freeway (which divides it from Downtown Fresno), west of the 41 freeway", + "5725f00938643c19005aced7": "M. Theo Kearney", "5725f00938643c19005aced8": "tall palm trees", "5725f00938643c19005aced9": "The roughly half-mile stretch of Kearney Boulevard", - "5725f00938643c19005aceda": "the West Side south of Jensen and west of Elm, was given the name by the Fresno City Council", - "5725f00938643c19005acedb": "Kearney Boulevard, named after early 20th century entrepreneur and millionaire M. Theo Kearney, which extends from Fresno Street", - "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": "1960s and 1990s", + "5725f00938643c19005aceda": "Brookhaven", + "5725f00938643c19005acedb": "violent crime", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": "several public housing developments built between the 1960s", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d770": "a modern shopping center on the corner of Fresno and B streets", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d771": "Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms", - "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "1930s or before, the neighborhood is also home to several public housing developments built between the 1960s and 1990s by the Fresno Housing Authority", - "5725f190ec44d21400f3d773": "the area near Fresno Street", - "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": "1968", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "the neighborhood. The neighborhood has very little retail activity, aside from the area near Fresno Street", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d773": "very little", + "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": "Ralph", "5725f2c838643c19005aceee": "300", - "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": "atre", - "5725f2c838643c19005acef0": "Lewis S. Eaton trail system will cover 22 miles (35 km", - "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": "October", + "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": "2,500", + "5725f2c838643c19005acef0": "22", + "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": "April", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fa": "1946", - "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb": "1946", - "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": "1946", - "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": "1946", - "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "1946", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": "90", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb": "William Smilie", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": "Sierra Sky Park", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": "a unique agreement in transportation law to allow personal aircraft and automobiles", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "there are now numerous such communities", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": "the year typically bottoming out below 30 \u00b0F (\u22121.1 \u00b0C). July is the warmest month, averaging 83.", "5725f5b1271a42140099d372": "July", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": "90", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": "90", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": "December, January and February", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": "17 \u00b0F (\u22128 \u00b0C), set on January 6, 1913", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": "the year typically bottoming out below 30 \u00b0F (\u22121.", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": "the northwest", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": "the axis of the California Central Valley; in December, January and February", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": "July", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1a": "17 \u00b0F (\u22128 \u00b0C), set on January 6, 1913", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "17 \u00b0F (\u22128 \u00b0C), set on January 6, 1913", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "17 \u00b0F (\u22128 \u00b0C), set on January 6, 1913", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": "3", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "30.0% of the population in 2010, down from 72.6% in 1970", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf24": "30", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf25": "8", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": "30", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "30.0% of the population in 2010, down from 72.6% in 1970", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": "68,511 (43.3%)", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "November", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "rarity", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": "1885", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "494,665", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf24": "24,513 (5.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 232,055 persons (46.9%).", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf25": "8,525", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": "30.0%", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "4,404.5", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": "43.3%)", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2": "30,547 (19.3%)", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "69,284", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": "43.8%)", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": "30,547 (19.3%)", - "5725fabc89a1e219009ac128": "97", - "5725fabc89a1e219009ac129": "97", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "1,388 (0.9%)", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": "3.07", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": "3.07", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac128": "427,652", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac129": "149,025", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12a": "8", - "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12b": "11", - "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12c": "97", - "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": "1953", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12b": "11.2% Asian (about a third", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12c": "97,915 families residing in the city. The population density", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": "the Federal Communications Commission decided that Fresno would only have UHF television stations.", "5725fb8138643c19005acf40": "1953", - "5725fb8138643c19005acf41": "1953", - "5725fb8138643c19005acf42": "1953", - "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": "1953", - "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": "168, the Sierra Freeway, heads east to the city of Clovis and Huntington Lake. State Route 41", - "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": "168", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf41": "June 1, 1953", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf42": "SEE", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": "KMJ-TV, which debuted on June 1, 1953. KMJ is now known as NBC affiliate KSEE", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": "99", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": "Sierra Freeway", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3af": "41", - "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "180", - "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd": "99", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "Kings Canyon Freeway) comes from the west", + "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd": "Fresno", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7de": "1950s", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7df": "99", - "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": "Route 99", - "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": "the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad railroads cross in Fresno", - "5725ff8238643c19005acf4a": "the recently renovated historic Santa Fe Railroad Depot in Downtown", - "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": "the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad railroads cross in Fresno, and both railroads maintain railyards", - "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": "the San Joaquin Valley Railroad also operates former Southern Pacific branchlines heading west and south out of the city. The city of Fresno", - "5725ff8238643c19005acf4d": "Fresno", - "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": "1950s", - "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": "1950s", - "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": "1950s", - "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": "the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom", - "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": "1950s", - "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": "1950s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", + "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": "the region, instead of upgrading what is now State Route 99", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": "Amtrak San Joaquins", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf4a": "Downtown", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": "both railroads", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": "the San Joaquin Valley Railroad also operates former Southern Pacific branchlines heading west and south", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf4d": "The city of Fresno", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": "Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": "Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": "Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": "the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) (NPL) in the late 1960s. Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching", + "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": "Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", + "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": "the late 1950s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc31": "Donald Davies", - "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": "circuit switching", - "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": "Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching", + "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": "paradigm, circuit switching", + "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": "a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable services, such as cellular communication services, circuit switching", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf7a": "Packet switching", - "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": "circuit switching", - "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": "circuit switching", + "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": "another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching", + "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": "pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth", "572634a789a1e219009ac56e": "Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching", "572634a789a1e219009ac56f": "Packet switching", - "5726219489a1e219009ac2ce": "a multiple access scheme", - "5726219489a1e219009ac2cf": "a multiple access scheme", - "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": "scheme", - "5726356938643c19005ad2ff": "a multiple access scheme", - "5726356938643c19005ad300": "a multiple access scheme", - "5726356938643c19005ad301": "scheme", - "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", - "5726249538643c19005ad080": "1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", - "5726249538643c19005ad081": "1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", - "5726249538643c19005ad082": "1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", - "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": "1962, and finally in report RM 3420 in 1964. Report P-2626", - "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": "1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", - "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": "1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", - "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": "1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", - "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": "Roger Scantlebury", - "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": "Donald Davies", - "572629c6271a42140099d6a5": "Donald Davies", - "572629c6271a42140099d6a6": "Roger Scantlebury", - "5726378238643c19005ad313": "Roger Scantlebury", - "5726378238643c19005ad314": "Donald Davies", - "5726378238643c19005ad315": "Roger Scantlebury) met Lawrence Roberts", - "5726385e271a42140099d797": "the correct order", + "5726219489a1e219009ac2ce": "Packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches", + "5726219489a1e219009ac2cf": "intermediate network nodes asynchronously", + "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": "a multiple access scheme", + "5726356938643c19005ad2ff": "Packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches", + "5726356938643c19005ad300": "intermediate network nodes asynchronously", + "5726356938643c19005ad301": "a multiple access scheme", + "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching", + "5726249538643c19005ad080": "the RAND Corporation", + "5726249538643c19005ad081": "the RAND Corporation for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks", + "5726249538643c19005ad082": "delivery of these messages by store and forward switching", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": "RAND report P-2626", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": "the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": "the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": "the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": "the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": "Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a5": "a nationwide network in the UK", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a6": "the Ministry of Defence (MoD) told him about Baran's work. A member of Davies' team (Roger Scantlebury", + "5726378238643c19005ad313": "Donald Davies", + "5726378238643c19005ad314": "the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching", + "5726378238643c19005ad315": "Roberts", + "5726385e271a42140099d797": "information", "5726385e271a42140099d798": "individually", - "5726385e271a42140099d799": "Each packet", - "5726385e271a42140099d79a": "mode", - "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": "the connection set-up phase, when the route to the destination is discovered and an entry is added to the switching table", - "5726398589a1e219009ac58a": "the connection id in a table", - "5726398589a1e219009ac589": "the connection set-up phase, when the route to the destination is discovered and an entry is added to the switching table", - "5726398589a1e219009ac588": "the connection set-up phase, when the route to the destination is discovered and an entry is added to the switching table", - "57263b1638643c19005ad333": "1991", - "57263b1638643c19005ad335": "1991", - "57263b1638643c19005ad334": "1991", - "57263b1638643c19005ad336": "1991", + "5726385e271a42140099d799": "Each", + "5726385e271a42140099d79a": "the correct order, based on the packet sequence number.", + "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": "it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number, which is different for different packets.", + "5726398589a1e219009ac58a": "the connection id", + "5726398589a1e219009ac589": "a connection identifier", + "5726398589a1e219009ac588": "transmission", + "57263b1638643c19005ad333": "a handshake", + "57263b1638643c19005ad335": "Mode", + "57263b1638643c19005ad334": "Mode", + "57263b1638643c19005ad336": "the 1980s and early 1990s, to provide a standardized interface into and out of packet networks.", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7b": "1969", - "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c": "1969", + "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c": "the datagram model. The X.25 protocol suite uses this network type.", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7d": "The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is an example of a datagram protocol", - "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7e": "1973", - "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d": "the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 90", - "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8e": "1985", + "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7e": "the datagram model. The X.25 protocol suite", + "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d": "the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 90s.", + "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8e": "AppleTalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server.", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8f": "addresses", - "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc90": "AppleTalk", - "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a2": "1973", - "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a3": "1973", - "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a4": "1973", - "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a5": "1973", - "57263ea0271a42140099d7c3": "seven", - "57263ea0271a42140099d7c4": "three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven", - "57263ea0271a42140099d7c5": "three layers, it later (1982", - "57263ea0271a42140099d7c6": "seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol. The DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II", - "57263fd138643c19005ad37b": "Warner", - "57263fd138643c19005ad37c": "four computer sales and service centers (Schenectady, Phoenix, Chicago", - "57263fd138643c19005ad37d": "Warner Sinback, a data network", - "57263fd138643c19005ad37e": "Warner", + "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc90": "the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 90s.", + "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a2": "Louis Pouzin", + "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a3": "CYCLADES", + "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a4": "CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin.", + "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a5": "ARPANET", + "57263ea0271a42140099d7c3": "the 1980s. Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven", + "57263ea0271a42140099d7c4": "1975", + "57263ea0271a42140099d7c5": "a seven", + "57263ea0271a42140099d7c6": "the 1980s.", + "57263fd138643c19005ad37b": "Warner Sinback", + "57263fd138643c19005ad37c": "Schenectady, Phoenix", + "57263fd138643c19005ad37d": "the job of turning the business around.", + "57263fd138643c19005ad37e": "the job of turning the business around.", "5726414e271a42140099d7e5": "1966", "5726414e271a42140099d7e6": "three", - "5726414e271a42140099d7e7": "three", - "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf5": "1973", - "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf6": "1973", - "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf7": "1973", - "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf8": "1973", + "5726414e271a42140099d7e7": "the stage for Merit's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf5": "the United States.", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf6": "Larry Roberts", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf7": "the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States.", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf8": "X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf9": "1979", - "5726431aec44d21400f3dd13": "X.25/X.75 gateways", - "5726431aec44d21400f3dd14": "X.25/X.75 gateways", - "5726431aec44d21400f3dd15": "X.25/X.75 gateways", - "5726431aec44d21400f3dd16": "X.25/X.75 gateways", - "5726431aec44d21400f3dd17": "X.25/X.75 gateways", - "572643de5951261400b5195a": "TELENET", - "572643de5951261400b5195b": "TELENET and TYMNET were modified to provide a X.25 host interface in addition to older host connection schemes. DATAPAC", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd13": "the U.S. and internationally via X.25/X.75 gateways.", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd14": "Tymnet was also connected to dozens of other public networks in the U.S. and internationally via X.25/X.75 gateways", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd15": "Tymnet was also connected to dozens of other public networks in the U.S. and internationally via X.25/X.75 gateways", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd16": "dedicated networks", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd17": "The private networks were often connected via gateways", + "572643de5951261400b5195a": "There were two kinds", + "572643de5951261400b5195b": "DATAPAC", "572643de5951261400b5195c": "Northern Telecom", - "5726446a89cfff1900a8404d": "Telstra. Started by Telecom Australia", - "5726446a89cfff1900a8404e": "Telstra. Started by Telecom Australia", - "5726446a89cfff1900a8404f": "Telstra. Started by Telecom Australia", - "57264586f1498d1400e8dac6": "41", - "57264586f1498d1400e8dac7": "Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines (using the X.121 DNIC 2041", - "57264586f1498d1400e8dac8": "Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines (using the X.121 DNIC 2041", - "57264586f1498d1400e8dac9": "41", - "5726462b708984140094c117": "1981", - "5726462b708984140094c118": "1981", + "5726446a89cfff1900a8404d": "the mid-late 1990s in some cases.", + "5726446a89cfff1900a8404e": "applications such as on-line betting", + "5726446a89cfff1900a8404f": "the mid-late 1990s in some cases.", + "57264586f1498d1400e8dac6": "Strictly speaking Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines (using the X.121 DNIC 2041", + "57264586f1498d1400e8dac7": "Strictly speaking Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines (using the X.121 DNIC 2041", + "57264586f1498d1400e8dac8": "Datanet 1", + "57264586f1498d1400e8dac9": "Strictly speaking Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines (using the X.121 DNIC 2041", + "5726462b708984140094c117": "the path to development of the global Internet.", + "5726462b708984140094c118": "the path to development of the global Internet.", "5726462b708984140094c119": "1981", - "5726472bdd62a815002e8042": "100 Gbit/s. In October, 2007", - "5726472bdd62a815002e8043": "100 Gbit/s. In October, 2007", - "5726472bdd62a815002e8044": "1998", - "5726472bdd62a815002e8045": "100 Gbit/s. In October, 2007", - "5726472bdd62a815002e8046": "October, 2007", - "572647e2dd62a815002e805c": "56 kbit/s, 1.5 Mbit/s (T1), and 45 Mbit/s (T3", - "572647e2dd62a815002e805d": "56 kbit/s, 1.5 Mbit/s (T1), and 45 Mbit/s (T3", - "572647e2dd62a815002e805e": "56 kbit/s, 1.5 Mbit/s (T1), and 45 Mbit/s (T3", - "572648d1708984140094c15d": "1999", - "572648d1708984140094c15e": "1999", - "572648d1708984140094c15f": "1999", - "572648d1708984140094c160": "100", - "572648d1708984140094c161": "February 1999", - "57264684708984140094c123": "14th century", - "57264684708984140094c124": "14th century", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8042": "the first Internet2 Network, called Abilene, in 1998 and was a prime investor in the National LambdaRail (NLR) project.", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8043": "Level 3 Communications", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8044": "Abilene, in 1998", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8045": "Level 3 Communications", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8046": "a prime investor in the National LambdaRail (NLR) project.", + "572647e2dd62a815002e805c": "the United States.", + "572647e2dd62a815002e805d": "the United States. NSFNET was also the name given to several nationwide backbone networks operating at speeds of 56 kbit/s, 1.", + "572647e2dd62a815002e805e": "the nation's NSF-funded supercomputing centers, through further public funding and private industry partnerships it developed into a major part of the Internet backbone", + "572648d1708984140094c15d": "the United States. The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF.", + "572648d1708984140094c15e": "a cooperative agreement with the NSF.", + "572648d1708984140094c15f": "MCI Telecommunications", + "572648d1708984140094c160": "more than 100", + "572648d1708984140094c161": "one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links", + "57264684708984140094c123": "The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia", + "57264684708984140094c124": "the 19th century.", "57264684708984140094c125": "30\u201360%", - "57264684708984140094c126": "14th century. The world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels until the 17th century", - "57264684708984140094c127": "14th century", - "572647935951b619008f6ec9": "1347", - "572647935951b619008f6eca": "1338\u201339", - "572647935951b619008f6ecb": "1347", - "572647935951b619008f6ecc": "14th century. In the 1330s a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine, starting in 1331", - "572647935951b619008f6ecd": "1347", - "57264845f1498d1400e8db0a": "1347", - "57264845f1498d1400e8db0b": "1347", - "57264845f1498d1400e8db0c": "1347", + "57264684708984140094c126": "17th century", + "57264684708984140094c127": "the 14th century. The world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels until the 17th century.", + "572647935951b619008f6ec9": "The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly", + "572647935951b619008f6eca": "1338", + "572647935951b619008f6ecb": "China", + "572647935951b619008f6ecc": "31", + "572647935951b619008f6ecd": "25 million", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0a": "the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347.", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0b": "the Mongol army under Jani Beg", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0c": "corpses", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0d": "1347", - "57264845f1498d1400e8db0e": "1347", - "572648ed5951b619008f6f03": "51", - "572648ed5951b619008f6f04": "51", - "572648ed5951b619008f6f05": "51", - "572648ed5951b619008f6f06": "51", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0e": "several", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f03": "the Netherlands, and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent.", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f04": "Russia", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f05": "the Netherlands, and isolated alpine villages", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f06": "the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia", "572648ed5951b619008f6f07": "49", - "57264991f1498d1400e8db2e": "1348\u201349", + "57264991f1498d1400e8db2e": "the Middle East during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures.", "57264991f1498d1400e8db2f": "autumn 1347", "57264991f1498d1400e8db30": "autumn 1347", - "57264991f1498d1400e8db31": "1348\u201349", - "57264a74708984140094c18b": "1908", - "57264a74708984140094c18c": "14th-century epidemic as a proper name. In England, it was not until 1823", - "57264a74708984140094c18d": "14th-century epidemic as a proper name. In England, it was not until 1823", + "57264991f1498d1400e8db31": "north", + "57264a74708984140094c18b": "Gasquet", + "57264a74708984140094c18c": "atra mors", + "57264a74708984140094c18d": "it was not until 1823 that the medieval epidemic was first called the Black Death.", "57264a74708984140094c18e": "1823", - "57264a74708984140094c18f": "14th-century epidemic as a proper name. In England", - "57264b3edd62a815002e80aa": "the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris", - "57264b3edd62a815002e80ab": "the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris", - "57264b3edd62a815002e80ac": "Today, this is known as the Miasma theory", - "57264b3edd62a815002e80ad": "theory", - "57264c42dd62a815002e80c6": "the plague theory", - "57264c42dd62a815002e80c7": "the plague theory", - "57264c42dd62a815002e80c8": "Alexandre", - "57264c42dd62a815002e80c9": "theory", - "57264c42dd62a815002e80ca": "theory", - "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e4": "Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893", - "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e5": "Francis Aidan Gasquet", + "57264a74708984140094c18f": "-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book on Danish history by J.", + "57264b3edd62a815002e80aa": "a conjunction of three planets", + "57264b3edd62a815002e80ab": "the medical faculty in Paris", + "57264b3edd62a815002e80ac": "the Miasma theory", + "57264b3edd62a815002e80ad": "Today, this is known as the Miasma theory", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80c6": "Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80c7": "1894", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80c8": "Alexandre Yersin", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80c9": "The mechanism", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80ca": "the disease, which act as hosts, keeping the disease endemic, and a second that lack resistance.", + "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e4": "Francis Aidan Gasquet", + "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e5": "Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e6": "1908", - "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e7": "Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893", - "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e8": "rats", + "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e7": "1893", + "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e8": "the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE.", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7a": "30\u201375%", - "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7b": "30\u201375%", + "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7b": "the three forms, with a mortality rate near 100%.", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7c": "80", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7d": "30\u201375%", - "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7e": "30\u201375%", + "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7e": "purple skin patches", "57264e2f708984140094c1e1": "October", - "57264e2f708984140094c1e2": "Drancourt", - "57264e2f708984140094c1e3": "Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction", - "57264e2f708984140094c1e4": "Drancourt", - "57264e2f708984140094c1e5": "Drancourt", - "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbae": "1350", - "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbaf": "Bergen op Zoom showed the Y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the Low Countries from 1350", - "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb0": "1350", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e2": "October 2010", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e3": "Reaction", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e4": "the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998.", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e5": "PLoS Pathogens", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbae": "the country in three epidemics. Surveys of plague pit remains from the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom showed the Y.", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbaf": "the Y.", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb0": "the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p.", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb1": "around November 1347", - "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb2": "England in the spring of 1349", - "57264fe65951b619008f6fa1": "East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 \"that the Black Death in medieval Europe", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb2": "spring of 1349", + "57264fe65951b619008f6fa1": "the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended.", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa2": "East Smithfield burial site in England", - "57264fe65951b619008f6fa3": "East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 \"that the Black Death in medieval Europe", + "57264fe65951b619008f6fa3": "the Black Death in medieval Europe", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa4": "October 2011", - "5726509bdd62a815002e815a": "J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970", + "5726509bdd62a815002e815a": "British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury", "5726509bdd62a815002e815b": "1970", - "5726509bdd62a815002e815c": "1970", + "5726509bdd62a815002e815c": "J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970", "5726509bdd62a815002e815d": "1984 zoologist Graham Twigg", "5726509bdd62a815002e815e": "1984", - "5726516a708984140094c223": "symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period", - "5726516a708984140094c224": "the Domesday Book and the year 13", - "5726516a708984140094c225": "England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100%", - "5726516a708984140094c226": "England", - "5726516a708984140094c227": "1377", - "57265285708984140094c25b": "14th and 17th centuries", - "57265285708984140094c25c": "14th and 17th centuries", - "57265285708984140094c25d": "14th and 17th centuries", - "57265285708984140094c25e": "14th and 17th centuries", - "57265285708984140094c25f": "14th and 17th centuries", - "5726534d708984140094c26d": "Twigg", - "5726534d708984140094c26e": "Norman Cantor (2001", - "5726534d708984140094c26f": "England", - "5726534d708984140094c270": "England", - "5726534d708984140094c271": "2014, scientists with Public Health England", + "5726516a708984140094c223": "the lack of reliable statistics from this period.", + "5726516a708984140094c224": "the lack of reliable statistics", + "5726516a708984140094c225": "100%", + "5726516a708984140094c226": "figures", + "5726516a708984140094c227": "between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377", + "57265285708984140094c25b": "the 14th and 17th centuries; temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe", + "57265285708984140094c25c": "northern Europe", + "57265285708984140094c25d": "northern Europe", + "57265285708984140094c25e": "northern Europe", + "57265285708984140094c25f": "5 to 15 years", + "5726534d708984140094c26d": "anth", + "5726534d708984140094c26e": "2001", + "5726534d708984140094c26f": "septicemic (a type of \"blood poisoning\") and pneumonic (an airborne plague that attacks the lungs", + "5726534d708984140094c270": "septicemic (a type of \"blood poisoning", + "5726534d708984140094c271": "25", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc28": "third", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc29": "Half", - "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2a": "50%", - "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b": "50%", - "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2c": "third", - "572654e2708984140094c2b7": "14th to 17th centuries. According to Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671", - "572654e2708984140094c2b8": "1346 and 1671", - "572654e2708984140094c2b9": "28", - "5726559edd62a815002e81c8": "1479\u201380 could have been as high as 20%.", + "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2a": "Central London", + "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b": "third", + "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2c": "the most isolated areas", + "572654e2708984140094c2b7": "the 14th to 17th centuries", + "572654e2708984140094c2b8": "the plague was present somewhere in Europe", + "572654e2708984140094c2b9": "almost a million", + "5726559edd62a815002e81c8": "the absence of census figures", "5726559edd62a815002e81c9": "By the end of 1350", - "5726559edd62a815002e81ca": "1471", - "5726559edd62a815002e81cb": "London", - "57265642f1498d1400e8dc68": "1466", - "57265642f1498d1400e8dc69": "1466", - "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6b": "14", - "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6c": "1466", - "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6a": "14", - "57265700dd62a815002e820e": "14%", + "5726559edd62a815002e81ca": "10\u201315%", + "5726559edd62a815002e81cb": "1665", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc68": "40,000", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc69": "the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6b": "Italian Plague of 1629", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6c": "54", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6a": "22 times", + "57265700dd62a815002e820e": "1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14%", "57265700dd62a815002e820f": "half", "57265700dd62a815002e8210": "half", - "57265700dd62a815002e8211": "1709", + "57265700dd62a815002e8211": "17", "57265700dd62a815002e8212": "1720", "5726577f708984140094c301": "1850", - "5726577f708984140094c302": "50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620\u201321", - "5726577f708984140094c303": "1850", - "5726577f708984140094c304": "1850", - "572657d9dd62a815002e8230": "three", + "5726577f708984140094c302": "50 thousand", + "5726577f708984140094c303": "the second quarter of the 19th century. Between 1701 and 1750, thirty-seven", + "5726577f708984140094c304": "severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds", + "572657d9dd62a815002e8230": "melt (mag", "572657d9dd62a815002e8231": "three", - "572657d9dd62a815002e8232": "three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle", + "572657d9dd62a815002e8232": "a new magma", "572657d9dd62a815002e8233": "three", - "572657d9dd62a815002e8234": "three", - "57265d08708984140094c397": "the same direction, because the oceanic lithosphere", - "57265d08708984140094c398": "the same direction, because the oceanic lithosphere", - "57265d08708984140094c399": "the same direction, because the oceanic lithosphere", - "57265d08708984140094c39a": "the surface of the Earth", + "572657d9dd62a815002e8234": "the mineral content of the rock which gives it a characteristic fabric.", + "57265d08708984140094c397": "the surface of the Earth and the convecting mantle is called plate tectonics.", + "57265d08708984140094c398": "the crust", + "57265d08708984140094c399": "a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which is called the asthenosphere", + "57265d08708984140094c39a": "the convecting mantle", "57265d08708984140094c39b": "1960s", - "57265f605951b619008f70db": "Mid-ocean", - "57265f605951b619008f70dc": "a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained", - "57265f605951b619008f70dd": "San", - "57265f605951b619008f70de": "Alfred Wegener's theory", - "57265f605951b619008f70df": "theory of plate tectonics lies in its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory", - "57266193dd62a815002e832a": "the Earth", - "57266193dd62a815002e832b": "the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust and lithosphere on top, the mantle below", - "57266193dd62a815002e832d": "below (separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers", - "57266193dd62a815002e832e": "More recently, seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth", - "57266193dd62a815002e832c": "the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust and lithosphere on top, the mantle below", - "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf2": "third", - "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4": "third", - "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf5": "third", - "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf6": "third", - "572665ff708984140094c4c3": "principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger", - "572665ff708984140094c4c4": "principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger", - "572665ff708984140094c4c5": "principle", - "572665ff708984140094c4c6": "principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger", - "572667e2f1498d1400e8de90": "principle", - "572667e2f1498d1400e8de91": "older", + "57265f605951b619008f70db": "divergent boundaries", + "57265f605951b619008f70dc": "convergent boundaries", + "57265f605951b619008f70dd": "San Andreas fault system", + "57265f605951b619008f70de": "Alfred Wegener", + "57265f605951b619008f70df": "a single theory of how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle", + "57266193dd62a815002e832a": "the interior of the Earth, and have replaced the simplified layered model with a much more dynamic model.", + "57266193dd62a815002e832b": "the outer core and inner core", + "57266193dd62a815002e832d": "kilometers", + "57266193dd62a815002e832e": "detailed images of wave speeds", + "57266193dd62a815002e832c": "the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust and lithosphere", + "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf2": "the third scale.", + "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4": "the third scale", + "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf5": "Pleistocene", + "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf6": "The Pleistocene (P) epoch", + "572665ff708984140094c4c3": "the formation of faults and the age of the sequences", + "572665ff708984140094c4c4": "the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut.", + "572665ff708984140094c4c5": "the", + "572665ff708984140094c4c6": "the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks", + "572667e2f1498d1400e8de90": "it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer. A similar situation with igneous rocks", + "572667e2f1498d1400e8de91": "These foreign bodies are picked up as magma", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de92": "principle", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de93": "principle", - "572667e2f1498d1400e8de94": "principle", + "572667e2f1498d1400e8de94": "gravel", "572669a9dd62a815002e8416": "principle of faunal succession", "572669a9dd62a815002e8417": "William Smith", - "572669a9dd62a815002e8418": "principle of faunal succession", - "572669a9dd62a815002e8419": "principle of faunal succession", + "572669a9dd62a815002e8418": "quite complex", + "572669a9dd62a815002e8419": "sometimes", "572669a9dd62a815002e841a": "Charles Darwin", - "57266c015951b619008f7237": "20th century", - "57266c015951b619008f7238": "20th century", - "57266c015951b619008f7239": "20", + "57266c015951b619008f7237": "the beginning of the 20th century", + "57266c015951b619008f7238": "stratigraphic correlation", + "57266c015951b619008f7239": "absolute ages", "57266c015951b619008f723a": "sections of rock relative to one another", - "57266c015951b619008f723b": "20th century", - "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8c": "Thermochemical techniques can be used to determine temperature profiles within the crust, the uplift of mountain ranges, and paleotopography", - "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8d": "ratios", - "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8e": "ratios", - "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8f": "ratios", - "5726701add62a815002e84c8": "thicker", - "5726701add62a815002e84c9": "the center of the fold buckles upwards", - "5726701add62a815002e84ca": "upwards", - "5726701add62a815002e84cb": "upwards", + "57266c015951b619008f723b": "the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another.", + "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8c": "Thermochemical techniques", + "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8d": "the point at which", + "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8e": "These", + "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8f": "absolute age data", + "5726701add62a815002e84c8": "they shorten and become thicker", + "5726701add62a815002e84c9": "the most general terms, antiforms and synforms.", + "5726701add62a815002e84ca": "downwards", + "5726701add62a815002e84cb": "synforms", "5726701add62a815002e84cc": "respectively", - "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe4": "Extension causes the rock units as a whole", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe4": "Extension", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe5": "the French word for \"sausage", - "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe6": "less than a meter", - "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe7": "thinner", - "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe8": "whole", - "572673f5708984140094c69b": "below. Dikes", - "572673f5708984140094c69c": "the surface, and igneous intrusions enter from below", - "572673f5708984140094c69d": "Continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient", - "572673f5708984140094c69e": "Continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient", - "572673f5708984140094c69f": "the movement of sediment, and continues to create accommodation space for the material to deposit. Deformational events", - "57267640f1498d1400e8e074": "The Hawaiian Islands", - "57267640f1498d1400e8e075": "the geological history", - "57267640f1498d1400e8e076": "the Grand Canyon", - "57267640f1498d1400e8e077": "the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since Cambrian", - "57267640f1498d1400e8e078": "the geological history", - "572677e7708984140094c723": "petrology", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe6": "there is a location within the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt in which", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe7": "metamorphosed", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe8": "Extension causes the rock units as a whole", + "572673f5708984140094c69b": "Dikes", + "572673f5708984140094c69c": "below. Dikes, long, planar igneous intrusions, enter along cracks, and therefore often form in large numbers", + "572673f5708984140094c69d": "the movement of sediment, and continues to create accommodation space for the material to deposit.", + "572673f5708984140094c69e": "Continual motion", + "572673f5708984140094c69f": "the surface, and igneous intrusions enter from below", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e074": "The Hawaiian Islands, for example, consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e075": "the point where their origin is undiscernable without laboratory analysis. In addition, these processes can occur in stages.", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e076": "the southwestern United States being a very visible example, the lower rock units", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e077": "Cambrian time", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e078": "the point where their origin is undiscernable without laboratory analysis. In addition, these processes can occur in stages.", + "572677e7708984140094c723": "the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology", "572677e7708984140094c724": "stratigraphy (the study of sedimentary layers", - "572677e7708984140094c725": "structural geology (the study of positions of rock units", - "572677e7708984140094c726": "the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology", - "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec": "the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections", - "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ed": "a conoscopic lens", - "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ee": "Stable and radioactive isotope studies", + "572677e7708984140094c725": "the Earth.", + "572677e7708984140094c726": "soils", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec": "the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory. Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ed": "properties", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ee": "the geochemical evolution", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ef": "the laboratory", - "57267947f1498d1400e8e0f0": "the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections", - "57267b3c5951b619008f7423": "temperatures", - "57267b3c5951b619008f7424": "the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases", - "57267b3c5951b619008f7425": "metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks. This work can also help to explain processes that occur within the Earth", - "57267d52708984140094c7d9": "the crystalline structure", - "57267d52708984140094c7da": "microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections", - "57267d52708984140094c7db": "plot and combine measurements of geological structures in order to better understand the orientations of faults and folds in order to reconstruct the history", - "57267d52708984140094c7dc": "the orientations of faults and folds", - "57267ebfdd62a815002e872c": "the most well-known experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges, which are zones in which mountains", - "57267ebfdd62a815002e872d": "the mountain range", - "57267ebfdd62a815002e872e": "the analog versions", - "57267ebfdd62a815002e872f": "red", - "57267ebfdd62a815002e8730": "the mountain range", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0f0": "the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe.", + "57267b3c5951b619008f7423": "experiments", + "57267b3c5951b619008f7424": "Petrologists can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments", + "57267b3c5951b619008f7425": "metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks", + "57267d52708984140094c7d9": "Structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections", + "57267d52708984140094c7da": "the area.", + "57267d52708984140094c7db": "plot and combine", + "57267d52708984140094c7dc": "the area. In addition, they perform analog and numerical", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e872c": "orogenic wedges", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e872d": "involving", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e872e": "the analog versions of these experiments", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e872f": "critically", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e8730": "the relationship between erosion and the shape of the mountain range.", "57268066708984140094c821": "stratigraphers", - "57268066708984140094c822": "Stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units", - "57268066708984140094c823": "three dimensions. Stratigraphers", - "57268066708984140094c824": "three dimensions. Stratigraphers", - "57268066708984140094c825": "three dimensions. Stratigraphers", - "57268220f1498d1400e8e218": "precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in order to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition. Magnetic stratigraphers", - "57268220f1498d1400e8e216": "hers", + "57268066708984140094c822": "geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units", + "57268066708984140094c823": "three dimensions.", + "57268066708984140094c824": "three dimensions", + "57268066708984140094c825": "the Earth, interpret past environments, and locate areas for water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction", + "57268220f1498d1400e8e218": "Geochronologists", + "57268220f1498d1400e8e216": "biostratigraphers", "57268220f1498d1400e8e219": "Magnetic stratigraphers", - "57268220f1498d1400e8e217": "precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in order to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition. Magnetic stratigraphers", + "57268220f1498d1400e8e217": "Geochronologists", "572683f95951b619008f7525": "Persia", - "572683f95951b619008f7526": "973\u20131048", - "572683f95951b619008f7527": "Shen", + "572683f95951b619008f7526": "Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni", + "572683f95951b619008f7527": "Shen Kuo", "572683f95951b619008f7528": "Ibn Sina", - "572683f95951b619008f7529": "Shen", + "572683f95951b619008f7529": "the ocean, he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt.", "57268527708984140094c8bf": "James", "57268527708984140094c8c0": "Theory", "57268527708984140094c8c1": "1795", "57268527708984140094c8c2": "Theory", - "572686ac5951b619008f75a9": "together", - "572686ac5951b619008f75aa": "together", - "572686ac5951b619008f75ab": "William Maclure. In 1807", + "572686ac5951b619008f75a9": "William Maclure.", + "572686ac5951b619008f75aa": "09", + "572686ac5951b619008f75ab": "07", "572686ac5951b619008f75ad": "together", "572686ac5951b619008f75ac": "together", - "57268882f1498d1400e8e306": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles", - "57268882f1498d1400e8e307": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830", - "57268882f1498d1400e8e308": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles", - "57268882f1498d1400e8e309": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles", - "57268882f1498d1400e8e30a": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e306": "Principles of Geology", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e307": "Sir Charles Lyell", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e308": "This theory", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e309": "catastrophism", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e30a": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin", "5726642f5951b619008f7157": "103", - "5726642f5951b619008f7158": "8", + "5726642f5951b619008f7158": "8.5 mi (13.7 km", "5726642f5951b619008f7159": "the Eurocities", - "5726642f5951b619008f715a": "1400, when it became a county itself, a status it retained until becoming part of Tyne and Wear in 1974", - "5726642f5951b619008f715b": "the North Sea. Newcastle is the most populous city in the North East and Tyneside the eighth most populous conurbation in the United Kingdom", - "5726651ff1498d1400e8de30": "the castle built in 1080", - "5726651ff1498d1400e8de31": "14th century", - "5726651ff1498d1400e8de32": "14th century", + "5726642f5951b619008f715a": "Northumberland", + "5726642f5951b619008f715b": "Geordie", + "5726651ff1498d1400e8de30": "Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son.", + "5726651ff1498d1400e8de31": "the wool trade", + "5726651ff1498d1400e8de32": "the 14th century, and later became a major coal mining area.", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de33": "16th century", - "5726651ff1498d1400e8de34": "the Great North Run, since it began in 1981", - "5726660d5951b619008f71b1": "Pons Aelius", - "5726660d5951b619008f71b2": "a Roman fort and bridge across the River Ty", + "5726651ff1498d1400e8de34": "the Great North Run", + "5726660d5951b619008f71b1": "a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne.", + "5726660d5951b619008f71b2": "Tyne", "5726660d5951b619008f71b3": "2,000", - "5726660d5951b619008f71b4": "the West Road", - "5726660d5951b619008f71b5": "the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD", - "572666d9dd62a815002e83b4": "1400", - "572666d9dd62a815002e83b5": "89", - "572666d9dd62a815002e83b6": "25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century", - "572666d9dd62a815002e83b7": "1400", - "572666d9dd62a815002e83b8": "three times during the 14th century, and was created a county corporate with its own sheriff by Henry IV in 1400", - "57266783f1498d1400e8de86": "30", - "57266783f1498d1400e8de87": "30", - "57266783f1498d1400e8de88": "38", - "57266783f1498d1400e8de89": "18th century American Timothy Dexter, an entrepreneur, widely regarded as an eccentric", - "57266783f1498d1400e8de8a": "30", - "57266a15f1498d1400e8def6": "47%", - "57266a15f1498d1400e8def7": "47%", - "57266a15f1498d1400e8def8": "7", + "5726660d5951b619008f71b4": "Hadrian's Wall are still visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road", + "5726660d5951b619008f71b5": "Pictish tribes", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b4": "England", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b5": "Elizabeth", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b6": "25", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b7": "the town in the 13th century, to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland.", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b8": "three", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de86": "the Tyne during a strike that had crippled local production; unexpectedly he made a considerable profit.", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de87": "the Hostmen", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de88": "a pointless pursuit", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de89": "eccentric", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de8a": "plotting to ruin", + "57266a15f1498d1400e8def6": "the Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen", + "57266a15f1498d1400e8def7": "the population. Specifically within the year 1636, it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the Society of Antiquaries that 47%", + "57266a15f1498d1400e8def8": "47%", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def9": "47%", "57266a15f1498d1400e8defa": "47%", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8434": "King", - "57266ab3dd62a815002e8435": "the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots", - "57266ab3dd62a815002e8436": "a siege. In 1644", - "57266ab3dd62a815002e8437": "motto", + "57266ab3dd62a815002e8435": "the Scots", + "57266ab3dd62a815002e8436": "roaring drum", + "57266ab3dd62a815002e8437": "The grateful King bestowed the motto \"Fortiter Defendit Triumphans", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8438": "Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646\u20137", - "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df53": "Victoria Tunnelling, built in 1842, which provided underground wagon ways to the staithes. On 3 February 1879, Mosley Street", - "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df54": "3 February 1879, Mosley Street", - "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df55": "1879, Mosley Street", - "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df52": "Victoria Tunnelling, built in 1842, which provided underground wagon ways to the staithes. On 3 February 1879, Mosley Street", - "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df56": "Charles Parsons", - "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df78": "medieval street layout. Narrow alleys", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df53": "the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution.", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df54": "the Maling company", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df55": "3 February 1879, Mosley Street", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df52": "the city's prosperity", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df56": "the steam turbine", + "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df78": "Narrow alleys", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df79": "Narrow alleys", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7a": "Stairs", - "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7b": "Grade I-listed", + "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7b": "Derwentwater House and \"House of Tides\", a restaurant situated at a Grade I-listed", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7c": "Grade I-listed", - "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a0": "England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner, describes Grey Street", - "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a1": "Richard Grainger and John Dobson", + "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a0": "the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored.", + "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a1": "the 1960s to make way for the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, including all but one side of the original Eldon Square itself.", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a2": "Grey Street", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a3": "1960s", - "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a4": "England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner, describes Grey Street", - "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa4": "the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen", - "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa5": "the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen", - "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa7": "the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen", - "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa8": "the Royal Shakespeare Company. The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe, is held here annually in June", - "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa6": "Bob Geldof", - "57267076708984140094c601": "the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council", - "57267076708984140094c602": "the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council", - "57267076708984140094c603": "Norman Foster-designed The Sage Gateshead music centre", + "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a4": "the Eldon Square Shopping Centre", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa4": "the Town Moor", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa5": "the right to graze cattle", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa7": "The Hoppings funfair", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa8": "June", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa6": "Honorary freemen", + "57267076708984140094c601": "the banner \"NewcastleGateshead\", to spearhead the regeneration of the North-East.", + "57267076708984140094c602": "Council", + "57267076708984140094c603": "Norman Foster", "57267076708984140094c604": "NewcastleGateshead", - "57267076708984140094c605": "2008", - "572671165951b619008f72b7": "Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger Street", - "572671165951b619008f72b8": "Richard Grainger", - "572671165951b619008f72b9": "Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger Street", + "57267076708984140094c605": "ten", + "572671165951b619008f72b7": "the Grainger Town area", + "572671165951b619008f72b8": "1835", + "572671165951b619008f72b9": "four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes.", "572671165951b619008f72ba": "244 are listed, of which 29", - "572671e55951b619008f72d7": "1808", + "572671e55951b619008f72d7": "the Butcher Market", "572671e55951b619008f72d8": "1835", - "572671e55951b619008f72d9": "1835", - "572671e55951b619008f72da": "1835", - "572671e55951b619008f72db": "1954 by English Heritage", - "57267383dd62a815002e8552": "the Gulf Stream, such as inland Scandinavia, Newcastle has milder winters", - "57267383dd62a815002e8553": "the Gulf Stream, such as inland Scandinavia, Newcastle has milder winters", - "57267383dd62a815002e8554": "a similar latitude, due to the warming influence of the Gulf Stream (via the North Atlantic Drift). Being in the rain shadow", - "57267383dd62a815002e8555": "Temperature extremes recorded at Newcastle Weather Centre", - "57267383dd62a815002e8556": "the Gulf Stream, such as inland Scandinavia, Newcastle has milder winters and cooler summers, similar to the remainder of the British", - "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03a": "ninth", + "572671e55951b619008f72d9": "2000", + "572671e55951b619008f72da": "the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event", + "572671e55951b619008f72db": "English Heritage", + "57267383dd62a815002e8552": "the British Isles.", + "57267383dd62a815002e8553": "the Gulf Stream", + "57267383dd62a815002e8554": "the British Isles.", + "57267383dd62a815002e8555": "\u221212.6 \u00b0C (9.3 \u00b0F) during January 1982", + "57267383dd62a815002e8556": "the Gulf Stream, such as inland Scandinavia", + "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03a": "the UK", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03b": "the Eldon Square Shopping Centre", - "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03c": "John Lewis", - "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03d": "John Lewis", + "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03c": "the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. It incorporates a flagship Debenhams store as well as one of the largest John Lewis", + "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03d": "The Bainbridge\u2019s official ledgers reported revenue by department, giving birth to the name department store", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03e": "March 2007", "5726769c708984140094c711": "Grainger Street", - "5726769c708984140094c712": "Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas", - "5726769c708984140094c713": "The largest Tesco store in the United Kingdom is located in Kingston", - "5726769c708984140094c714": "the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe", - "5726769c708984140094c715": "the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe", + "5726769c708984140094c712": "Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byker. The largest Tesco store in the United Kingdom", + "5726769c708984140094c713": "Tesco store in the United Kingdom", + "5726769c708984140094c714": "the MetroCentre", + "5726769c708984140094c715": "the MetroCentre, is located in Gateshead", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ac": "The Tyneside flat", - "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ad": "The Tyneside flat", - "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ae": "the Tyne. Tyneside flats", - "5726778df1498d1400e8e0af": "Robert Sakula", - "5726778df1498d1400e8e0b0": "the Tyne. Tyneside flats", + "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ad": "terraces", + "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ae": "the Tyne.", + "5726778df1498d1400e8e0af": "Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula", + "5726778df1498d1400e8e0b0": "the possibilities of high density", "572678c0dd62a815002e863e": "7", "572678c0dd62a815002e863f": "5.9%,", "572678c0dd62a815002e8640": "5.9%,", - "572678c0dd62a815002e8641": "Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath, inner London, Hastings, Brighton", - "572678c0dd62a815002e8642": "Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath", + "572678c0dd62a815002e8641": "handful of historic densely occupied, arguably overinflated markets in the local authorities", + "572678c0dd62a815002e8642": "Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath, inner London, Hastings, Brighton and Tunbridge Wells.", "572679c35951b619008f73db": "the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863", - "572679c35951b619008f73dc": "259", - "572679c35951b619008f73dd": "259", - "572679c35951b619008f73de": "259", - "572679c35951b619008f73df": "Areas with predominant student populations include Jesmond and Heaton", - "57267a94f1498d1400e8e122": "37", - "57267a94f1498d1400e8e123": "37.8 (the national average being 38.6). Many people in the city have Scottish or Irish", - "57267a94f1498d1400e8e124": "37.8 (the national average being 38.6). Many people in the city have Scottish or Irish ancestors. There is a strong presence", - "57267a94f1498d1400e8e125": "1%", + "572679c35951b619008f73dc": "the metropolitan borough of Newcastle", + "572679c35951b619008f73dd": "a large student population", + "572679c35951b619008f73de": "the Office for National Statistics", + "572679c35951b619008f73df": "a large student population with Newcastle and Northumbria Universities in the local area. Areas with predominant student populations", + "57267a94f1498d1400e8e122": "37.8", + "57267a94f1498d1400e8e123": "Many people in the city have Scottish or Irish ancestors", + "57267a94f1498d1400e8e124": "a strong presence of Border Reiver surnames", + "57267a94f1498d1400e8e125": "There are also estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians in Newcastle, forming up to 1%", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e126": "1%", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a6": "Geordie", - "57267b65dd62a815002e86a7": "England", + "57267b65dd62a815002e86a7": "Anglo-Saxon populations who migrated to and conquered much of England after the end of Roman Imperial rule.", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a8": "elements", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a9": "strang", - "57267b65dd62a815002e86aa": "the Anglo-Saxon language. Other Geordie words with Anglo-Saxon origins include: \"larn", - "57267c63dd62a815002e86d6": "hyem\", meaning \"child\" and \"home\", respectively, are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia", - "57267c63dd62a815002e86d7": "the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom", - "57267c63dd62a815002e86d8": "pretty\"), \"howay\" (\"come on\"), \"stot\" (\"bounce\") and \"hadaway", - "57267c63dd62a815002e86d9": "ty", - "57267c63dd62a815002e86da": "ty", - "57267ce7708984140094c7c9": "2007", - "57267ce7708984140094c7ca": "80", + "57267b65dd62a815002e86aa": "pronounced", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86d6": "Scandinavia", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86d7": "exclusively", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86d8": "exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86d9": "Many", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86da": "the Dutch", + "57267ce7708984140094c7c9": "a report, published in early February", + "57267ce7708984140094c7ca": "a report", "57267ce7708984140094c7cb": "80", - "57267ce7708984140094c7cc": "80", + "57267ce7708984140094c7cc": "the city's residents.", "57267ce7708984140094c7cd": "a motorway underpass", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e194": "Collingwood Street", - "57267de1f1498d1400e8e195": "The Gate\" has opened in the city centre, a new indoor complex", + "57267de1f1498d1400e8e195": "a new indoor complex", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e196": "12", - "57267de1f1498d1400e8e197": "the city centre. There are many bars on the Bigg Market, and other popular areas for nightlife are Collingwood Street", - "57267de1f1498d1400e8e198": "The Pink Triangle' - is centred on the Times Square area near the Centre for Life and has a range of bars, caf\u00e9s and clubs", - "57267f695951b619008f74bd": "21 January 1788 and was located on Mosley Street", - "57267f695951b619008f74be": "Stephen Kemble of the famous Kemble family successfully managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years (1791\u20131806", - "57267f695951b619008f74bf": "91\u20131806", - "57267f695951b619008f74c0": "21 January 1788 and was located on Mosley Street", - "57267f695951b619008f74c1": "1788 and was located on Mosley Street. It was demolished to make way for Grey Street", - "5726800add62a815002e8750": "res", + "57267de1f1498d1400e8e197": "The Pink Triangle", + "57267de1f1498d1400e8e198": "bars, caf\u00e9s and clubs", + "57267f695951b619008f74bd": "theatre", + "57267f695951b619008f74be": "Stephen", + "57267f695951b619008f74bf": "many celebrated seasons", + "57267f695951b619008f74c0": "21 January 1788", + "57267f695951b619008f74c1": "Grey Street", + "5726800add62a815002e8750": "theatres", "5726800add62a815002e8751": "the Theatre Royal on Grey Street", "5726800add62a815002e8752": "Royal Shakespeare Company", - "5726800add62a815002e8753": "the Theatre Royal on Grey Street", - "5726800add62a815002e8754": "2006", - "572680865951b619008f74e7": "150", - "572680865951b619008f74e8": "150,000 books. Its music library", + "5726800add62a815002e8753": "whilst other venues feature local talent", + "5726800add62a815002e8754": "the arts capital of the UK", + "572680865951b619008f74e7": "150,000 books", + "572680865951b619008f74e8": "8000", "572680865951b619008f74e9": "John and Benjamin Green", - "572680865951b619008f74ea": "1880", - "572680865951b619008f74eb": "20 October 1880", - "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fa": "April", + "572680865951b619008f74ea": "20 October 1880", + "572680865951b619008f74eb": "Joseph Swan", + "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fa": "The Newcastle Beer Festival", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fb": "May", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fc": "biennial AV Festival of international electronic art, featuring exhibitions, concerts, conferences and film screenings, is held in March", - "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fd": "AT! NewcastleGateshead, a festival of food and drink, runs for 2 weeks each year in mid June", - "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fe": "AT! NewcastleGateshead, a festival of food and drink, runs for 2 weeks each year in mid June", - "57268341f1498d1400e8e23c": "the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s", - "57268341f1498d1400e8e23d": "the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s", - "57268341f1498d1400e8e23e": "Temperance Movement", - "57268341f1498d1400e8e23f": "The Northern Rock Cyclone", - "57268341f1498d1400e8e240": "The Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in Leazes Park and in the city's Gay Community in mid July", - "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24c": "Newcastle", - "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24e": "September", - "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24f": "The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October", - "572683e6f1498d1400e8e250": "The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October", - "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24d": "September", - "5726847f708984140094c8ab": "the Tyne\" (1971", + "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fd": "EAT! NewcastleGateshead, a festival of food and drink, runs for 2 weeks each year in mid June", + "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fe": "2 weeks each year in mid June", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e23c": "reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e23d": "The Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e23e": "Temperance Movement during the early 1880s", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e23f": "The Northern Rock Cyclone, a cycling", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e240": "The Northern Pride Festival and Parade", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24c": "Newcastle Mela", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24e": "the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers.", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24f": "The SAMA Festival", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e250": "early October", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24d": "the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers.", + "5726847f708984140094c8ab": "the Tyne\" (1971), was covered by Geordie ex-footballer Paul Gascoigne in 1990.", "5726847f708984140094c8ac": "1971", - "5726847f708984140094c8ad": "the Tyne\" (1971), was covered by Geordie ex-footballer Paul Gascoigne in 1990. Venom, reckoned", - "5726847f708984140094c8ae": "the Ty", - "5726847f708984140094c8af": "1961", - "57268525dd62a815002e8806": "2006", - "57268525dd62a815002e8807": "2006", + "5726847f708984140094c8ad": "Venom, reckoned", + "5726847f708984140094c8ae": "Skyclad", + "5726847f708984140094c8af": "Duran Duran", + "57268525dd62a815002e8806": "November 2006", + "57268525dd62a815002e8807": "the refurbishment works, the cinema relocated to the Old Town Hall", "57268525dd62a815002e8808": "three", - "57268525dd62a815002e8809": "three cinemas, including the restored Classic", - "57268525dd62a815002e880a": "three cinemas, including the restored Classic", - "57268692dd62a815002e8826": "the Centre for Life with its Science Village", - "57268692dd62a815002e8827": "the Discovery Museum", - "57268692dd62a815002e8828": "Seven Stories a museum dedicated to children's books, the Side Gallery historical and contemporary photography from around the world and Northern England", + "57268525dd62a815002e8809": "the restored Classic", + "57268525dd62a815002e880a": "the Old Town Hall, Gateshead. In May 2008 the Tyneside Cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building.", + "57268692dd62a815002e8826": "Centre for Life with its Science Village", + "57268692dd62a815002e8827": "Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage", + "57268692dd62a815002e8828": "heritage", "57268692dd62a815002e8829": "2009", "57268692dd62a815002e882a": "Seven Stories", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e2": "1939", - "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e3": "1939", - "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e4": "Stormy Monday, directed by Mike Figgis and starring Tommy Lee Jones", - "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e5": "1988", - "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e6": "1988 film noir thriller Stormy Monday, directed by Mike Figgis and starring Tommy Lee Jones", - "572687e1dd62a815002e8852": "at Gosforth Park", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e3": "The 1971 film Get Carter was shot on location in and around", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e4": "thriller", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e5": "Mike Figgis", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e6": "Tommy Lee Jones", + "572687e1dd62a815002e8852": "Gosforth Park", "572687e1dd62a815002e8853": "the Newcastle Eagles", - "572687e1dd62a815002e8854": "The city's speedway team Newcastle Diamonds are based at Brough Park", - "572687e1dd62a815002e8855": "greyhound racing", - "572687e1dd62a815002e8856": "Blaydon Race", + "572687e1dd62a815002e8854": "Newcastle Diamonds", + "572687e1dd62a815002e8855": "the", + "572687e1dd62a815002e8856": "Another famous athletic event is the 5.9-mile (9.5 km) Blaydon Race", "57268885dd62a815002e886a": "6", - "57268885dd62a815002e886b": "6 miles (9.7 km", - "57268885dd62a815002e886c": "6 miles (9.7 km", - "57268885dd62a815002e886d": "6 miles (9.7 km", + "57268885dd62a815002e886b": "the Metro Light Rail system", + "57268885dd62a815002e886c": "20 minutes", + "57268885dd62a815002e886d": "five", "57268885dd62a815002e886e": "90", - "572689385951b619008f761b": "2014", + "572689385951b619008f761b": "2014, work was completed on the stations historic entrance. Glazing", "572689385951b619008f761c": "six", - "572689385951b619008f761d": "1850", - "572689385951b619008f761e": "1850", - "572689385951b619008f761f": "1850", - "572689b6dd62a815002e8890": "half-hourly frequency of trains to London", + "572689385951b619008f761d": "1850 by Queen Victoria", + "572689385951b619008f761e": "Stephenson", + "572689385951b619008f761f": "The city's other mainline station, Manors", + "572689b6dd62a815002e8890": "half-hourly frequency of trains to London King's Cross, with a journey time of about three", "572689b6dd62a815002e8891": "three", "572689b6dd62a815002e8892": "Edinburgh", - "572689b6dd62a815002e8893": "London", - "572689b6dd62a815002e8894": "London", + "572689b6dd62a815002e8893": "CrossCountry", + "572689b6dd62a815002e8894": "Northern Rail", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88ce": "the Tyne and Wear Metro", - "57268a8fdd62a815002e88cf": "1984", - "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d0": "1991 and 2002. It was developed from a combination of existing and newly built tracks and stations, with deep-level tunnels", - "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d1": "1981", - "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d2": "the Tyne and Wear Metro", - "57268bb25951b619008f7645": "period of refurbishment and modernization, entitled 'Metro: All Change.' The programme has replaced all ticket machines", - "57268bb25951b619008f7646": "ticket gates at the busiest stations - part of the transition to smart ticketing", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88cf": "five", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d0": "deep-level tunnels", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d1": "A bridge was built across the Tyne, between Newcastle and Gateshead, and opened by Queen Elizabeth II", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d2": "37", + "57268bb25951b619008f7645": "entitled 'Metro: All Change", + "57268bb25951b619008f7646": "smart ticketing", "57268bb25951b619008f7647": "most stations", - "57268bb25951b619008f7648": "Longer term plans include the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system. Proposed routes", - "57268bb25951b619008f7649": "the Metrocentre", - "57268d1b708984140094c9cd": "the A1 (Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass), stretching north to Edinburgh and south to London; the A19", + "57268bb25951b619008f7648": "the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains", + "57268bb25951b619008f7649": "trams", + "57268d1b708984140094c9cd": "the A1 (Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass), stretching north to Edinburgh and south", "57268d1b708984140094c9ce": "the A69", - "57268d1b708984140094c9cf": "the A167, the old \"Great North Road\", heading south", - "57268d1b708984140094c9d0": "the A1 (Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass), stretching north to Edinburgh and south to London; the A19", - "57268d1b708984140094c9d1": "2011", - "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e6": "3 main bus companies providing services in the city; Arriva North East, Go North East", - "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e7": "3 main bus companies providing services in the city; Arriva North East, Go North East", - "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e8": "3 main bus companies providing services in the city; Arriva North East, Go North East", - "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e9": "the surrounding boroughs part of the Tyne and Wear area are coordinated by Nexus", + "57268d1b708984140094c9cf": "the A167, the old \"Great North Road", + "57268d1b708984140094c9d0": "the roads between this and the A1's former alignment through the Tyne Tunnel were renumbered, with many city centre roads", + "57268d1b708984140094c9d1": "the Tyne Tunnel", + "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e6": "3", + "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e7": "two", + "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e8": "Stagecoach", + "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e9": "the surrounding boroughs part of the Tyne and Wear area are coordinated by Nexus, the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3ea": "3 main bus companies providing services in the city; Arriva North East, Go North East", "57269120708984140094ca59": "1998", - "57269120708984140094ca5a": "the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy", - "57269120708984140094ca5b": "the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy", - "57269120708984140094ca5c": "safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets", - "57269120708984140094ca5d": "national", - "5726934f5951b619008f771d": "2006", + "57269120708984140094ca5a": "the number of cycle parking facilities; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans; link the local networks to national networks.", + "57269120708984140094ca5b": "cycling promotes healthy living", + "57269120708984140094ca5c": "ating and implementing contraflows on one way streets", + "57269120708984140094ca5d": "national networks", + "5726934f5951b619008f771d": "DFDS Seaways", "5726934f5951b619008f771e": "2006", - "5726934f5951b619008f771f": "2006", - "5726934f5951b619008f7720": "2006", - "5726934f5951b619008f7721": "2007", - "57269526dd62a815002e8a4e": "seven", + "5726934f5951b619008f771f": "Gothenburg, Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006", + "5726934f5951b619008f7720": "Bergen and Stavanger, Norway was terminated late 2008", + "5726934f5951b619008f7721": "Thomson cruise lines have included Newcastle as a departure port on its Norwegian and Fjords cruise.", + "57269526dd62a815002e8a4e": "eleven", "57269526dd62a815002e8a4f": "seven", - "57269526dd62a815002e8a50": "seven", - "57269526dd62a815002e8a51": "seven", + "57269526dd62a815002e8a50": "The largest co-ed independent school is the Royal Grammar School", + "57269526dd62a815002e8a51": "Newcastle College", "57269526dd62a815002e8a52": "St Cuthbert's High School", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6c": "two", - "57269698dd62a815002e8a6d": "1834 and became independent from Durham University on 1 August 1963", - "57269698dd62a815002e8a6e": "2000", - "57269698dd62a815002e8a6f": "1992", - "57269698dd62a815002e8a70": "the Year award in 2000", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a6d": "the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle University is now one of the UK's leading international universities.", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a6e": "the coveted Sunday Times", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a6f": "UK-wide process in which polytechnics", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a70": "UK", "572699b55951b619008f778f": "three", "572699b55951b619008f7790": "1474", - "572699b55951b619008f7791": "three", - "572699b55951b619008f7792": "St Thomas the Martyr", - "572699b55951b619008f7793": "three", + "572699b55951b619008f7791": "the Coptic Cathedral", + "572699b55951b619008f7792": "St Thomas", + "572699b55951b619008f7793": "All three cathedrals began their lives as parish churches. St Mary's became a cathedral", "57269b165951b619008f77b3": "The Parish Church of St Andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town", "57269b165951b619008f77b4": "1726", - "57269b165951b619008f77b5": "1726", - "57269b165951b619008f77b6": "Parish Church of St Andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town", - "57269b165951b619008f77b7": "tower", - "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ca": "ITV Tyne Tees was based at City Road", - "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cb": "ITV Tyne Tees was based at City Road", - "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cc": "Tyne Tees was based at City Road", - "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cd": "north of the city on Barrack Road", - "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ce": "Tyne Tees was based at City Road", + "57269b165951b619008f77b5": "the main porch", + "57269b165951b619008f77b6": "by the last of the ancient churchyards", + "57269b165951b619008f77b7": "The church tower", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ca": "City Road", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cb": "The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead.", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cc": "The entrance", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cd": "Barrack Road", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ce": "BBC Radio Newcastle", "57269d745951b619008f77d7": "2007", - "57269d745951b619008f77d8": "2007", - "57269d745951b619008f77d9": "2007", - "57269d745951b619008f77da": "Radio", - "57269d745951b619008f77db": "2007", + "57269d745951b619008f77d8": "Newcastle Student Radio", + "57269d745951b619008f77d9": "1951", + "57269d745951b619008f77da": "Radio Lollipop", + "57269d745951b619008f77db": "term time", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e520": "1770", - "57269e80f1498d1400e8e521": "1923", - "57269e80f1498d1400e8e522": "Stephenson", - "57269e80f1498d1400e8e523": "Sir Charles Parsons", - "57269e80f1498d1400e8e524": "Sir Charles Parsons", - "57269fab5951b619008f7807": "Bruce Welch", - "57269fab5951b619008f7808": "Alan Shearer", - "57269fab5951b619008f7809": "Peter", - "57269fab5951b619008f780a": "John Dunn, inventor of keyed Northumbrian smallpipes, the most characteristic musical instrument in the region", - "57269fab5951b619008f780b": "Peter Higgs, and former WWE NXT champion Neville", - "5726710b708984140094c61d": "The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A), London", - "5726710b708984140094c61e": "The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A), London", + "57269e80f1498d1400e8e521": "Archbishop of Westminster", + "57269e80f1498d1400e8e522": "George Stephenson", + "57269e80f1498d1400e8e523": "the steam turbine Sir Charles Parsons, inventor of the incandescent light bulb", + "57269e80f1498d1400e8e524": "Thailand", + "57269fab5951b619008f7807": "Rutherford Grammar School", + "57269fab5951b619008f7808": "Michael Carrick and Alan Shearer", + "57269fab5951b619008f7809": "Nobel Prize winning physicist", + "57269fab5951b619008f780a": "Northumbrian smallpipes", + "57269fab5951b619008f780b": "the region, lived and worked in the city.", + "5726710b708984140094c61d": "the Brompton district", + "5726710b708984140094c61e": "over", "5726710b708984140094c61f": "1852", - "5726710b708984140094c620": "The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A), London", - "572680ac708984140094c83d": "the Brompton district", + "5726710b708984140094c620": "Queen Victoria", + "572680ac708984140094c83d": "Kensington and Chelsea", "572680ac708984140094c83e": "1852", - "572680ac708984140094c83f": "1852", - "572680ac708984140094c840": "The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A), London", + "572680ac708984140094c83f": "Queen Victoria", + "572680ac708984140094c840": "Department", "572680ac708984140094c841": "2001", "57268294708984140094c877": "12", - "57268294708984140094c878": "12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries", - "57268294708984140094c879": "12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries", - "57268294708984140094c87a": "12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries", - "57268294708984140094c87b": "12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries", - "572685cd5951b619008f7573": "the Great Exhibition of 1851", + "57268294708984140094c878": "145", + "57268294708984140094c879": "5,000", + "57268294708984140094c87a": "the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa.", + "57268294708984140094c87b": "post-classical sculpture", + "572685cd5951b619008f7573": "1851", "572685cd5951b619008f7574": "Henry", - "572685cd5951b619008f7575": "Henry Cole, the museum's first director, was involved in planning; initially it was known as the Museum of Manufactures", - "572685cd5951b619008f7576": "Henry Cole, the museum's first director, was involved in planning; initially it was known as the Museum of Manufactures", - "572685cd5951b619008f7577": "55", - "57268d02f1498d1400e8e378": "1857", - "57268d02f1498d1400e8e379": "1857", + "572685cd5951b619008f7575": "the Museum of Manufactures", + "572685cd5951b619008f7576": "the current site", + "572685cd5951b619008f7577": "Gottfried Semper", + "57268d02f1498d1400e8e378": "Queen Victoria was on 22 June 1857", + "57268d02f1498d1400e8e379": "22 June 1857", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37a": "George Wallis", - "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37b": "1857", + "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37b": "late night openings", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37c": "1949", "57268f2c708984140094ca25": "September and November 1946", - "57268f2c708984140094ca26": "September and November 1946", - "57268f2c708984140094ca27": "September and November 1946", - "57268f2c708984140094ca28": "the Festival of Britain", + "57268f2c708984140094ca26": "nearly a million and a half", + "57268f2c708984140094ca27": "Council", + "57268f2c708984140094ca28": "Festival of Britain", "57268f2c708984140094ca29": "1948", - "572691d7708984140094ca6d": "July 1973", - "572691d7708984140094ca6e": "the V&A became the first museum in Britain to present a rock concert. The V&A presented a combined concert/lecture", - "572691d7708984140094ca6f": "1973", - "572691d7708984140094ca70": "1973", + "572691d7708984140094ca6d": "the first museum in Britain to present a rock concert", + "572691d7708984140094ca6e": "Gry", + "572691d7708984140094ca6f": "Roy Strong", + "572691d7708984140094ca70": "the lineage of mediaeval music and instrumentation and related how those contributed to contemporary music 500 years later.", "57269656708984140094cafd": "The V&A Dundee will be on the city's waterfront and is intended to focus on fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography", - "57269656708984140094cafe": "The V&A Dundee will be on the city's waterfront and is intended to focus on fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography", + "57269656708984140094cafe": "\u00a376 million", "57269656708984140094caff": "The V&A Dundee will be on the city's waterfront and is intended to focus on fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography", "57269656708984140094cb00": "The V&A Dundee will be on the city's waterfront and is intended to focus on fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography", - "57269656708984140094cb01": "The V&A Dundee will be on the city's waterfront and is intended to focus on fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography", - "572698d7dd62a815002e8a98": "1857", - "572698d7dd62a815002e8a99": "the Sheepshanks Gallery in 1857", - "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9a": "the present site. This area of London", + "57269656708984140094cb01": "five years", + "572698d7dd62a815002e8a98": "the present site.", + "572698d7dd62a815002e8a99": "the Sheepshanks Gallery", + "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9a": "the present site.", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9b": "June 1862", - "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9c": "Secretariat Wing, also built in 1862 this houses the offices", - "57269c06708984140094cba1": "the work of another designer Owen Jones", - "57269c06708984140094cba2": "1864\u201369", - "57269c06708984140094cba3": "six panels depicting: Humphry Davy (chemistry); Isaac Newton", + "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9c": "the Secretariat Wing, also built in 1862 this houses the offices", + "57269c06708984140094cba1": "Jones", + "57269c06708984140094cba2": "Italian Renaissance", + "57269c06708984140094cba3": "the main entrance to the museum with its bronze doors", "57269c06708984140094cba4": "six panels depicting: Humphry Davy (chemistry); Isaac Newton", - "57269c06708984140094cba5": "six panels depicting: Humphry Davy (chemistry); Isaac Newton", - "57269d68708984140094cbd7": "Sir", - "57269d68708984140094cbd8": "Sir", - "57269d68708984140094cbd9": "The Centre Refreshment Room 1865\u201377", + "57269c06708984140094cba5": "six", + "57269d68708984140094cbd7": "three refreshment rooms were assigned to different designers. The Green Dining Room 1866\u201368 was the work of Philip Webb and William Morris", + "57269d68708984140094cbd8": "Edward Burne-Jones", + "57269d68708984140094cbd9": "Edward Burne-Jones", "57269d68708984140094cbda": "Alfred Stevens", - "57269d68708984140094cbdb": "Sir", - "5726a0205951b619008f781b": "Henry", - "5726a0205951b619008f781c": "the Royal Engineers. He designed to the north west of the garden the five-storey School", - "5726a0205951b619008f781d": "1867\u201372. Scott's assistant J.W. Wild", - "5726a0205951b619008f781e": "Captain Francis Fowke, Royal Engineers the next architect to work at the museum was Colonel (later Major General) Henry Young Darracott Scott", + "57269d68708984140094cbdb": "Edward Burne-Jones", + "5726a0205951b619008f781b": "Henry Young Darracott Scott", + "5726a0205951b619008f781c": "the Royal Engineers.", + "5726a0205951b619008f781d": "Cadeby stone the steps are 7 feet (2.1 m) in length, the balustrades and columns are Portland stone", + "5726a0205951b619008f781e": "the Royal Engineers.", "5726a0205951b619008f781f": "2008", - "5726a2445951b619008f7861": "Sir John Taylor", - "5726a2445951b619008f7862": "Sir John Taylor", - "5726a2445951b619008f7863": "Sir John Taylor", - "5726a2445951b619008f7864": "Sir John Taylor", - "5726a2445951b619008f7865": "Sir John Taylor", - "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5fe": "1891 to extend the museum. Construction took place between 1899 and 1909", - "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5ff": "1891 to extend the museum. Construction took place between 1899 and 1909", - "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e600": "1891 to extend the museum. Construction took place between 1899 and 1909", - "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e601": "1891 to extend the museum. Construction took place between 1899 and 1909", - "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e602": "1891 to extend the museum. Construction took place between 1899 and 1909", + "5726a2445951b619008f7861": "F. W. Moody", + "5726a2445951b619008f7862": "Gardner", + "5726a2445951b619008f7863": "southeast", + "5726a2445951b619008f7864": "the museum designed by Scott was the Art Library and what is now the sculpture gallery", + "5726a2445951b619008f7865": "Reuben Townroe who also designed the plaster work in the library", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5fe": "Aston Webb", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5ff": "red brick and Portland stone", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e600": "720 feet", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e601": "a statue of fame, a feature of late Gothic architecture and a feature common in Scotland", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e602": "windows", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4b": "Alfred Drury", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4c": "four", - "5726a9ff708984140094cd4d": "Alfred Drury", - "5726a9ff708984140094cd4e": "the main arch above the twin entrances, Queen Victoria", + "5726a9ff708984140094cd4d": "the main arch above the twin entrances, Queen Victoria above the frame around the arches and entrance, sculpted by Alfred Drury", + "5726a9ff708984140094cd4e": "marble", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4f": "Queen Victoria", - "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9e": "1966", + "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9e": "the creation of new storage space for books in the Art Library in 1966", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9f": "1974", - "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca0": "the creation of new storage space for books in the Art Library", - "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca1": "the first major work was the creation of new storage space for books in the Art Library", - "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca2": "the creation of new storage space for books in the Art Library", - "5726afeb708984140094cdd7": "2006", - "5726afeb708984140094cdd8": "2006 renovation", - "5726afeb708984140094cdd9": "Members' Room", - "5726afeb708984140094cdda": "Members' Room", - "5726afeb708984140094cddb": "Members' Room", - "5726b12f5951b619008f7aaf": "John Madejski Garden, on 5 July 2005", - "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab0": "John Madejski Garden, on 5 July", - "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab1": "the John Madejski Garden, on 5 July 2005", - "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab2": "stone", + "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca0": "the creation of new storage space for books in the Art Library in 1966 and 1967.", + "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca1": "Christopher Hay", + "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca2": "the creation of new storage space for books in the Art Library in 1966 and 1967.", + "5726afeb708984140094cdd7": "Medieval", + "5726afeb708984140094cdd8": "Gilbert Bayes sculpture gallery; in 2005: portrait miniatures, prints and drawings, displays in Room 117, the garden, sacred silver and stained glass", + "5726afeb708984140094cdd9": "the new caf\u00e9", + "5726afeb708984140094cdda": "the subway leading to South Kensington", + "5726afeb708984140094cddb": "the new caf\u00e9", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7aaf": "Kim Wilkie", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab0": "John Madejski Garden", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab1": "ellipt", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab2": "receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab3": "an American Sweetgum tree", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e4": "2004", - "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e5": "2004", + "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e5": "Royal Institute of British Architects", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e7": "600", - "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e6": "2004", + "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e6": "RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e8": "700", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b99": "Andrea Palladio", - "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9a": "Sir George Gilbert Scott, John Loughborough Pearson, George Edmund Street, Richard Norman Shaw, Alfred Waterhouse, Sir Edwin Lutyens", - "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9b": "330", - "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9c": "Sir George Gilbert Scott, John Loughborough Pearson, George Edmund Street, Richard Norman Shaw, Alfred Waterhouse, Sir Edwin Lutyens", - "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9d": "Sir George Gilbert Scott, John Loughborough Pearson, George Edmund Street, Richard Norman Shaw, Alfred Waterhouse, Sir Edwin Lutyens", - "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6a": "Sir Paul Pindar's house dated c1600", - "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6b": "Sir Paul Pindar", - "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6c": "Sir Paul Pindar's house dated c1600", + "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9a": "Andrea Palladio are the largest in the world, other Europeans well represented are Jacques Gentilhatre and Antonio Visentini.", + "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9b": "over 330", + "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9c": "Andrea Palladio", + "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9d": "Andrea Palladio", + "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6a": "Bishopsgate", + "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6b": "the Great Fire of London", + "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6c": "c1600", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6d": "a dormer window", - "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6e": "pillars", - "5726bc505951b619008f7c79": "The V&A holds over 19,000 items from the Islamic world, ranging from the early Islamic period (the 7th century", + "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6e": "the Alhambra", + "5726bc505951b619008f7c79": "19", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7a": "2006", - "5726bc505951b619008f7c7b": "2006", - "5726bc505951b619008f7c7c": "The Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art, opened in 2006", + "5726bc505951b619008f7c7b": "the Ardabil Carpet", + "5726bc505951b619008f7c7c": "the Islamic world, ranging from the early Islamic period (the 7th century) to the early 20th century.", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7d": "1909", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c0": "60", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c1": "10", - "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c2": "60,000 objects, including about 10", + "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c2": "6000", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c4": "1991", - "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c3": "1991", + "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c3": "Jawaharlal Nehru gallery of Indian art, opened in 1991, contains art from about 500 BC to the 19th century.", "5726bf325951b619008f7cfd": "70", "5726bf325951b619008f7cfe": "70,000 works of art from the countries of East Asia", - "5726bf325951b619008f7cff": "T. T. Tsui Gallery of Chinese art opened in 1991", + "5726bf325951b619008f7cff": "T. T. Tsui Gallery", "5726bf325951b619008f7d00": "1991", - "5726bf325951b619008f7d01": "70,000 works of art from the countries of East Asia: China, Japan and Korea. The T. T. Tsui Gallery", - "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd8": "1986", - "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd9": "1986", + "5726bf325951b619008f7d01": "the majority of art works on display date from the Ming and Qing", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd8": "Toshiba", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd9": "December 1986", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fda": "13th-century", - "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdb": "1986. The majority of exhibits date from 1550", - "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdc": "1875", - "5726c80c5951b619008f7de7": "14th to the 19th century", - "5726c80c5951b619008f7de8": "14th to the 19th century", - "5726c80c5951b619008f7de9": "14th- and 15th-century", - "5726c80c5951b619008f7dea": "gleaming boxes", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdb": "1550", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdc": "bronze incense burner", + "5726c80c5951b619008f7de7": "the 14th to the 19th century", + "5726c80c5951b619008f7de8": "the influence of India; items on show include betel-nut cutters, ivory combs and bronze palanquin hooks.", + "5726c80c5951b619008f7de9": "Ref", + "5726c80c5951b619008f7dea": "gleaming boxes inlaid with mother-of-pearl", "5726c80c5951b619008f7deb": "ivory", - "5726c9a4708984140094d16f": "three parchment-bound manuscripts, Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III", + "5726c9a4708984140094d16f": "Leonardo da Vinci", "5726c9a4708984140094d170": "three parchment-bound manuscripts, Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III", "5726c9a4708984140094d171": "14,000 books to the museum in 1869", - "5726c9a4708984140094d172": "14,000 books to the museum in 1869", + "5726c9a4708984140094d172": "1869", "5726c9a4708984140094d173": "1876", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9086": "Charles Dickens", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9087": "Charles Dickens", - "5726cc11dd62a815002e9088": "Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter. Illuminated manuscripts in the library dating from the 12th to 16th centuries", + "5726cc11dd62a815002e9088": "12th to 16th centuries", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9089": "Rouen", - "5726cc11dd62a815002e908a": "London", - "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc4": "the National Art Library", - "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc5": "1980s", - "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc6": "the National Art Library", - "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc8": "Victoria and Albert Museum web-site", - "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc7": "site called \"Search the Collections", + "5726cc11dd62a815002e908a": "Lucas Horenbout", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc4": "the 1990s, but those electronic files were not available to the library users.", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc5": "MODES", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc6": "Encoded Archival Description", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc8": "most of the items in the collection", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc7": "There is a feature on the Victoria and Albert Museum web-site called \"Search the Collections", "5726cfa3708984140094d209": "2007", - "5726cfa3708984140094d20a": "2007", - "5726cfa3708984140094d20b": "2007", - "5726cfa3708984140094d20c": "2007", - "5726cfa3708984140094d20d": "2007", - "5726d4a45951b619008f7f69": "Sir", - "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6a": "Sir", - "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6b": "Sir", - "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6c": "Sir", - "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6d": "Sir", - "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdb": "the V&A. In the later 19th century, the increasing backlash against industrialization, led by John Rus", - "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecda": "wider trends in British culture", - "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecde": "the V&A. In the later 19th century, the increasing backlash against industrialization, led by John Rus", - "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdc": "Wedgwood, Matthew Boulton", - "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdd": "John Rus", - "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed16": "the Cast Courts", - "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed17": "a full-scale replica of Trajan's Column, cut in half", - "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed18": "the Cast Courts", - "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed19": "the Cast Courts", - "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed1a": "the Cast Courts", + "5726cfa3708984140094d20a": "the Factory Project", + "5726cfa3708984140094d20b": "Andy Warhol", + "5726cfa3708984140094d20c": "15,000", + "5726cfa3708984140094d20d": "the Factory Project is to audit the collection.", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f69": "the work of British artists and craftspeople is on display, but also work produced by European artists that was purchased or commissioned by British patrons", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6a": "Asia", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6b": "Gian Lorenzo Bernini", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6c": "Horace Walpole", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6d": "porcelain, cloth and wallpaper", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdb": "the increase in tea drinking", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecda": "wider", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecde": "John Ruskin", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdc": "the growth of mass production", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdd": "Arts", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed16": "Trajan's Column", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed17": "cut in half", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed18": "a full-size replica of Michelangelo's David", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed19": "hundreds", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed1a": "a glass case", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e4": "1731", - "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e5": "1731 and the M\u00f6llendorff Dinner Service, designed in 1762", + "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e5": "1762", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e6": "1762", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e7": "1909", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e8": "1909", - "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd8": "Wed", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd8": "Josiah Wedgwood, William De Morgan and Bernard Leach as well as Mintons & Royal Doulton", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd9": "Britain", - "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edda": "series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries", - "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddb": "centuries", - "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddc": "17th centuries", - "5726de7a5951b619008f80ab": "Art Nouveau glass by Louis Comfort Tiffany", - "5726de7a5951b619008f80ac": "Art Nouveau glass by Louis Comfort Tiffany", - "5726de7a5951b619008f80ad": "Art Nouveau glass by Louis Comfort Tiffany", - "5726de7a5951b619008f80af": "Art Nouveau glass by Louis Comfort Tiffany", - "5726de7a5951b619008f80ae": "Art Nouveau glass by Louis Comfort Tiffany", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edda": "st", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddb": "stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddc": "stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries, made in Germany", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80ab": "4000 years of glass making, and has over 6000 items from Africa, Britain, Europe, America and Asia.", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80ac": "6000", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80ad": "The earliest glassware on display comes from Ancient Egypt", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80af": "Ren\u00e9 Lal", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80ae": "Louis Comfort Tiffany", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee52": "1994", - "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee53": "1994", + "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee53": "Danny Lane", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee54": "2004", - "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee55": "the chandelier", + "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee55": "by Dale Chihuly", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee56": "13", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c4": "10", - "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c5": "Sir Samuel Luke Fildes and Aubrey Beardsley", - "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c6": "10", - "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c7": "10", - "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c8": "Sir Samuel Luke Fildes and Aubrey Beardsley", + "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c5": "2", + "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c6": "Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres", + "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c7": "Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres", + "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c8": "Thomas Girtin, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed8": "14", - "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed9": "14,000 outfits plus accessories, mainly dating from 1600 to the present. Costume sketches", - "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eeda": "14,000 outfits", + "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed9": "the Word and Image department", + "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eeda": "the collection is dominated by fashionable clothes made for special occasions.", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedb": "1913", - "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedc": "1913", + "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedc": "Harrods", "5726e4eedd62a815002e9438": "2002", - "5726e4eedd62a815002e9439": "2002", - "5726e4eedd62a815002e943a": "2002", - "5726e4eedd62a815002e943b": "Mary Quant, Christian Lacroix", - "5726e4eedd62a815002e943c": "Mary Quant, Christian Lacroix", - "5726e680dd62a815002e946e": "1859 and 1865, and includes several cassone. The John Jones", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e9439": "Vivienne Westwood", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e943a": "178", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e943b": "Vivienne Westwood", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e943c": "the collection.", + "5726e680dd62a815002e946e": "1859 and 1865, and includes several cassone.", "5726e680dd62a815002e946f": "1859", - "5726e680dd62a815002e9470": "Sir George Donaldson", + "5726e680dd62a815002e9470": "the most important pieces in this collection is a marquetry commode by the \u00e9b\u00e9niste Jean Henri Riesener", "5726e680dd62a815002e9471": "1882", - "5726e680dd62a815002e9472": "1882", - "5726e834dd62a815002e94a4": "dated 1580", - "5726e834dd62a815002e94a5": "Antwerp City Hall", - "5726e834dd62a815002e94a6": "50", - "5726e834dd62a815002e94a7": "1750", - "5726e834dd62a815002e94a8": "Antwerp City Hall", - "5726e9c65951b619008f8247": "Dame Joan Evans' 1977 gift of more than 800 jewels dating from the Middle Ages to the early 19th century. A new jewellery gallery", - "5726e9c65951b619008f8248": "Middle Ages", + "5726e680dd62a815002e9472": "\u00a3250,000", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a4": "1580", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a5": "Hans", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a6": "1750", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a7": "Germany", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a8": "Le Corbusier", + "5726e9c65951b619008f8247": "6000", + "5726e9c65951b619008f8248": "Ancient Egypt", "5726e9c65951b619008f8249": "1869", "5726e9c65951b619008f824a": "1869", - "5726e9c65951b619008f824b": "2008", - "5726ee28708984140094d656": "10,000 objects made from silver or gold in the collection, the display (about 15%", + "5726e9c65951b619008f824b": "William and Judith Bollinger", + "5726ee28708984140094d656": "the collection) is divided into secular and sacred covering both Christian (Roman Catholic, Anglican and Greek Orthodox) and Jewish liturgical vessels and items.", "5726ee28708984140094d657": "1496\u201397", - "5726ee28708984140094d658": "Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1862 for the chancel in Hereford Cathedral, from which it was removed in 1967", + "5726ee28708984140094d658": "nearly", "5726ee28708984140094d659": "Sir George Gilbert Scott", - "5726ee28708984140094d655": "10,000 objects made from silver or gold in the collection, the display (about 15%", - "5726ef12dd62a815002e959e": "the 58 cm high Gloucester Candlestick, dated to c1110", - "5726ef12dd62a815002e959f": "the 58 cm high Gloucester Candlestick, dated to c1110", - "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a0": "St Thomas Becket, made from gilt copper", - "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a1": "the Becket Casket dated c1180", + "5726ee28708984140094d655": "10", + "5726ef12dd62a815002e959e": "to c1110", + "5726ef12dd62a815002e959f": "bronze", + "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a0": "St", + "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a1": "1180", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a2": "St Thomas Becket, made from gilt copper", - "5726f1ec708984140094d6aa": "2010", - "5726f1ec708984140094d6ad": "The Musical Instruments gallery closed 25 February 2010", - "5726f1ec708984140094d6ab": "the Horniman Museum", - "5726f1ec708984140094d6ac": "Parliament", - "5726f1ec708984140094d6a9": "2010", - "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bc": "1130", - "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bd": "1130", - "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0be": "6800 British watercolours", - "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bf": "Sistine Chapel, of the lives of Peter", - "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0c0": "St George, c. 1400", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6aa": "5,100", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6ad": "Bryan Davies", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6ab": "the Horniman Museum and other institutions", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6ac": "35", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6a9": "25 February 2010", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bc": "about 1130", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bd": "650", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0be": "6800", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bf": "the Queen Elizabeth II", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0c0": "Andr\u00e9s Marzal De Sax in Valencia.", "5726f4a0708984140094d6e9": "1857", - "5726f4a0708984140094d6ea": "1857", + "5726f4a0708984140094d6ea": "233", "5726f4a0708984140094d6eb": "1857", - "5726f4a0708984140094d6ec": "1888, including the large number of sketches in oil, the most significant being the 1821", - "5726f4a0708984140094d6ed": "57", - "5726f755708984140094d737": "1882", - "5726f755708984140094d738": "1882", - "5726f755708984140094d739": "1882", - "5726f755708984140094d73a": "Fran\u00e7ois Clouet", + "5726f4a0708984140094d6ec": "The Hay Wain", + "5726f4a0708984140094d6ed": "233", + "5726f755708984140094d737": "Several", + "5726f755708984140094d738": "Madame de Pompadour", + "5726f755708984140094d739": "Carlo Crivelli", + "5726f755708984140094d73a": "Fran\u00e7ois, Duc d'Alen\u00e7on", "5726f90b708984140094d75d": "Eadweard Muybridge's photographs of Animal Locomotion of 1887", "5726f90b708984140094d75e": "1887", - "5726f90b708984140094d75f": "Eadweard Muybridge's photographs of Animal Locomotion of 1887", + "5726f90b708984140094d75f": "7", "5726f90b708984140094d760": "Eadweard Muybridge's photographs of Animal Locomotion of 1887", - "5726f90b708984140094d761": "London", - "5726fb18dd62a815002e96ce": "1914", - "5726fb18dd62a815002e96cf": "1914", - "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d0": "1914", - "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d1": "1914", - "5726fc63dd62a815002e9706": "The Three Graces, which the museum jointly owns with National Galleries of Scotland", + "5726f90b708984140094d761": "600", + "5726fb18dd62a815002e96ce": "about 400 AD", + "5726fb18dd62a815002e96cf": "22,000", + "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d0": "the world.", + "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d1": "All", + "5726fc63dd62a815002e9706": "National Galleries of Scotland", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9707": "Neptune and Triton c. 1622\u20133", - "5726fc63dd62a815002e9708": "The Three", - "5726fc63dd62a815002e9709": "The Three", + "5726fc63dd62a815002e9708": "the collection.", + "5726fc63dd62a815002e9709": "the Chancel Chapel from Santa Chiara Florence dated 1493\u20131500, designed by Giuliano", "5726fc63dd62a815002e970a": "14", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9732": "20", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9733": "1914", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9734": "1914", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9735": "1914", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9736": "1914", - "572700c8dd62a815002e976a": "Sir", - "572700c8dd62a815002e976b": "Sir", - "572700c8dd62a815002e976c": "Sir", - "572700c8dd62a815002e976d": "Sir", - "572702a3dd62a815002e9790": "2006", - "572702a3dd62a815002e9791": "2006 it was decided to extend the chronology of the works on display up to 1950", - "572702a3dd62a815002e9792": "1950", - "572702a3dd62a815002e9793": "2006", - "572702a3dd62a815002e9794": "2006 it was decided to extend the chronology of the works on display up to 1950; this has involved loans by other museums, including Tate Britain", - "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23c": "technique, countries of origin and date of production", - "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23d": "technique, countries of origin and date of production", - "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23e": "technique, countries of origin and date of production", - "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23f": "technique, countries of origin and date of production", - "572703fdf1498d1400e8f240": "technique, countries of origin and date of production", - "57270541dd62a815002e97c8": "St Gereon, the oldest known surviving European tapestry. A highlight of the collection is the four Devonshire Hunting Tapestries", - "57270541dd62a815002e97c9": "century", - "57270541dd62a815002e97ca": "John Vanderbank's workshop", - "57270541dd62a815002e97cb": "four Devonshire Hunting Tapestries", + "572700c8dd62a815002e976a": "Sir Henry Cheere,", + "572700c8dd62a815002e976b": "Sir Henry Cheere,", + "572700c8dd62a815002e976c": "Sir Henry Cheere,", + "572700c8dd62a815002e976d": "Sir Henry Cheere, Agostino Carlini,", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9790": "Dorothy", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9791": "the chronology of the works on display up to 1950", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9792": "the chronology of the works on display up to 1950; this has involved loans by other museums, including Tate Britain", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9793": "Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9794": "Tate Britain", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23c": "53", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23d": "all populated continents", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23e": "53,000 examples, mainly western European though all populated continents are represented, dating from the 1st century AD", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23f": "Near East", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f240": "technique", + "57270541dd62a815002e97c8": "a fragment of the Cloth of St Gereon, the oldest known surviving European tapestry", + "57270541dd62a815002e97c9": "15th-century tapestries, woven in the Netherlands", + "57270541dd62a815002e97ca": "Netherlands", + "57270541dd62a815002e97cb": "various animals", "57270541dd62a815002e97cc": "John Vanderbank's workshop which was the leading English tapestry manufactory", - "57270676dd62a815002e97f0": "14th-century", + "57270676dd62a815002e97f0": "late 14th-century", "57270676dd62a815002e97f1": "1887", "57270676dd62a815002e97f2": "1887", - "57270676dd62a815002e97f3": "William Morris", - "57270676dd62a815002e97f4": "William Morris", - "57270817708984140094d8c7": "Theatre Museum, opened in March 2009", - "57270817708984140094d8c8": "2009", - "57270817708984140094d8c9": "Theatre & Performance galleries, formerly the Theatre Museum, opened in March 2009", - "57270817708984140094d8ca": "Theatre Museum, opened in March 2009", - "57270817708984140094d8cb": "Theatre Museum, opened in March 2009", + "57270676dd62a815002e97f3": "Marion Dorn", + "57270676dd62a815002e97f4": "Marion Dorn", + "57270817708984140094d8c7": "the Theatre Museum", + "57270817708984140094d8c8": "March 2009", + "57270817708984140094d8c9": "the UK's biggest national", + "57270817708984140094d8ca": "Shakespeare's day", + "57270817708984140094d8cb": "the V&A, and are available for research, exhibitions", "57270ab9708984140094d8f7": "Conservation", - "57270ab9708984140094d8f8": "temperature and light) and preventing pests (primarily insects", - "57270ab9708984140094d8f9": "interventive\" conservation", - "57270ab9708984140094d8fa": "the long-term preservation of the collections, and covers all the collections", - "57270ab9708984140094d8fb": "surveys, assessments and providing advice", - "57267b755951b619008f7433": "1957", + "57270ab9708984140094d8f8": "the museum environment", + "57270ab9708984140094d8f9": "Interventive treatment", + "57270ab9708984140094d8fa": "the long-term preservation of the collections, and covers all the collections held by the V&A and the V&A Museum of Childhood.", + "57270ab9708984140094d8fb": "assessments", + "57267b755951b619008f7433": "Disney\u2013ABC Television Group", "57267b755951b619008f7434": "1957", - "57267b755951b619008f7435": "Three television networks. The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan", - "57267b755951b619008f7436": "Manhattan", - "57267b755951b619008f7437": "The Walt Disney", - "57267ca75951b619008f7469": "1943", - "57267ca75951b619008f746a": "1943", - "57267ca75951b619008f746b": "1943", - "57267ca75951b619008f746c": "ESPN", - "57267ca75951b619008f746d": "1996", - "57267f1cdd62a815002e8740": "eight", - "57267f1cdd62a815002e8741": "2007", + "57267b755951b619008f7435": "Manhattan", + "57267b755951b619008f7436": "West 66th Street", + "57267b755951b619008f7437": "Disney Media Networks", + "57267ca75951b619008f7469": "October 12, 1943", + "57267ca75951b619008f746a": "October 12, 1943", + "57267ca75951b619008f746b": "1948", + "57267ca75951b619008f746c": "80% interest in cable sports channel ESPN", + "57267ca75951b619008f746d": "Capital Cities Communications", + "57267f1cdd62a815002e8740": "232", + "57267f1cdd62a815002e8741": "Citadel Broadcasting", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8742": "eight", - "57267f1cdd62a815002e8743": "regulations", + "57267f1cdd62a815002e8743": "the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8744": "Citadel Broadcasting", - "5726808bdd62a815002e8776": "1927", - "5726808bdd62a815002e8777": "two radio networks that each ran different varieties of programming, NBC Blue and NBC Red. The NBC Blue Network was created in 1927", - "5726808bdd62a815002e8778": "1927", - "5726808bdd62a815002e8779": "1927", + "5726808bdd62a815002e8776": "Radio Corporation of America", + "5726808bdd62a815002e8777": "Radio Corporation of America", + "5726808bdd62a815002e8778": "lesser importance", + "5726808bdd62a815002e8779": "The NBC Blue Network", "5726808bdd62a815002e877a": "1927", - "572681ab708984140094c85d": "1934, Mutual filed a complaint", + "572681ab708984140094c85d": "the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)", "572681ab708984140094c85e": "1938", "572681ab708984140094c85f": "1940", - "572681ab708984140094c860": "regulation", - "572681ab708984140094c861": "Red", - "572684f5dd62a815002e87fc": "1941, and gave the mandate to do so to Mark Woods", - "572684f5dd62a815002e87fd": "1941", - "572684f5dd62a815002e87fe": "1941", - "572684f5dd62a815002e87ff": "1941, and gave the mandate to do so to Mark Woods", - "572684f5dd62a815002e8800": "1941", - "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29e": "Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers", - "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29f": "1943", - "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a0": "1944", - "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a1": "1951", - "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a2": "1951", - "57268739708984140094c8ed": "Sherlock Holmes", + "572681ab708984140094c860": "NBC Red", + "572681ab708984140094c861": "RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition.", + "572684f5dd62a815002e87fc": "Mark Woods", + "572684f5dd62a815002e87fd": "RCA converted the NBC Blue Network", + "572684f5dd62a815002e87fe": "firm", + "572684f5dd62a815002e87ff": "David Sarnoff", + "572684f5dd62a815002e8800": "7", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29e": "Life Savers", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29f": "October", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a0": "George B. Storer", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a1": "the board before leaving ABC altogether", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a2": "June 30, 1951", + "57268739708984140094c8ed": "the Magnetophon tape recorder", "57268739708984140094c8ee": "Paul Whiteman", - "57268739708984140094c8ef": "Sherlock Holmes", + "57268739708984140094c8ef": "The network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters", "57268739708984140094c8f0": "Bing Crosby", - "57268739708984140094c8f1": "symphony performances conducted by Paul Whiteman, performances from the Metropolitan Opera", - "57269260dd62a815002e89ea": "33% stake in European sports channel Eurosport for $155 million in June 2000", - "57269260dd62a815002e89eb": "September 27", - "57269260dd62a815002e89ec": "2007", - "57269260dd62a815002e89ed": "September 8, 2007", - "57269260dd62a815002e89ee": "the ABC Group. However, on September 8, 2007", - "57269344f1498d1400e8e43e": "1959, this rerun activity was completed with program syndication, with ABC Films", - "57269344f1498d1400e8e43f": "1970s", - "57269344f1498d1400e8e440": "1970s", - "57269344f1498d1400e8e441": "1970s", + "57268739708984140094c8f1": "traditions of public service", + "57269260dd62a815002e89ea": "$155 million", + "57269260dd62a815002e89eb": "September 27 of that year, ABC announced the launch of ABC1", + "57269260dd62a815002e89ec": "September 8, 2007", + "57269260dd62a815002e89ed": "United Kingdom", + "57269260dd62a815002e89ee": "United States", + "57269344f1498d1400e8e43e": "1959", + "57269344f1498d1400e8e43f": "arrival", + "57269344f1498d1400e8e440": "mainly", + "57269344f1498d1400e8e441": "the 1970s.", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5c": "1953", - "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5d": "Leonard Goldenson, following the United Paramount Theatres", - "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5e": "1951 and Nihon Educational Television in 1957", + "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5d": "Goldenson also invested in broadcasting properties in Beirut in the mid-1960s", + "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5e": "5% stake in two new domestic networks, the Mainichi Broadcasting System", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5f": "1953", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb60": "1953", - "5726e5ac708984140094d51b": "2000", - "5726e5ac708984140094d51c": "all four major networks on a year-to-year basis", + "5726e5ac708984140094d51b": "most", + "5726e5ac708984140094d51c": "a year-to-", "5726e5ac708984140094d51d": "1965", - "5726e5ac708984140094d51e": "Country Music Association Awards", - "5726e5ac708984140094d51f": "2000", + "5726e5ac708984140094d51e": "American Music Awards", + "5726e5ac708984140094d51f": "the Peanuts television specials, having acquired the broadcast rights from CBS, which originated the specials in 1965 with the", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef30": "1974", - "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef31": "Ryan", - "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef32": "1954", - "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef33": "1974", - "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef34": "2006", - "5726e671dd62a815002e9464": "1963", + "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef31": "Ryan Seacrest", + "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef32": "2011", + "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef33": "Times Square", + "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef34": "TLC", + "5726e671dd62a815002e9464": "latter of which is the longest-running entertainment program in the history of the ABC television network, having aired since 1963", "5726e671dd62a815002e9465": "1975", - "5726e671dd62a815002e9466": "1963", - "5726e671dd62a815002e9467": "The View and The Chew, and the soap opera General Hospital", + "5726e671dd62a815002e9466": "The Edge of Night, following its cancellation by CBS in 1975.", + "5726e671dd62a815002e9467": "The View", "5726e671dd62a815002e9468": "1963", - "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6e": "2006", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6e": "various X Games", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6c": "2006", - "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6b": "2006", - "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6a": "2006", - "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6d": "Wimbledon tennis tournaments", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6b": "the weekends, and exclusive rights to the NBA Finals.", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6a": "NBA", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6d": "The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis tournaments", "5726e860708984140094d579": "Frank Marx", "5726e860708984140094d57a": "7", - "5726e860708984140094d57b": "7", + "5726e860708984140094d57b": "1947", "5726e860708984140094d57c": "7", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa0": "108", - "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa1": "Boston", - "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa2": "fall of 1949, ABC found itself in the position of an outsider, with less coverage than two of its competing networks, CBS and NBC", - "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa3": "fall", + "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa1": "only two", + "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa2": "DuMont Television Network", + "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa3": "fall of 1949, ABC found itself in the position of an outsider, with less coverage than two of its competing networks, CBS and NBC", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950a": "U.S. Supreme Court", - "5726ea06dd62a815002e950b": "U.S. Supreme Court", + "5726ea06dd62a815002e950b": "U.S. Supreme Court to become an independent entity, separating itself from Paramount Pictures", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950c": "nine", - "5726ea06dd62a815002e950d": "1951", - "5726ea06dd62a815002e950e": "Prudential Insurance", - "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff2": "ard Goldenson", + "5726ea06dd62a815002e950d": "the network would be sold to CBS", + "5726ea06dd62a815002e950e": "Prudential Insurance Company of America", + "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff2": "Leonard Goldenson", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff3": "William S. Paley", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff4": "6", - "5726ed12708984140094d645": "1953", - "5726ed12708984140094d646": "1953", - "5726ed12708984140094d647": "1953", - "5726ed12708984140094d648": "1953", + "5726ed12708984140094d645": "Theatres", + "5726ed12708984140094d646": "Theatres", + "5726ed12708984140094d647": "Theatres", + "5726ed12708984140094d648": "Theatres", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f024": "August 10", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f025": "October", - "5726edeff1498d1400e8f026": "20 acres (80,937 m2) of land in Hollywood into what would become The Prospect Studios, and construct a transmitter", - "5726edeff1498d1400e8f027": "20", + "5726edeff1498d1400e8f026": "Mount Wilson", + "5726edeff1498d1400e8f027": "The Prospect Studios", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c6": "September 30, 1960", - "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c7": "The Flintstones, another example of counterprogramming", - "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c8": "The Flintstones, another example of counterprogramming", - "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c9": "producers", - "5726f0865951b619008f82e5": "1959, Walt Disney Productions", - "5726f0865951b619008f82e6": "1961", + "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c7": "the network's gradual transition to color.", + "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c8": "The Flintstones", + "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c9": "The 1960s", + "5726f0865951b619008f82e5": "Walt Disney Productions", + "5726f0865951b619008f82e6": "NBC", "5726f0865951b619008f82e7": "1961", "5726f0865951b619008f82e8": "1985", - "572734af708984140094dae3": "2000", + "572734af708984140094dae3": "around its circle logo", "572734af708984140094dae4": "the Troika Design Group", "572734af708984140094dae5": "yellow", - "572734af708984140094dae6": "2000", - "572735a15951b619008f86bf": "yellow", - "572735a15951b619008f86c0": "theme tune was introduced alongside the package, based around the network's \"We Love TV", - "572735a15951b619008f86c1": "theme tune was introduced alongside the package, based around the network's \"We Love TV", + "572734af708984140094dae6": "the dot", + "572735a15951b619008f86bf": "Pittard Sullivan", + "572735a15951b619008f86c0": "fall of 2015", + "572735a15951b619008f86c1": "TV", "572735a15951b619008f86c2": "the 1998\u201399", - "572736625951b619008f86d1": "1993", - "572736625951b619008f86d2": "1993", + "572736625951b619008f86d1": "1993\u201394", + "572736625951b619008f86d2": "the 1993\u201394 season, appearing initially only for 60 seconds at the beginning of an act or segment, before appearing throughout programs", "572736625951b619008f86d3": "1983", "572736625951b619008f86d4": "1983", - "572736fc5951b619008f86d9": "three-dimensional appearance", - "572736fc5951b619008f86da": "a black", - "572736fc5951b619008f86db": "1977", - "57273799f1498d1400e8f4be": "1962", - "57273799f1498d1400e8f4bf": "Herbert Bayer", + "572736fc5951b619008f86d9": "1977", + "572736fc5951b619008f86da": "black", + "572736fc5951b619008f86db": "the first ABC identification card to have a three-dimensional appearance.", + "57273799f1498d1400e8f4be": "Paul Rand", + "57273799f1498d1400e8f4bf": "Bauhaus", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c0": "Herbert Bayer", - "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c1": "1962", - "5727387b5951b619008f86e9": "May and September 2005, rumors circulated that Disney\u2013ABC was considering a sale of ABC Radio", - "5727387b5951b619008f86ea": "October 19", + "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c1": "1963\u201364 season.", + "5727387b5951b619008f86e9": "Radio", + "5727387b5951b619008f86ea": "October", "5727387b5951b619008f86eb": "six", - "57273954708984140094db05": "NBC, CBS and Fox (by the following year, the combined season-ending average audience share of ABC, NBC and CBS represented only 32%", - "57273954708984140094db06": "Grey's Anatomy", - "57273954708984140094db07": "Disney\u2013ABC Television Group", + "57273954708984140094db05": "ten", + "57273954708984140094db06": "Grey's Anatomy as well as reality series Dancing with the Stars", + "57273954708984140094db07": "Anne Sweeney", "57273954708984140094db08": "NASCAR", "57273a0d708984140094db0d": "2002", "57273a0d708984140094db0e": "Michael Eisner", "57273a0d708984140094db0f": "The Bachelor", - "57273a0d708984140094db10": "The Bachelorette", + "57273a0d708984140094db10": "The Bachelor", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4da": "Time Warner Cable", - "57273abef1498d1400e8f4db": "2000", - "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dc": "2000", - "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dd": "2000", + "57273abef1498d1400e8f4db": "the Federal Communications Commission on May 1 to force TWC to restore the affected stations; the FCC ruled in favor of ABC", + "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dc": "the afternoon of May 2. ABC ended the 2000\u201301 season as the most-watched network, ahead of NBC", + "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dd": "the afternoon of May 2", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d6": "2000", - "57273b69dd62a815002e99d7": "The WB in September 2000", - "57273b69dd62a815002e99d8": "Family Matters", - "57273c195951b619008f8721": "1999", - "57273c195951b619008f8722": "1999", - "57273c195951b619008f8723": "September", - "57273c195951b619008f8724": "September", - "57273d19708984140094db3d": "The Walt Disney Company announced an agreement to merge with Capital Cities/ABC for $19 billion", - "57273d19708984140094db3e": "The Walt Disney Company announced an agreement to merge with Capital Cities/ABC for $19 billion", - "57273d19708984140094db3f": "Knight", - "57273d19708984140094db40": "Thomas S. Murphy left ABC with Robert Iger taking his place as president and CEO", - "57273d19708984140094db41": "2000", - "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f508": "66", + "57273b69dd62a815002e99d7": "The WB", + "57273b69dd62a815002e99d8": "CBS", + "57273c195951b619008f8721": "August 1999", + "57273c195951b619008f8722": "Regis Philbin", + "57273c195951b619008f8723": "Buena Vista Television", + "57273c195951b619008f8724": "Meredith Vieira", + "57273d19708984140094db3d": "July", + "57273d19708984140094db3e": "ABC Inc", + "57273d19708984140094db3f": "Knight Ridder", + "57273d19708984140094db40": "Robert Iger", + "57273d19708984140094db41": "Sports Night", + "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f508": "the 1965\u201366", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f509": "third", - "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f50a": "1991 book \"Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise", - "57273ef15951b619008f8751": "1953", + "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f50a": "Beating the Odds", + "57273ef15951b619008f8751": "May 1, 1953", "57273ef15951b619008f8752": "7", - "57273ef15951b619008f8753": "1959", - "57273f9d708984140094db51": "Robert", - "57273f9d708984140094db52": "1954", - "57273f9d708984140094db53": "1954", - "57273f9d708984140094db54": "1954", - "5727403af1498d1400e8f526": "53", + "57273ef15951b619008f8753": "reassigned to the then-ABC affiliate in Baltimore", + "57273f9d708984140094db51": "Robert Kintner", + "57273f9d708984140094db52": "the DuMont Television Network", + "57273f9d708984140094db53": "the promise of non-interference", + "57273f9d708984140094db54": "5 million", + "5727403af1498d1400e8f526": "Paramount Pictures", "5727403af1498d1400e8f527": "The Lone Ranger", - "5727403af1498d1400e8f528": "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, the latter of which (at 13", - "57274118dd62a815002e9a1c": "Cheyenne (adapted from the 1947", - "57274118dd62a815002e9a1d": "1954", + "5727403af1498d1400e8f528": "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, the latter", + "57274118dd62a815002e9a1c": "Cheyenne", + "57274118dd62a815002e9a1d": "1954 film The Boy from Oklahoma", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1e": "Walt Disney", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1f": "Warner Bros. Presents", - "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53e": "1954", - "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53f": "1954", - "572741aaf1498d1400e8f540": "1954", - "572741aaf1498d1400e8f541": "1954", - "572742daf1498d1400e8f550": "July", + "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53e": "Roy", + "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53f": "500,000", + "572741aaf1498d1400e8f540": "Around 1954", + "572741aaf1498d1400e8f541": "October 27", + "572742daf1498d1400e8f550": "Allen Shaw", "572742daf1498d1400e8f551": "Harold", - "572742daf1498d1400e8f552": "1968", + "572742daf1498d1400e8f552": "LOVE Radio", "572742daf1498d1400e8f553": "seven", "5727436af1498d1400e8f558": "September 1969", - "5727436af1498d1400e8f559": "September 1969", + "5727436af1498d1400e8f559": "the early 1960s.", "5727436af1498d1400e8f55a": "1971", - "5727436af1498d1400e8f55b": "September 1969", + "5727436af1498d1400e8f55b": "$400,000", "572743fb708984140094db93": "1970s", - "572743fb708984140094db94": "three", - "572743fb708984140094db95": "three", - "5727448b5951b619008f87a1": "1970", - "5727448b5951b619008f87a2": "1970", - "5727448b5951b619008f87a3": "1970", - "5727448b5951b619008f87a4": "1970", + "572743fb708984140094db94": "NBC", + "572743fb708984140094db95": "the fact that several smaller markets had grown large enough to allow full-time affiliations from all three networks.", + "5727448b5951b619008f87a1": "Monday", + "5727448b5951b619008f87a2": "2006", + "5727448b5951b619008f87a3": "2006", + "5727448b5951b619008f87a4": "the league's marquee game. According to Goldenson, Monday Night Football helped earn ABC regularly score an audience share of 15%", "57274633dd62a815002e9a4e": "1970", - "57274633dd62a815002e9a4f": "1970", - "57274633dd62a815002e9a50": "1972", - "572746d3dd62a815002e9a66": "1970", + "57274633dd62a815002e9a4f": "1972", + "57274633dd62a815002e9a50": "ABC Circle Films as a production unit", + "572746d3dd62a815002e9a66": "Congress passed the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act which banned cigarette advertising", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a67": "1971", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a68": "Henry Plitt", - "572746d3dd62a815002e9a69": "1972", + "572746d3dd62a815002e9a69": "Elton Rule", "572747dd5951b619008f87a9": "1966", - "572747dd5951b619008f87aa": "Happy", - "572747dd5951b619008f87ab": "Michael Eisner, who joined ABC in 1966", - "572747dd5951b619008f87ac": "1976 to become president of Paramount Pictures", - "572748745951b619008f87b1": "Fred Silverman", + "572747dd5951b619008f87aa": "Happy Days", + "572747dd5951b619008f87ab": "however, Eisner's main credit at ABC was for developing youth-oriented programming.", + "572747dd5951b619008f87ac": "Pictures", + "572748745951b619008f87b1": "Fred Silverman to become the first president and director of programming", "572748745951b619008f87b2": "Fred Silverman", - "572748745951b619008f87b3": "S.W.A.T. That same year, the network made the decision to compete with NBC's morning news-talk program Today", - "572748745951b619008f87b4": "Good Morning America", - "5727492f708984140094dbb5": "1978", - "5727492f708984140094dbb6": "Laverne & Shirley, which debuted in 1976", - "5727492f708984140094dbb7": "Three's Company (which debuted in 1977", + "572748745951b619008f87b3": "S.W.A.T", + "572748745951b619008f87b4": "November", + "5727492f708984140094dbb5": "president of NBC", + "5727492f708984140094dbb6": "Laverne & Shirley", + "5727492f708984140094dbb7": "Three's Company (which debuted in 1977) were two prime examples of a trend among the major networks during the 1970s known as \"jiggle TV", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a90": "Alex Haley", - "572749d7dd62a815002e9a91": "The Love Boat allowed the network to take first place in the ratings for the first time in the 1976\u201377", + "572749d7dd62a815002e9a91": "Aaron Spelling", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a92": "nine", - "572749d7dd62a815002e9a93": "The Love Boat allowed the network to take first place in the ratings for the first time in the 1976\u201377", - "572749d7dd62a815002e9a94": "The Love Boat allowed the network to take first place in the ratings for the first time in the 1976\u201377 season. On September 13, 1977", - "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b4": "30 West 67th Street, was transformed into an impressive 15-story building. Both buildings were completed in June 1979", - "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b5": "1977, Roone Arledge was named president of the new ABC News in addition to being president of ABC Sports", - "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b6": "10", - "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b7": "10", - "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dc": "1978", - "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dd": "1978", + "572749d7dd62a815002e9a93": "1976\u201377", + "572749d7dd62a815002e9a94": "Soap", + "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b4": "Roone Arledge", + "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b5": "Roone Arledge was named president of the new ABC News in addition to being president of ABC Sports", + "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b6": "7 Lincoln Square", + "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b7": "June 1979", + "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dc": "June 1978", + "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dd": "Hugh Downs", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5de": "Barbara Walters", - "57274baff1498d1400e8f5df": "Barbara Walters). In February 1979", - "57274cac708984140094dbdd": "24-hour news channel called ABC Cable News", - "57274cac708984140094dbde": "July", - "57274cac708984140094dbdf": "August 29", - "57274cac708984140094dbe0": "1970) from SJL Broadcast Management", - "57274d905951b619008f87e1": "2007", - "57274d905951b619008f87e2": "2007", - "57274d905951b619008f87e3": "Boston Legal", - "57274e6a5951b619008f87f1": "early 2009", - "57274e6a5951b619008f87f2": "2009", + "57274baff1498d1400e8f5df": "MCA Inc.", + "57274cac708984140094dbdd": "a 24-hour news channel called ABC Cable News", + "57274cac708984140094dbde": "ABC News Now", + "57274cac708984140094dbdf": "WJRT-TV", + "57274cac708984140094dbe0": "August 29, 1994, ABC", + "57274d905951b619008f87e1": "Writers Guild of America", + "57274d905951b619008f87e2": "the game show Duel", + "57274d905951b619008f87e3": "Disney denied rumors started by Caris & Co", + "57274e6a5951b619008f87f1": "ABC Entertainment Group", + "57274e6a5951b619008f87f2": "ABC Entertainment Group", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f3": "April 2, 2009, Citadel Communications announced that it would rebrand ABC Radio as Citadel Media", - "57274e6a5951b619008f87f4": "partnership", - "57274f07708984140094dbed": "sixth", - "57274f07708984140094dbee": "sixth and final season of Lost became the drama's lowest-rated season since its debut in 2004", + "57274e6a5951b619008f87f4": "iTunes", + "57274f07708984140094dbed": "the sixth and final season of Lost became the drama's lowest-rated season since its debut in 2004.", + "57274f07708984140094dbee": "2004", "57274f07708984140094dbef": "Wednesdays", "57274f07708984140094dbf0": "Wednesdays", "5727504b5951b619008f881d": "1970", - "5727504b5951b619008f881e": "1970", - "5727504b5951b619008f881f": "1970", - "5727504b5951b619008f8820": "Turner Broadcasting System in 1990", - "57275273dd62a815002e9b16": "Disney\u2013ABC Domestic Television", + "5727504b5951b619008f881e": "Worldvision Enterprises", + "5727504b5951b619008f881f": "ABC Circle Films", + "5727504b5951b619008f8820": "Turner Broadcasting System", + "57275273dd62a815002e9b16": "Television", "57275273dd62a815002e9b17": "Buena Vista Television", - "57275273dd62a815002e9b18": "Buena Vista Television) handles domestic television distribution, while Disney\u2013ABC International Television", - "57275273dd62a815002e9b19": "Selmur Productions", - "57275339dd62a815002e9b28": "WABC", + "57275273dd62a815002e9b18": "Buena Vista International Television", + "57275273dd62a815002e9b19": "the network acquired", + "57275339dd62a815002e9b28": "WABC-TV and WPVI-TV", "57275339dd62a815002e9b29": "eight", "57275339dd62a815002e9b2a": "235", "57275339dd62a815002e9b2b": "96.26%", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b44": "1946", - "572754b5dd62a815002e9b45": "1953", + "572754b5dd62a815002e9b45": "Federal Communications Commission", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b46": "1957", "57275573708984140094dc45": "2011", - "57275573708984140094dc46": ": Home Edition became the only remaining program on the network's schedule that was broadcast in 4:3", - "57275573708984140094dc47": "Extreme Makeover: Home Edition became the only remaining program on the network's schedule that was broadcast in 4:3", - "57275573708984140094dc48": "2011", - "57275650708984140094dc5f": "The Walt Disney Company's U.S. television properties. However, most of Hearst Television's 16", - "57275650708984140094dc60": "most of Hearst Television's 16", + "57275573708984140094dc46": "Extreme Makeover: Home Edition", + "57275573708984140094dc47": "HD", + "57275573708984140094dc48": "September 2011", + "57275650708984140094dc5f": "720p high definition", + "57275650708984140094dc60": "most of Hearst Television's 16 ABC-affiliated stations transmit the network's programming in 1080i HD", "57275650708984140094dc61": "11", "57275650708984140094dc62": "The Walt Disney Company's U.S. television properties", - "57275743f1498d1400e8f680": "midseason forensic investigation drama", - "57275743f1498d1400e8f681": "only late-season premiere Happy", - "57275743f1498d1400e8f682": "third", - "57275743f1498d1400e8f683": "Brothers & Sisters", - "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b6": "14", - "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b7": "2011", + "57275743f1498d1400e8f680": "the midseason forensic investigation drama Body of Proof", + "57275743f1498d1400e8f681": "Happy Endings", + "57275743f1498d1400e8f682": "NBC", + "57275743f1498d1400e8f683": "Brothers & Sisters led to its cancellation, and the previous year's only drama renewal, V, also failed to earn another season after a low-rated", + "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b6": "April 14, 2011, ABC canceled the long-", + "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b7": "Prospect Park", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b8": "2013", - "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b9": "One Life to Live, The Revolution", - "5727590df1498d1400e8f6ba": "18\u201349 demographic", + "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b9": "The Revolution", + "5727590df1498d1400e8f6ba": "18\u201349", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6ca": "2004", - "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cb": "Last Man Standing and Shark Tank) and Suburgatory. NBC", - "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cc": "three", - "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cd": "Last Man Standing and Shark Tank", + "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cb": "long-dominant CBS", + "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cc": "The Goldbergs, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.", + "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cd": "The Neighbors (which languished in its new Friday", "57275a505951b619008f889f": "The Middle", - "57275a505951b619008f88a0": "Dragon's Den reality format) also became a midseason sleeper hit on Sundays", - "57275a505951b619008f88a1": "Sundays", - "57275a505951b619008f88a2": "Last", - "57275bfb708984140094dc97": "February", + "57275a505951b619008f88a0": "Dragon's Den", + "57275a505951b619008f88a1": "Shark Tank (based on the Dragon's Den reality format) also became a midseason sleeper hit on Sundays", + "57275a505951b619008f88a2": "Last Man Standing", + "57275bfb708984140094dc97": "Daniel Burke departed from Capital Cities/ABC in February 1994, with Thomas Murphy taking over as president before ceding control to Robert Iger.", "57275bfb708984140094dc98": "Thomas Murphy", - "57275bfb708984140094dc99": "September", - "57275bfb708984140094dc9a": "September", + "57275bfb708984140094dc99": "NYPD Blue", + "57275bfb708984140094dc9a": "Steven Bochco (who created Doogie Howser, M.", "57275bfb708984140094dc9b": "ten", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6da": "1993", - "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6db": "1993", + "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6db": "DIC Entertainment", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dc": "Time Warner", - "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dd": "23", - "57275e125951b619008f88d7": "May 1960", - "57275e125951b619008f88d8": "9", + "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dd": "23.63%", + "57275e125951b619008f88d7": "Chicago radio station WLS", + "57275e125951b619008f88d8": "May 9", "57275e125951b619008f88d9": "John Bassett", - "57275e125951b619008f88da": "Toronto", - "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f4": "1961", - "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f5": "1961", - "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f6": "1961", - "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f7": "1961", - "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f706": "Theatres", - "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f707": "The Dating Game, a pioneer series in its genre, which was a reworking of the blind date concept in which a suitor selected one of three", - "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f708": "The Newlywed Game, featuring three", - "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f709": "7 West 66th Street", + "57275e125951b619008f88da": "CFTO-TV", + "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f4": "Wide World of Sports", + "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f5": "the company, leading it to become the future core of ABC Sports, with Arledge as the executive producer of that division's shows.", + "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f6": "Roone Arledge which featured a different sporting event each broadcast. ABC purchased Sports Programs, Inc.", + "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f7": "exchange for shares", + "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f706": "the American Broadcasting Companies", + "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f707": "The Dating Game", + "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f708": "The Newlywed Game", + "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f709": "1330 Avenue of the Americas in Manhattan, at the corner of 54th Street", "57276166dd62a815002e9bd8": "90%", "57276166dd62a815002e9bd9": "Dynasty", - "57276166dd62a815002e9bda": "Happy Days", - "57276166dd62a815002e9bdb": "TS", - "5727623a5951b619008f8921": "1983", - "5727623a5951b619008f8922": "1984, The New York Times reported that ABC, through its subsidiary ABC Video Enterprises, had exercised its option to purchase up to 15%", - "5727623a5951b619008f8923": "1983", - "5727623a5951b619008f8924": "The Entertainment Channel", - "572763a8708984140094dcd9": "Thomas S. Murphy delegated his position as president to Daniel B. Burke while remaining ABC's chairman and CEO", - "572763a8708984140094dcda": "1990", - "572763a8708984140094dcdb": "1990", - "572763a8708984140094dcdc": "America's", - "572763a8708984140094dcdd": "1991", + "57276166dd62a815002e9bda": "Happy Days spinoff Mork & Mindy", + "57276166dd62a815002e9bdb": "ARTS", + "5727623a5951b619008f8921": "the Infinity Broadcasting Corporation", + "5727623a5951b619008f8922": "Getty Oil", + "5727623a5951b619008f8923": "The Entertainment Channel", + "5727623a5951b619008f8924": "a single cable channel called Arts & Entertainment Television", + "572763a8708984140094dcd9": "Burke", + "572763a8708984140094dcda": "the network's history), Step by Step, Hangin' with Mr.", + "572763a8708984140094dcdb": "$465 million", + "572763a8708984140094dcdc": "'s Funniest Home Videos", + "572763a8708984140094dcdd": "September 1991, the network premiered Home Improvement", "572764855951b619008f8951": "General Hospital", - "572764855951b619008f8952": "The View and The Chew and the soap opera General Hospital. ABC News programming includes Good Morning America", + "572764855951b619008f8952": "The View and The Chew and the soap opera General Hospital. ABC News programming includes Good Morning America from 7:00 to 9:00 a.", "572764855951b619008f8953": "7", - "572764855951b619008f8954": "Jimmy", - "57276576dd62a815002e9c18": "New York City O&O WABC-TV", - "57276576dd62a815002e9c19": "Birmingham", + "572764855951b619008f8954": "Jimmy Kimmel Live!.", + "57276576dd62a815002e9c18": "the only U.", + "57276576dd62a815002e9c19": "WBMA-LD", "57276576dd62a815002e9c1a": "WBND", - "57276576dd62a815002e9c1b": "Lima", - "57276690708984140094dd01": "Touchstone Television", + "57276576dd62a815002e9c1b": "WLQP-LP", + "57276690708984140094dd01": "ABC Circle Films", "57276690708984140094dd02": "Touchstone was reorganized as ABC Studios in February 2007", - "57276690708984140094dd03": "The Prospect Studios) on Prospect Avenue in Hollywood, California, shared with the operations of KABC-TV until 1999", - "57276690708984140094dd04": "1950s", + "57276690708984140094dd03": "the ABC Television Center", + "57276690708984140094dd04": "the ABC Television Center, East", "5727678e5951b619008f8973": "Times Square Studios", - "5727678e5951b619008f8974": "Times Square Studios", - "5727678e5951b619008f8975": "Peter Jennings Way in 2006", - "5727678e5951b619008f8976": "Peter Jennings Way in 2006", - "572768d9708984140094dd13": "called ABC on Demand", - "572768d9708984140094dd14": "27", + "5727678e5951b619008f8974": "Good Morning America", + "5727678e5951b619008f8975": "2006", + "5727678e5951b619008f8976": "Tonight", + "572768d9708984140094dd13": "ABC on Demand", + "572768d9708984140094dd14": "The Walt Disney Company is also a part-owner of Hulu", "572768d9708984140094dd15": "July 6, 2009", "572768d9708984140094dd16": "27", - "572769e85951b619008f8985": "2014", - "572769e85951b619008f8986": "2014", - "572769e85951b619008f8987": "2014", + "572769e85951b619008f8985": "the day after their original broadcast.", + "572769e85951b619008f8986": "eight", + "572769e85951b619008f8987": "fast forwarding of accessed content", "572769e85951b619008f8988": "2014", - "57276a8f5951b619008f8995": "the 2013\u201314 season during the network's upfront presentation on May 14, 2013", - "57276a8f5951b619008f8996": "grey", - "57276a8f5951b619008f8997": "the 2013\u201314 season during the network's upfront presentation on May 14, 2013", - "57276a8f5951b619008f8998": "red", + "57276a8f5951b619008f8995": "the previous version, and contains lettering more closely resembling Paul Rand", + "57276a8f5951b619008f8996": "four", + "57276a8f5951b619008f8997": "A new custom typeface, \"ABC Modern", + "57276a8f5951b619008f8998": "ESPN on ABC", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b2": "14", - "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b3": "14", - "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b4": "three", + "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b3": "14 primary affiliates compared to the 74", + "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b4": "Act", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b5": "1961", - "57276d7f708984140094dd3f": "both of the existing stations, usually via off-hours clearances (a notable exception", - "57276d7f708984140094dd40": "five", - "57276d7f708984140094dd41": "2000s", + "57276d7f708984140094dd3f": "WKST-TV in Youngstown", + "57276d7f708984140094dd40": "five times", + "57276d7f708984140094dd41": "WTRF-TV", "57276d7f708984140094dd42": "1980s", - "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd0": "September", - "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd1": "The", + "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd0": "Walt Disney Presents", + "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd1": "Desilu Productions", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd2": "The Untouchables to CBS; after that network", - "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd3": "The", - "5727705f5951b619008f89f3": "33%", - "5727705f5951b619008f89f4": "33%", - "5727705f5951b619008f89f5": "33%", + "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd3": "April", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f3": "the ABC Sunday Night Movie", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f4": "$15.5 million", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f5": "Hanna-Barbera", "5727705f5951b619008f89f6": "The Jetsons", - "5727705f5951b619008f89f7": "1963", - "572771a5f1498d1400e8f840": "7", - "572771a5f1498d1400e8f841": "Donald F. Turner, head antitrust regulator for the United States Department of Justice", - "572771a5f1498d1400e8f842": "July", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f7": "April 1, 1963", + "572771a5f1498d1400e8f840": "ITT", + "572771a5f1498d1400e8f841": "United States Department of Justice", + "572771a5f1498d1400e8f842": "Department of Justice", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f843": "1968", - "57277373dd62a815002e9d24": "1984", - "57277373dd62a815002e9d25": "1984", - "57277373dd62a815002e9d26": "500 million was loaned by Warren Buffett", + "57277373dd62a815002e9d24": "their respective companies", + "57277373dd62a815002e9d25": "3", + "57277373dd62a815002e9d26": "Warren Buffett, who promised that his company Berkshire Hathaway", "57277373dd62a815002e9d27": "E. W. Scripps Company", "57277373dd62a815002e9d28": "12", "572774cf5951b619008f8a51": "September", - "572774cf5951b619008f8a52": "1986", - "572774cf5951b619008f8a53": "Frederick S. Pierce", + "572774cf5951b619008f8a52": "became known as Capital Cities/ABC, Inc", + "572774cf5951b619008f8a53": "president of ABC's broadcasting division", "572774cf5951b619008f8a54": "Michael P. Millardi became vice president of ABC Broadcasting", - "572774cf5951b619008f8a55": "president of ABC News", - "57277585708984140094de2b": "Laverne & Shirley ended its run in 1983, Happy Days and Three's Company ended in 1984", - "57277585708984140094de2c": "1984 (with the latter producing a short-lived spinoff that year), while The Love Boat ended its run in 1986", - "57277585708984140094de2d": "1984", - "57277585708984140094de2e": "1986", - "57277585708984140094de2f": "Rose", - "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c4": "Warner Bros.-based studio that briefly programmed the entire Friday lineup during the 1990\u201391 season (with Going Places joining Family Matters", - "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c5": "1989", - "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c6": "Warner Bros.-based studio that briefly programmed the entire Friday lineup during the 1990\u201391 season (with Going Places joining Family Matters", - "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c7": "Warner", - "572776e85951b619008f8a7f": "1968", - "572776e85951b619008f8a80": "1968", - "572776e85951b619008f8a81": "1979", + "572774cf5951b619008f8a55": "Roone Arledge", + "57277585708984140094de2b": "Laverne & Shirley ended its run in 1983, Happy Days", + "57277585708984140094de2c": "The Love Boat", + "57277585708984140094de2d": "NBC", + "57277585708984140094de2e": "The Love Boat", + "57277585708984140094de2f": "refocus itself on comedies", + "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c4": "the late 1980s, culminating in the 1989 debut of the \"TGIF\" block (which promotions referenced stood for \"Thank Goodness It's Funny", + "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c5": "the late 1980s, culminating in the 1989 debut of the \"TGIF\" block (which promotions referenced stood for \"Thank Goodness It's Funny", + "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c6": "Miller-Boyett Productions", + "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c7": "Warner Bros", + "572776e85951b619008f8a7f": "seven", + "572776e85951b619008f8a80": "Charly", + "572776e85951b619008f8a81": "Ralph", "572776e85951b619008f8a82": "1985", - "572776e85951b619008f8a83": "July 1968", - "5727780a5951b619008f8a9d": "10% and 18%", - "5727780a5951b619008f8a9e": "500%", + "572776e85951b619008f8a83": "Redwood City", + "5727780a5951b619008f8a9d": "the expectations of the public, such as westerns and detective series.", + "5727780a5951b619008f8a9e": "almost 500%", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9f": "10% and 18%", - "5727780a5951b619008f8aa0": "10% and 18%", - "5727780a5951b619008f8aa1": "Dick", - "57277944f1498d1400e8f90a": "1957", - "57277944f1498d1400e8f90b": "1957", - "57277944f1498d1400e8f90c": "1961", - "57277944f1498d1400e8f90d": "1957", - "57277af2708984140094dec3": "May 2013", - "57277af2708984140094dec4": "2013", + "5727780a5951b619008f8aa0": "Ollie Treiz", + "5727780a5951b619008f8aa1": "Dick Clark", + "57277944f1498d1400e8f90a": "philosophy of counterprogramming", + "57277944f1498d1400e8f90b": "Zorro", + "57277944f1498d1400e8f90c": "Life", + "57277944f1498d1400e8f90d": "the network's audiences, short 66-minute series were scheduled a half-hour before their hour-long competition.", + "57277af2708984140094dec3": "\"WATCH ABC", + "57277af2708984140094dec4": "New York City O&O WABC-TV", "57277af2708984140094dec5": "Hearst Television", - "57277af2708984140094dec6": "sister network ESPN's WatchESPN service (which originated the \"WATCH\" brand used by the streaming services of Disney", - "57277bfc708984140094ded9": "28", - "57277bfc708984140094deda": "28", - "57277bfc708984140094dedb": "28", + "57277af2708984140094dec6": "WatchESPN", + "57277bfc708984140094ded9": "The Sinclair Broadcast Group", + "57277bfc708984140094deda": "the Birmingham market", + "57277bfc708984140094dedb": "The E. W. Scripps Company", "57277bfc708984140094dedc": "28", - "57277bfc708984140094dedd": "28", - "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e76": "2007", - "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e77": "2007", - "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e78": "Red ribbons were used to represent the entertainment division, while blue ribbons were used for ABC News", - "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e79": "Red ribbons were used to represent the entertainment division, while blue ribbons were used for ABC News", - "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea4": "Tampa, Florida (WFTS", - "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea5": "Tampa", - "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea6": "Tampa", + "57277bfc708984140094dedd": "15", + "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e76": "Start Here", + "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e77": "Troika", + "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e78": "Red ribbons were used to represent the entertainment division", + "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e79": "ABC News", + "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea4": "the Tampa market including the station's city of license, Sarasota, due to WTSP's transmitter being short-", + "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea5": "the Tampa market including the station's city of license, Sarasota, due to WTSP's transmitter being short-", + "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea6": "WOTV", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea7": "WTSP", - "57269e8a5951b619008f77f5": "the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia", - "57269e8a5951b619008f77f6": "tribes", + "57269e8a5951b619008f77f5": "the conquest of most of Eurasia.", + "57269e8a5951b619008f77f6": "many of the nomadic tribes", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f7": "wholesale massacres of the civilian populations", - "57269e8a5951b619008f77f8": "the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia", - "57269e8a5951b619008f77f9": "the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia", - "5726a00d708984140094cc25": "27", + "57269e8a5951b619008f77f8": "the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China", + "57269e8a5951b619008f77f9": "the conquest of most of Eurasia.", + "5726a00d708984140094cc25": "Khan", "5726a00d708984140094cc26": "27", - "5726a00d708984140094cc27": "27", - "5726a00d708984140094cc28": "27", - "5726a00d708984140094cc29": "27", - "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e578": "Tem\u00fcjin", - "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e579": "Tem\u00fcjin", - "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57a": "Tem\u00fcjin was probably born in 1162", + "5726a00d708984140094cc27": "the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location.", + "5726a00d708984140094cc28": "khanates among his sons and grandsons", + "5726a00d708984140094cc29": "somewhere", + "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e578": "the current capital Ulaanbaatar.", + "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e579": "the current capital Ulaanbaatar.", + "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57a": "in 1162", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57b": "Tem\u00fcjin", - "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbc": "three", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbc": "Tem\u00fclen", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbd": "three", - "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbe": "three", - "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbf": "three", - "5726a340dd62a815002e8bc0": "three", - "5726a4a9708984140094ccb7": "Tem\u00fcjin and his brothers. Begter", - "5726a4a9708984140094ccb8": "Tem\u00fcjin and his brothers. Begter", - "5726a4a9708984140094ccb9": "brother Begter", - "5726a4a9708984140094ccba": "brother Begter", - "5726a5f65951b619008f7903": "around 1177", - "5726a5f65951b619008f7904": "around 1177", - "5726a5f65951b619008f7905": "Genghis Khan's future generals, joined forces with him. Tem\u00fcjin", - "5726a5f65951b619008f7906": "around 1177", - "5726a5f65951b619008f7907": "around 1177", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbe": "B\u00f6rte", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbf": "Khongirad", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bc0": "Dai Setsen", + "5726a4a9708984140094ccb7": "Begter", + "5726a4a9708984140094ccb8": "Tem\u00fcjin and his brothers.", + "5726a4a9708984140094ccb9": "Tem\u00fcjin and his brother Khasar killed their half-brother Begter.", + "5726a4a9708984140094ccba": "Tem\u00fcjin and his brother Khasar killed their half-brother Begter", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7903": "It was around this time that Jelme and Bo'orchu, two of Genghis Khan's future generals, joined forces with him.", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7904": "It was around this time that Jelme and Bo'orchu, two of Genghis Khan's future generals, joined forces with him.", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7905": "Chilaun", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7906": "Jelme and Bo'orchu, two", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7907": "a river crevice", "5726a784708984140094ccff": "arranged marriages", "5726a784708984140094cd00": "Tem\u00fcjin", - "5726a784708984140094cd01": "thievery", - "5726a784708984140094cd02": "thievery", + "5726a784708984140094cd01": "interference from foreign forces such as the Chinese dynasties to the south", + "5726a784708984140094cd02": "the need for alliances.", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c34": "B\u00f6rte of the Onggirat tribe", - "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c35": "Khan", - "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c36": "Tem\u00fcjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan", - "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c37": "Jochi (1185\u20131226", - "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c38": "nine months later", - "5726a9ed5951b619008f7969": "three more sons, Chagatai (1187\u20141241", - "5726a9ed5951b619008f796a": "three more sons, Chagatai (1187\u20141241", + "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c35": "the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife.", + "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c36": "the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe.", + "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c37": "Jochi", + "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c38": "nine", + "5726a9ed5951b619008f7969": "three", + "5726a9ed5951b619008f796a": "Chagatai", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796b": "three more sons, Chagatai (1187\u20141241", - "5726a9ed5951b619008f796c": "three more sons, Chagatai (1187\u20141241", + "5726a9ed5951b619008f796c": "three more sons, Chagatai", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796d": "six", - "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a2": "Toghrul", - "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a3": "1197", - "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a4": "Khan (ruler", - "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a5": "20", - "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a6": "20,000 of his Keraite warriors and suggested that he also involve his childhood friend Jamukha, who had himself become Khan (ruler", - "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca": "87", - "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cb": "the Eternal Blue Sky had set aside the world for Tem\u00fcjin, Tem\u00fcjin began rising to power. In 1186", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a2": "sworn brother", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a3": "Jamukha, who had himself become Khan (ruler) of his own tribe, the Jadaran", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a4": "ruler) of his own tribe, the Jadaran", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a5": "20,000", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a6": "Jamukha", + "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca": "the next ten years is very unclear, as historical records are mostly silent on that period.", + "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cb": "the Eternal Blue Sky", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cc": "86", - "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cd": "87", - "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ce": "Toghrul", - "5726ae32708984140094cdab": "Yassa code, Tem\u00fcjin", - "5726ae32708984140094cdac": "Tem\u00fcjin", + "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cd": "Battle", + "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ce": "Toghrul, as Tem\u00fcjin's patron, was exiled to the Qara Khitai", + "5726ae32708984140094cdab": "Yassa code", + "5726ae32708984140094cdac": "wealth", "5726ae32708984140094cdad": "orphans", - "5726ae32708984140094cdae": "Tem\u00fcjin", - "5726af765951b619008f7a51": "Toghrul's refusal", - "5726af765951b619008f7a52": "Toghrul", - "5726af765951b619008f7a53": "Toghrul's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to Jochi, the eldest son of Tem\u00fcjin", + "5726ae32708984140094cdae": "the conquered people, making Tem\u00fcjin stronger with each victory.", + "5726af765951b619008f7a51": "Jochi", + "5726af765951b619008f7a52": "the eldest son of Tem\u00fcjin, a sign of disrespect in the Mongolian culture.", + "5726af765951b619008f7a53": "Jamukha", "5726af765951b619008f7a54": "the Keraite tribe", - "5726b0985951b619008f7a91": "06", + "5726b0985951b619008f7a91": "the rulers of the Qara Khitai", "5726b0985951b619008f7a92": "01", - "5726b0985951b619008f7a93": "01", - "5726b0985951b619008f7a94": "06", + "5726b0985951b619008f7a93": "universal ruler", + "5726b0985951b619008f7a94": "several", "5726b0985951b619008f7a95": "06", - "5726b1d95951b619008f7acd": "Tem\u00fcjin had killed the men who betrayed Jamukha", + "5726b1d95951b619008f7acd": "the fact that in the past Jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents' generals alive.", "5726b1d95951b619008f7ace": "Tem\u00fcjin", - "5726b1d95951b619008f7acf": "Tem\u00fcjin", - "5726b1d95951b619008f7ad0": "Tem\u00fcjin", + "5726b1d95951b619008f7acf": "the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death.", + "5726b1d95951b619008f7ad0": "the fact that in the past Jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents' generals alive.", "5726b879708984140094cf01": "Chinese", - "5726b879708984140094cf02": "ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan", - "5726b879708984140094cf03": "problems", - "5726b879708984140094cf04": "Khan", + "5726b879708984140094cf02": "Jamukha", + "5726b879708984140094cf03": "problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to drive a wedge between him and his loyal brother Khasar", + "5726b879708984140094cf04": "a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals, exemplified by his extensive spy network and Yam route systems.", "5726b879708984140094cf05": "Wang Khan", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf1": "06", - "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf2": "06", - "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf3": "06", - "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf4": "06", - "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf5": "06", - "5726bb645951b619008f7c3b": "11", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf2": "Khuruldai", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf3": "Khagan was not conferred on Genghis until after his death, when his son and successor, \u00d6gedei", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf4": "Khagan", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf5": "Genghis Khan established peace between previously warring tribes and a single political and military force under Genghis Khan.", + "5726bb645951b619008f7c3b": "the Jin dynasty", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3c": "Tan", - "5726bb645951b619008f7c3d": "11", - "5726bb645951b619008f7c3e": "Emperor Xuanzong to move his capital south to Kaifeng", - "5726bb645951b619008f7c3f": "third son, \u00d6gedei Khan. The Jin dynasty collapsed in 1234", - "5726bd655951b619008f7c9f": "Tem\u00fcjin defeated and folded into his Mongol Empire, fled west and usurped the khanate of Qara Khitai", - "5726bd655951b619008f7ca0": "Qara Khitai", + "5726bb645951b619008f7c3d": "Zhongdu", + "5726bb645951b619008f7c3e": "Emperor Xuanzong", + "5726bb645951b619008f7c3f": "third son, \u00d6gedei Khan", + "5726bd655951b619008f7c9f": "Kuchlug", + "5726bd655951b619008f7ca0": "remnants of the Liao dynasty", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca1": "20", - "5726bd655951b619008f7ca2": "20", - "5726bd655951b619008f7ca3": "Jebe, known as \"The Arrow", - "5726bf135951b619008f7ce9": "18", - "5726bf135951b619008f7cea": "west of Kashgar. Kuchlug fled again, but was soon hunted down by Jebe's army and executed. By 1218", - "5726bf135951b619008f7ceb": "18", - "5726bf135951b619008f7cec": "west of Kashgar. Kuchlug fled again, but was soon hunted down by Jebe's army and executed. By 1218", - "5726bf135951b619008f7ced": "18", - "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f76": "500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire. However, Inalchuq", + "5726bd655951b619008f7ca2": "younger general, Jebe, known as \"The Arrow", + "5726bd655951b619008f7ca3": "The Arrow", + "5726bf135951b619008f7ce9": "the south.", + "5726bf135951b619008f7cea": "west", + "5726bf135951b619008f7ceb": "the south.", + "5726bf135951b619008f7cec": "Khwarezmia", + "5726bf135951b619008f7ced": "Khwarezmia", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f76": "Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f77": "500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire. However, Inalchuq", - "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f78": "three ambassadors (two Mongols and a Muslim) to meet the Shah himself instead of the governor Inalchuq", - "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f79": "500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire. However, Inalchuq", - "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f7a": "500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire. However, Inalchuq", - "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa6": "third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest", - "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa7": "third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest", - "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa8": "third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest", - "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa9": "third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest", - "5726c20fdd62a815002e8faa": "third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest", - "5726c3b3708984140094d0cf": "the long journey", - "5726c3b3708984140094d0d0": "wholesale massacre of many of the civilians, enslaved the rest of the population and executed Inalchuq", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f78": "the early 13th century, the Khwarazmian dynasty was governed by Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad.", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f79": "around", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f7a": "the Silk Road", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa6": "Tien Shan", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa7": "third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa8": "Jebe", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa9": "Tolui", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8faa": "Samarkand.", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0cf": "small fractions", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0d0": "wholesale massacre of many of the civilians", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d1": "pouring molten silver", - "5726c3b3708984140094d0d2": "the population and executed Inalchuq", - "5726c3b3708984140094d0d3": "20", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0d2": "a unified defense.", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0d3": "Subutai", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f5": "Samarkand fell, the capital was moved to Bukhara", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f6": "Bukhara", - "5726c4c8708984140094d0f7": "a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace", - "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae2": "enemies", - "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae3": "pyramids of severed heads raised as a symbol of victory", - "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae4": "pyramids", - "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddd": "the city to the ground. Genghis Khan", - "5726c7a85951b619008f7dde": "twelve days. Survivors", - "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddf": "Survivors from the citadel were executed, artisans and craftsmen", - "5726c7a85951b619008f7de0": "the ground. Genghis Khan had the city's surviving population assemble in the main mosque of the town, where he declared", - "5726c7a85951b619008f7de1": "the city to the ground. Genghis Khan", + "5726c4c8708984140094d0f7": "a river", + "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae2": "captured enemies", + "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae3": "reneged", + "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae4": "pyramids of severed heads", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddd": "the city to the ground.", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7dde": "a unit of Turkish defenders", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddf": "artisans and craftsmen", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7de0": "declared that he was the flail of God", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7de1": "young men", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9046": "20", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9047": "Six", - "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9048": "23", + "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9048": "the Black Sea.", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9049": "III", - "5726c9b0dd62a815002e904a": "III", - "57272bcb5951b619008f8683": "37, concluding the campaign in 1240", - "57272bcb5951b619008f8684": "37, concluding the campaign in 1240", - "57272bcb5951b619008f8685": "37", - "57272bcb5951b619008f8686": "37", - "57272bcb5951b619008f8687": "37, concluding the campaign in 1240", + "5726c9b0dd62a815002e904a": "Mstislav III", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8683": "40", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8684": "Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' in 1237, concluding the campaign in 1240", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8685": "Persia", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8686": "25", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8687": "Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43a": "26", - "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43b": "26", - "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43c": "near Helan Mountains", - "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43d": "Yellow", - "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43e": "a line of five stars arranged in the sky", - "57272dd55951b619008f8697": "27", - "57272dd55951b619008f8698": "27", - "57272dd55951b619008f8699": "27", - "57272dd55951b619008f869a": "27", - "57272dd55951b619008f869b": "27", - "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44e": "later years of his reign, as he reached old age. The long running paternity discussion about Genghis' oldest son Jochi", - "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44f": "Chagatai declared before his father and brothers", - "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f450": "Chagatai", - "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f451": "later years of his reign, as he reached old age. The long running paternity discussion about Genghis' oldest son Jochi", - "57272ff2708984140094dabd": "throne to \u00d6gedei", - "57272ff2708984140094dabe": "throne to \u00d6gedei", - "57272ff2708984140094dabf": "youngest son, was not to be his successor", - "57272ff2708984140094dac0": "throne to \u00d6gedei", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43b": "autumn", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43c": "One of the Tangut generals", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43d": "Yellow River", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43e": "sky", + "57272dd55951b619008f8697": "Ning Hia", + "57272dd55951b619008f8698": "Ma Jianlong", + "57272dd55951b619008f8699": "Ma Jianlong later died from wounds received from arrows in battle", + "57272dd55951b619008f869a": "Liupanshan", + "57272dd55951b619008f869b": "the rest of the Tanguts officially surrendered soon after.", + "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44e": "The long running paternity discussion about Genghis' oldest son Jochi", + "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44f": "Chagatai.", + "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f450": "The Secret History of the Mongols, just before", + "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f451": "\u00d6gedei", + "57272ff2708984140094dabd": "the situation between his brothers.", + "57272ff2708984140094dabe": "Chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior", + "57272ff2708984140094dabf": "youngest sons", + "57272ff2708984140094dac0": "\u00d6gedei", "5727311d5951b619008f86ab": "26", - "5727311d5951b619008f86ac": "26", - "5727311d5951b619008f86ad": "26", - "5727311d5951b619008f86ae": "26", - "5727311d5951b619008f86af": "26", - "57273249f1498d1400e8f46a": "27", - "57273249f1498d1400e8f46b": "27", - "57273249f1498d1400e8f46c": "27", - "57273249f1498d1400e8f46d": "27", - "57273249f1498d1400e8f46e": "27", - "572732f8f1498d1400e8f474": "customs", - "572732f8f1498d1400e8f475": "birthplace", - "572732f8f1498d1400e8f476": "somewhere", + "5727311d5951b619008f86ac": "Khorasan", + "5727311d5951b619008f86ad": "Urgench", + "5727311d5951b619008f86ae": "the spring of 1223, and while his brothers heeded the order, Jochi remained in Khorasan.", + "5727311d5951b619008f86af": "assistance and support to the Muslims", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46a": "August 1227", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46b": "The Secret History of the Mongols Genghis Khan fell from his horse while hunting", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46c": "an arrow wound he received during his final campaign.", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46d": "Western Xia princess taken as war booty", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46e": "doubted this version and suspected it to be an invention by the rival Oirads", + "572732f8f1498d1400e8f474": "according to the customs of his tribe", + "572732f8f1498d1400e8f475": "somewhere", + "572732f8f1498d1400e8f476": "the Onon River", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f477": "Mausoleum", - "57273455f1498d1400e8f48c": "1939", - "57273455f1498d1400e8f48d": "1939", + "57273455f1498d1400e8f48c": "Mongolian: Edsen Khoroo", + "57273455f1498d1400e8f48d": "the Dongshan Dafo Dian, where it remained for ten years.", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48e": "1949", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48f": "1954", "57273455f1498d1400e8f490": "1968", - "57273581708984140094daeb": "2004", - "57273581708984140094daec": "Folklore says that a river", - "57273581708984140094daed": "King", - "57273581708984140094daee": "horses", - "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b5": "Genghis Khan", - "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b4": "Genghis Khan", - "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b6": "Genghis Khan", - "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b7": "Genghis Khan. The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy", - "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b8": "Genghis Khan", - "57273887dd62a815002e99a2": "exemptions for religious figures and, to some extent, teachers and doctors. The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance", - "57273887dd62a815002e99a3": "tolerance", - "57273887dd62a815002e99a4": "tolerance", - "57273887dd62a815002e99a5": "Various Mongol tribes were Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian. Religious tolerance", - "572739a75951b619008f86f7": "T\u00f6regene Khatun was briefly in charge of the Mongol Empire when next male Khagan was being chosen. Modern scholars", - "572739a75951b619008f86f8": "the Pax", + "57273581708984140094daeb": "October 6, 2004", + "57273581708984140094daec": "a river", + "57273581708984140094daed": "the Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun", + "57273581708984140094daee": "many horses", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b5": "Genghis", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b4": "the Yassa", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b6": "Genghis Khan.", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b7": "Genghis Khan", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b8": "Muhammad Khan", + "57273887dd62a815002e99a2": "exemptions", + "57273887dd62a815002e99a3": "Nestorian Christianity", + "57273887dd62a815002e99a4": "The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance", + "57273887dd62a815002e99a5": "Various Mongol tribes were Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian", + "572739a75951b619008f86f7": "T\u00f6regene Khatun", + "572739a75951b619008f86f8": "Pax", "572739a75951b619008f86f9": "Chinese", - "572739a75951b619008f86fa": "towards the end of his life, Genghis Khan attempted to create a civil state under the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality", + "572739a75951b619008f86fa": "a civil state under the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality", "57273b1a5951b619008f8709": "Chu'Tsai", - "57273b1a5951b619008f870a": "nomads and thus had no experience governing cities. For this purpose Genghis Khan invited a Khitan prince, Chu'Tsai", + "57273b1a5951b619008f870a": "nomads", "57273b1a5951b619008f870b": "the Jin dynasty", - "57273b1a5951b619008f870c": "revenge", - "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e2": "Muqali, Jebe and Subutai", - "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e3": "Kar", + "57273b1a5951b619008f870c": "the question of revenge did not apply.", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e2": "normally", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e3": "Karakorum", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e4": "Muqali", - "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e5": "Raid", - "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e6": "loyalty", - "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f6": "ting certain rivers", - "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f7": "techniques", - "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f8": "the Mongol military was the commonly practiced feigned retreat", - "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f9": "prisoners", - "57273dccdd62a815002e99fa": "27", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e5": "the Great Raid", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e6": "unwavering loyalty", + "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f6": "rivers", + "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f7": "Muslim and Chinese siege engines", + "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f8": "feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack.", + "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f9": "taking enemy prisoners", + "57273dccdd62a815002e99fa": "Sea of Japan", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fb": "27", - "57273dccdd62a815002e99fc": "27", + "57273dccdd62a815002e99fc": "gedei Khan", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fd": "79", - "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51e": "the West, Middle East and Asia, thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas. Some historians", - "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51f": "the horizons of all three cultural areas. Some historians", + "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51e": "the Silk Road", + "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51f": "Turkey", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f520": "tolerant", - "57273eecf1498d1400e8f521": "the West, Middle East and Asia, thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas. Some historians", - "5727404b708984140094db59": "1990s", - "5727404b708984140094db5a": "the early 1990s the memory of Genghis Khan", - "5727404b708984140094db5b": "the national identity. He is looked upon positively by Mongolians for his role in uniting warring tribes", - "5727404b708984140094db5c": "unfairly biased against Genghis Khan and that his butchery", - "5727404b708984140094db5d": "records", - "57274126dd62a815002e9a24": "20,000 Mongolian t\u00f6gr\u00f6g (\u20ae). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar", - "57274126dd62a815002e9a25": "20,000 Mongolian t\u00f6gr\u00f6g (\u20ae). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar", + "57273eecf1498d1400e8f521": "the West, Middle East and Asia, thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas.", + "5727404b708984140094db59": "the early 1990s", + "5727404b708984140094db5a": "the central figures of the national identity.", + "5727404b708984140094db5b": "the central figures of the national identity. He is looked upon positively by Mongolians for his role in uniting warring tribes.", + "5727404b708984140094db5c": "the central figures of the national identity. He is looked upon positively by Mongolians for his role in uniting warring tribes.", + "5727404b708984140094db5d": "the historical records", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a24": "500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a25": "Genghis Khan's name and likeness are endorsed on products, streets, buildings, and other places.", "57274126dd62a815002e9a26": "named Chinggis Khaan International Airport", - "57274126dd62a815002e9a27": "\u00f6gr\u00f6g (\u20ae). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar", - "57274126dd62a815002e9a28": "\u00f6gr\u00f6g (\u20ae). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar", - "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a": "President Elbegdorj sees Genghis Khan", - "5727515af1498d1400e8f63b": "Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj noted. President", - "5727515af1498d1400e8f63c": "President Elbegdorj sees Genghis Khan", - "5727515af1498d1400e8f63d": "President Elbegdorj sees Genghis Khan", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a27": "repeated", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a28": "near Ulaanbaatar", + "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a": "the Ikh Zasag (Great Administration", + "5727515af1498d1400e8f63b": "Ikh Zasag law adopted during Genghis Khan\u2019s time in Mongolia had points to punish illegal matters related to corruption", + "5727515af1498d1400e8f63c": "Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj noted.", + "5727515af1498d1400e8f63d": "the traditional Mongolian script", "57275250708984140094dc25": "the Inner Mongolia region", - "57275250708984140094dc26": "the Inner Mongolia region", - "57275250708984140094dc27": "the Inner Mongolia region", - "57275250708984140094dc28": "Genghis Khan", - "57275250708984140094dc29": "the Inner Mongolia region", - "572753af708984140094dc2f": "the Middle East, and particularly in Iran, Genghis Khan", + "57275250708984140094dc26": "around", + "57275250708984140094dc27": "Kublai Khan", + "57275250708984140094dc28": "re-uniting China. There has been much artwork and literature praising Genghis as a great military leader and political genius.", + "57275250708984140094dc29": "the area with a population of around 5 million, almost twice the population of Mongolia.", + "572753af708984140094dc2f": "almost universally condemned as a destructive and genocidal warlord who caused enormous damage and destruction to the population of these areas.", "572753af708984140094dc30": "three-fourths", "572753af708984140094dc31": "three-fourths", - "572754cd5951b619008f8863": "70,000 people in Merv and more than 190,000 in Nishapur. In 1237", - "572754cd5951b619008f8864": "70,000 people in Merv and more than 190,000 in Nishapur. In 1237", - "572754cd5951b619008f8865": "70,000 people in Merv and more than 190,000 in Nishapur. In 1237", + "572754cd5951b619008f8863": "Hulagu Khan", + "572754cd5951b619008f8864": "the Mamluks of Egypt", + "572754cd5951b619008f8865": "Ghazan Khan", "572754cd5951b619008f8866": "37", - "572754cd5951b619008f8867": "70,000 people in Merv and more than 190,000 in Nishapur. In 1237", - "572756715951b619008f8877": "the legacies of Genghis Khan", - "572756715951b619008f8878": "the legacies of Genghis Khan", - "572756715951b619008f8879": "Attar of Nishapur", - "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69a": "Ten", - "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69b": "Ten", + "572754cd5951b619008f8867": "the major cities of Eastern Europe with the exceptions", + "572756715951b619008f8877": "the names of other distinguished personalities particularly among the Muslim populations of South Asia.", + "572756715951b619008f8878": "the names of other distinguished personalities particularly among the Muslim populations of South Asia.", + "572756715951b619008f8879": "Nishapur", + "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69a": "ten", + "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69b": "tenggis", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69c": "ten", - "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69d": "ten", + "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69d": "Zh\u00e8ng", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69e": "13th century", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b78": "Ch", - "572758c3dd62a815002e9b79": "Chinggis Khan", - "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7a": "Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz, Chinghis", - "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7b": "Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Ch", - "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7c": "Chinggis Khaan, English", - "5726d8bd708984140094d35b": "pharmacy", - "5726d8bd708984140094d35c": "pharmacy", - "5726d8bd708984140094d35d": "pharmacy", - "5726d8bd708984140094d35e": "pharmacy", - "5726d8bd708984140094d35f": "pharmacy", - "5726d9935951b619008f7fed": "the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy", - "5726d9935951b619008f7fee": "the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy", - "5726d9935951b619008f7fef": "the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy", - "5726d9935951b619008f7ff0": "the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy", - "5726d9935951b619008f7ff1": "the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy", - "5726da89dd62a815002e92b2": "Technician", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b79": "Chinggis Khan,", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7a": "Ti\u011bm\u00f9zh\u0113n.", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7b": "Ch", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7c": "Ti\u011bm\u00f9zh\u0113n.", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35b": "the 15th\u201317th centuries. However, the original Greek roots from pharmakos", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35c": "the 15th\u201317th centuries. However, the original Greek roots from pharmakos imply sorcery or even poison.", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35d": "However, the original Greek roots from pharmakos", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35e": "apothecary", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35f": "many other herbs", + "5726d9935951b619008f7fed": "the human body in great detail, they play an important role in optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual.", + "5726d9935951b619008f7fee": "ensure optimal health outcomes", + "5726d9935951b619008f7fef": "the human body in great detail, they play an important role in optimisation", + "5726d9935951b619008f7ff0": "the human body in great detail, they play an important role in optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual.", + "5726d9935951b619008f7ff1": "training", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b2": "A Pharmacy Technician", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b3": "the General Pharmaceutical Council", - "5726da89dd62a815002e92b4": "register as a professional on the General Pharmaceutical Council", - "5726da89dd62a815002e92b5": "A Pharmacy Technician", - "5726da89dd62a815002e92b6": "a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist (if employed in a hospital pharmacy", - "5726db5add62a815002e92d5": "famous", - "5726db5add62a815002e92d6": "1st century AD", - "5726db5add62a815002e92d7": "the medicinal properties of plants. He wrote several treatises on the topic. The Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides", - "5726db5add62a815002e92d4": "Diocles of Carystus (4th century BC", - "5726db5add62a815002e92d8": "middle eastern scientists", - "5726dcbddd62a815002e9320": "710\u2013794), the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists", - "5726dcbddd62a815002e9321": "718", - "5726dcbddd62a815002e9322": "718). Ranked positions in the pre-Heian Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the Meiji Restoration (1868", - "5726dcbddd62a815002e9323": "718", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b4": "register", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b5": "the direct supervision of a pharmacist (if employed in a hospital pharmacy) but instead is supervised and managed by other senior pharmacy technicians.", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b6": "the direct supervision of a pharmacist (if employed in a hospital pharmacy) but instead is supervised and managed by other senior pharmacy technicians.", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d5": "a five volume book", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d6": "De Materia Medica", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d7": "term", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d4": "Diocles of Carystus (4th century BC) was one of several men studying the medicinal properties", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d8": "many middle eastern scientists", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9320": "highly respected", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9321": "Taih\u014d Code (701", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9322": "the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected.", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9323": "the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected.", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9324": "two", - "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee04": "The Canon of Medicine", - "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee05": "The Canon of Medicine", - "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee06": "The Canon of Medicine", - "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee08": "The Canon of Medicine", - "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee07": "The Canon of Medicine", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee04": "Middle East", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee05": "instance", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee06": "His Liber servitoris", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee08": "He", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee07": "Ibn al-Wafid (1008\u20131074), both of which were printed in Latin more than fifty times, appearing as De Medicinis", "5726deed5951b619008f80c5": "1422. The oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221", - "5726deed5951b619008f80c6": "1422. The oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221", + "5726deed5951b619008f80c6": "21", "5726deed5951b619008f80c7": "Ll\u00edvia, a Catalan enclave close to Puigcerd\u00e0, also now a museum", - "5726deed5951b619008f80c8": "Ll\u00edvia, a Catalan enclave close to Puigcerd\u00e0, also now a museum", - "5726deed5951b619008f80c9": "1422. The oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221", - "5726e08e5951b619008f810f": "the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation", - "5726e08e5951b619008f8110": "pharmacy technicians", - "5726e08e5951b619008f8111": "pharmacy technicians", - "5726e08e5951b619008f8112": "pharmacy technicians", + "5726deed5951b619008f80c8": "the Town Hall Square of Tallinn, Estonia, dating from at least 1422.", + "5726deed5951b619008f80c9": "1221", + "5726e08e5951b619008f810f": "pharmacy legislation", + "5726e08e5951b619008f8110": "the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients.", + "5726e08e5951b619008f8111": "automation", + "5726e08e5951b619008f8112": "Pharmacy technicians are now more dependent upon automation to assist them in their new role dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues.", "5726e08e5951b619008f8113": "the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation", - "5726e179dd62a815002e93ae": "pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists", - "5726e179dd62a815002e93af": "a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists", - "5726e179dd62a815002e93b0": "a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists", - "5726e179dd62a815002e93b1": "a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists", - "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb2": "the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists", - "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb3": "the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians", - "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb4": "Several hospital pharmacies have decided to outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies", - "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb5": "pharmacies", - "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb6": "the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians", + "5726e179dd62a815002e93ae": "training", + "5726e179dd62a815002e93af": "various disciplines of pharmacy", + "5726e179dd62a815002e93b0": "the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of medications (i.", + "5726e179dd62a815002e93b1": "the hospital and at home) many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb2": "the highest level possible.", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb3": "a single dose of medicine.", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb4": "Several", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb5": "it imperative that hospital pharmacies", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb6": "the highest level possible.", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9404": "the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention", - "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405": "hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists", - "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9406": "hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists", + "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405": "the clinical pharmacy movement", + "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9406": "the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention.", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9407": "the interdisciplinary approach to patient care. They often participate in patient care rounds drug product selection", - "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9408": "hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists", - "5726e5c95951b619008f81cb": "therapy", - "5726e5c95951b619008f81cc": "therapy", - "5726e5c95951b619008f81cd": "a comprehensive drug therapy", - "5726e5c95951b619008f81ce": "therapy", - "5726e985dd62a815002e94da": "2011 the board of Pharmaceutical Specialties", - "5726e985dd62a815002e94db": "North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority. In 2011 the board of Pharmaceutical Specialties", + "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9408": "the interdisciplinary approach to patient care.", + "5726e5c95951b619008f81cb": "the appropriateness of the drug therapy (e.", + "5726e5c95951b619008f81cc": "the appropriateness of the drug therapy (e.", + "5726e5c95951b619008f81cd": "the appropriateness of the drug therapy (e.", + "5726e5c95951b619008f81ce": "the appropriateness of the drug therapy (e.", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94da": "the U.", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94db": "North Carolina and New Mexico", "5726e985dd62a815002e94dc": "2011", - "5726e985dd62a815002e94dd": "2011", - "5726e985dd62a815002e94de": "U.S. federal health care system (including the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH) ambulatory care pharmacists", - "5726ea985951b619008f8261": "the United States many now work for several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare", - "5726ea985951b619008f8262": "the United States many now work for several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare", - "5726ea985951b619008f8263": "pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94dd": "Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94de": "the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH", + "5726ea985951b619008f8261": "cognitive services", + "5726ea985951b619008f8262": "nursing homes", + "5726ea985951b619008f8263": "several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare", "5726ea985951b619008f8264": "the United States many now work for several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare", - "5726ea985951b619008f8265": "the United States many now work for several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare", - "5726eb4b5951b619008f826b": "2000", - "5726eb4b5951b619008f826c": "2000", - "5726eb4b5951b619008f826d": "2000", - "5726eb4b5951b619008f826e": "2000", - "5726eb4b5951b619008f826f": "2000, a growing number of Internet pharmacies", - "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00c": "the \"inconvenience\" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe. However, this practice", - "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00d": "the \"inconvenience\" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe. However, this practice", - "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00e": "some Internet pharmacies", - "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00f": "some Internet pharmacies", - "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f010": "some Internet pharmacies", - "5726edecdd62a815002e957e": "Vic", - "5726edecdd62a815002e957f": "the Internet", - "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05e": "Vic", - "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05f": "the Internet", - "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f060": "pharmacy", - "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f061": "Vic", - "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f062": "Vic", - "5726f0e35951b619008f82f7": "prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers", - "5726f0e35951b619008f82f8": "prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers", - "5726f0e35951b619008f82f9": "prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations", + "5726ea985951b619008f8265": "Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826b": "the year 2000", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826c": "brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door.", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826d": "also known as online pharmacies", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826e": "the year 2000, a growing number of Internet pharmacies have been established worldwide.", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826f": "the year 2000, a growing number of Internet pharmacies have been established worldwide.", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00c": "the \"inconvenience\" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe.", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00d": "However, this practice has been criticized as potentially dangerous", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00e": "the \"inconvenience\" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe. However, this practice", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00f": "the \"inconvenience\" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe. However, this practice", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f010": "the \"inconvenience\" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe.", + "5726edecdd62a815002e957e": "the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship.", + "5726edecdd62a815002e957f": "the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship.", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05e": "the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship.", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05f": "the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship. The filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid.", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f060": "ensure", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f061": "the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship. The filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid. Often, individual state laws", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f062": "the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship.", + "5726f0e35951b619008f82f7": "the United States", + "5726f0e35951b619008f82f8": "there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries", + "5726f0e35951b619008f82f9": "prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers", "5726f0e35951b619008f82fa": "authorities", - "5726f0e35951b619008f82fb": "prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers", - "5726f2375951b619008f830f": "Pharmacy", - "5726f2375951b619008f8310": "Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy", - "5726f2375951b619008f8311": "pharmacy", - "5726f2375951b619008f8312": "the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists", - "5726f2375951b619008f8313": "pharmacy", - "5726f36cdd62a815002e95fe": "ty pharmacies", + "5726f0e35951b619008f82fb": "the United States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs.", + "5726f2375951b619008f830f": "the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals.", + "5726f2375951b619008f8310": "the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals.", + "5726f2375951b619008f8311": "the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals.", + "5726f2375951b619008f8312": "Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy", + "5726f2375951b619008f8313": "the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals.", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e95fe": "19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013", "5726f36cdd62a815002e95ff": "19", - "5726f36cdd62a815002e9600": "ty pharmacies", - "5726f36cdd62a815002e9601": "ty pharmacies", - "5726f36cdd62a815002e9602": "ty pharmacies", - "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da": "separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships", - "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0db": "the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists", - "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dc": "the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics", - "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dd": "10", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e9600": "the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs.", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e9601": "the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs.", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e9602": "the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs.", + "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da": "separately", + "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0db": "only pharmacists", + "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dc": "Code of Ethics", + "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dd": "7 to 10", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0de": "the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships", - "5726f635dd62a815002e9657": "1.6 kilometres) between a patient's home and the nearest retail pharmacy", - "5726f635dd62a815002e9656": "1.6 kilometres) between a patient's home and the nearest retail pharmacy", + "5726f635dd62a815002e9657": "the United Kingdom", + "5726f635dd62a815002e9656": "the United Kingdom", "5726f635dd62a815002e9658": "1.6 kilometres", "5726f635dd62a815002e9659": "1.6 kilometres", - "5726f7715951b619008f838d": "the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects", - "5726f7715951b619008f838e": "the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects", - "5726f7715951b619008f838f": "the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects", - "5726f7715951b619008f8391": "the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects", - "5726f7715951b619008f8390": "the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects", - "5726f868dd62a815002e9684": "Medication Therapy Management", - "5726f868dd62a815002e9685": "Medication Therapy Management", - "5726f868dd62a815002e9686": "Therapy Management", + "5726f7715951b619008f838d": "the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects.", + "5726f7715951b619008f838e": "the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects. This system reflects much similarity to the checks and balances system of the U.", + "5726f7715951b619008f838f": "the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects. This system reflects much similarity to the checks and balances system of the U.S.", + "5726f7715951b619008f8391": "the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects. This system reflects much similarity to the checks and balances system of the U.S.", + "5726f7715951b619008f8390": "the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects. This system reflects much similarity to the checks and balances system of the U.", + "5726f868dd62a815002e9684": "the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system.", + "5726f868dd62a815002e9685": "the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system.", + "5726f868dd62a815002e9686": "Medication Therapy Management", "5726f868dd62a815002e9687": "Medication Therapy Management", - "5726f868dd62a815002e9688": "Therapy Management", - "5726f96ddd62a815002e9698": "remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews", - "5726f96ddd62a815002e9699": "remuneration from the Australian Government", - "5726f96ddd62a815002e969a": "remuneration from the Australian Government", - "5726f96ddd62a815002e969b": "remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews", - "5726f96ddd62a815002e969c": "remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews", - "5726fa525951b619008f83f7": "\u211e", - "5726fa525951b619008f83f8": "20th century", - "5726fa525951b619008f83f9": "20th century. Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as the Bowl of Hygieia", + "5726f868dd62a815002e9688": "The result is a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e9698": "certain provinces", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e9699": "the Australian Government", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e969a": "the government", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e969b": "the United States, pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e969c": "Doctor of Pharmacy", + "5726fa525951b619008f83f7": "the \u211e (recipere) character, which is often written as \"Rx\" in typed text.", + "5726fa525951b619008f83f8": "the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India, the increasingly rare Gaper", + "5726fa525951b619008f83f9": "the Netherlands", "5726fa525951b619008f83fa": "Germany", - "5726fa525951b619008f83fb": "\u211e", - "5726e65e708984140094d53d": "the blood\u2013brain barrier", - "5726e65e708984140094d53e": "a system of many biological structures", - "5726e65e708984140094d53f": "classified", + "5726fa525951b619008f83fb": "the Netherlands, conical measures, and caduceuses in their logos.", + "5726e65e708984140094d53d": "The immune system", + "5726e65e708984140094d53e": "a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease", + "5726e65e708984140094d53f": "the immune system", "5726e65e708984140094d540": "neuroimmune system", - "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efda": "the blood\u2013brain barrier", - "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdb": "a system of many biological structures", - "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdc": "classified", - "5728eff82ca10214002daadc": "The immune system", - "5728eff82ca10214002daadd": "detect a wide variety of agents", - "5728eff82ca10214002daade": "neuroimmune system which protects the brain", + "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efda": "The immune system", + "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdb": "a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease", + "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdc": "the immune system", + "5728eff82ca10214002daadc": "disease", + "5728eff82ca10214002daadd": "wide variety of agents, known as pathogens", + "5728eff82ca10214002daade": "neuroimmune system", "5728eff82ca10214002daadf": "the blood\u2013brain barrier", - "572a14af3f37b319004786c1": "detect a wide variety of agents", - "572a14af3f37b319004786c3": "innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity. In humans, the blood\u2013brain barrier", - "572a14af3f37b319004786c2": "The immune system", + "572a14af3f37b319004786c1": "a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens", + "572a14af3f37b319004786c3": "the immune system", + "572a14af3f37b319004786c2": "a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.", "572a14af3f37b319004786c4": "the brain", - "5726eb785951b619008f8275": "phagocytosis", - "5726eb785951b619008f8276": "phagocytosis", - "5726eb785951b619008f8277": "phagocytosis", - "5726eb785951b619008f8278": "phagocytosis", - "572a135daf94a219006aa79f": "Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria", - "572a135daf94a219006aa7a0": "ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and invertebrates. These mechanisms include phagocytosis", - "572a135daf94a219006aa7a1": "phagocytosis", - "572a135daf94a219006aa7a2": "the ability to adapt over time", + "5726eb785951b619008f8275": "the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections.", + "5726eb785951b619008f8276": "Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections.", + "5726eb785951b619008f8277": "eukaryotes", + "5726eb785951b619008f8278": "the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections.", + "572a135daf94a219006aa79f": "Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections", + "572a135daf94a219006aa7a0": "ins", + "572a135daf94a219006aa7a1": "the basis of vaccination", + "572a135daf94a219006aa7a2": "the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe2": "Disorders of the immune system", - "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe3": "the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system", - "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe4": "the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system", - "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe5": "Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans", + "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe3": "Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections.", + "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe4": "Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections.", + "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe5": "the use of immunosuppressive medication", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe6": "rheumatoid arthritis", - "5728f2e26aef051400154896": "Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system", - "5728f2e26aef051400154897": "autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system", - "5728f2e26aef051400154898": "rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology", - "5728f2e26aef051400154899": "acquired", + "5728f2e26aef051400154896": "Immunodeficiency", + "5728f2e26aef051400154897": "autoimmunity", + "5728f2e26aef051400154898": "Immunology", + "5728f2e26aef051400154899": "HIV/AIDS", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f166": "Athens in 430 BC", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f167": "Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis", - "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f168": "Louis Pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory", - "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f169": "1901", - "5728f3724b864d1900165116": "Louis Pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory", - "5728f3724b864d1900165117": "1891 proofs, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905", - "5728f3724b864d1900165118": "1901", - "5728f3724b864d1900165119": "Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis", - "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e": "adaptive immune system", - "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16f": "The immune system", - "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f170": "a second layer of protection", - "5728f6446aef0514001548e4": "Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals. If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection", - "5728f6446aef0514001548e5": "adaptive immune system", - "5728f6446aef0514001548e6": "faster", - "5728f6446aef0514001548e7": "The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria", - "5728f7774b864d190016512e": "Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system", - "5728f7774b864d190016512f": "the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, self molecules", - "5728f7774b864d1900165130": "non", + "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f168": "Louis Pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease", + "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f169": "Walter Reed", + "5728f3724b864d1900165116": "Robert", + "5728f3724b864d1900165117": "the cause of infectious disease.", + "5728f3724b864d1900165118": "yellow", + "5728f3724b864d1900165119": "The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC", + "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e": "a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system", + "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16f": "adaptive immune system", + "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f170": "the adaptive immune system", + "5728f6446aef0514001548e4": "Innate immune systems", + "5728f6446aef0514001548e5": "the form of an immunological memory, and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered.", + "5728f6446aef0514001548e6": "each", + "5728f6446aef0514001548e7": "the form of an immunological memory, and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered.", + "5728f7774b864d190016512e": "the ability of the immune system", + "5728f7774b864d190016512f": "the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules.", + "5728f7774b864d1900165130": "the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules.", "5728f7774b864d1900165131": "antigens", "5728f7774b864d1900165132": "receptors", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5a": "usually", - "5728f9882ca10214002dab5b": "innate immune system", - "5728f9882ca10214002dab5c": "usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors", - "5728f9882ca10214002dab5d": "non-specific, meaning these systems respond to pathogens in a generic way. This system does not confer long-lasting immunity", + "5728f9882ca10214002dab5b": "The innate immune system", + "5728f9882ca10214002dab5c": "The innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors, which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms", + "5728f9882ca10214002dab5d": "non-specific, meaning these systems respond to pathogens", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6a": "exoskeleton of insects", - "5728fb002ca10214002dab6b": "the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin are examples of mechanical barriers", - "5728fb002ca10214002dab6c": "coughing and sneezing mechanically", + "5728fb002ca10214002dab6b": "The waxy cuticle of many leaves", + "5728fb002ca10214002dab6c": "coughing", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6d": "the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract", - "5728fb002ca10214002dab6e": "tract", + "5728fb002ca10214002dab6e": "urine", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec7": "\u03b2-defensins", - "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec8": "\u03b2-defensins", - "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec9": "\u03b2", - "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9eca": "\u03b2-defensins", - "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ecb": "Vaginal secretions", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec8": "Enzymes such as lysozyme", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec9": "zinc", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9eca": "gastric acid and proteases", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ecb": "menarche", "5728fd206aef05140015494c": "flora", - "5728fd206aef05140015494d": "non-specifically target bacteria", - "5728fd206aef05140015494e": "re-introduction of probiotic flora", - "5728fd206aef05140015494f": "the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora", + "5728fd206aef05140015494d": "fungi", + "5728fd206aef05140015494e": "the lactobacilli", + "5728fd206aef05140015494f": "some cases", "572900f73f37b31900477f69": "Inflammation", - "572900f73f37b31900477f6a": "the immune system to infection. The symptoms of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue", - "572900f73f37b31900477f6b": "Inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines", - "572900f73f37b31900477f6c": "prostaglandins that produce fever", + "572900f73f37b31900477f6a": "The symptoms of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue.", + "572900f73f37b31900477f6b": "Inf", + "572900f73f37b31900477f6c": "prostaglandins", "572900f73f37b31900477f6d": "interleukins", - "572905ce1d04691400778f83": "Phagocytosis", - "572905ce1d04691400778f84": "Phagocytosis", + "572905ce1d04691400778f83": "the activity of digestive enzymes or following a respiratory burst that releases free radicals into the phagolysosome.", + "572905ce1d04691400778f84": "cytokines", "572905ce1d04691400778f85": "intracellular vesicle called a phagosome", - "572905ce1d04691400778f86": "intracellular vesicle called a phagosome, which subsequently fuses with another vesicle called a lysosome", - "572905ce1d04691400778f87": "Phagocytosis", - "5729081d3f37b31900477fab": "50% to 60%", - "5729081d3f37b31900477fac": "50% to 60%", + "572905ce1d04691400778f86": "a phagolysosome", + "572905ce1d04691400778f87": "nutrients", + "5729081d3f37b31900477fab": "Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens.", + "5729081d3f37b31900477fac": "Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60%", "5729081d3f37b31900477fad": "50% to 60%", - "5729081d3f37b31900477fae": "site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis", - "5729081d3f37b31900477faf": "1", - "572908c13f37b31900477fbd": "the activation of the adaptive immune system", - "572908c13f37b31900477fbe": "Leukocytes (white blood cells) act like independent, single-celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system", - "572908c13f37b31900477fbf": "Innate cells are also important mediators in the activation of the adaptive immune system", - "572908c13f37b31900477fc0": "phagocytes", - "5729efab3f37b319004785cf": "nose", - "5729efab3f37b319004785d0": "nose, lungs, stomach, and intestines. They are named for their resemblance to neuronal dendrites", - "5729efab3f37b319004785d1": "nose", - "5729efab3f37b319004785d2": "nose", - "5729f06f1d04691400779674": "the surface of those cells is altered and the NK cells become activated through recognition of \"missing self", - "5729f06f1d04691400779673": "Rather", - "5729f06f1d04691400779675": "term describes cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called MHC I (major histocompatibility complex", - "5729f06f1d04691400779676": "killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR", - "5729f12e3f37b319004785e1": "early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory", - "5729f12e3f37b319004785e2": "recognition of specific \"non-self\" antigens during a process called antigen presentation", - "5729f12e3f37b319004785e3": "Antigen specificity", - "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d3": "Class I MHC molecules, while helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class II", - "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4": "Class II", - "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d5": "Class I MHC molecules, while helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class II", - "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d6": "Killer", - "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d7": "\u03b3\u03b4", - "5729f39a6aef05140015514c": "below", + "5729081d3f37b31900477fae": "chemotaxis", + "5729081d3f37b31900477faf": "interleukin 1", + "572908c13f37b31900477fbd": "Leukocytes (white blood cells) act like independent, single-celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system.", + "572908c13f37b31900477fbe": "Leukocytes (white blood cells) act like independent, single-celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system.", + "572908c13f37b31900477fbf": "adaptive immune system", + "572908c13f37b31900477fc0": "the second arm of the innate immune system. The innate leukocytes include the phagocytes", + "5729efab3f37b319004785cf": "Dendritic cells", + "5729efab3f37b319004785d0": "neuronal dendrites", + "5729efab3f37b319004785d1": "T cells", + "5729efab3f37b319004785d2": "T cells, one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system.", + "5729f06f1d04691400779674": "missing self", + "5729f06f1d04691400779673": "the innate immune system", + "5729f06f1d04691400779675": "term", + "5729f06f1d04691400779676": "killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR) which essentially put the brakes", + "5729f12e3f37b319004785e1": "the body by \"memory cells\". Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it.", + "5729f12e3f37b319004785e2": "antigen presentation", + "5729f12e3f37b319004785e3": "Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d3": "the two types of T cell.", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4": "regulatory T cells which have a role in modulating", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d5": "the two types of T cell.", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d6": "regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class II", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d7": "\u03b3\u03b4 T cells that recognize intact antigens", + "5729f39a6aef05140015514c": "Killer", "5729f39a6aef05140015514e": "a co-receptor on the T cell, called CD8", - "5729f39a6aef05140015514d": "Class", - "5729f39a6aef051400155150": "below", - "5729f39a6aef05140015514f": "below", - "5729f4b41d0469140077968b": "200\u2013300", + "5729f39a6aef05140015514d": "R) binds to this specific antigen in a complex with the MHC Class I receptor", + "5729f39a6aef051400155150": "another toxin called granulysin", + "5729f39a6aef05140015514f": "perforin", + "5729f4b41d0469140077968b": "CD4 co-receptor", "5729f4b41d0469140077968c": "200\u2013300", "5729f4b41d0469140077968d": "200", - "5729f4b41d0469140077968e": "200\u2013300", - "5729f4b41d0469140077968f": "200\u2013300", - "5729f5a03f37b31900478605": "\u03b3", - "5729f5a03f37b31900478606": "\u03b3", - "5729f5a03f37b31900478607": "delta T cells (\u03b3\u03b4", - "5729f5a03f37b31900478608": "\u03b3", - "5729f5a03f37b31900478609": "delta T cells (\u03b3\u03b4", - "5729f69caf94a219006aa6f9": "A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex", + "5729f4b41d0469140077968e": "The activation of a resting helper T cell causes it to release cytokines", + "5729f4b41d0469140077968f": "CD40", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478605": "cytotoxic T cells", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478606": "T cell receptor", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478607": "the innate immune system", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478608": "receptor diversity and can also develop a memory phenotype.", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478609": "the innate immune system, as restricted TCR or NK receptors may be used as pattern recognition receptors.", + "5729f69caf94a219006aa6f9": "A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen.", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fa": "sis", - "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fb": "helper T cell, which releases lymphokines", + "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fb": "lymphokines", "5729f799af94a219006aa707": "memory cells", - "5729f799af94a219006aa708": "the form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory", - "5729f799af94a219006aa709": "the form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory", + "5729f799af94a219006aa708": "the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response", + "5729f799af94a219006aa709": "either passive short-term memory", "5729f799af94a219006aa70a": "the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen", - "5729f8516aef05140015516c": "Newborn infants", - "5729f8516aef05140015516d": "the placenta, so human babies have high levels of antibodies even at birth", - "5729f8516aef05140015516e": "Breast milk or colostrum", - "5729f8516aef05140015516f": "few days up to several months", + "5729f8516aef05140015516c": "Newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes", + "5729f8516aef05140015516d": "particular", + "5729f8516aef05140015516e": "Breast milk", + "5729f8516aef05140015516f": "usually short-term, lasting from a few days up to several months", "5729f9953f37b3190047861f": "immunomodulators", - "5729f9953f37b31900478620": "female sex hormones are known immunostimulators", - "5729f9953f37b31900478621": "preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty", - "5729f9953f37b31900478622": "testosterone", + "5729f9953f37b31900478620": "both", + "5729f9953f37b31900478621": "lupus erythematosus", + "5729f9953f37b31900478622": "seem to be immunosuppressive", "5729fa40af94a219006aa70f": "3", - "5729fa40af94a219006aa710": "3", - "5729fa40af94a219006aa711": "lower antibody production", - "5729fb003f37b31900478627": "It is conjectured", - "5729fb003f37b31900478628": "less cholecalciferol via UVB radiation", + "5729fa40af94a219006aa710": "disruptions can lead to an increase in chronic conditions such as heart disease", + "5729fa40af94a219006aa711": "sleep deprivation", + "5729fb003f37b31900478627": "a progressive decline in hormone levels with age is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals.", + "5729fb003f37b31900478628": "less adept at producing vitamin D", "5729fb003f37b31900478629": "thyroid", - "5729fb003f37b3190047862a": "less cholecalciferol via UVB radiation", - "5729fc3d1d0469140077969d": "killer", - "5729fc3d1d0469140077969e": "fewer MHC class I molecules on their surface than normal; this is a common phenomenon", - "5729fc3d1d0469140077969f": "Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules", - "5729fc3d1d046914007796a0": "Sometimes antibodies are generated against tumor cells allowing for their destruction by the complement system", - "5729fd111d046914007796a5": "the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis", + "5729fb003f37b3190047862a": "less cholecalciferol", + "5729fc3d1d0469140077969d": "the assistance of helper T cells.", + "5729fc3d1d0469140077969e": "fewer", + "5729fc3d1d0469140077969f": "Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens", + "5729fc3d1d046914007796a0": "Sometimes antibodies", + "5729fd111d046914007796a5": "phagocytic cells", "5729fd111d046914007796a6": "Pathogen-associated molecular patterns", - "5729fd111d046914007796a7": "osis", - "5729fd111d046914007796a8": "resistance", + "5729fd111d046914007796a7": "rapid apoptosis", + "5729fd111d046914007796a8": "Systemic acquired resistance", "5729fd111d046914007796a9": "RNA silencing mechanisms", - "5729fe5c3f37b3190047862f": "the body and to eliminate those cells that recognize self-antigens, preventing autoimmunity", + "5729fe5c3f37b3190047862f": "the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self, and attacks part of the body.", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478630": "properly", - "5729fe5c3f37b31900478631": "thymus and bone marrow", - "5729fe5c3f37b31900478632": "the body and to eliminate those cells that recognize self-antigens, preventing autoimmunity", + "5729fe5c3f37b31900478631": "the thymus and bone marrow", + "5729fe5c3f37b31900478632": "\"self", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa739": "Immunodeficiencies", - "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73a": "50 years of age", - "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73b": "50", - "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73c": "poor immune function. However, malnutrition", + "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73a": "the young and the elderly", + "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73b": "around", + "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73c": "poor immune function.", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73d": "malnutrition", - "5729ffda1d046914007796af": "principle", - "5729ffda1d046914007796b0": "principle", - "5729ffda1d046914007796b1": "principle", - "5729ffda1d046914007796b2": "principle", - "572a019f3f37b31900478643": "III", + "5729ffda1d046914007796af": "the leading causes of death in the human population, vaccination represents the most effective manipulation of the immune system mankind has developed.", + "5729ffda1d046914007796b0": "also called immunization", + "5729ffda1d046914007796b1": "an antigen", + "5729ffda1d046914007796b2": "the leading causes of death in the human population, vaccination represents the most effective manipulation of the immune system mankind has developed.", + "572a019f3f37b31900478643": "enzymes that digest the barrier, for example, by using a type II secretion system", "572a019f3f37b31900478644": "III", - "572a019f3f37b31900478645": "III", - "572a019f3f37b31900478646": "III", - "572a02483f37b3190047864b": "Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST", - "572a02483f37b3190047864c": "Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST", - "572a02483f37b3190047864d": "Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST", - "572a02483f37b3190047864e": "Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST", - "572a03086aef0514001551a2": "methotrexate or azathioprine", - "572a03086aef0514001551a3": "Lower", - "572a03086aef0514001551a4": "methotrexate or azathioprine", - "572a03086aef0514001551a5": "trans", - "572a04d51d046914007796cd": "the presence of melatonin during sleep times could actively counteract free radical production", - "572a04d51d046914007796ce": "anti-inflammatory molecules, such as cortisol", - "572a04d51d046914007796cf": "anti-inflammatory molecules, such as cortisol and catecholamines, peak. There are two theories", - "572a04d51d046914007796d0": "Inflammation causes a great deal of oxidative stress and the presence of melatonin during sleep times could actively counteract free radical production", - "572a058aaf94a219006aa751": "27", - "572a058aaf94a219006aa752": "27", - "572a058aaf94a219006aa753": "27", - "572a058aaf94a219006aa754": "27", - "572a058aaf94a219006aa755": "27", + "572a019f3f37b31900478645": "route", + "572a019f3f37b31900478646": "elude", + "572a02483f37b3190047864b": "the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity.", + "572a02483f37b3190047864c": "the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction", + "572a02483f37b3190047864d": "complex", + "572a02483f37b3190047864e": "Ni", + "572a03086aef0514001551a2": "Glucocorticoids", + "572a03086aef0514001551a3": "conjunction", + "572a03086aef0514001551a4": "the effects of inflammation.", + "572a03086aef0514001551a5": "cyclosporin", + "572a04d51d046914007796cd": "cytotoxic natural killer cells", + "572a04d51d046914007796ce": "anti-inflammatory molecules, such as cortisol and catecholamines", + "572a04d51d046914007796cf": "melatonin", + "572a04d51d046914007796d0": "free radical", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa751": "a vitamin D receptor", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa752": "the steroid hormone", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa753": "T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D.", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa754": "CYP27B1", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa755": "CYP27B1 and thus activate vitamin D calcidiol, are dendritic cells", "572a06af3f37b31900478667": "Pattern recognition receptors", "572a06af3f37b31900478668": "Antimicrobial peptides called defensins", - "572a06af3f37b31900478669": "the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity. The complement system and phagocytic cells", - "572a06af3f37b3190047866a": "Ribonucleases and the RNA interference pathway are conserved across all eukaryotes, and are thought", - "572a07fc6aef0514001551dc": "the lamprey and hagfish. These animals possess a large array of molecules called Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs", - "572a07fc6aef0514001551dd": "the lamprey", - "572a07fc6aef0514001551de": "the lamprey and hagfish. These animals possess a large array of molecules called Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs", - "572a07fc6aef0514001551df": "ancestor", - "572a096e6aef0514001551e4": "lymph", - "572a096e6aef0514001551e5": "the past, which allows them to block virus replication", - "572a096e6aef0514001551e6": "bacteria", + "572a06af3f37b31900478669": "phagocytic cells", + "572a06af3f37b3190047866a": "Ribonucleases and the RNA interference pathway", + "572a07fc6aef0514001551dc": "e.g., immunoglobulins and T cell receptors) exist only in jawed vertebrates.", + "572a07fc6aef0514001551dd": "the lamprey and hagfish", + "572a07fc6aef0514001551de": "Rs", + "572a07fc6aef0514001551df": "the adaptive immune system", + "572a096e6aef0514001551e4": "lymphocytes", + "572a096e6aef0514001551e5": "the restriction modification system", + "572a096e6aef0514001551e6": "bacteriophages", "572a096e6aef0514001551e7": "CRISPR", - "572a0a686aef0514001551ec": "20th century saw a battle between \"cellular\" and \"humoral\" theories", - "572a0a686aef0514001551ed": "20", - "572a0a686aef0514001551ee": "Metchnikoff", - "572a0a686aef0514001551ef": "Robert Koch", - "572a0a686aef0514001551f0": "20", - "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f6": "\u03b2, which suppresses the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes. In addition, immunological tolerance", - "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f7": "reduced number", - "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f8": "\u03b2", - "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f9": "\u03b2", - "572a0bf96aef051400155204": "III hypersensitivity reactions", - "572a0bf96aef051400155205": "III", - "572a0bf96aef051400155206": "III", - "572a0bf96aef051400155207": "III", - "572a0bf96aef051400155208": "III", + "572a0a686aef0514001551ec": "the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between \"cellular\" and \"humoral\" theories of immunity.", + "572a0a686aef0514001551ed": "Elie Metchnikoff", + "572a0a686aef0514001551ee": "the present time.", + "572a0a686aef0514001551ef": "Emil von Behring", + "572a0a686aef0514001551f0": "molecules", + "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f6": "go on to become cancers", + "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f7": "Tumor cells often have a reduced number of MHC class I molecules", + "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f8": "TGF-\u03b2", + "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f9": "TGF-\u03b2", + "572a0bf96aef051400155204": "Hypersensitivity", + "572a0bf96aef051400155205": "the body's own tissues. They are divided into four", + "572a0bf96aef051400155206": "Type", + "572a0bf96aef051400155207": "the body's own tissues.", + "572a0bf96aef051400155208": "cytotoxic) hypersensitivity", "572a0ce11d046914007796fd": "intracellular pathogenesis", "572a0ce11d046914007796fe": "Salmonella", - "572a0ce11d046914007796ff": "malaria", - "572a0ce11d04691400779700": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis, live inside a protective capsule", - "572a0ce11d04691400779701": "Streptococcus (protein G), Staphylococcus aureus (protein A", - "572a0e4b6aef051400155214": "the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation", - "572a0e4b6aef051400155215": "variation", - "572a0e4b6aef051400155216": "variation", - "572a0e4b6aef051400155217": "the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation", - "572a0f073f37b3190047867f": "ty", - "572a0f073f37b31900478680": "ty", - "572a0f073f37b31900478681": "ty", - "572a0f073f37b31900478682": "ty", - "572a0f073f37b31900478683": "ty", - "572a10cd6aef051400155222": "Larger drugs (>500 Da) can provoke a neutralizing immune response, particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly", - "572a10cd6aef051400155223": "regions", - "572a10cd6aef051400155224": "the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins (which are typically larger than 6000 Da", - "572a10cd6aef051400155225": "database", - "572a10cd6aef051400155226": "the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins (which are typically larger than 6000 Da", - "572a12386aef051400155234": "sudden drop in blood levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine induce increased blood levels of the hormones leptin, pituitary", - "572a12386aef051400155235": "ptin", - "572a12386aef051400155236": "Th1/Th", - "572a12386aef051400155237": "Th1", - "572a142e3f37b319004786b9": "the production of peptides that attract immune cells, increase vascular permeability, and opsonize (coat) the surface of a pathogen", - "572a142e3f37b319004786bc": "the production", - "572a142e3f37b319004786ba": "the response is a result of signal amplification", - "572a142e3f37b319004786bb": "the production", - "57271c235951b619008f860b": "disobedience", - "57271c235951b619008f860c": "the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union, recently with the 2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2004 Orange Revolution", - "57271c235951b619008f860d": "Singing Revolution to bring independence to the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union", - "57271c235951b619008f860e": "2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2004 Orange Revolution", - "57271c235951b619008f860f": "2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia", - "5728d4c03acd2414000dff9f": "the 1919 Revolution. Civil disobedience", - "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa0": "hi", - "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa1": "the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union, recently with the 2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2004 Orange Revolution", - "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa2": "the American Civil Rights Movement", - "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa3": "disobedience", + "572a0ce11d046914007796ff": "Plasmodium falciparum", + "572a0ce11d04691400779700": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", + "572a0ce11d04691400779701": "the immune system. Such biofilms are present in many successful infections, e.", + "572a0e4b6aef051400155214": "the pathogen", + "572a0e4b6aef051400155215": "the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation", + "572a0e4b6aef051400155216": "Try", + "572a0e4b6aef051400155217": "the immune system.", + "572a0f073f37b3190047867f": "immune surveillance", + "572a0f073f37b31900478680": "human papillomavirus", + "572a0f073f37b31900478681": "tyrosinase", + "572a0f073f37b31900478682": "tyrosinase that, when expressed at high levels, transforms certain skin cells (e.g. melanocytes) into tumors called melanomas", + "572a0f073f37b31900478683": "tyrosinase that, when expressed at high levels, transforms certain skin cells (e.g. melanocytes) into tumors called melanomas", + "572a10cd6aef051400155222": "Larger drugs (>500 Da", + "572a10cd6aef051400155223": "hydrophilic amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions", + "572a10cd6aef051400155224": "Immunoproteomics", + "572a10cd6aef051400155225": "A publicly accessible database has been established for the cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by B cells", + "572a10cd6aef051400155226": "referred to as immunoinformatics", + "572a12386aef051400155234": "leptin, pituitary growth hormone", + "572a12386aef051400155235": "ptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin) support the interactions between APCs", + "572a12386aef051400155236": "Th1/Th2 cytokine balance towards one that supports Th1", + "572a12386aef051400155237": "Th", + "572a142e3f37b319004786b9": "the surfaces of microbes. This recognition signal triggers a rapid killing response.", + "572a142e3f37b319004786bc": "the production of peptides that attract immune cells, increase vascular permeability, and opsonize (coat) the surface of a pathogen", + "572a142e3f37b319004786ba": "signal amplification", + "572a142e3f37b319004786bb": "catalytic cascade that amplifies the initial signal by controlled positive feedback.", + "57271c235951b619008f860b": "Civil disobedience", + "57271c235951b619008f860c": "apartheid", + "57271c235951b619008f860d": "Singing Revolution", + "57271c235951b619008f860e": "Orange Revolution", + "57271c235951b619008f860f": "Georgia", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dff9f": "the 1919 Revolution. Civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws.", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa0": "the 1919", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa1": "the Soviet Union, recently with the 2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine, among other various movements worldwide.", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa2": "the British occupation in the 1919 Revolution. Civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws.", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa3": "the American Civil Rights Movement", "57271f125951b619008f8635": "Antigone", - "57271f125951b619008f8636": "Antigone, in which Antigone, one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus", - "57271f125951b619008f8637": "Antigone", - "57271f125951b619008f8638": "the oldest depictions of civil disobedience", - "57271f125951b619008f8639": "Antigone", - "5728d5793acd2414000dffb3": "Ant", - "5728d5793acd2414000dffb4": "the daughters of former King of Thebes", + "57271f125951b619008f8636": "the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus", + "57271f125951b619008f8637": "Thebes, who is trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial.", + "57271f125951b619008f8638": "Antigone", + "57271f125951b619008f8639": "the current King of Thebes, who is trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial.", + "5728d5793acd2414000dffb3": "Antigone", + "5728d5793acd2414000dffb4": "Sophocles", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb5": "Antigone", - "5728d5793acd2414000dffb6": "Antigone", + "5728d5793acd2414000dffb6": "Thebes, who is trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial.", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb7": "the oldest depictions of civil disobedience", - "5727213c708984140094da35": "1819", - "5727213c708984140094da36": "Percy Shelley wrote the political poem The Mask of Anarchy", + "5727213c708984140094da35": "Percy Shelley", + "5727213c708984140094da36": "principle", "5727213c708984140094da38": "Satyagraha", - "5727213c708984140094da39": "Satyagraha. Gandhi's Satyagraha", - "5727213c708984140094da37": "Percy Shelley", - "5728d63c4b864d1900164f18": "Percy Shelley wrote the political poem The Mask of Anarchy", - "5728d63c4b864d1900164f19": "The Mask of Anarchy", + "5727213c708984140094da39": "a free India", + "5727213c708984140094da37": "The Mask of Anarchy", + "5728d63c4b864d1900164f18": "Percy", + "5728d63c4b864d1900164f19": "The Mask of Anarchy later that year, that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1a": "The Mask of Anarchy", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1c": "The Mask of Anarchy", - "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1b": "Henry David Thoreau", - "572726c9708984140094da7b": "Indeed, for Vice President Agnew it has become a code-word describing the activities of muggers, arsonists", - "572726c9708984140094da7e": "the activities of muggers, arsonists", - "572726c9708984140094da7c": "term \"civil disobedience\" has always suffered from ambiguity", - "572726c9708984140094da7d": "modern times", - "5728d6f02ca10214002da90e": "the activities of muggers, arsonists", - "5728d6f02ca10214002da90f": "the activities of muggers, arsonists", - "5728d6f02ca10214002da910": "the activities of muggers, arsonists", - "5728d6f02ca10214002da911": "the activities of muggers, arsonists", - "5728d6f02ca10214002da912": "the activities of muggers, arsonists", + "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1b": "Thoreau", + "572726c9708984140094da7b": "Indeed, for Vice President Agnew it has become a code-word", + "572726c9708984140094da7e": "the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official.", + "572726c9708984140094da7c": "ambiguity", + "572726c9708984140094da7d": "the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official.", + "5728d6f02ca10214002da90e": "utterly debased", + "5728d6f02ca10214002da90f": "the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official.", + "5728d6f02ca10214002da910": "the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official.", + "5728d6f02ca10214002da911": "the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official.", + "5728d6f02ca10214002da912": "the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official.", "572807802ca10214002d9bf8": "impossible", - "572807802ca10214002d9bf9": "Alice in Wonderland", - "572807802ca10214002d9bfa": "Alice", + "572807802ca10214002d9bf9": "impossible", + "572807802ca10214002d9bfa": "a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible", "572807802ca10214002d9bfb": "Alice in Wonderland", "572807802ca10214002d9bfc": "Alice in Wonderland", - "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4c": "the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible. In reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience", - "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4d": "the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible. In reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience", - "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4e": "the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible. In reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience", - "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4f": "the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible. In reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience", - "5728d7c54b864d1900164f50": "the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible. In reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience", - "57280f974b864d1900164370": "refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court, it would not be civil disobedience", - "57280f974b864d1900164371": "usually", - "57280f974b864d1900164372": "relation to the state and its laws", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4c": "the subject, the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties.", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4d": "voluminous literature", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4e": "the subject, the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties.", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4f": "the subject, the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties.", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f50": "the subject, the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties.", + "57280f974b864d1900164370": "instance", + "57280f974b864d1900164371": "a constitutional impasse", + "57280f974b864d1900164372": "relation", "57280f974b864d1900164373": "disobedience", "57280f974b864d1900164374": "a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government", - "5728d9403acd2414000e001b": "disobedience", - "5728d9403acd2414000e001c": "disobedience", + "5728d9403acd2414000e001b": "usually", + "5728d9403acd2414000e001c": "a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict.", "5728d9403acd2414000e001d": "disobedience", - "5728d9403acd2414000e001e": "disobedience", - "5728d9403acd2414000e001f": "disobedience", - "572812e74b864d19001643ce": "Thoreau's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective. The individual is the final judge", - "572812e74b864d19001643cf": "Thoreau\u2019s imprisonment, when a confused taxman had wondered aloud about how to handle his refusal to pay, Thoreau", - "572812e74b864d19001643d0": "The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right. What, then, is the proper relationship between the individual and the government", - "572812e74b864d19001643d1": "Thoreau", - "572812e74b864d19001643d2": "Thoreau\u2019s imprisonment, when a confused taxman had wondered aloud about how to handle his refusal to pay, Thoreau", - "5728dafe3acd2414000e005d": "Thoreau's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective. The individual is the final judge", - "5728dafe3acd2414000e005e": "Thoreau's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective. The individual is the final judge", - "5728dafe3acd2414000e005f": "Thoreau", - "5728dafe3acd2414000e0060": "Thoreau", - "5728dafe3acd2414000e0061": "Thoreau's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective. The individual is the final judge", - "5728151b4b864d1900164428": "theories", - "5728151b4b864d1900164429": "theories", - "5728151b4b864d190016442a": "theories", - "5728151b4b864d190016442b": "theories", - "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0080": "theories", - "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0081": "theories", + "5728d9403acd2414000e001e": "the state and its laws, as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict.", + "5728d9403acd2414000e001f": "the state and its laws, as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict.", + "572812e74b864d19001643ce": "Thoreau's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs", + "572812e74b864d19001643cf": "the form of a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood.", + "572812e74b864d19001643d0": "the will of elite politicians", + "572812e74b864d19001643d1": "Resign", + "572812e74b864d19001643d2": "the form of a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood.", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e005d": "the final judge of right and wrong.", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e005e": "the fact that he was making a choice.", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e005f": "Thoreau\u2019s imprisonment, when a confused taxman had wondered aloud about how to handle his refusal to pay, Thoreau", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e0060": "Resign", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e0061": "the fact that he was making a choice.", + "5728151b4b864d1900164428": "non-governmental agencies", + "5728151b4b864d1900164429": "non-governmental agencies", + "5728151b4b864d190016442a": "non-", + "5728151b4b864d190016442b": "the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken\". The same principle", + "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0080": "the decisions of non-", + "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0081": "the decisions of non-", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e007f": "theories", - "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0083": "theories", - "572818f54b864d190016446c": "usually recognized that lawbreaking, if it is not done publicly, at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience", - "572818f54b864d190016446d": "disobedience", - "572818f54b864d190016446e": "Stephen Eilmann", - "572818f54b864d190016446f": "Stephen", + "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0083": "the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities", + "572818f54b864d190016446c": "civil disobedience", + "572818f54b864d190016446d": "rather", + "572818f54b864d190016446e": "Hitler's secret police", + "572818f54b864d190016446f": "the Book of Exodus", "572818f54b864d1900164470": "Exodus 1: 15-19", - "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d2": "civil disobedience", - "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d3": "civil disobedience", - "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d4": "the form of public civil disobedience", - "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d5": "Exodus 1: 15-19", - "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d6": "Exodus 1: 15-19", - "57281c594b864d19001644a2": "non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience. Christian", - "57281c594b864d19001644a3": "non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience", - "57281c594b864d19001644a4": "rebellion is much more destructive; therefore, the defects justifying rebellion must be much more serious than those justifying disobedience, and if one cannot justify civil rebellion", - "57281c594b864d19001644a5": "society", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d2": "the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert lawbreaking.", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d3": "the form of public civil disobedience", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d4": "instance", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d5": "the form of public civil disobedience", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d6": "Book of Exodus", + "57281c594b864d19001644a2": "non-violence", + "57281c594b864d19001644a3": "Black's Law Dictionary", + "57281c594b864d19001644a4": "rebellion", + "57281c594b864d19001644a5": "society's tolerance of civil disobedience", "57281c594b864d19001644a6": "non-violence", - "5728df634b864d1900164fe2": "non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience", - "5728df634b864d1900164fe3": "non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience", - "5728df634b864d1900164fe4": "non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience", + "5728df634b864d1900164fe2": "refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience.", + "5728df634b864d1900164fe3": "refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience.", + "5728df634b864d1900164fe4": "refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience.", "5728df634b864d1900164fe6": "non-violence", - "5728202c4b864d19001644ec": "Revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government", - "5728202c4b864d19001644ed": "revolutionary civil disobedience. It has been claimed that the Hungarians under Ferenc De\u00e1k directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian government", - "5728202c4b864d19001644ee": "revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian government", - "5728202c4b864d19001644ef": "Thoreau", - "5728202c4b864d19001644f0": "ary", + "5728202c4b864d19001644ec": "Revolutionary", + "5728202c4b864d19001644ed": "the Hungarians", + "5728202c4b864d19001644ee": "Ferenc De\u00e1k", + "5728202c4b864d19001644ef": "overthrow a government (or to change cultural traditions", + "5728202c4b864d19001644f0": "erenc De\u00e1k directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian government.", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00e9": "ary", - "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ea": "ary", - "5728e07e3acd2414000e00eb": "ary", + "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ea": "the grounds that they are judged \"wrong\" by an individual conscience", + "5728e07e3acd2414000e00eb": "the grounds that they are judged \"wrong\" by an individual conscience", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ec": "Revolutionary", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ed": "revolutionary", - "572822233acd2414000df555": "collective civil disobedience", - "572822233acd2414000df556": "collective civil disobedience", - "572822233acd2414000df557": "Thoreau", - "572822233acd2414000df558": "the days, weeks and months after it happened. The tax collector", - "572822233acd2414000df559": "collective civil disobedience", - "5728e3c33acd2414000e0131": "collective civil disobedience", - "5728e3c33acd2414000e0132": "collective civil disobedience", + "572822233acd2414000df555": "collective", + "572822233acd2414000df556": "the streets", + "572822233acd2414000df557": "the days, weeks and months after it happened.", + "572822233acd2414000df558": "higher political office", + "572822233acd2414000df559": "the days, weeks and months after it happened.", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0131": "the Roman Empire[citation needed].", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0132": "collective civil disobedience took place during the Roman Empire[citation needed]. Unarmed Jews", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0133": "modern times, some activists who commit civil disobedience", - "5728e3c33acd2414000e0134": "collective civil disobedience", - "5728e3c33acd2414000e0135": "Thoreau", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0134": "collective", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0135": "the days, weeks and months", "572825a92ca10214002d9efe": "ients", - "572825a92ca10214002d9eff": "Bedau also notes, though", - "572825a92ca10214002d9f00": "U.S. Government, directly achieve a desired social goal (such as the provision of medication to the sick) while openly breaking the law", + "572825a92ca10214002d9eff": "propaganda", + "572825a92ca10214002d9f00": "the Wilderness", "572825a92ca10214002d9f01": "738 days", "572825a92ca10214002d9f02": "738 days", - "5728e5224b864d1900165032": "the name of civil disobedience", - "5728e5224b864d1900165033": "the name of civil disobedience", - "5728e5224b864d1900165034": "a variety of different illegal acts. Bedau writes, \"There is a whole class of acts, undertaken in the name of civil disobedience", - "5728e5224b864d1900165035": "the name of civil disobedience", + "5728e5224b864d1900165032": "the law", + "5728e5224b864d1900165033": "the law.", + "5728e5224b864d1900165034": "ineffectiveness", + "5728e5224b864d1900165035": "the law", "5728e5224b864d1900165036": "738 days", - "5728284e3acd2414000df5cd": "Threatening government officials is another classic way of expressing defiance toward the government", - "5728284e3acd2414000df5ce": "arrested", - "5728284e3acd2414000df5cf": "the government", + "5728284e3acd2414000df5cd": "the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies.", + "5728284e3acd2414000df5ce": "the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies. For example, Joseph Haas was arrested for allegedly sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire", + "5728284e3acd2414000df5cf": "the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies.", "5728284e3acd2414000df5d0": "1978", - "5728284e3acd2414000df5d1": "1978 Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation. Threatening government officials is another classic way of expressing defiance toward the government", - "5728e5f43acd2414000e0171": "disobedience", - "5728e5f43acd2414000e0172": "disobedience", - "5728e5f43acd2414000e0173": "disobedience", - "5728e5f43acd2414000e0174": "the government", - "57282dfb4b864d1900164668": "more difficult for a system", - "57282dfb4b864d1900164669": "Plowshares", - "57282dfb4b864d190016466a": "the table.\" The Plowshares", - "57282dfb4b864d190016466b": "Brownlee notes that \"although civil disobedients", + "5728284e3acd2414000df5d1": "1978", + "5728e5f43acd2414000e0171": "the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies.", + "5728e5f43acd2414000e0172": "the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies.", + "5728e5f43acd2414000e0173": "the 1978 Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation.", + "5728e5f43acd2414000e0174": "the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies.", + "57282dfb4b864d1900164668": "more difficult", + "57282dfb4b864d1900164669": "The Plowshares organization temporarily closed GCSB Waihopai by padlocking the gates and using sickles", + "57282dfb4b864d190016466a": "the large domes covering two satellite dishes", + "57282dfb4b864d190016466b": "nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion", "57282dfb4b864d190016466c": "disobedience", - "5728e715ff5b5019007da914": "the table.\" The Plowshares", - "5728e715ff5b5019007da916": "the table.\" The Plowshares", - "5728e715ff5b5019007da917": "the table.\" The Plowshares", - "5728e715ff5b5019007da918": "the table.\" The Plowshares", - "5728e8212ca10214002daa6c": "Thoreau wrote, \"My civil neighbor, the tax-gatherer", - "5728e8212ca10214002daa6d": "Thoreau wrote, \"My civil neighbor, the tax-gatherer", - "5728e8212ca10214002daa6e": "the same decisions and principles", + "5728e715ff5b5019007da914": "the large domes covering two satellite dishes.", + "5728e715ff5b5019007da916": "the large domes covering two satellite dishes.", + "5728e715ff5b5019007da917": "the large domes covering two satellite dishes.", + "5728e715ff5b5019007da918": "the large domes covering two satellite dishes.", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa6c": "the same decisions and principles", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa6d": "the government", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa6e": "the government", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6f": "some civil disobedients", - "5728e8212ca10214002daa70": "Thoreau wrote, \"My civil neighbor, the tax-gatherer", - "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c5": "Some civil disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment", - "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c6": "Some civil disobedients", - "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c7": "the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted. And still other civil disobedients", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa70": "the government", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c5": "punishment", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c6": "the legitimacy of their particular government, or don't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted.", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c7": "the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted.", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c8": "the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted. And still other civil disobedients", - "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c9": "the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted. And still other civil disobedients", - "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01d9": "court", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c9": "other civil disobedients", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01d9": "whether", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01da": "duty", - "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01db": "court", - "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dc": "court", - "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dd": "usually be interpreted as a plea of not guilty", - "5728ec6a4b864d19001650aa": "1957", - "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ab": "Committee for Non-Violent Action sponsored a protest in August 1957", - "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ac": "the Committee for Non-Violent Action sponsored a protest in August 1957", - "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ad": "Francis Heisler, had volunteered to defend the arrested persons", - "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ae": "1957", - "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97c": "protesters choose to go to jail", - "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97d": "protesters choose to go to jail", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01db": "the possibility of changing the unjust law.", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dc": "the possibility of changing the unjust law.", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dd": "a \"creative plea", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650aa": "the Committee for Non-Violent Action sponsored a protest in August 1957", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ab": "a protest in August 1957", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ac": "Committee for Non-Violent Action sponsored a protest in August 1957, at the Camp Mercury nuclear test site near Las Vegas, Nevada, 13", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ad": "empty", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ae": "suspended sentences", + "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97c": "the notion that they must go to jail as part of a rule connected with civil disobedience.", + "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97d": "the notion that they must go to jail as part of a rule connected with civil disobedience.", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97e": "the notion that they must go to jail as part of a rule connected with civil disobedience", - "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97f": "protesters choose to go to jail", - "5728eef92ca10214002daab0": "Sometimes the prosecution", - "5728eef92ca10214002daab1": "Mohandas Gandhi", - "5728eef92ca10214002daab2": "mass arrest situations", - "5728eef92ca10214002daab3": "Mohandas Gandhi", + "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97f": "the notion that they must go to jail as part of a rule connected with civil disobedience.", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab0": "the prosecution", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab1": "the same plea bargain for everyone. But some activists", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab2": "solidarity tactics", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab3": "the same plea bargain for everyone. But some activists have opted to enter a blind plea", "5728eef92ca10214002daab4": "Mohandas Gandhi", - "5728f50baf94a219006a9e55": "speeches", - "5728f50baf94a219006a9e56": "the court in allocution", - "5728f50baf94a219006a9e57": "defiant speech", - "5728f50baf94a219006a9e58": "the court in allocution", - "5728f50baf94a219006a9e59": "disobedience defendants", - "5728facd4b864d1900165170": "the law via civil disobedience", - "5728facd4b864d1900165171": "the law via civil disobedience", - "5728facd4b864d1900165172": "the right to a jury trial but do not excuse lawbreaking for political purposes, some civil disobedients", - "5728facd4b864d1900165173": "the right to a jury trial but do not excuse lawbreaking for political purposes, some civil disobedients", - "5728facd4b864d1900165174": "a jury trial", - "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef5": "the law by encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit. Therefore, conscientious lawbreakers must be punished. Michael Bayles argues", - "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef6": "the constitutionality of a law, and then wins his case, then that act did not constitute civil disobedience", - "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef7": "the constitutionality of a law, and then wins his case, then that act did not constitute civil disobedience", - "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef8": "the constitutionality of a law, and then wins his case, then that act did not constitute civil disobedience", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e55": "the U.S.", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e56": "the U.S.", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e57": "the U.S.", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e58": "the U.", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e59": "the First Circuit", + "5728facd4b864d1900165170": "the years, this has been made more difficult by court decisions such as Sparf v.", + "5728facd4b864d1900165171": "the years, this has been made more difficult by court decisions such as Sparf v.", + "5728facd4b864d1900165172": "the United States whose laws guarantee the right to a jury trial but do not excuse lawbreaking for political purposes, some civil disobedients", + "5728facd4b864d1900165173": "the United States whose laws guarantee the right to a jury trial but do not excuse lawbreaking for political purposes, some civil disobedients", + "5728facd4b864d1900165174": "jury nullification", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef5": "the case of a homosexual or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law, is not civil disobedience.", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef6": "the case of a homosexual or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law, is not civil disobedience.", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef7": "the case of a homosexual or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law, is not civil disobedience.", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef8": "the case of a homosexual or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law, is not civil disobedience.", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef9": "punishment", - "5728fc9e1d04691400778f11": "Courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience: \"Indirect civil disobedience", - "5728fc9e1d04691400778f12": "Courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience", - "5728fc9e1d04691400778f13": "Courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience: \"Indirect civil disobedience", - "5728fc9e1d04691400778f14": "Courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience", - "5728fc9e1d04691400778f15": "Courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience", - "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2b": "the offender his \"just deserts\", achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment", - "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2d": "the offender his \"just deserts", - "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2e": "the offender his \"just deserts\", achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment", - "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2f": "the offender his \"just deserts\", achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment", - "57273a465951b619008f86ff": "the process of constructing a building or infrastructure", - "57273a465951b619008f8700": "manufacturing typically involves mass production", - "57273a465951b619008f8701": "six to nine", - "57273a465951b619008f8702": "six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f11": "Indirect civil disobedience", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f12": "the basis of their challenging the legality of the Vietnam War; the courts ruled it was a political question.", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f13": "the existence of a particular law by breaking that law.\" During the Vietnam War", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f14": "The necessity defense has sometimes been used as a shadow defense by civil disobedients", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f15": "the basis of their challenging the legality of the Vietnam War; the courts ruled it was a political question.", + "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2b": "a major goal of criminal punishment", + "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2d": "the most important consideration would be whether it would do more harm than good.", + "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2e": "the most important consideration would be whether it would do more harm than good.", + "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2f": "a major goal of criminal punishment", + "57273a465951b619008f86ff": "Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.", + "57273a465951b619008f8700": "manufacturing", + "57273a465951b619008f8701": "six to nine percent", + "57273a465951b619008f8702": "the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.", "57273a465951b619008f8703": "client", - "57273cca708984140094db33": "manages the job, and a construction manager", - "57273cca708984140094db34": "normally manages the job, and a construction manager", - "57273cca708984140094db35": "the successful execution of a project, effective planning", + "57273cca708984140094db33": "An architect", + "57273cca708984140094db34": "a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager", + "57273cca708984140094db35": "effective planning", "57273cca708984140094db36": "megaprojects", - "57273cca708984140094db37": "the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential. Those", + "57273cca708984140094db37": "Those", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4fe": "three", - "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4ff": "usually", - "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f500": "Infrastructure", - "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f501": "three", - "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f502": "three", - "57273e50dd62a815002e9a02": "2014, ENR compiled the data in nine", - "57273e50dd62a815002e9a03": "2014, ENR compiled the data in nine", - "57273e50dd62a815002e9a04": "2014, ENR compiled the data in nine", - "57273e50dd62a815002e9a05": "2014, ENR compiled the data in nine", + "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4ff": "usually further divided into residential and non-residential", + "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f500": "). Infrastructure is often called heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering", + "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f501": "It includes large public works, dams, bridges, highways, water/wastewater and utility distribution", + "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f502": "Industrial includes refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills and manufacturing plants", + "57273e50dd62a815002e9a02": "the size of design and construction companies.", + "57273e50dd62a815002e9a03": "Each year, ENR compiles and reports on data about the size of design and construction companies.", + "57273e50dd62a815002e9a04": "2014", + "57273e50dd62a815002e9a05": "transportation, sewer", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0a": "three", - "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0b": "three", - "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0c": "three", - "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0d": "specialty trade contractors. There are also categories for construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers", - "57274046dd62a815002e9a12": "the process of adding structure to real property", - "57274046dd62a815002e9a13": "a bathroom", - "57274046dd62a815002e9a14": "the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster", + "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0b": "the differences of companies in this sector, it is divided into three subsectors: building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors", + "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0c": "The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System", + "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0d": "firms engaged in managing construction projects", + "57274046dd62a815002e9a12": "Building construction", + "57274046dd62a815002e9a13": "small renovations", + "57274046dd62a815002e9a14": "the owner", "57274046dd62a815002e9a15": "undesirable end results", - "57274046dd62a815002e9a16": "the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome", - "572742bd5951b619008f8785": "Residential construction practices, technologies, and resources must conform to local building authority regulations", - "572742bd5951b619008f8786": "Materials", + "57274046dd62a815002e9a16": "the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings.", + "572742bd5951b619008f8785": "local building authority regulations", + "572742bd5951b619008f8786": "Materials readily", "572742bd5951b619008f8787": "waste", - "572742bd5951b619008f8788": "Cost of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) basis for houses can vary dramatically based on site conditions, local regulations", - "572744aff1498d1400e8f588": "3.5 metres (11 ft) per hour, sufficient to complete a building in a week. Dutch architect Janjaap Ruijssenaars", - "572744aff1498d1400e8f589": "20", + "572742bd5951b619008f8788": "Cost of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) basis for houses can vary dramatically", + "572744aff1498d1400e8f588": "3D printing technology", + "572744aff1498d1400e8f589": "around 20 hours", "572744aff1498d1400e8f58a": "2014", - "572744aff1498d1400e8f58b": "3.5 metres (11 ft) per hour, sufficient to complete a building in a week. Dutch architect Janjaap Ruijssenaars", - "572745c6708984140094db9a": "the modern industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs", - "572745c6708984140094db99": "translation of designs", + "572744aff1498d1400e8f58b": "2", + "572745c6708984140094db9a": "A formal design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts.", + "572745c6708984140094db99": "translation of designs into reality", "572745c6708984140094db9b": "the property owner", - "572745c6708984140094db9c": "drawings and a bill of quantities", + "572745c6708984140094db9c": "a quantity surveyor", "572745c6708984140094db9d": "the most cost efficient bidder", "57274e0d708984140094dbe5": "ties", - "57274e0d708984140094dbe6": "past", + "57274e0d708984140094dbe6": "entirely separate companies", "57274e0d708984140094dbe7": "each such firm may offer itself as \"one-stop shopping", - "57274e0d708984140094dbe8": "the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers", - "57274e975951b619008f87f9": "the services of architects, interior designers, engineers", + "57274e0d708984140094dbe8": "a \"design build\" contract where the contractor is given a performance specification", + "57274e975951b619008f87f9": "the services of architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors throughout design and construction.", "57274e975951b619008f87fa": "each of these project structures allows the owner to integrate the services of architects, interior designers", "57274e975951b619008f87fb": "relationships", - "57274f67708984140094dbf5": "suffer from preventable financial problems", - "57274f67708984140094dbf6": "too little money to complete the project. Cash flow problems", + "57274f67708984140094dbf5": "preventable financial problems", + "57274f67708984140094dbf6": "too little money to complete the project.", "57274f67708984140094dbf7": "Cash flow problems", - "57274f67708984140094dbf8": "the construction field. Financial planning", + "57274f67708984140094dbf8": "notoriously prevalent in the construction field", "5727502f708984140094dc07": "Mortgage bankers", - "5727502f708984140094dc08": "ortgage bankers, accountants", + "5727502f708984140094dc08": "the mortgage banker", "5727502f708984140094dc09": "Accountants", - "5727502f708984140094dc0b": "Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers", - "5727502f708984140094dc0a": "Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers", - "572750e8dd62a815002e9af0": "custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district", - "572750e8dd62a815002e9af1": "custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district", - "572750e8dd62a815002e9af2": "indisputably bad \u2013 bridge collapses or explosions. Other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations, or things that are a matter of custom", - "572750e8dd62a815002e9af3": "custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district", - "572750e8dd62a815002e9af4": "custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district", - "572751b4708984140094dc1b": "complex net of contracts and other legal obligations, each of which all parties", - "572751b4708984140094dc1c": "exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties", - "572751b4708984140094dc1d": "a set of obligations between two or more parties", - "572751b4708984140094dc1e": "ensure", - "572751b4708984140094dc1f": "a set of obligations between two or more parties", - "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0e": "There is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship", - "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0f": "the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship", - "5727526cdd62a815002e9b10": "Partnering (PPPs", - "5727526cdd62a815002e9b11": "operation", - "572753335951b619008f8853": "the most common method of construction procurement", + "5727502f708984140094dc0b": "the most obvious source of funding for a building project.", + "5727502f708984140094dc0a": "Cost engineers and estimators", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af0": "The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af1": "the owner", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af2": "a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district.", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af3": "a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district.", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af4": "An attorney", + "572751b4708984140094dc1b": "A construction project is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations, each of which all parties must carefully consider.", + "572751b4708984140094dc1c": "A contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties", + "572751b4708984140094dc1d": "The time element in construction means that a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks", + "572751b4708984140094dc1e": "each", + "572751b4708984140094dc1f": "poorly drafted contracts", + "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0e": "involve relationship contracting", + "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0f": "-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders within a construction project. New forms include partnering such as Public-Private Partnering", + "5727526cdd62a815002e9b10": "Partnering", + "5727526cdd62a815002e9b11": "The focus on co-operation", + "572753335951b619008f8853": "the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator.", "572753335951b619008f8854": "His", - "572753335951b619008f8855": "links", - "572753335951b619008f8856": "Any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor", - "572753335951b619008f8857": "completion", - "57275411dd62a815002e9b30": "The owner produces", + "572753335951b619008f8855": "There are direct contractual links between the architect's client and the main contractor", + "572753335951b619008f8856": "main contractor", + "572753335951b619008f8857": "the building is ready to occupy", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b30": "The owner produces a list of requirements for a project, giving an overall view of the project's goals.", "57275411dd62a815002e9b31": "Several D&B contractors", - "57275411dd62a815002e9b32": "the project's goals. Several D&B contractors", - "57275411dd62a815002e9b33": "the project's goals. Several D&B contractors", - "57275411dd62a815002e9b34": "the first phase of the project. As they build phase 1", - "572754fff1498d1400e8f660": "the construction of a building, the municipal building inspector", - "572754fff1498d1400e8f661": "the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages", - "572754fff1498d1400e8f662": "the construction of a building, the municipal building inspector", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b32": "the project. As they build phase 1, they design phase 2.", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b33": "the project. As they build phase 1, they design phase 2.", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b34": "the first phase of the project. As they build phase 1, they design phase 2.", + "572754fff1498d1400e8f660": "the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations.", + "572754fff1498d1400e8f661": "damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities", + "572754fff1498d1400e8f662": "the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations.", "572754fff1498d1400e8f663": "inspector", - "572754fff1498d1400e8f664": "inspection", - "572755b7708984140094dc4d": "13.2%", - "572755b7708984140094dc4e": "13.2%", - "572755b7708984140094dc4f": "6", - "572755b7708984140094dc50": "10", - "572755b7708984140094dc51": "828,000 women were employed in the construction industry as of 2011", - "5727565ef1498d1400e8f674": "43", - "5727565ef1498d1400e8f675": "43", - "5727565ef1498d1400e8f676": "43,389 per annum, compared to \u00a340,000 in the UK. Some construction workers in the US/Canada", - "572756fe708984140094dc71": "three times that for all workers. Falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers. Proper safety equipment", - "572756fe708984140094dc72": "three times that for all workers. Falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers. Proper safety equipment", - "572756fe708984140094dc73": "three times that for all workers. Falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers. Proper safety equipment", - "572756fe708984140094dc74": "three times that for all workers. Falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers. Proper safety equipment", - "572746addd62a815002e9a5e": "cheaper", - "572746addd62a815002e9a5f": "cheaper", - "572746addd62a815002e9a60": "tuition", - "572746addd62a815002e9a61": "the right to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition", - "57274712708984140094dbad": "tuition fees at K-12 schools range from nothing at so called 'tuition-free' schools to more than $45,000", - "57274712708984140094dbae": "pre-school", - "57274712708984140094dbaf": "the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels; it is almost never used of universities and other tertiary institutions. Private education", + "572754fff1498d1400e8f664": "an occupancy permit", + "572755b7708984140094dc4d": "around $960 billion", + "572755b7708984140094dc4e": "$680 billion", + "572755b7708984140094dc4f": "667,000", + "572755b7708984140094dc50": "fewer than 10", + "572755b7708984140094dc51": "828,000 women were employed in the construction industry", + "5727565ef1498d1400e8f674": "\u00a342,090", + "5727565ef1498d1400e8f675": "\u00a326,719", + "5727565ef1498d1400e8f676": "the US/Canada", + "572756fe708984140094dc71": "Construction", + "572756fe708984140094dc72": "the European Union.", + "572756fe708984140094dc73": "electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins", + "572756fe708984140094dc74": "Proper safety equipment", + "572746addd62a815002e9a5e": "the cost cheaper, depending on a talent the student may have (e.", + "572746addd62a815002e9a5f": "e.g. sport scholarship, art scholarship, academic scholarship", + "572746addd62a815002e9a60": "charging their students tuition", + "572746addd62a815002e9a61": "the cost cheaper, depending on a talent the student may have (e.", + "57274712708984140094dbad": "more than $45,000", + "57274712708984140094dbae": "so called 'tuition-free' schools", + "57274712708984140094dbaf": "almost", "57274712708984140094dbb0": "United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries", - "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59a": "lower sixth) and year 13", - "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59b": "13", - "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59c": "lower sixth) and year 13", - "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59d": "lower sixth) and year 13", - "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59e": "13", - "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a4": "Roman Catholic schools. Other religious groups represented in the K-12 private education sector include Protestants", - "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a5": "Protestants", - "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a6": "Religiously affiliated and denominational schools form a subcategory of private schools. Some such schools teach religious education", - "5727490bdd62a815002e9a82": "stricter discipline", - "5727490bdd62a815002e9a83": "stricter and more formal than in government schools - for example, a compulsory blazer", - "5727490bdd62a815002e9a84": "better quality physical infrastructure and more facilities (e.g. playing fields, swimming pools", - "57274971708984140094dbbb": "St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview, St Gregory's College, Campbelltown", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59a": "lower sixth", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59b": "upper sixth", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59c": "university-preparatory schools or \"prep schools", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59d": "Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to school and depends", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59e": "the location of the school, the willingness of parents to pay, peer tuitions and the school's financial endowment.", + "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a4": "Roman Catholic schools", + "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a5": "the K-12 private education sector include Protestants, Jews, Muslims and the Orthodox Christians", + "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a6": "religious education", + "5727490bdd62a815002e9a82": "expulsion", + "5727490bdd62a815002e9a83": "a compulsory blazer", + "5727490bdd62a815002e9a84": "more expensive", + "57274971708984140094dbbb": "the best known independent schools also belong to the large, long-established religious foundations, such as the Anglican Church, Uniting Church", "57274971708984140094dbbc": "St Joseph's College", "57274971708984140094dbbd": "St Aloysius' College", - "57274971708984140094dbbe": "St Ursula's College and Loreto Normanhurst", + "57274971708984140094dbbe": "Loreto Normanhurst", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9a": "7", - "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9b": "Article 7", + "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9b": "a second Gleichschaltung", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9c": "11.1%.", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9d": "11.1%.", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9e": "6.1%", - "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bc": "Article 7", - "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bd": "Article 7", - "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5be": "Article 7", - "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d4": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", - "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d5": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", - "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d6": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", - "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d7": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", - "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e4": "30", - "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e5": "30 different Examination Boards or academic authorities that conduct examinations for school leaving certificates. Prominent", + "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bc": "the so-called Sonderungsverbot", + "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bd": "the same types of diplomas as public schools.", + "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5be": "the same types of diplomas as public schools.", + "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d4": "Erg\u00e4nzungss", + "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d5": "Most of these schools are vocational schools", + "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d6": "whole", + "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d7": "religious groups", + "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e4": "the government, it can be an aided or an unaided school. So, in a strict sense", + "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e5": "Prominent Examination Boards that are present in multiple states are the CBSE", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e6": "30", - "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e7": "30", + "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e7": "the union government", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa4": "societies", - "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa5": "societies", - "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa6": "The Annual Status of Education Report", + "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa5": "the largest adult illiterate population", + "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa6": "Annual Status of Education Report", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa7": "The Annual Status of Education Report", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa8": "English", - "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aae": "the requirement that the state ensure that children receive a certain minimum education; Irish private schools must still work towards the Junior Certificate and the Leaving Certificate", - "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aaf": "a certain number of teacher's salaries are paid by the State", - "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab0": "the requirement that the state ensure that children receive a certain minimum education; Irish private schools must still work towards the Junior Certificate and the Leaving Certificate", - "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab1": "usually run by a religious order, i.e., the Society of Jesus or Congregation of Christian Brothers", - "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab2": "25", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aae": "phr\u00edobh\u00e1ideach", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aaf": "the State", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab0": "\u20ac5,000", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab1": "Society of Jesus", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab2": "\u20ac25,000", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f6": "1957", - "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f7": "English", - "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f8": "English", - "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f9": "1957", + "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f7": "Chinese", + "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f8": "English-medium schools. Over 60 schools converted to become National Type schools.", + "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f9": "National School system", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5fa": "60", - "57274e145951b619008f87e7": "accept government funds are called 'aided' schools", - "57274e145951b619008f87e8": "accept government funds are called 'aided' schools. The private 'un-aided' schools are fully funded by private parties", - "57274e145951b619008f87e9": "the Galaxy", + "57274e145951b619008f87e7": "The ones that accept government funds are called 'aided' schools", + "57274e145951b619008f87e8": "the state's official language is also taught. Preschool education is mostly limited to organized neighbourhood nursery schools.", + "57274e145951b619008f87e9": "the Galaxy Public School", "57274e145951b619008f87ea": "English", - "57274e145951b619008f87eb": "English, but as a compulsory subject", - "57274eca5951b619008f87ff": "3.7%", - "57274eca5951b619008f8800": "3.7%", + "57274e145951b619008f87eb": "a compulsory subject", + "57274eca5951b619008f87ff": "88", + "57274eca5951b619008f8800": "28,000 students or 3.7%", "57274eca5951b619008f8801": "3.7%", - "57274eca5951b619008f8802": "1984", - "57274eca5951b619008f8803": "3.7%", - "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61e": "St Paul's Collegiate School", - "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61f": "Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington", + "57274eca5951b619008f8802": "the entire student population.", + "57274eca5951b619008f8803": "Auckland", + "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61e": "Diocesan School for Girls", + "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61f": "Wellington", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f620": "Saint Kentigern College", - "57274f49f1498d1400e8f621": "Rangi Ruru Girls' School in Christ", + "57274f49f1498d1400e8f621": "Christchurch", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f622": "three", "5727500f708984140094dbfd": "7.5%", - "5727500f708984140094dbfe": "7.5%", - "5727500f708984140094dbff": "7.5% of primary enrollment, 32% of secondary enrollment and about 80%", + "5727500f708984140094dbfe": "accounting for about 7.5% of primary enrollment, 32%", + "5727500f708984140094dbff": "80%", "5727500f708984140094dc00": "August 1992", "5727500f708984140094dc01": "third and fourth years with English, mathematics and natural science", "572750df5951b619008f882f": "Education Service Contracting scheme of the government", - "572750df5951b619008f8830": "Tuition Fee Supplement", - "572750df5951b619008f8831": "Private Education Student Financial Assistance is made available to underprivileged, but deserving high school graduates", + "572750df5951b619008f8830": "Tu", + "572750df5951b619008f8831": "The Private Education Student Financial Assistance", "5727515f708984140094dc11": "1996", "5727515f708984140094dc12": "1996", "5727515f708984140094dc13": "1996", - "5727515f708984140094dc14": "the abolition of apartheid, the laws governing private education in South Africa changed significantly. The South African Schools", - "5727515f708984140094dc15": "century", - "57275409708984140094dc35": "Model", - "57275409708984140094dc36": "Model", - "57275409708984140094dc37": "formerly model C schools tend to set much higher", + "5727515f708984140094dc14": "the early nineteenth century. The private sector has grown ever since. After the abolition of apartheid, the laws governing private education in South Africa changed significantly.", + "5727515f708984140094dc15": "early nineteenth century", + "57275409708984140094dc35": "formerly model C schools tend to set much higher school fees than other public schools.", + "57275409708984140094dc36": "better academic results", + "57275409708984140094dc37": "higher", "572754dd708984140094dc3b": "10%", - "572754dd708984140094dc3c": "30", - "572754dd708984140094dc3d": "30", - "572754dd708984140094dc3e": "30", - "572754dd708984140094dc3f": "10%", + "572754dd708984140094dc3c": "10,000", + "572754dd708984140094dc3d": "700", + "572754dd708984140094dc3e": "The Knowledge School", + "572754dd708984140094dc3f": "internationally known for this innovative school voucher model", "572756265951b619008f886d": "13", - "572756265951b619008f886e": "13", - "572756265951b619008f886f": "9", - "572756265951b619008f8870": "13", - "572756265951b619008f8871": "27", - "572757bef1498d1400e8f690": "1954", - "572757bef1498d1400e8f691": "1954", + "572756265951b619008f886e": "the UK", + "572756265951b619008f886f": "9 per cent", + "572756265951b619008f8870": "13 per cent", + "572756265951b619008f8871": "\u00a327,000+", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f690": "Brown v. Board of Education", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f691": "segregation acad", "572757bef1498d1400e8f692": "the U.S. South", - "572757bef1498d1400e8f693": "1954", - "572757bef1498d1400e8f694": "1954", - "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6ae": "forbidden", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f693": "the United States, after the 1954 decision in the landmark court case Brown v.", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f694": "African-American", + "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6ae": "the courts' interpretation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment or individual state Blaine Amendments.", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6af": "forbidden", - "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b0": "forbidden", + "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b0": "Blaine Amendments", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b1": "charter status", - "572759665951b619008f8883": "1852", + "572759665951b619008f8883": "Massachusetts in 1852", "572759665951b619008f8884": "1852", "572759665951b619008f8885": "1972", "572759665951b619008f8886": "268 U.S. 510 (1925", "572759665951b619008f8887": "1976", - "572759dbdd62a815002e9b94": "40", - "572759dbdd62a815002e9b95": "50,000 for boarding schools. However, tuition did not cover operating expenses, particularly at boarding schools. The leading schools such as the Groton School", + "572759dbdd62a815002e9b94": "$40", + "572759dbdd62a815002e9b95": "the United States have a student body drawn from throughout the country, indeed the globe, and a list of applicants which far exceeds their capacity.", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b96": "the Groton School", - "572759dbdd62a815002e9b97": "50,000 for boarding schools. However, tuition did not cover operating expenses, particularly at boarding schools. The leading schools such as the Groton School", + "572759dbdd62a815002e9b97": "the United States have a student body drawn from throughout the country, indeed the globe, and a list of applicants which far exceeds their capacity.", "5727aa413acd2414000de921": "John Harvard", - "5727aa413acd2414000de922": "John Harvard", - "5727aa413acd2414000de923": "James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression", - "5727aa413acd2414000de924": "John Harvard", - "5727aa413acd2414000de925": "President Charles W. Eliot's long tenure (1869\u20131909", - "5727aeac3acd2414000de987": "the Harvard Library", + "5727aa413acd2414000de922": "1977", + "5727aa413acd2414000de923": "James Bryant Conant led the university", + "5727aa413acd2414000de924": "Association of American Universities", + "5727aa413acd2414000de925": "1869\u20131909", + "5727aeac3acd2414000de987": "79", "5727aeac3acd2414000de988": "79", "5727aeac3acd2414000de989": "79", "5727aeac3acd2414000de98a": "eight", - "5727aeac3acd2414000de98b": "150", + "5727aeac3acd2414000de98b": "To date, some 150", "5727aec03acd2414000de991": "Cambridge", - "5727aec03acd2414000de992": "37.6 billion", - "5727aec03acd2414000de993": "3 miles (5 km) northwest of Boston; the business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River", + "5727aec03acd2414000de992": "$37.6 billion", + "5727aec03acd2414000de993": "across the Charles River", "5727aec03acd2414000de994": "eleven", - "5727aec03acd2414000de995": "209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard", + "5727aec03acd2414000de995": "Harvard Yard", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c2": "36", - "5727afa82ca10214002d93c3": "36", + "5727afa82ca10214002d93c3": "Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c4": "38", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c5": "39", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c6": "50", - "5727b0892ca10214002d93e8": "43", - "5727b0892ca10214002d93e9": "43", - "5727b0892ca10214002d93ea": "43", + "5727b0892ca10214002d93e8": "the College trained many Puritan ministers", + "5727b0892ca10214002d93e9": "the English university model", + "5727b0892ca10214002d93ea": "It was never affiliated with any particular denomination", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea99": "04", - "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9a": "03", - "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9b": "03", - "5727c0402ca10214002d9564": "Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart", - "5727c0402ca10214002d9565": "Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart", + "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9a": "ber", + "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9b": "05", + "5727c0402ca10214002d9564": "Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College", + "5727c0402ca10214002d9565": "intuition", "5727c0402ca10214002d9566": "Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart", - "5727c3b02ca10214002d95ba": "Charles W. Eliot, president 1869\u20131909", - "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bb": "Charles W. Eliot, president 1869\u20131909", + "5727c3b02ca10214002d95ba": "Charles W. Eliot", + "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bb": "Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bc": "Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions. Derived from William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson", - "5727c55bff5b5019007d94ce": "1933", - "5727c55bff5b5019007d94cf": "1933\u20131953", - "5727c55bff5b5019007d94d0": "1943", - "5727c69d3acd2414000dec13": "1977", + "5727c55bff5b5019007d94ce": "James Bryant Conant (president, 1933\u20131953) reinvigorated creative scholarship", + "5727c55bff5b5019007d94cf": "the college level. The resulting Report, published in 1945, was one of the most influential manifestos", + "5727c55bff5b5019007d94d0": "1945", + "5727c69d3acd2414000dec13": "the United States.", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec14": "1977", - "5727c69d3acd2414000dec15": "1977", - "5727c8863acd2414000dec49": "3 miles (5 km", - "5727c8863acd2414000dec4a": "the university, academic buildings including Sever Hall and University Hall, Memorial Church, and the majority of the freshman dormitories", - "5727c8863acd2414000dec4b": "twelve residential Houses, nine", + "5727c69d3acd2414000dec15": "proportion", + "5727c8863acd2414000dec49": "3", + "5727c8863acd2414000dec4a": "twelve", + "5727c8863acd2414000dec4b": "twelve residential Houses, nine of which are south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4c": "half a mile northwest", - "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9576": "3", - "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9577": "John W. Weeks Bridge is a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River", - "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9578": "21", + "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9576": "Harvard Stadium", + "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9577": "John", + "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9578": "Harvard School of Dental Medicine", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d72": "fifty", - "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d73": "the Charles River from Cambridge, with the intent of major expansion southward. The university now owns approximately fifty percent more land in Allston", - "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d74": "the Charles River from Cambridge, with the intent of major expansion southward. The university now owns approximately fifty percent more land in Allston", - "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f0": "2,400 professors, lecturers", - "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f1": "7", - "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f2": "14", + "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d73": "a shuttle service and/or a tram.", + "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d74": "Harvard has purchased tracts of land in Allston, a walk across the Charles River from Cambridge, with the intent of major expansion southward.", + "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f0": "2,400", + "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f1": "7,200", + "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f2": "14,000", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f3": "1875", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f4": "1875", - "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c4": "50%", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c4": "$32 billion", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c5": "30", - "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c6": "50%", - "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c7": "50%", - "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c8": "50%", - "5727d0f73acd2414000ded13": "1980s", - "5727d0f73acd2414000ded14": "1980s, student activists", - "5727d0f73acd2414000ded15": "eventually reduce its South African holdings by $230 million", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c6": "the $1.2 billion Allston Science Complex", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c7": "$4.093 million", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c8": "$159 million", + "5727d0f73acd2414000ded13": "the late 1980s", + "5727d0f73acd2414000ded14": "Duke Kent-Brown", + "5727d0f73acd2414000ded15": "230 million", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded3f": "5.3%", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded40": "2007", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded41": "2007", - "5727d1c93acd2414000ded42": "2007", - "5727d3843acd2414000ded69": "1978 and 2008, entering students were required to complete a core curriculum of seven", + "5727d1c93acd2414000ded42": "2016", + "5727d3843acd2414000ded69": "seven", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6a": "eight", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6b": "The New York Times", - "5727d4922ca10214002d977c": "September", - "5727d4922ca10214002d977d": "four", - "5727d4922ca10214002d977e": "Students graduating in the top 4\u20135%", - "5727d4922ca10214002d977f": "90% in 2004 to 60%", + "5727d4922ca10214002d977c": "semester calendar", + "5727d4922ca10214002d977d": "the class are awarded magna cum laude, and the next 30% of the class are awarded cum laude.", + "5727d4922ca10214002d977e": "degrees", + "5727d4922ca10214002d977f": "60%", "5727d6154b864d1900163e34": "38", - "5727d6154b864d1900163e35": "57", - "5727d6154b864d1900163e36": "2007", - "5727d6154b864d1900163e37": "2009", - "5727d6154b864d1900163e38": "88% of Harvard's aid for undergraduate students, with aid also provided by loans (8%)", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e35": "$57", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e36": "nothing", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e37": "$414 million", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e38": "88%", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969a": "Widener Library", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969c": "three", - "5727d6faff5b5019007d969d": "oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases both old and new is stored in Pusey Library", - "5727d6faff5b5019007d969b": "18", + "5727d6faff5b5019007d969d": "Pusey Library", + "5727d6faff5b5019007d969b": "18 million volumes", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5e": "three", - "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5f": "three", + "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5f": "the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th-century French art.", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e60": "Peabody Museum of Archaeology", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee17": "2003", - "5727d9c43acd2414000dee18": "2011", + "5727d9c43acd2414000dee18": "THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee19": "The Princeton Review", "5727da564b864d1900163e8e": "42", "5727da564b864d1900163e8f": "rivalry", - "5727da564b864d1900163e90": "every", + "5727da564b864d1900163e90": "every two years", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fc": "1875", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fd": "1903", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fe": "1906", - "5727db85ff5b5019007d96ff": "Walter Camp", - "5727dc473acd2414000dee43": "three", + "5727db85ff5b5019007d96ff": "the Yale football team", + "5727dc473acd2414000dee43": "The Malkin Athletic Center", "5727dc473acd2414000dee44": "The Malkin Athletic Center", "5727dc473acd2414000dee45": "three", - "5727dd2e4b864d1900163eba": "23 years, the Harvard-Yale Regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry", - "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebb": "June", - "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebc": "Harvard-Yale Regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry", + "5727dd2e4b864d1900163eba": "23", + "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebb": "the Thames River", + "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebc": "Cornell", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebd": "2003", - "5727de862ca10214002d9860": "Secretary General", - "5727de862ca10214002d9861": "Roosevelt", - "5727de862ca10214002d9862": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda", - "5727de862ca10214002d9863": "Roosevelt", + "5727de862ca10214002d9860": "Ban Ki-moon", + "5727de862ca10214002d9861": "the European Union Anthony Luzzatto Gardner.", + "5727de862ca10214002d9862": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Figueres", + "5727de862ca10214002d9863": "Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu", "5727e0474b864d1900163f08": "comedian, television show host and writer Conan O'Brien", "5727e0474b864d1900163f09": "Leonard Bernstein", - "5727e0474b864d1900163f0a": "Leonard Bernstein", - "5727e0474b864d1900163f0b": "Ralph Waldo Emerson", - "5727e21e4b864d1900163f34": "biologist", - "5727e21e4b864d1900163f35": "Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig", - "5727e21e4b864d1900163f36": "Stephen", - "5727c94bff5b5019007d954a": "53", - "5727c94bff5b5019007d954b": "2014", - "5727c94bff5b5019007d954c": "53", - "5727c94bff5b5019007d954d": "53", + "5727e0474b864d1900163f0a": "Yo Yo Ma", + "5727e0474b864d1900163f0b": "W. E. B. Du Bois", + "5727e21e4b864d1900163f34": "Shing-Tung Yau", + "5727e21e4b864d1900163f35": "Alan Dershowitz", + "5727e21e4b864d1900163f36": "Stephen Greenblatt", + "5727c94bff5b5019007d954a": "the contiguous United States. It is the county seat of Duval County, with which the city government consolidated in 1968.", + "5727c94bff5b5019007d954b": "1,345,596", + "5727c94bff5b5019007d954c": "12th most populous", + "5727c94bff5b5019007d954d": "the county seat of Duval County", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954e": "1968", - "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9676": "the St. Johns River, about 25 miles (40 km", - "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9677": "the St. Johns River, about 25 miles (40 km) south of the Georgia state line and about 340 miles (550 km", + "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9676": "St. Johns River", + "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9677": "the St. Johns River, about 25 miles (40 km) south of the Georgia state line and about 340 miles", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9678": "Fort Caroline", - "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9679": "the Timucua people, and in 1564", + "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9679": "the Timucua people", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d967a": "Andrew Jackson", - "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958e": "the Jacksonville area, particularly tourism related to golf. People from Jacksonville may be called \"Jacksonvillians", - "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958f": "the Jacksonville area, particularly tourism related to golf. People from Jacksonville may be called \"Jacksonvillians", - "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9590": "two", - "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9591": "People from Jacksonville may be called \"Jacksonvillians", - "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bec": "the modern city of Jacksonville", - "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bed": "BC", - "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bee": "BC", - "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bef": "century", - "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bf0": "a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area", - "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c26": "Jean", - "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c27": "Jean", - "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c28": "September", - "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c29": "Jean Ribault", - "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c2a": "Jean Ribault", + "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958e": "the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port.", + "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958f": "the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port.", + "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9590": "The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay", + "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9591": "may be called \"Jacksonvillians", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bec": "thousands", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bed": "the oldest remnants of pottery in the United States, dating to 2500 BC", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bee": "the oldest remnants of pottery in the United States, dating to 2500 BC", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bef": "era", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bf0": "a village called", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c26": "Jean Ribault", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c27": "France", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c28": "September 20, 1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline, and killed nearly all the French soldiers", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c29": "San Mateo", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c2a": "the St. Johns River", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d06": "21", - "572810ec2ca10214002d9d07": "21", + "572810ec2ca10214002d9d07": "the United States in 1821", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d08": "a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British", - "572810ec2ca10214002d9d09": "the American Revolutionary War, and the settlement at the Cow Ford continued to grow. After Spain ceded the Florida Territory to the United States in 1821", - "572810ec2ca10214002d9d0a": "9, 1832", + "572810ec2ca10214002d9d09": "Spain", + "572810ec2ca10214002d9d0a": "February 9, 1832", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c76": "cattle", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c77": "The Skirmish of the Brick Church in 1862", - "5728128cff5b5019007d9c78": "retreated to Jacksonville and held the city for the remainder of the war. In March 1864", - "5728128cff5b5019007d9c79": "the war. In March 1864", + "5728128cff5b5019007d9c78": "Cedar Creek", + "5728128cff5b5019007d9c79": "the American Civil War, Jacksonville was a key supply point for hogs and cattle being shipped from Florida to aid the Confederate cause.", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c7a": "March 1864", - "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbc": "St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous", - "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbd": "Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February", - "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbe": "yellow", - "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbf": "St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous", - "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cc0": "St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous", - "5728170d3acd2414000df443": "1901", - "5728170d3acd2414000df444": "1901", - "5728170d3acd2414000df445": "1901", - "5728170d3acd2414000df446": "1901", - "57281940ff5b5019007d9d44": "30", - "57281940ff5b5019007d9d45": "30", - "57281940ff5b5019007d9d46": "30", - "57281940ff5b5019007d9d47": "30", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbc": "Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbd": "Grover Cleveland", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbe": "the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks. In addition, extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south drew visitors to other areas.", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbf": "the city on February 22, 1888 during his trip to Florida.", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cc0": "the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks. In addition, extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south drew visitors to other areas.", + "5728170d3acd2414000df443": "the city.", + "5728170d3acd2414000df444": "2,000", + "5728170d3acd2414000df445": "the city. The first multi-story structure built by Klutho was the Dyal-Upchurch Building in 1902.", + "5728170d3acd2414000df446": "the \"Great Fire of 1901", + "57281940ff5b5019007d9d44": "more than 30", + "57281940ff5b5019007d9d45": "more than 30", + "57281940ff5b5019007d9d46": "Capital of the World", + "57281940ff5b5019007d9d47": "the 1910s, New York\u2013based filmmakers were attracted to Jacksonville's warm climate, exotic locations, excellent rail access, and cheap labor.", "57281ab63acd2414000df493": "the suburbs", - "57281ab63acd2414000df494": "1970", - "57281ab63acd2414000df495": "1970", - "57281ab63acd2414000df496": "1970", + "57281ab63acd2414000df494": "55.1%", + "57281ab63acd2414000df495": "white flight", + "57281ab63acd2414000df496": "the city of Jacksonville began to increase spending to fund new public building projects in the boom that occurred after the war. Mayor W. Haydon Burns", "57281ab63acd2414000df497": "World War II", - "57281bb84b864d190016449a": "1958", - "57281bb84b864d190016449b": "1958", + "57281bb84b864d190016449a": "education", + "57281bb84b864d190016449b": "unincorporated suburbs had difficulty obtaining municipal services, such as sewage and building code enforcement", "57281bb84b864d190016449c": "1958", - "57281bb84b864d190016449d": "six referendums between 1960", - "57281d494b864d19001644be": "the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government", + "57281bb84b864d190016449d": "six", + "57281d494b864d19001644be": "the traditional old boy network", "57281d494b864d19001644bf": "11", - "57281d494b864d19001644c0": "the mid-1960s", - "57281d494b864d19001644c1": "the mid-1960s", - "57281edd3acd2414000df4eb": "1967", - "57281edd3acd2414000df4ec": "1967", - "57281edd3acd2414000df4ed": "1968", - "57281edd3acd2414000df4ee": "2000", - "57281edd3acd2414000df4ef": "2000", - "572820512ca10214002d9e72": "86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land and ; 13.34%", + "57281d494b864d19001644c0": "the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government.", + "57281d494b864d19001644c1": "the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government.", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4eb": "voters", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4ec": "Hans", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4ed": "the Consolidated City of Jacksonville", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4ee": "Better Jacksonville Plan, promoted as a blueprint for Jacksonville's future and approved by Jacksonville voters in 2000, authorized a half-penny", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4ef": "most", + "572820512ca10214002d9e72": "the contiguous United States; of this, 86.66% (757.", "572820512ca10214002d9e73": "The St. Johns River", "572820512ca10214002d9e74": "The Trout River", "572820512ca10214002d9e75": "13.34%", - "572820512ca10214002d9e76": "86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land and ; 13.34%", - "572821274b864d1900164510": "1990", - "572821274b864d1900164511": "1990", - "572821274b864d1900164512": "1990", - "572821274b864d1900164513": "28 floor Riverplace Tower", + "572820512ca10214002d9e76": "the town of Baldwin", + "572821274b864d1900164510": "the Barnett Center", + "572821274b864d1900164511": "the Barnett Center", + "572821274b864d1900164512": "617", + "572821274b864d1900164513": "42", "572821274b864d1900164514": "37", - "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc4": "thunder", - "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc5": "May through September", - "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc6": "thunder", - "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc7": "latitude and coastal location, the city sees very little cold weather", - "57282358ff5b5019007d9dde": "1879", - "57282358ff5b5019007d9ddf": "53 F in January to 82 F in July. High temperatures", - "57282358ff5b5019007d9de0": "thunder", - "57282358ff5b5019007d9de1": "53 F in January to 82 F in July", - "572824f13acd2414000df58f": "1871", - "572824f13acd2414000df590": "1871", - "572824f13acd2414000df591": "70", - "572824f13acd2414000df592": "1871", + "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc4": "subtropical climate", + "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc5": "Seasonal rainfall", + "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc6": "sunny", + "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc7": "very little cold weather", + "57282358ff5b5019007d9dde": "July", + "57282358ff5b5019007d9ddf": "thunderstorms", + "57282358ff5b5019007d9de0": "a typical summer afternoon. These are caused by the rapid heating of the land relative to the water, combined with extremely high humidity.", + "57282358ff5b5019007d9de1": "July", + "572824f13acd2414000df58f": "the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean, or passing to the north or south in the Atlantic and brushing past the area.", + "572824f13acd2414000df590": "110 mph", + "572824f13acd2414000df591": "Beryl", + "572824f13acd2414000df592": "Saffir-Simpson Scale", "572824f13acd2414000df593": "2008", "572826634b864d19001645be": "tenth", "572826634b864d19001645bf": "366,273", "572826634b864d19001645c0": "25,033", "572826634b864d19001645c1": "25,033", - "572827fc3acd2414000df5bb": "11", - "572827fc3acd2414000df5bc": "11", - "572827fc3acd2414000df5bd": "43.8% were married couples, 15.2%", - "572827fc3acd2414000df5be": "11", + "572827fc3acd2414000df5bb": "the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples, 15.2%", + "572827fc3acd2414000df5bc": "the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples, 15.", + "572827fc3acd2414000df5bd": "the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples, 15.", + "572827fc3acd2414000df5be": "the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples, 15.", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ee": "40%", - "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ef": "50%", - "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f0": "50%", - "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f1": "50%", - "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f2": "50%", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ef": "3.5 billion", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f0": "the top percentile, whose assets each exceed $759,900", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f1": "the bottom 50%", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f2": "the bottom 50%", "5729d36b1d04691400779607": "40%", - "5729d36b1d04691400779608": "three", - "5729d36b1d04691400779609": "41 trillion", - "5729d36b1d0469140077960a": "half of the global wealth by 2016. An October 2014 study by Credit Suisse also claims that the top 1%", - "5729d36b1d0469140077960b": "50%", - "5727e8424b864d1900163fc0": "2014", - "5727e8424b864d1900163fc1": "New York Times", - "5727e8424b864d1900163fc2": "2014", - "5727e8424b864d1900163fc3": "2014", - "5729d44b1d04691400779611": "half of all Americans", - "5729d44b1d04691400779612": "2014", - "5729d44b1d04691400779613": "2014", - "5729d44b1d04691400779614": "60", - "5729d44b1d04691400779615": "September 2012, according to the Institute for Policy Studies", - "5727e9523acd2414000def95": "different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor", - "5727e9523acd2414000def96": "different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor", - "5727e9523acd2414000def97": "different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor", - "5727e9523acd2414000def98": "different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor", - "5727e9523acd2414000def99": "different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor", - "5729d51d3f37b3190047858f": "inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences", + "5729d36b1d04691400779608": "three richest people in the world possess more financial assets", + "5729d36b1d04691400779609": "nearly $41 trillion", + "5729d36b1d0469140077960a": "half", + "5729d36b1d0469140077960b": "the basis of the methodology used: by using net wealth (adding up assets and subtracting debts), the Oxfam report, for instance", + "5727e8424b864d1900163fc0": "the top 400 richest Americans \"have more wealth than half of all Americans combined", + "5727e8424b864d1900163fc1": "According to the New York Times", + "5727e8424b864d1900163fc2": "Inherited wealth", + "5727e8424b864d1900163fc3": "Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a \"substantial head start\". In September 2012, according to the", + "5729d44b1d04691400779611": "more wealth", + "5729d44b1d04691400779612": "the \"richest 1 percent", + "5729d44b1d04691400779613": "ited wealth", + "5729d44b1d04691400779614": "60 percent", + "5729d44b1d04691400779615": "Institute for Policy Studies", + "5727e9523acd2414000def95": "the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions.", + "5727e9523acd2414000def96": "the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land.", + "5727e9523acd2414000def97": "the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions.", + "5727e9523acd2414000def98": "the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land.", + "5727e9523acd2414000def99": "classifications", + "5729d51d3f37b3190047858f": "arising", "5729d51d3f37b31900478590": "different classifications of workers", - "5729d51d3f37b31900478591": "wages and profits", - "5729d51d3f37b31900478592": "different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor", - "5729d51d3f37b31900478593": "inequality", - "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986e": "the long-term, this trend", - "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986f": "the long-term, this trend", - "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9870": "the long-term, this trend increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment", - "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9871": "the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant", - "5729d609af94a219006aa661": "the long-term, this trend", - "5729d609af94a219006aa662": "capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits", - "5729d609af94a219006aa663": "Over the long-term, this trend", + "5729d51d3f37b31900478591": "the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land.", + "5729d51d3f37b31900478592": "each economic actor", + "5729d51d3f37b31900478593": "the productivity gap", + "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986e": "the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class.", + "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986f": "mechanization and automation", + "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9870": "reserve army of labour\"). This process exerts a downward pressure on wages.", + "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9871": "mechanization and automation", + "5729d609af94a219006aa661": "increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits.", + "5729d609af94a219006aa662": "the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class.", + "5729d609af94a219006aa663": "the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class.", "5729d609af94a219006aa664": "productivity", - "5729d609af94a219006aa665": "the long-term, this trend", - "5727ec062ca10214002d99b6": "purely capitalist mode of production", - "5727ec062ca10214002d99b7": "purely capitalist mode of production", - "5727ec062ca10214002d99b8": "purely capitalist mode of production", - "5727ec062ca10214002d99b9": "purely capitalist mode of production", - "5727ec062ca10214002d99ba": "purely capitalist mode of production", - "5729d878af94a219006aa66b": "purely capitalist mode of production", + "5729d609af94a219006aa665": "relatively stagnant", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99b6": "rather", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99b7": "the price of skill", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99b8": "the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor.", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99b9": "the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor.", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99ba": "the same way as prices for any other good.", + "5729d878af94a219006aa66b": "the market", "5729d878af94a219006aa66c": "prices", - "5729d878af94a219006aa66d": "purely capitalist mode of production", - "5729d878af94a219006aa66e": "the supply of the skilled worker. \"On the other hand, markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society", + "5729d878af94a219006aa66d": "wages", + "5729d878af94a219006aa66e": "markets", "5729d878af94a219006aa66f": "inequality", - "5727ed2e3acd2414000df001": "the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply", - "5727ed2e3acd2414000df002": "A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply", - "5727ed2e3acd2414000df003": "demand", - "5727ed2e3acd2414000df004": "the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply", - "5727ed2e3acd2414000df005": "the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply", - "5729da0faf94a219006aa675": "A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply", - "5729da0faf94a219006aa676": "relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply", - "5729da0faf94a219006aa677": "relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply", - "5729da0faf94a219006aa678": "the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply", - "5729da0faf94a219006aa679": "few able or willing workers (low supply", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df001": "Competition amongst employers", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df002": "the job, since there is a relative shortage", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df003": "a low wage", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df004": "the nature of the job, since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position.", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df005": "the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job.", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa675": "the nature of the job, since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position.", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa676": "competition between workers drives down the wage. An example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa677": "the nature of the job, since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position.", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa678": "the job, since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position.", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa679": "there are few able or willing workers (low supply), but a large need for the positions (high demand", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ec": "higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", - "5727ee372ca10214002d99ed": "survival needs such as income for food and shelter", - "5727ee372ca10214002d99ee": "survival needs such as income for food and shelter", - "5727ee372ca10214002d99ef": "rates", - "5727ee372ca10214002d99f0": "higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", - "5729de24af94a219006aa689": "higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", + "5727ee372ca10214002d99ed": "Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter", + "5727ee372ca10214002d99ee": "survival needs", + "5727ee372ca10214002d99ef": "the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment", + "5727ee372ca10214002d99f0": "the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", + "5729de24af94a219006aa689": "higher economic inequality", "5729de24af94a219006aa68a": "higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", - "5729de24af94a219006aa68b": "Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter", - "5729de24af94a219006aa68c": "higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", - "5729de24af94a219006aa68d": "the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", - "5727ef664b864d1900164060": "the level of inequality within a society", - "5727ef664b864d1900164061": "society", - "5727ef664b864d1900164062": "the level of inequality within a society", - "5727ef664b864d1900164063": "society", + "5729de24af94a219006aa68b": "Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter (\"push\" motivations", + "5729de24af94a219006aa68c": "the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-", + "5729de24af94a219006aa68d": "more positive impact on economic growth", + "5727ef664b864d1900164060": "A progressive", + "5727ef664b864d1900164061": "the top tax rate", + "5727ef664b864d1900164062": "a more equal distribution of income across the board.", + "5727ef664b864d1900164063": "a more equal distribution of income across the board.", "5729e02f1d04691400779639": "rate", "5729e02f1d0469140077963a": "the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society", - "5729e02f1d0469140077963b": "inequality within a society", - "5729e02f1d0469140077963c": "steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board. The difference", - "5727f05b4b864d1900164068": "the creation of inequality", - "5727f05b4b864d1900164069": "the creation of inequality", - "5727f05b4b864d190016406a": "the creation of inequality", + "5729e02f1d0469140077963b": "steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending", + "5729e02f1d0469140077963c": "The difference", + "5727f05b4b864d1900164068": "The justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate savings and investment.", + "5727f05b4b864d1900164069": "the creation of inequality is variation in individuals' access to education.", + "5727f05b4b864d190016406a": "lower incomes", "5727f05b4b864d190016406b": "poor", - "5727f05b4b864d190016406c": "lower wages. The justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate savings", + "5727f05b4b864d190016406c": ", and thus lower aggregate savings and investment. Conversely, education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor.", "5729e1101d04691400779641": "variation in individuals' access to education", - "5729e1101d04691400779642": "inequality is variation in individuals' access to education. Education, especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers, creates high wages", - "5729e1101d04691400779643": "lower", + "5729e1101d04691400779642": "wages", + "5729e1101d04691400779643": "lower wages", "5729e1101d04691400779644": "lower incomes", - "5729e1101d04691400779645": "poor", + "5729e1101d04691400779645": "the poor", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05b": "2014", - "5727f16c3acd2414000df05c": "2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's", - "5727f16c3acd2414000df05d": "2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's", - "5727f16c3acd2414000df05e": "2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's", + "5727f16c3acd2414000df05c": "billion", + "5727f16c3acd2414000df05d": "the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles.", + "5727f16c3acd2414000df05e": "the Standard & Poor's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the U.", "5729e1e36aef0514001550ba": "2014", - "5729e1e36aef0514001550bb": "2014", - "5729e1e36aef0514001550bc": "2014", - "5729e1e36aef0514001550bd": "105 billion", - "5729e1e36aef0514001550be": "2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550bb": "slowed its recovery", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550bc": "the resulting slow growth, S&P recommended increasing access to education.", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550bd": "billion", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550be": "more prone to boom-and-bust cycles", "5727f2714b864d1900164072": "1910\u20131940", - "5727f2714b864d1900164073": "1910\u20131940", - "5727f2714b864d1900164074": "1910\u20131940", + "5727f2714b864d1900164073": "there was an increase in skilled workers", + "5727f2714b864d1900164074": "there was an increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor.", "5727f2714b864d1900164075": "gender inequality in education", - "5727f2714b864d1900164076": "1910\u20131940", - "5729e2b76aef0514001550ce": "1910\u20131940", - "5729e2b76aef0514001550cf": "1910\u20131940", - "5729e2b76aef0514001550d0": "1910\u20131940", - "5729e2b76aef0514001550d1": "gender inequality in education", - "5729e2b76aef0514001550d2": "gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth, and continued gender inequality in education, thus creating a poverty trap", + "5727f2714b864d1900164076": "a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550ce": "1910", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550cf": "an increase in skilled workers", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550d0": "the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work.", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550d1": "Education is very important for the growth of the economy", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550d2": "gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth, and continued gender inequality in education", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e7": "decline of union membership", - "5727f6723acd2414000df0e8": "lower level of economic mobility", - "5727f6723acd2414000df0ea": "decline of union membership", + "5727f6723acd2414000df0e8": "lower level of economic mobility than all the continental European countries", + "5727f6723acd2414000df0ea": "the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality.", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e9": "decline of union membership", - "5729e38daf94a219006aa69d": "decline of union membership", - "5729e38daf94a219006aa69e": "associated with substantial levels of social exclusion, including high levels of income inequality", - "5729e38daf94a219006aa69f": "Ben Zipperer", - "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a0": "the decline of union membership", - "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a1": "2006) of the CEPR point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership", - "5727f7523acd2414000df10d": "rates of unionization", - "5727f7523acd2414000df10e": "decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap", - "5727f7523acd2414000df10f": "decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa69d": "inequality", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa69e": "associated with substantial levels of social exclusion", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa69f": "the CEPR", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a0": "U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a1": "lower level of economic mobility", + "5727f7523acd2414000df10d": "nations with high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia", + "5727f7523acd2414000df10e": "hand-in-hand", + "5727f7523acd2414000df10f": "the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization", "5727f7523acd2414000df110": "the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization", - "5729e4291d04691400779651": "Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington", - "5729e4291d04691400779652": "Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington", - "5729e4291d04691400779653": "Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington", - "5729e4291d04691400779654": "rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia", - "5729e4291d04691400779655": "the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap", - "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a18": "rising inequality in the United States. He attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production", - "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a19": "rising inequality in the United States. He attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production", - "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1a": "rising inequality in the United States. He attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production", - "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1b": "rising inequality", - "5729f1283f37b319004785d7": "global", - "5729f1283f37b319004785d8": "international trade on the distribution of incomes. Lawrence Katz estimates that trade has only accounted for 5-15%", - "5729f1283f37b319004785d9": "Paul Krugman estimates that trade liberalisation", - "5729f1283f37b319004785da": "technological innovation, a view shared by other experts", - "5729f1283f37b319004785db": "the effects of international trade on the distribution of incomes. Lawrence Katz estimates that trade has only accounted for 5-15%", + "5729e4291d04691400779651": "University of Washington", + "5729e4291d04691400779652": "University of Washington", + "5729e4291d04691400779653": "the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap", + "5729e4291d04691400779654": "nations", + "5729e4291d04691400779655": "the income gap than technological changes and globalization, which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that didn't experience steep surges in inequality.", + "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a18": "the United States.", + "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a19": "the United States.", + "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1a": "the distribution of incomes. Lawrence Katz estimates that trade has only accounted for 5-15% of rising income inequality.", + "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1b": "technological innovation and automation", + "5729f1283f37b319004785d7": "a domestic scale", + "5729f1283f37b319004785d8": "low-skilled workers", + "5729f1283f37b319004785d9": "Paul Krugman", + "5729f1283f37b319004785da": "minor", + "5729f1283f37b319004785db": "Robert Lawrence", "5727fd123acd2414000df185": "53%", - "5727fd123acd2414000df186": "53% in Botswana to -40", - "5727fd123acd2414000df187": "53%", - "5727fd123acd2414000df188": "53%", + "5727fd123acd2414000df186": "-40%", + "5727fd123acd2414000df187": "a difference in earnings between women and men. The income gap in other countries ranges from 53%", + "5727fd123acd2414000df188": "the labor market. Several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap.", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e7": "53%", - "5729f1c13f37b319004785e8": "53%", - "5729f1c13f37b319004785e9": "53%", + "5729f1c13f37b319004785e8": "the labor market. Several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap.", + "5729f1c13f37b319004785e9": "women", "5729f1c13f37b319004785ea": "Thomas Sowell", - "5729f1c13f37b319004785eb": "53%", + "5729f1c13f37b319004785eb": "difference", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ab": "social welfare programs", - "5727ff083acd2414000df1ac": "Eventually", - "5727ff083acd2414000df1ad": "Eventually", - "5727ff083acd2414000df1ae": "Eventually", - "5729f24baf94a219006aa6dd": "Simon Kuznets", - "5729f24baf94a219006aa6de": "Simon Kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality", - "5729f24baf94a219006aa6df": "capital", + "5727ff083acd2414000df1ac": ", which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality.", + "5727ff083acd2414000df1ad": "the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality.", + "5727ff083acd2414000df1ae": "various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs, more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality.", + "5729f24baf94a219006aa6dd": "Economist Simon Kuznets", + "5729f24baf94a219006aa6de": "levels of economic inequality are in large part", + "5729f24baf94a219006aa6df": "more capital", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e0": "more wealth and income", - "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e1": "social welfare programs", - "57287b322ca10214002da3be": "the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory", + "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e1": "various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs", + "57287b322ca10214002da3be": "the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s.", "57287b322ca10214002da3bf": "1970s", - "57287b322ca10214002da3c0": "the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory", - "57287b322ca10214002da3c1": "the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory", - "5729f3883f37b319004785f1": "the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory", + "57287b322ca10214002da3c0": "the manufacturing sector to the service sector", + "57287b322ca10214002da3c1": "the manufacturing sector to the service sector", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f1": "the relationship between level of income and inequality, Kuznets", "5729f3883f37b319004785f2": "the Kuznets curve", - "5729f3883f37b319004785f3": "the Kuznets curve. Kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data. However, more recent testing of this theory", - "5729f3883f37b319004785f4": "the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory", - "5729f3883f37b319004785f5": "the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory", - "57287c2bff5b5019007da26c": "society", - "57287c2bff5b5019007da26d": "society", - "57287c2bff5b5019007da26e": "society", - "57287c2bff5b5019007da26f": "society", - "5729f4273f37b319004785fb": "society", - "5729f4273f37b319004785fc": "society", - "5729f4273f37b319004785fd": "society", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f3": "superior panel data has shown it to be very weak", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f4": "eventually decrease given time.", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f5": "effect", + "57287c2bff5b5019007da26c": "Wealth concentration", + "57287c2bff5b5019007da26d": "Wealth concentration", + "57287c2bff5b5019007da26e": "the persistence of inequality within society", + "57287c2bff5b5019007da26f": "the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities.", + "5729f4273f37b319004785fb": "Wealth concentration is a theoretical[according to whom?] process by which, under certain conditions, newly created wealth concentrates in the possession", + "5729f4273f37b319004785fc": "the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities.", + "5729f4273f37b319004785fd": "persistence", "5729f4273f37b319004785fe": "Thomas Piketty", - "5729f4273f37b319004785ff": "society", - "5729f4e46aef051400155157": "Stiglitz", - "5729f4e46aef051400155156": "Stiglitz", - "5729f4e46aef051400155158": "Stiglitz", - "5729f4e46aef051400155159": "growing inequality", - "5729f4e46aef05140015515a": "Stiglitz", - "5729f60caf94a219006aa6ef": "higher rates of health and social problems", - "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f0": "the top 21 industrialised countries, counting each person equally, life expectancy", - "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f1": "lower in more unequal countries (r = -.907", - "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f2": "lower rates", - "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f3": "lower in more unequal countries (r = -.907", - "572a05eb3f37b31900478653": "rising inequality", - "572a05eb3f37b31900478654": "rising", - "572a05eb3f37b31900478655": "rising inequality", - "572a05eb3f37b31900478656": "rising inequality", - "572a05eb3f37b31900478657": "rising inequality", - "572a06866aef0514001551be": "British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", - "572a06866aef0514001551bf": "Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", - "572a06866aef0514001551c0": "lower rates of social goods (life expectancy", - "572a06866aef0514001551c2": "Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", - "572a06866aef0514001551c1": "higher inequality. Using statistics from 23 developed countries and the 50 states of the US, they found social/health problems lower in countries like Japan", - "572a070c6aef0514001551c8": "77", - "572a070c6aef0514001551c9": "77", - "572a070c6aef0514001551ca": "poorer countries, where life expectancy", - "572a070c6aef0514001551cb": "77", - "572a070c6aef0514001551cc": "80", - "572a07a86aef0514001551d2": "Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", + "5729f4273f37b319004785ff": "higher returns", + "5729f4e46aef051400155157": "a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained by the non-", + "5729f4e46aef051400155156": "Economist Joseph Stiglitz", + "5729f4e46aef051400155158": "the use of political power generated by wealth by certain groups to shape government policies financially beneficial to them.", + "5729f4e46aef051400155159": "political power", + "5729f4e46aef05140015515a": "rent-seeking", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6ef": "inequality", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f0": "lower level of economic growth", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f1": "life expectancy", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f2": "lower", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f3": "A similar relationship exists among US states", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478653": "the most important problem.", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478654": "rising inequality", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478655": "negative", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478656": "erodes self-esteem", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478657": "Policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth", + "572a06866aef0514001551be": "British", + "572a06866aef0514001551bf": "higher rates of health and social problems", + "572a06866aef0514001551c0": "lower", + "572a06866aef0514001551c2": "23", + "572a06866aef0514001551c1": "equality", + "572a070c6aef0514001551c8": "better health and longer lives.", + "572a070c6aef0514001551c9": "poorer countries", + "572a070c6aef0514001551ca": "life expectancy", + "572a070c6aef0514001551cb": "Americans", + "572a070c6aef0514001551cc": "more equally", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d2": "inequality", "572a07a86aef0514001551d3": "Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", - "572a07a86aef0514001551d4": "Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", - "572a07a86aef0514001551d5": "Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", - "572a07a86aef0514001551d6": "Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", - "572a0a391d046914007796df": "society", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d4": "nine", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d5": "the US with larger income inequalities.", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d6": "income inequality", + "572a0a391d046914007796df": "inequality in society", "572a0a391d046914007796e0": "homicides", "572a0a391d046914007796e1": "fifty", "572a0a391d046914007796e3": "half", - "572a0a391d046914007796e2": "society", - "572a0bafaf94a219006aa765": "society", - "572a0bafaf94a219006aa766": "society", - "572a0bafaf94a219006aa767": "richer", - "572a0bafaf94a219006aa768": "richer", - "572a0bafaf94a219006aa769": "society", - "572a0c541d046914007796f3": "the Poor", + "572a0a391d046914007796e2": "tenfold difference in homicide rates related to inequality. They estimated that about half", + "572a0bafaf94a219006aa765": "the greatest good", + "572a0bafaf94a219006aa766": "distributive efficiency", + "572a0bafaf94a219006aa767": "things providing a great deal of utility to that person, such as basic necessities like food, water, and healthcare", + "572a0bafaf94a219006aa768": "Thus, the marginal utility of wealth per person (\"the additional dollar\") decreases", + "572a0bafaf94a219006aa769": "higher aggregate utility", + "572a0c541d046914007796f3": "rather than income should be the measure of inequality, and inequality of consumption", "572a0c541d046914007796f4": "Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato Institute", - "572a0c541d046914007796f5": "2001 than it was in 1986. The debate is summarized in \"The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor", - "572a0c541d046914007796f6": "Thomas", - "572a0c541d046914007796f7": "Thomas", - "572a0d21af94a219006aa783": "Raghuram Rajan", - "572a0d21af94a219006aa784": "2007", - "572a0d21af94a219006aa785": "2007", - "572a0d21af94a219006aa786": "easier credit to the lower and middle income earners \u2013 particularly to buy homes \u2013 and easier credit in general to keep unemployment rates", - "572a0d21af94a219006aa787": "the American economy a tendency", - "572a0e0e1d04691400779707": "inequality", + "572a0c541d046914007796f5": "2001", + "572a0c541d046914007796f6": "Thomas B. Edsall", + "572a0c541d046914007796f7": "Thomas B. Edsall", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa783": "the past\" \u2013 the Financial crisis of 2007\u201308 being the most recent example.", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa784": "the past\" \u2013 the Financial crisis of 2007\u201308 being the most recent example.", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa785": "the Financial crisis of 2007", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa786": "easier credit", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa787": "the past\" \u2013 the Financial crisis of 2007\u201308 being the most recent example.", + "572a0e0e1d04691400779707": "the medium term", "572a0e0e1d04691400779708": "not just economic prosperity", "572a0e0e1d04691400779709": "declines", - "572a0e0e1d0469140077970a": "bottom 20 percent (the poor", - "572a0e0e1d0469140077970b": "bottom 20 percent (the poor", - "572a0ecb1d04691400779717": "David Castells-Quintana", - "572a0ecb1d04691400779718": "redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty", - "572a0ecb1d04691400779719": "persistent unemployment", - "572a0ecb1d0469140077971a": "redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty", - "572a0ecb1d0469140077971b": "Policies aiming at controlling unemployment", - "572a1046af94a219006aa78d": "Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009", - "572a1046af94a219006aa78e": "Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009", - "572a1046af94a219006aa78f": "Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009", - "572a1046af94a219006aa790": "Branko Milanovic", - "572a1046af94a219006aa791": "Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009", - "572a11663f37b31900478693": "1993", - "572a11663f37b31900478694": "1993", - "572a11663f37b31900478695": "societies", + "572a0e0e1d0469140077970a": "higher GDP growth", + "572a0e0e1d0469140077970b": "the middle class", + "572a0ecb1d04691400779717": "Vicente Royuela, increasing inequality harms economic growth.", + "572a0ecb1d04691400779718": "harms economic growth", + "572a0ecb1d04691400779719": "economic growth", + "572a0ecb1d0469140077971a": ", and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest and conflict.", + "572a0ecb1d0469140077971b": "inequality-associated effects", + "572a1046af94a219006aa78d": "Stiglitz", + "572a1046af94a219006aa78e": "the poor and invest it in physical capital.", + "572a1046af94a219006aa78f": "the poor and invest it in physical capital.", + "572a1046af94a219006aa790": "The main reason for this shift is the increasing importance of human capital in development. When physical capital mattered most, savings and investments were key.", + "572a1046af94a219006aa791": "the poor and invest it in physical capital.", + "572a11663f37b31900478693": "1993, Galor and Zeira", + "572a11663f37b31900478694": "the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development", + "572a11663f37b31900478695": "the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth.", "572a11663f37b31900478696": "lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, and apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility", - "572a11663f37b31900478697": "societies", - "572a12381d0469140077972d": "1999", - "572a12381d0469140077972e": "1999", - "572a12381d0469140077972c": "Robert Barro, found that there is \"little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment\". According to work by Barro in 1999", - "572a12381d0469140077972b": "1999", - "572a12381d0469140077972f": "2000", + "572a11663f37b31900478697": "politically and socially unstable", + "572a12381d0469140077972d": "reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries.", + "572a12381d0469140077972e": "the duration of growth.", + "572a12381d0469140077972c": "relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment", + "572a12381d0469140077972b": "Harvard economist", + "572a12381d0469140077972f": "between 1960 and 2000", "572a13841d0469140077973b": "the Kuznets curve hypothesis", - "572a13841d0469140077973c": "1914", + "572a13841d0469140077973c": "the Kuznets curve hypothesis", "572a13841d0469140077973d": "Thomas Piketty", - "572a13841d0469140077973e": "Thomas Piketty", - "572a13841d0469140077973f": "1914", + "572a13841d0469140077973e": "Economist Thomas Piketty", + "572a13841d0469140077973f": "wars and \"violent economic and political shocks", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7df": "1970s", - "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e0": "1970s", + "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e0": "reduced consumer demand", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e1": "risen with increased income inequality", - "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e2": "1950s to 2011 incorrectly stated that inequality had a positive effect on economic development. Analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates", - "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e3": "1950s to 2011 incorrectly stated that inequality", - "572a1a5c6aef051400155284": "poorer sections of society", - "572a1a5c6aef051400155285": "poorer sections of society", - "572a1a5c6aef051400155286": "60 years", - "572a1a5c6aef051400155287": "Secretary General of the United Nations", + "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e2": "several years for effects to manifest as changes to economic growth", + "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e3": "er growth spells", + "572a1a5c6aef051400155284": "special efforts", + "572a1a5c6aef051400155285": "the existing level of inequality.", + "572a1a5c6aef051400155286": "nearly 60 years", + "572a1a5c6aef051400155287": "United Nations", "572a1a5c6aef051400155288": "reducing poverty", - "572a1ba46aef05140015528e": "extra", - "572a1ba46aef05140015528f": "extra-legal ownership", + "572a1ba46aef05140015528e": "much land and housing", + "572a1ba46aef05140015528f": "various associations and other arrangements", "572a1ba46aef051400155290": "extra", - "572a1ba46aef051400155291": "200 steps and up to 14 years", - "572a1ba46aef051400155292": "14", - "572a1c943f37b319004786e1": "shortage of affordable housing \u2013 at least in the US \u2013 is caused in part by income inequality", + "572a1ba46aef051400155291": "200", + "572a1ba46aef051400155292": "some countries", + "572a1c943f37b319004786e1": "a shortage of affordable housing", "572a1c943f37b319004786e2": "the number of quality rental units", "572a1c943f37b319004786e3": "1984 and 1991, the number of quality rental units", - "572a1c943f37b319004786e4": "East New York, rental prices", + "572a1c943f37b319004786e4": "rapidly", "572a1c943f37b319004786e5": "rising prices", - "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f5": "Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone", - "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f6": "Firstly", - "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f7": "Secondly", - "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f8": "Secondly", - "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f9": "inequality and potential economic instability", - "572a1f086aef0514001552c0": "The smaller the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution is created, resulting in many cases, in more environmental degradation", + "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f5": "by everyone", + "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f6": "worse equipped to manage their finances", + "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f7": "aspirational consumption", + "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f8": "taking on debt", + "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f9": "even greater inequality and potential economic instability", + "572a1f086aef0514001552c0": "the more waste and pollution", "572a1f086aef0514001552c1": "lower, and thus the amount of environmental degradation", - "572a1f086aef0514001552c2": "more environmental degradation. This can be explained by the fact that as the poor people in the society", - "572a1f086aef0514001552c3": "more environmental degradation. This can be explained by the fact that as the poor people in the society", - "572a1fe16aef0514001552d0": "ists", - "572a1fe16aef0514001552d1": "rectify this situation, socialists argue that the means of production", - "572a1fe16aef0514001552d2": "wage or salary", - "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3": "the form of a wage or salary. In order to rectify this situation, socialists argue that the means of production", - "572a1fe16aef0514001552d4": "the form of a wage or salary. In order to rectify this situation, socialists argue that the means of production", - "572a20816aef0514001552e4": "Robert Nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force (usually in the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society", - "572a20816aef0514001552e5": "usually in the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society", - "572a20816aef0514001552e6": "Robert Nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force (usually in the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society", - "572a20816aef0514001552e7": "the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society", - "572a20816aef0514001552e8": "A Theory of Justice", - "572a213e6aef0514001552ee": "income inequality and poverty as form of \u201ccapability deprivation", - "572a213e6aef0514001552ef": "rather than the end itself", - "572a213e6aef0514001552f0": "poverty as form of \u201ccapability deprivation", - "572a213e6aef0514001552f1": "income inequality and poverty as form of \u201ccapability deprivation", + "572a1f086aef0514001552c2": "the current high level of population", + "572a1f086aef0514001552c3": "the more waste and pollution is created, resulting in many cases, in more environmental degradation.", + "572a1fe16aef0514001552d0": "the private ownership of the means of production", + "572a1fe16aef0514001552d1": "a situation where a small portion of the population", + "572a1fe16aef0514001552d2": "By contrast, the vast majority of the population is dependent on income in the form of a wage or salary", + "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3": "the form of a wage or salary. In order to rectify this situation, socialists argue that the means of production should be socially", + "572a1fe16aef0514001552d4": "reflective", + "572a20816aef0514001552e4": "Robert Nozick", + "572a20816aef0514001552e5": "usually in the form of taxation", + "572a20816aef0514001552e6": "force", + "572a20816aef0514001552e7": "the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society would be one where all individuals are free from force.", + "572a20816aef0514001552e8": "only justified when they improve society as a whole, including the poorest members.", + "572a213e6aef0514001552ee": "capability deprivation", + "572a213e6aef0514001552ef": "economic growth and income are considered a means to an end rather than the end itself", + "572a213e6aef0514001552f0": "capability deprivation", + "572a213e6aef0514001552f1": "\u201ccapability deprivation", "572a213e6aef0514001552f2": "The capabilities approach \u2013 sometimes called the human development approach \u2013 looks at income inequality and poverty as form of \u201ccapability deprivation", - "572a2224af94a219006aa823": "lowered", + "572a2224af94a219006aa823": "it becomes more difficult to reduce the gap without additional aid.", "572a2224af94a219006aa824": "An old, ill man", "572a2224af94a219006aa825": "gender roles and customs", - "572a2224af94a219006aa826": "rampant", - "572a2224af94a219006aa827": "\u2019s important to have political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security", - "5727efabff5b5019007d98e2": "BBC", + "572a2224af94a219006aa826": "rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work for fear of their lives", + "572a2224af94a219006aa827": "a better relevant income", + "5727efabff5b5019007d98e2": "the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord\u2014a space and time-travelling humanoid alien.", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e3": "1963", - "5727efabff5b5019007d98e4": "TARDIS", + "5727efabff5b5019007d98e4": "TARDIS, a sentient time-travelling", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e5": "a blue British police box", - "5727efabff5b5019007d98e6": "BBC", + "5727efabff5b5019007d98e6": "the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord\u2014a space and time-travelling humanoid alien.", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f2": "1963 to 1989", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f3": "Russell T Davies", - "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f4": "1989", - "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f5": "Russell T Davies", - "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f6": "2005", - "5727f18c3acd2414000df063": "Peter", - "5727f18c3acd2414000df064": "Peter Capaldi took on the role after Matt Smith's exit in the 2013", - "5727f18c3acd2414000df065": "Peter Capaldi took on the role after Matt Smith's exit in the 2013", - "5727f18c3acd2414000df066": "Peter", - "5727f18c3acd2414000df067": "Peter", - "5727f2583acd2414000df087": "planet Gallifrey", - "5727f2583acd2414000df088": "The Doctor\". He fled from Gallifrey in a stolen Mark I Type 40", - "5727f2583acd2414000df089": "Type 40", - "5727f2583acd2414000df08a": "Type 40", - "5727f2583acd2414000df08b": "Type 40", - "5727f3193acd2414000df0a5": "usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth", - "5727f3193acd2414000df0a6": "enemies", + "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f4": "K-9", + "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f5": "BBC Wales", + "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f6": "Christopher Eccleston", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df063": "Twelve", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df064": "Twelve", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df065": "2013", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df066": "Twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor.", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df067": "Twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor.", + "5727f2583acd2414000df087": "rey", + "5727f2583acd2414000df088": "a stolen Mark I Type 40 TARDIS \u2013 \"Time and Relative Dimension in Space\" \u2013 time machine which allows him to travel across time and space.", + "5727f2583acd2414000df089": "the appearance of local objects as a disguise.", + "5727f2583acd2414000df08a": "The TARDIS has a \"chameleon circuit\" which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects", + "5727f2583acd2414000df08b": "the appearance of local objects as a disguise.", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a5": "The Doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures.", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a6": "Master", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a7": "regenerate", - "5727f3193acd2414000df0a8": "more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth", - "5727f3193acd2414000df0a9": "usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth", - "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a32": "The Mutants", - "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a33": "The Mutants", - "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a34": "The Mutants", - "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a35": "The", - "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a36": "The Mutants", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a8": "usually humans", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a9": "The Doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures.", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a32": "23 November 1963", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a33": "The Daleks (a.k.a. The Mutants). The serial introduced the eponymous aliens", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a34": "The Mutants was the only script ready to go, so the show had little choice but to use it.", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a35": "Terry Nation", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a36": "25 minutes of transmission length", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a44": "26", - "5727f5622ca10214002d9a45": "1989", - "5727f5622ca10214002d9a46": "1989", - "5727f5622ca10214002d9a47": "1989", - "5727f5622ca10214002d9a48": "1989", - "5727f678ff5b5019007d9956": "1989", - "5727f678ff5b5019007d9957": "July 1989", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a45": "Jonathan Powell", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a46": "More Than 30 Years", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a47": "the public perception of the show and a less-prominent transmission slot saw production suspended in 1989 by Jonathan Powell, controller of BBC 1.", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a48": "26 seasons, broadcast on BBC 1", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d9956": "relaunch the show.", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d9957": "Philip Segal", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9958": "1996", - "5727f678ff5b5019007d9959": "1996", - "5727f678ff5b5019007d995a": "1996", - "5727f746ff5b5019007d9960": "2006", - "5727f746ff5b5019007d9961": "2006", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d9959": "9", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d995a": "the United States", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9960": "Rose", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9961": "March 2005", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9963": "2009", - "5727f746ff5b5019007d9964": "Davies", - "5727f746ff5b5019007d9962": "2006\u20132008 and 2010\u20132015, and Christmas Day specials", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9964": "Chris Chibnall in 2018. In addition, Series 10 will debut in Spring 2017, with a Christmas special broadcast in 2016.", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9962": "Christmas", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7c": "1963\u20131989", - "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7d": "1963", - "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7e": "1963\u20131989", - "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7f": "1963", - "5727f8342ca10214002d9a80": "1963", - "5727fc7f4b864d1900164160": "30 November 1963", - "5727fc7f4b864d1900164161": "1963", - "5727fc7f4b864d1900164162": "ten", - "5727fc7f4b864d1900164163": "1963", - "5727fc7f4b864d1900164164": "1963", - "5727fdb94b864d190016417c": "the Moving Image in London", - "5727fdb94b864d190016417d": "1991", - "5727fdb94b864d190016417e": "1991", - "5727fdb94b864d190016417f": "2011 online vote at Digital Spy", - "5727fdb94b864d1900164180": "2011 online vote at Digital Spy", - "5727fed73acd2414000df1a1": "3%", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7d": "The 2005 version of Doctor Who", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7e": "1996", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7f": "Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a80": "Mission Impossible", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164160": "the first episode was delayed by ten minutes due to extended news coverage of the assassination of US President John F.", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164161": "eighty seconds", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164162": "eighty seconds", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164163": "John F. Kennedy", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164164": "the first episode was delayed by ten minutes due to extended news coverage of the assassination of US President John F.", + "5727fdb94b864d190016417c": "the show\", and a 2011 online vote at Digital Spy", + "5727fdb94b864d190016417d": "Museum", + "5727fdb94b864d190016417e": "\"Behind the Sofa", + "5727fdb94b864d190016417f": "scariest TV show of all time", + "5727fdb94b864d1900164180": "Spy", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a1": "Doctor Who was the most violent of the drama programmes the corporation produced at the time. The same report found that 3%", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a2": "3%", - "5727fed73acd2414000df1a3": "3%", - "5727fed73acd2414000df1a4": "3%", - "5727fed73acd2414000df1a5": "The Times newspaper, journalist Philip Howard", - "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8c": "Anthony Coburn, who lived in the resort of Herne Bay", - "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8d": "the TARDIS' blue police box design in merchandising associated with Doctor Who", - "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8e": "the TARDIS' blue police box design in merchandising associated with Doctor Who", - "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8f": "Metropolitan Police Authority filed an objection to the trade mark claim; but in 2002", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a3": "Philip Howard", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a4": "Monopoly with the property market in London", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a5": "The Times newspaper", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8c": "the TARDIS has become firmly linked to the show in the public's consciousness", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8d": "the idea of a police box as a time machine.", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8e": "the idea of a police box as a time machine.", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8f": "Metropolitan Police Authority", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a90": "2002", - "572800b03acd2414000df1f1": "1963 until 6 December 1989", - "572800b03acd2414000df1f2": "1989", + "572800b03acd2414000df1f1": "26", + "572800b03acd2414000df1f2": "6 December 1989", "572800b03acd2414000df1f3": "12", "572800b03acd2414000df1f4": "The Master", - "572800b03acd2414000df1f5": "1963 until 6 December 1989", - "572801823acd2414000df1fb": "2005 revival, with each series usually consisting of 13", - "572801823acd2414000df1fc": "13", - "572801823acd2414000df1fd": "13 45-minute, self-contained episodes (60 minutes with adverts, on overseas commercial channels), and an extended episode broadcast on Christmas Day", - "572801823acd2414000df1fe": "13", + "572800b03acd2414000df1f5": "Trilogy", + "572801823acd2414000df1fb": "2005", + "572801823acd2414000df1fc": "60 minutes", + "572801823acd2414000df1fd": "Christmas Day", + "572801823acd2414000df1fe": "Journey's End\" from 2008 and \"The Eleventh Hour\" from 2010 exceeded an hour in length", "572801823acd2414000df1ff": "2010", - "5728023a4b864d19001641f4": "1963", + "5728023a4b864d19001641f4": "826", "5728023a4b864d19001641f5": "25", "5728023a4b864d19001641f6": "eight", "5728023a4b864d19001641f7": "eight", "5728023a4b864d19001641f8": "2009", - "572803493acd2414000df229": "3", - "572803493acd2414000df22a": "3", - "572803493acd2414000df22b": "79", + "572803493acd2414000df229": "Patrick Troughton", + "572803493acd2414000df22a": "97", + "572803493acd2414000df22b": "3, 4, & 5", "572803493acd2414000df22c": "1978", - "572803493acd2414000df22d": "1973", - "572804522ca10214002d9b94": "BBC", - "572804522ca10214002d9b95": "Early colour", - "572804522ca10214002d9b97": "BBC", + "572803493acd2414000df22d": "the BBC, while by 1978 the practice of wiping tapes and destroying \"spare\" film copies had been brought to a stop.", + "572804522ca10214002d9b94": "The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve also exist.", + "572804522ca10214002d9b95": "Early colour videotape recordings made off-air by fans", + "572804522ca10214002d9b97": "The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve also exist.", "572804522ca10214002d9b96": "8 mm cine film", - "572804522ca10214002d9b98": "all of the lost episodes", + "572804522ca10214002d9b98": "the show.", "572805363acd2414000df26d": "BBC", - "572805363acd2414000df26e": "2006", - "572805363acd2414000df26f": "1968), using remastered audio tracks and the comprehensive stage notes for the original filming, for the serial's DVD release in November 2006", - "572805363acd2414000df270": "Theta-Sigma, in collaboration with Big Finish, and became available for purchase in May 2013", + "572805363acd2414000df26e": "the BBC on VHS, on MP3 CD-ROM, and as special features on DVD. The BBC, in conjunction with animation studio", + "572805363acd2414000df26f": "1968", + "572805363acd2414000df270": "Theta-Sigma", "572805363acd2414000df271": "2006", - "57280757ff5b5019007d9b42": "a \"change of appearance", - "57280757ff5b5019007d9b43": "third on-screen regeneration however; Hartnell's Doctor had merely described undergoing a \"renewal,\" and the Second Doctor", - "57280757ff5b5019007d9b44": "third on-screen regeneration however; Hartnell's Doctor had merely described undergoing a \"renewal,\" and the Second Doctor", + "57280757ff5b5019007d9b42": "appearance", + "57280757ff5b5019007d9b43": "the main character. This was first prompted by original star William Hartnell's poor health.", + "57280757ff5b5019007d9b44": "the main character. This was first prompted by original star William Hartnell's poor health.", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b45": "third", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b46": "third", "572808bf4b864d190016429a": "12", "572808bf4b864d190016429b": "13", - "572808bf4b864d190016429c": "thirteenth", + "572808bf4b864d190016429c": "The Time of the Doctor", "572808bf4b864d190016429d": "12", - "572808bf4b864d190016429e": "12", - "572809ab4b864d19001642ae": "John Hurt", - "572809ab4b864d19001642af": "the Doctor in guest roles. Notably, in 2013", - "572809ab4b864d19001642b0": "twelfth", - "572809ab4b864d19001642b1": "1986", - "572809ab4b864d19001642b2": "John Hurt", - "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c66": "Three", - "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c67": "1973's The Three", - "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c68": "Three", - "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c6a": "Three", - "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c69": "Three", + "572808bf4b864d190016429e": "1996 TV film would later establish that a Time Lord can only regenerate 12 times, for a total of 13", + "572809ab4b864d19001642ae": "John Hurt guest-starred as a hitherto unknown incarnation of the Doctor known as the War Doctor", + "572809ab4b864d19001642af": "The Day of the Doctor", + "572809ab4b864d19001642b0": "Michael Jayston", + "572809ab4b864d19001642b1": "The Trial of a Time Lord, where Michael Jayston", + "572809ab4b864d19001642b2": "tw", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c66": "Eleventh Doctor meets an unknown incarnation of himself, whom he refers to as \"his secret\" and who is subsequently revealed to be the War Doctor", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c67": "1973", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c68": "2007", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c6a": "The Space Museum", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c69": "The Day of the Doctor", "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca8": "1999", "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca9": "2003", "57280cac2ca10214002d9caa": "2010", - "57280cac2ca10214002d9cab": "2003", + "57280cac2ca10214002d9cab": "2003, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy appeared together in the audio adventure Project: Lazarus", "57280cac2ca10214002d9cac": "2003", - "57280e323acd2414000df349": "twelfth regeneration, due to a previous incarnation which he chose not to count and one other aborted regeneration. The name Eleventh", - "57280e323acd2414000df34a": "twelfth regeneration, due to a previous incarnation which he chose not to count and one other aborted regeneration. The name Eleventh", - "57280e323acd2414000df34b": "twelfth regeneration, due to a previous incarnation which he chose not to count and one other aborted regeneration. The name Eleventh", - "57280e323acd2414000df34c": "twelfth regeneration, due to a previous incarnation which he chose not to count and one other aborted regeneration. The name Eleventh", + "57280e323acd2414000df349": "the same episode depicts the prophesied \"Fall of the Eleventh", + "57280e323acd2414000df34a": "The Brain of Morbius (1976", + "57280e323acd2414000df34b": "1983", + "57280e323acd2414000df34c": "the Eleventh", "57280e323acd2414000df34d": "1983", - "57280f0d3acd2414000df35b": "An Unearthly Child, shows that the Doctor has a granddaughter, Susan Foreman", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35b": "An", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35c": "Susan Foreman", - "57280f0d3acd2414000df35d": "the Ninth Doctor thought he was the last surviving Time Lord, and that his home planet", - "57280f0d3acd2414000df35e": "Ninth Doctor thought he was the last surviving Time Lord, and that his home planet", - "57280f0d3acd2414000df35f": "brother, he replied", - "5728103eff5b5019007d9c30": "1963. One of the roles of the companion is to remind the Doctor of his \"moral duty", - "5728103eff5b5019007d9c31": "Sarah Jane Smith", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35d": "The 2005 series reveals that the Ninth Doctor thought he was the last surviving", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35e": "destroyed", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35f": "any more", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c30": "usually human, or humanoid aliens", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c31": "The Deadly", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c33": "Sarah Jane Smith", - "5728103eff5b5019007d9c34": "Sarah", - "5728103eff5b5019007d9c32": "Lady", - "572811434b864d190016438c": "Rose", - "572811434b864d190016438d": "the Ninth and Tenth Doctors", - "572811434b864d190016438e": "Amy", - "572811434b864d190016438f": "the show, as the story begins anew with each companion and she undergoes more change than the Doctor. The primary companions of the Ninth and Tenth Doctors", - "572811434b864d1900164390": "the Ninth and Tenth Doctors", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c34": "Sarah Jane Smith", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c32": "Rom", + "572811434b864d190016438c": "Pearl Mackie", + "572811434b864d190016438d": "the show, as the story begins anew with each companion and she undergoes more change than the Doctor.", + "572811434b864d190016438e": "Amy Pond", + "572811434b864d190016438f": "the show, as the story begins anew with each companion and she undergoes more change than the Doctor.", + "572811434b864d1900164390": "Catherine Tate", "572812142ca10214002d9d2a": "Russell T Davies", - "572812142ca10214002d9d2b": "2009\u201310 Specials. Davies' successor, Steven Moffat, has continued the trend by reviving the Silurians in series 5", - "572812142ca10214002d9d2c": "3", + "572812142ca10214002d9d2b": "the 2009\u201310 Specials.", + "572812142ca10214002d9d2c": "classic icons of Doctor Who", "572812142ca10214002d9d2d": "3", - "572812142ca10214002d9d2e": "50th Anniversary Special", - "572812eaff5b5019007d9c80": "1963", - "572812eaff5b5019007d9c81": "1963", - "572812eaff5b5019007d9c82": "1963", - "572812eaff5b5019007d9c83": "1963", - "572812eaff5b5019007d9c84": "1963", + "572812142ca10214002d9d2e": "Zygons", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c80": "The Dalek race, which first appeared in the show's second serial in 1963, are Doctor Who's oldest villains.", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c81": "the planet Skaro", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c82": "exterminate\" all non-Dalek beings.", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c83": "the planet Skaro, mutated by the scientist Davros", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c84": "the purpose of a hand, and a directed-energy weapon. Their main weakness", "572813b52ca10214002d9d68": "The Master", - "572813b52ca10214002d9d69": "1971", - "572813b52ca10214002d9d6a": "1989. The Master returned in the 1996 television movie of Doctor Who, and was played by American actor Eric Roberts", - "572813b52ca10214002d9d6b": "1971", - "572813b52ca10214002d9d6c": "1971", - "572814882ca10214002d9d72": "Mistress", - "572814882ca10214002d9d73": "Mistress", - "572814882ca10214002d9d74": "2014 episode \"Dark Water,\" it was revealed that the Master had become a female incarnation or \"Time Lady", - "572814882ca10214002d9d75": "Mistress", - "572814882ca10214002d9d76": "Mistress", - "572816213acd2414000df429": "Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire", - "572816213acd2414000df42a": "Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire", - "572816213acd2414000df42b": "Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d69": "Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes\", the character first appeared in 1971.", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d6a": "Eric Roberts", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d6b": "Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d6c": "Roger", + "572814882ca10214002d9d72": "Derek Jacobi provided the character's re-introduction in the 2007 episode \"Utopia", + "572814882ca10214002d9d73": "Utopia", + "572814882ca10214002d9d74": "2014", + "572814882ca10214002d9d75": "short for Mistress", + "572814882ca10214002d9d76": "Michelle Gomez", + "572816213acd2414000df429": "Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, with assistance from Dick Mills.", + "572816213acd2414000df42a": "Dick Mills", + "572816213acd2414000df42b": "techniques", "572816213acd2414000df42c": "17", - "572816213acd2414000df42d": "Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire", - "5728177f2ca10214002d9db0": "Peter Howell for season 18 (1980", - "5728177f2ca10214002d9db1": "1963", - "5728177f2ca10214002d9db2": "1987", - "5728177f2ca10214002d9db3": "1963", - "572817802ca10214002d9db4": "1963 original with further elements added; in the 2005 Christmas", - "5728185f3acd2414000df45b": "2007", - "5728185f3acd2414000df45d": "Classic", - "5728185f3acd2414000df45c": "2007 Christmas special episode, \"Voyage of the Damned\"; Gold returned as composer for the 2010", - "5728185f3acd2414000df45e": "Classic", - "5728185f3acd2414000df45f": "2013", - "572819864b864d190016447e": "1970s", - "572819864b864d190016447f": "1978", - "572819864b864d1900164480": "1978", - "572819864b864d1900164481": "1978", - "572819864b864d1900164482": "1978", - "57281a952ca10214002d9dea": "the first 15 years was Dudley Simpson", + "572816213acd2414000df42d": "the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, with assistance from Dick Mills.", + "5728177f2ca10214002d9db0": "Peter Howell", + "5728177f2ca10214002d9db1": "Dominic Glynn", + "5728177f2ca10214002d9db2": "Seventh", + "5728177f2ca10214002d9db3": "Murray Gold", + "572817802ca10214002d9db4": "the 2005 Christmas", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45b": "Voyage of the Damned", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45d": "Classic FM", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45c": "He", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45e": "the theme which was reported to have had a hostile reception from some viewers. In 2011", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45f": "a further revision of the arrangement was made for the 50th Anniversary special \"The Day of the Doctor\" in November 2013", + "572819864b864d190016447e": "Jon Pertwee, who had played the Third Doctor", + "572819864b864d190016447f": "1978 a disco version of the theme was released in the UK, Denmark and Australia by the group Mankind", + "572819864b864d1900164480": "24", + "572819864b864d1900164481": "The Timelords", + "572819864b864d1900164482": "the UK charts", + "57281a952ca10214002d9dea": "Dudley Simpson", "57281a952ca10214002d9deb": "1964", - "57281a952ca10214002d9dec": "Dudley Simpson", - "57281a952ca10214002d9ded": "Dudley Simpson", - "57281a952ca10214002d9dee": "Dudley Simpson", + "57281a952ca10214002d9dec": "the 1960s and 1970s", + "57281a952ca10214002d9ded": "the 1960s and 1970s, including most of the stories of the Jon Pertwee/Tom Baker periods,", + "57281a952ca10214002d9dee": "The Talons of Weng-Chiang", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfa": "the BBC National Orchestra of Wales", - "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfb": "2006", - "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfc": "2006", - "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfd": "2006", - "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfe": "Ben Foster and has been performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales", + "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfb": "the orchestra performing music from the first two series took place on 19 November 2006", + "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfc": "27 July 2008", + "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfd": "the specially filmed mini-episode \"Music of the Spheres", + "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfe": "Ben Foster", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1e": "Six", - "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1f": "Six soundtrack releases have been released since 2005. The first featured tracks from the first two series, the second and third", + "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1f": "the third and fourth series respectively.", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e20": "the third and fourth series respectively. The fourth was released on 4 October 2010", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e21": "A Christmas Carol", - "57281cb22ca10214002d9e22": "2010", - "57281f203acd2414000df4f5": "1973", - "57281f203acd2414000df4f6": "1973", - "57281f203acd2414000df4f7": "2014, the logo used for the Third and Eighth Doctors is the primary logo used on all media and merchandise", - "57281f203acd2414000df4f8": "1973\u201380", - "57281f203acd2414000df4f9": "1973", - "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9c": "John F. Kennedy, the first episode of Doctor Who was repeated with the second episode the following week", - "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9d": "Three", - "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9e": "14 million, even for stories which did not feature them. The second was the late 1970s", - "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9f": "three notable periods of high ratings. The first of these was the \"Dalekmania\" period", + "57281cb22ca10214002d9e22": "8 November 2010", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f5": "The Day of the Doctor\" during the Eleventh Doctor's run.", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f6": "Tw", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f7": "the majority of the Fourth Doctor's tenure.", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f8": "1973", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f9": "The Day of the Doctor", + "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9c": "John F. Kennedy", + "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9d": "the BBC's mainstream BBC One channel", + "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9e": "late 1970s", + "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9f": "circa 1964", "57282036ff5b5019007d9da0": "Three", - "572821ceff5b5019007d9db2": "1979", - "572821ceff5b5019007d9db3": "the BBC Board of Control, a leading cause of the programme's 1989", + "572821ceff5b5019007d9db2": "the air for 18 months.", + "572821ceff5b5019007d9db3": "the air for 18 months.", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db4": "Coronation Street", - "572821ceff5b5019007d9db5": "16", + "572821ceff5b5019007d9db5": "Coronation Street", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db6": "2005", - "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd4": "1983", - "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd5": "three episodes airing back to back on TVNZ", - "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd6": "12 May 1996", - "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd7": "12 May 1996", - "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd8": "The Five Doctors", - "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed6": "January", - "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed7": "1983", - "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed8": "Sy", - "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed9": "2003", - "5728245b2ca10214002d9eda": "50th anniversary. The ABC broadcasts the modern series first run on ABC1, with repeats on ABC2", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd4": "23 November (the actual date of the anniversary) on a number of PBS stations", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd5": "TVNZ", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd6": "12 May 1996 on CITV", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd7": "15", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd8": "23 November", + "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed6": "the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC", + "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed7": "partial funding", + "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed8": "SyFy", + "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed9": "the weekly screenings of all available classic episodes starting in 2003, for the show's 40th anniversary", + "5728245b2ca10214002d9eda": "the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC", "572825714b864d1900164590": "1976", - "572825714b864d1900164591": "1976", - "572825714b864d1900164592": "1991", - "572825714b864d1900164593": "1991", - "572825714b864d1900164594": "1991. From 1979 to 1981, TVO airings were bookended by science-fiction writer", - "572826762ca10214002d9f2c": "Christopher Eccleston recorded special video introductions", - "572826762ca10214002d9f2d": "2006", - "572826762ca10214002d9f2e": "Billie Piper", + "572825714b864d1900164591": "The Three", + "572825714b864d1900164592": "Space", + "572825714b864d1900164593": "The Talons of Weng-Chiang was cancelled as a result of accusations", + "572825714b864d1900164594": "Judith Merril", + "572826762ca10214002d9f2c": "Christopher Eccleston", + "572826762ca10214002d9f2d": "excerpts from the Doctor Who Confidential documentary were played over the closing credits", + "572826762ca10214002d9f2e": "26 December 2005", "572826762ca10214002d9f2f": "2006", - "572826762ca10214002d9f30": "2006", - "5728274cff5b5019007d9e26": "BBC Video on DVD, on sale in the United Kingdom", + "572826762ca10214002d9f30": "October 2006", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e26": "A wide selection of serials are available from BBC Video on DVD, on sale in the United Kingdom", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e27": "Eight", - "5728274cff5b5019007d9e28": "episode of Doctor Who", - "5728274cff5b5019007d9e29": "2013", - "5728274cff5b5019007d9e2a": "Only the series from 2009 onwards are available on Blu-ray, except for the 1970 story Spearhead from Space, released in July 2013", - "572828383acd2414000df5c3": "Doctor Who has appeared on stage numerous times. In the early 1970s", - "572828383acd2414000df5c4": "Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday. In the late 1980s", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e28": "One episode of Doctor Who", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e29": "Spearhead from Space, released in July 2013", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e2a": "Only the series from 2009 onwards", + "572828383acd2414000df5c3": "Trevor Martin", + "572828383acd2414000df5c4": "The Ultimate Adventure", "572828383acd2414000df5c5": "The Curse of the Daleks, a stage play mounted in the late 1960s", - "572828383acd2414000df5c6": "The Curse of the Daleks, a stage play mounted in the late 1960s, but without the Doctor", - "572828383acd2414000df5c7": "the Daleks, a stage play mounted in the late 1960s, but without the Doctor", - "572829532ca10214002d9fa2": "2006", + "572828383acd2414000df5c6": "The Ultimate Adventure", + "572828383acd2414000df5c7": "the Daleks, a stage play mounted in the late 1960s, but without the Doctor.", + "572829532ca10214002d9fa2": "13", "572829532ca10214002d9fa3": "2006", "572829532ca10214002d9fa4": "2008", - "572829532ca10214002d9fa5": "2006", - "572829532ca10214002d9fa6": "2011", - "57282f204b864d190016468a": "2007", - "57282f204b864d190016468b": "2007", - "57282f204b864d190016468c": "2007", - "57282f204b864d190016468d": "2007", - "57282f204b864d190016468e": "2011", + "572829532ca10214002d9fa5": "Children of Earth", + "572829532ca10214002d9fa6": "the United States", + "57282f204b864d190016468a": "Elisabeth Sladen who reprised her role as investigative journalist Sarah Jane Smith", + "57282f204b864d190016468b": "24 September 2007", + "57282f204b864d190016468c": "2009", + "57282f204b864d190016468d": "Matt Smith as the Eleventh Doctor alongside former companion actress Katy Manning reprising her role as Jo Grant.", + "57282f204b864d190016468e": "the death of Elisabeth Sladen in early 2011", "5728303e4b864d19001646aa": "1993", "5728303e4b864d19001646ab": "1993", - "5728303e4b864d19001646ac": "1993", - "5728303e4b864d19001646ad": "1993", - "5728303e4b864d19001646ae": "1993", + "5728303e4b864d19001646ac": "EastEnders", + "5728303e4b864d19001646ad": "the surviving actors who played the Doctor and a number of previous companions.", + "5728303e4b864d19001646ae": "a 3D system that made use of the Pulfrich", "572831512ca10214002da04a": "1999", - "572831512ca10214002da04b": "the Curse of Fatal Death, was made for Comic Relief", - "572831512ca10214002da04c": "Richard", - "572831512ca10214002da04d": "Richard", + "572831512ca10214002da04b": "four", + "572831512ca10214002da04c": "Richard E. Grant", + "572831512ca10214002da04d": "Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley", "572831512ca10214002da04e": "Steven Moffat, later to be head writer and executive producer", - "572833662ca10214002da086": "EastEnders", - "572833662ca10214002da087": "EastEnders", - "572833662ca10214002da088": "Russell T. Davies", - "572833662ca10214002da089": "EastEnders", - "572833662ca10214002da08a": "EastEnders", - "572834524b864d1900164716": "21-minute narrated abridgement of the First Doctor television story The Chase released in 1966", - "572834524b864d1900164717": "21-minute narrated abridgement of the First Doctor television story The Chase released in 1966", - "572834524b864d1900164718": "Ten years later, the first original Doctor Who audio was released on LP record; Doctor Who and the Pescatons featuring the Fourth Doctor", + "572833662ca10214002da086": "Star Trek: The Next Generation", + "572833662ca10214002da087": "the soap opera EastEnders, the Adult Swim comedy show Robot Chicken, the Family Guy episodes \"Blue Harvest", + "572833662ca10214002da088": "er as Folk (created by later Doctor Who executive producer Russell T. Davies", + "572833662ca10214002da089": "a similar manner, the character of Oliver", + "572833662ca10214002da08a": "young adult fantasy novels Brisingr and High Wizardry", + "572834524b864d1900164716": "a 21-minute narrated abridgement of the First Doctor television story The Chase released in 1966.", + "572834524b864d1900164717": "21", + "572834524b864d1900164718": "the Pescatons featuring the Fourth Doctor", "572834524b864d1900164719": "1981", - "572834524b864d190016471a": "1988", - "572835854b864d190016472e": "1999", - "572835854b864d190016472f": "1999", - "572835854b864d1900164730": "1999", + "572834524b864d190016471a": "Slipback", + "572835854b864d190016472e": "the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors", + "572835854b864d190016472f": "the series' 50th Anniversary celebrations, marked the first time Big Finish created stories (in this case audiobooks", + "572835854b864d1900164730": "Big Finish Productions", "572835854b864d1900164731": "1999", - "572835854b864d1900164732": "2012", + "572835854b864d1900164732": "Tom Baker's Fourth Doctor began appearing for Big Finish in 2012", "572836732ca10214002da0dc": "1991", - "572836732ca10214002da0dd": "BBC", + "572836732ca10214002da0dd": "the present day.", "572836732ca10214002da0de": "1979", - "572836732ca10214002da0df": "1979", - "572836732ca10214002da0e0": "by BBC Books", + "572836732ca10214002da0df": "Panini", + "572836732ca10214002da0e0": "BBC Books", "572837402ca10214002da0f4": "1960s", - "572837402ca10214002da0f5": "the creation of the Doctor Who character by BBC Television in the early 1960s", + "572837402ca10214002da0f5": "BBC Television in the early 1960s", "572837402ca10214002da0f6": "producers", "572837402ca10214002da0f7": "BBC", "572838323acd2414000df737": "2006", - "572838323acd2414000df738": "2006 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series and five consecutive (2005\u20132010", + "572838323acd2414000df738": "2005\u20132010", "572838323acd2414000df739": "2011", "572838323acd2414000df73a": "Michelle", - "572838323acd2414000df73b": "Michelle Gomez became the first female to receive a BAFTA nomination for the series, getting a Best Supporting Actress", - "57283a392ca10214002da118": "listed in Guinness World Records", - "57283a392ca10214002da119": "50th anniversary special", - "57283a392ca10214002da11a": "Doctor Who", + "572838323acd2414000df73b": "Best Supporting Actress", + "57283a392ca10214002da118": "the \"most successful\" science fiction series of all time\u2014based on its over-", + "57283a392ca10214002da119": "the largest ever simulcast of a TV drama", + "57283a392ca10214002da11a": "electronic music", "57283a392ca10214002da11b": "2013", - "57283a392ca10214002da11c": "50", + "57283a392ca10214002da11c": "its 50th anniversary special", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa4": "11", - "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa5": "the series won a Writers' Guild of Great Britain", + "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa5": "Doctor Who", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa6": "third", - "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa7": "2005, the series came first in a survey by SFX magazine", - "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa8": "1963\u20131989 run was placed at number eight", - "57283ce72ca10214002da14c": "five", + "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa7": "SFX magazine", + "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa8": "eight", + "57283ce72ca10214002da14c": "five BAFTA TV Awards, including Best Drama Series, the highest-profile", "57283ce72ca10214002da14d": "five", - "57283ce72ca10214002da14e": "five", + "57283ce72ca10214002da14e": "25", "57283ce72ca10214002da14f": "2009", - "57283ce72ca10214002da150": "five", + "57283ce72ca10214002da150": "Mind Mental", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc6": "six", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc7": "200", - "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc8": "six", + "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc8": "hundred", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc9": "Matt Smith", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fca": "six", - "57283e652ca10214002da166": "a soap sponge at it) and Lenny Henry", - "57283e652ca10214002da167": "the Fourth Doctor", - "57283e652ca10214002da168": "comedians including Spike Milligan (a Dalek invades his bathroom", - "57283e652ca10214002da16a": "The Big Bang Theory", - "57283e652ca10214002da169": "the Fourth Doctor", - "57283c464b864d19001647c8": "seven", + "57283e652ca10214002da166": "Lenny Henry", + "57283e652ca10214002da167": "Jon Culshaw", + "57283e652ca10214002da168": "a soap sponge", + "57283e652ca10214002da16a": "Doctor Who fandom has also been lampooned on programs such as Saturday Night Live, The Chaser's War on Everything, Mystery Science Theater 3000", + "57283e652ca10214002da169": "Jon Culshaw frequently impersonates the Fourth Doctor in the BBC Dead Ringers", + "57283c464b864d19001647c8": "the School of Social Service Administration, the Harris School of Public Policy Studies, the Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies and the Divinity School.", "57283c464b864d19001647c9": "1890", "57283c464b864d19001647ca": "seven", "57283c464b864d19001647cb": "four", - "57283c464b864d19001647cc": "5,000 students in the College and around", - "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbc": "various academic disciplines, including: the Chicago school of economics", - "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbd": "physics department helped develop the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction", - "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbe": "physics department helped develop the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction", - "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbf": "the University of Chicago Press", + "57283c464b864d19001647cc": "around", + "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbc": "various academic disciplines", + "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbd": "the United States.", + "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbe": "the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction", + "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbf": "University of Chicago Press", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fc0": "2020", - "57283f014b864d19001647e8": "John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper", - "57283f014b864d19001647e9": "John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper", + "57283f014b864d19001647e8": "the American Baptist Education Society", + "57283f014b864d19001647e9": "John D. Rockefeller", "57283f014b864d19001647ea": "William Rainey Harper", - "57283f014b864d19001647eb": "91", + "57283f014b864d19001647eb": "1891", "57283f014b864d19001647ec": "1892", - "57284142ff5b5019007da00a": "John D. Rockefeller", - "57284142ff5b5019007da00b": "Lecture Hall", - "57284142ff5b5019007da00c": "Lecture Hall", + "57284142ff5b5019007da00a": "John D. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field", + "57284142ff5b5019007da00b": "Cobb Lecture Hall", + "57284142ff5b5019007da00c": "Cobb Lecture Hall", "57284142ff5b5019007da00d": "Marshall Field's pledge of $100,000", - "57284142ff5b5019007da00e": "Charles L. Hutchinson", - "572843304b864d1900164848": "1896", + "57284142ff5b5019007da00e": "Charles L. Hutchinson (trustee, treasurer and donor of Hutchinson Commons", + "572843304b864d1900164848": "Stetson University. In 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College", "572843304b864d1900164849": "1896", - "572843304b864d190016484a": "1896", - "572843304b864d190016484b": "1910", + "572843304b864d190016484a": "grade of A", + "572843304b864d190016484b": "Several University of Chicago professors", "572843304b864d190016484c": "1910", - "57284456ff5b5019007da05c": "1929", - "57284456ff5b5019007da060": "1929", - "57284456ff5b5019007da05f": "1929", - "57284456ff5b5019007da05e": "1929", + "57284456ff5b5019007da05c": "the University of Chicago and Northwestern University into a single university.", + "57284456ff5b5019007da060": "Common", + "57284456ff5b5019007da05f": "the University of Chicago Medical Center) finished construction and enrolled its first medical students.", + "57284456ff5b5019007da05e": "24", "57284456ff5b5019007da05d": "1929", - "57284618ff5b5019007da0a8": "1950s", - "57284618ff5b5019007da0a9": "1950s", - "57284618ff5b5019007da0aa": "the early 1950s", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0a8": "the early 1950s", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0a9": "the early 1950s", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0aa": "the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood.", "57284618ff5b5019007da0ab": "Hyde Park", - "57284618ff5b5019007da0ac": "1950s", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0ac": "the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood.", "572847ff3acd2414000df869": "1962", - "572847ff3acd2414000df86a": "George Beadle's office", + "572847ff3acd2414000df86a": "the 1960s, beginning in 1962", "572847ff3acd2414000df86b": "1967", - "572847ff3acd2414000df86c": "1967 issued what became known as the Kalven Report", + "572847ff3acd2414000df86c": "two", "572847ff3acd2414000df86d": "1967", - "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f2": "mid-2000s", - "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f3": "the Milton Friedman Institute", - "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f4": "2008", - "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f5": "2008", - "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f6": "300 million", - "57284b904b864d19001648e2": "the Main", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f2": "the mid-2000s", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f3": "Milton Friedman Institute", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f4": "$200", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f5": "200 million and occupy the buildings of the Chicago Theological Seminary", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f6": "David G. Booth", + "57284b904b864d19001648e2": "the Main Quadrangles", "57284b904b864d19001648e3": "six", - "57284b904b864d19001648e4": "Henry", - "57284b904b864d19001648e5": "Tower, for example, is modeled after Oxford's Magdalen Tower", + "57284b904b864d19001648e4": "Henry Ives Cobb", + "57284b904b864d19001648e5": "Magdalen Tower", "57284b904b864d19001648e6": "Christ Church Hall", - "57284d484b864d1900164900": "1940s", - "57284d484b864d1900164901": "1955, Eero Saarinen", - "57284d484b864d1900164902": "the Regenstein Library", - "57284d484b864d1900164903": "Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for the university's School of Social Service Administration", + "57284d484b864d1900164900": "the 1940s", + "57284d484b864d1900164901": "Eero Saarinen", + "57284d484b864d1900164902": "School of Social Service Administration", + "57284d484b864d1900164903": "School of Social Service Administration", "57284d484b864d1900164904": "2003", "57284e9fff5b5019007da150": "London", - "57284e9fff5b5019007da151": "The Center in Paris", - "57284e9fff5b5019007da152": "2010", - "57284e9fff5b5019007da153": "2010", - "57284e9fff5b5019007da154": "2014", - "5728501aff5b5019007da166": "50 members including the university President", + "57284e9fff5b5019007da151": "Paris", + "57284e9fff5b5019007da152": "fall 2010", + "57284e9fff5b5019007da153": "Renmin University's campus in Haidian District", + "57284e9fff5b5019007da154": "2015", + "5728501aff5b5019007da166": "the university is Robert Zimmer.", "5728501aff5b5019007da167": "50", "5728501aff5b5019007da168": "fourteen", "5728501aff5b5019007da169": "Andrew", - "5728501aff5b5019007da16a": "March", + "5728501aff5b5019007da16a": "March 2016 by Daniel Diermeier", "5728510f4b864d1900164936": "The Higher Learning Commission", "5728510f4b864d1900164937": "four", "5728510f4b864d1900164938": "seven", "57285213ff5b5019007da180": "50", - "57285213ff5b5019007da181": "50", + "57285213ff5b5019007da181": "28", "57285213ff5b5019007da182": "five", - "57285213ff5b5019007da183": "five", - "572853e8ff5b5019007da188": "15", + "57285213ff5b5019007da183": "the New Collegiate Division", + "572853e8ff5b5019007da188": "the Common Core", "572853e8ff5b5019007da189": "17", - "572853e8ff5b5019007da18a": "15", - "572853e8ff5b5019007da18b": "15", - "572855973acd2414000df925": "the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools", - "572855973acd2414000df926": "a residential treatment program", + "572853e8ff5b5019007da18a": "most convincingly claim to provide the most rigorous, intense learning experience", + "572853e8ff5b5019007da18b": "Undergraduate courses", + "572855973acd2414000df925": "University of Chicago Laboratory Schools", + "572855973acd2414000df926": "Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School", "572855973acd2414000df927": "four", - "572855973acd2414000df928": "four public charter schools on the South Side of Chicago administered by the university's Urban Education Institute", - "572855973acd2414000df929": "Hyde Park Day School", + "572855973acd2414000df928": "four public charter schools", + "572855973acd2414000df929": "In addition, the Hyde Park Day School, a school for students with learning disabilities", "572856beff5b5019007da190": "six", - "572856beff5b5019007da191": "9", - "572856beff5b5019007da192": "six", + "572856beff5b5019007da191": "9.8 million", + "572856beff5b5019007da192": "the Regenstein Library", "572856beff5b5019007da193": "2011", - "572856beff5b5019007da194": "John Crerar Library", + "572856beff5b5019007da194": "1.3", "57285841ff5b5019007da19a": "12", - "57285841ff5b5019007da19b": "12", + "57285841ff5b5019007da19b": "113", "57285841ff5b5019007da19c": "Oriental Institute", - "57285841ff5b5019007da19d": "12", - "57285841ff5b5019007da19e": "the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico", - "57286010ff5b5019007da1ca": "the development of radiocarbon dating", - "57286010ff5b5019007da1cb": "the Chicago Pile-1 (the first self-sustained man-made nuclear reaction", - "57286010ff5b5019007da1cc": "the development of radiocarbon dating", + "57285841ff5b5019007da19d": "Fermilab, a nearby particle physics", + "57285841ff5b5019007da19e": "New Mexico", + "57286010ff5b5019007da1ca": "the site of some important experiments and academic movements. In economics", + "57286010ff5b5019007da1cb": "the Chicago Pile-1", + "57286010ff5b5019007da1cc": "the Miller\u2013Urey experiment", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cd": "1953", - "572861cc4b864d190016495e": "1933 and in Cinema & Media studies since 2000", - "572861cc4b864d190016495f": "2000", - "572861cc4b864d1900164960": "2000", - "572861cc4b864d1900164961": "2000", + "572861cc4b864d190016495e": "1933", + "572861cc4b864d190016495f": "1933 and in Cinema & Media studies since 2000", + "572861cc4b864d1900164960": "1996", + "572861cc4b864d1900164961": "1996", "572861cc4b864d1900164962": "Several thousand", - "572863363acd2414000df985": "5", + "572863363acd2414000df985": "5,792", "572863363acd2414000df986": "3", - "572863363acd2414000df987": "3,468 students in its four graduate divisions, 5", - "572863363acd2414000df988": "5", - "572863363acd2414000df989": "19%", - "572864542ca10214002da2de": "III", - "572864542ca10214002da2df": "III", - "572864542ca10214002da2e0": "1946", - "572864542ca10214002da2e1": "1935", + "572863363acd2414000df987": "5,984", + "572863363acd2414000df988": "5,792", + "572863363acd2414000df989": "almost 19%", + "572864542ca10214002da2de": "University Athletic Association", + "572864542ca10214002da2df": "Division III", + "572864542ca10214002da2e0": "Big Ten Conference", + "572864542ca10214002da2e1": "Jay Berwanger", "572864542ca10214002da2e2": "1946", - "5728659f4b864d190016498a": "400", - "5728659f4b864d190016498b": "twice-weekly student newspaper The Chicago Maroon, the alternative weekly student newspaper South Side Weekly", - "5728659f4b864d190016498c": "118", - "5728659f4b864d190016498d": "the nation's longest continuously running student film society", + "5728659f4b864d190016498a": "over 400", + "5728659f4b864d190016498b": "Recognized Student Organizations (RSOs). These include cultural and religious groups, academic clubs and teams, and common-interest organizations.", + "5728659f4b864d190016498c": "the University of Chicago College Bowl Team", + "5728659f4b864d190016498d": "the nation's longest continuously running student film society Doc Films", "5728659f4b864d190016498e": "second oldest continuously running student improvisational theater troupe Off-Off Campus", - "5728667eff5b5019007da1fc": "The University of Chicago Student Government", - "5728667eff5b5019007da1fd": "The University of Chicago Student Government", - "5728667eff5b5019007da1fe": "The University of Chicago Student Government", - "5728667eff5b5019007da1ff": "The University of Chicago Student Government", + "5728667eff5b5019007da1fc": "The University of Chicago Student Government.", + "5728667eff5b5019007da1fd": "the student body each spring. Its annual budget is greater than $2 million.", + "5728667eff5b5019007da1fe": "the other for Student Life", + "5728667eff5b5019007da1ff": "$2 million", "572867543acd2414000df9a1": "fifteen", "572867543acd2414000df9a2": "seven", "572867543acd2414000df9a3": "Alpha Phi Omega", "572867543acd2414000df9a4": "Four", "572867543acd2414000df9a5": "ten", - "5728683b3acd2414000df9af": "1987", + "5728683b3acd2414000df9af": "Every May since 1987", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b0": "1987", - "5728683b3acd2414000df9b1": "1963, the Festival of the Arts", - "5728683b3acd2414000df9b2": "Every January", - "5728683b3acd2414000df9b3": "Summer", + "5728683b3acd2414000df9b1": "the Festival of the Arts", + "5728683b3acd2414000df9b2": "week-long winter festival, Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko, which include early morning exercise routines and fitness workshops", + "5728683b3acd2414000df9b3": "Summer Breeze", "57286951ff5b5019007da20e": "Satya", "57286951ff5b5019007da20f": "Larry Ellison", "57286951ff5b5019007da210": "third richest", - "57286951ff5b5019007da211": "Satya Nadella, Oracle Corporation founder and the third richest man in America Larry Ellison, Goldman Sachs and MF Global", - "57286951ff5b5019007da212": "Satya Nadella, Oracle Corporation founder and the third richest man in America Larry Ellison, Goldman Sachs", + "57286951ff5b5019007da211": "the third richest man in America Larry Ellison, Goldman Sachs", + "57286951ff5b5019007da212": "James O. McKinsey", "57286ab72ca10214002da31e": "Saul Alinsky", - "57286ab72ca10214002da31f": "Bill Clinton", - "57286ab72ca10214002da320": "Robert Bork, Attorney General Ramsey Clark, Prohibition agent Eliot Ness, Supreme Court Justice", + "57286ab72ca10214002da31f": "David Axelrod", + "57286ab72ca10214002da320": "Robert Bork", "57286ab72ca10214002da321": "Governor of the Bank of Japan", "57286ab72ca10214002da322": "Eliot Ness", "57286bf84b864d19001649d4": "Allan Bloom", - "57286bf84b864d19001649d6": "Kurt", - "57286bf84b864d19001649d2": "Kurt", - "57286bf84b864d19001649d5": "The Good War", + "57286bf84b864d19001649d6": "Kurt Vonnegut", + "57286bf84b864d19001649d2": "New York Times bestseller Before I Fall Lauren Oliver, Pulitzer Prize winning novelist Philip Roth", + "57286bf84b864d19001649d5": "Stud", "57286bf84b864d19001649d3": "Philip Roth", - "57286d7d4b864d19001649e0": "minimalist composer Philip Glass", - "57286d7d4b864d19001649e1": "Roger Ebert, director, writer, and comedian Mike Nichols, film director and screenwriter Philip Kaufman, and Carl Van Vechten", - "57286d7d4b864d19001649e2": "Alex Seropian", - "57286d7d4b864d19001649e3": "Roger Ebert, director, writer, and comedian Mike Nichols, film director and screenwriter Philip Kaufman, and Carl Van Vechten", - "57286d7d4b864d19001649e4": "Roger Ebert, director, writer, and comedian Mike Nichols, film director and screenwriter Philip Kaufman, and Carl Van Vechten", - "57286ec63acd2414000df9d1": "John M. Grunsfeld, geneticist", - "57286ec63acd2414000df9d2": "John M. Grunsfeld, geneticist", - "57286ec63acd2414000df9d3": "David", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e0": "Philip Glass", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e1": "Alex", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e2": "the Halo video game series", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e3": "the 2014 documentary film Life Itself Roger Ebert, director, writer, and comedian Mike Nichols", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e4": "Sarah Koenig, actor Ed Asner, Pulitzer Prize for Criticism winning film critic and the", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d1": "the structure of DNA, experimental physicist Luis Alvarez, popular environmentalist David Suzuki, balloonist Jeannette Piccard, biologists Ernest Everett Just", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d2": "John", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d3": "David Suzuki", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d4": "John B. Goodenough", - "57286ec63acd2414000df9d5": "dating", - "572870b2ff5b5019007da222": "the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and Eugene Fama, known for his work on portfolio theory", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d5": "Clair Cameron Patterson", + "572870b2ff5b5019007da222": "Thomas Sowell", "572870b2ff5b5019007da223": "Margaret Thatcher", - "572870b2ff5b5019007da224": "Paul", - "572870b2ff5b5019007da225": "Paul Samuelson, the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and Eugene Fama, known for his work on portfolio theory", - "572871bc4b864d1900164a04": "David Graeber", - "572871bc4b864d1900164a05": "John B. Watson, American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, communication theorist Harold Innis, chess grandmaster", - "572871bc4b864d1900164a06": "David Graeber", - "572872dd2ca10214002da37e": "Edward Teller, \"one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century", - "572872dd2ca10214002da37f": "Arthur H. Compton", - "572872dd2ca10214002da380": "Edward Teller, \"one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century", + "572870b2ff5b5019007da224": "Paul Samuelson", + "572870b2ff5b5019007da225": "Eugene Fama", + "572871bc4b864d1900164a04": "the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington.", + "572871bc4b864d1900164a05": "Samuel Reshevsky", + "572871bc4b864d1900164a06": "the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington", + "572872dd2ca10214002da37e": "A. A. Michelson", + "572872dd2ca10214002da37f": "Arthur", + "572872dd2ca10214002da380": "Enrico Fermi", "572872dd2ca10214002da381": "Edward Teller", - "572872dd2ca10214002da382": "Maria", - "5728742cff5b5019007da246": "Alberto Calder\u00f3n", + "572872dd2ca10214002da382": "Maria Goeppert-Mayer", + "5728742cff5b5019007da246": "James", "5728742cff5b5019007da247": "Alberto Calder\u00f3n", "5728742cff5b5019007da248": "Ted Fujita", - "5728742cff5b5019007da249": "Alberto Calder\u00f3n", - "5728742cff5b5019007da24a": "Allan Bloom, cancer researchers Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley", - "5728759cff5b5019007da25b": "Raghuram Rajan, the 74th United States Secretary of the Treasury", - "5728759cff5b5019007da25a": "Treasury", + "5728742cff5b5019007da249": "the discipline of linguistics Edward Sapir, and the founder of McKinsey & Co., James O.", + "5728742cff5b5019007da24a": "Janet Rowley", + "5728759cff5b5019007da25b": "Raghuram Rajan", + "5728759cff5b5019007da25a": "Goldman Sachs", "5728759cff5b5019007da25c": "David Bevington", "5728759cff5b5019007da25d": "John Mearsheimer", - "5728759cff5b5019007da25e": "paleontologists Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno, evolutionary biologist", - "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b6": "\u5927\u5143", - "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b7": "\u5927\u5143", - "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b8": "\u5927\u5143", - "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b9": "\u5927\u5143", + "5728759cff5b5019007da25e": "paleontologists", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b6": "\u5143\u671d", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b7": "the Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143; pinyin: D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b8": "the traditional Chinese style.", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b9": "Kublai Khan", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1ba": "71", - "572860e03acd2414000df977": "\u00f6ngke Khan", - "572860e03acd2414000df978": "\u00f6ngke Khan", - "572860e03acd2414000df979": "\u00f6ngke Khan", + "572860e03acd2414000df977": "the successors of M\u00f6ngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire.", + "572860e03acd2414000df978": "the successors of M\u00f6ngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire.", + "572860e03acd2414000df979": "the successors of M\u00f6ngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire.", "572860e03acd2414000df97a": "Genghis Khan", - "57286192ff5b5019007da1dc": "Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143", - "57286192ff5b5019007da1dd": "Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143", - "57286192ff5b5019007da1de": "Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143", - "57286192ff5b5019007da1df": "Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143", - "57286192ff5b5019007da1e0": "Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143", - "572863c72ca10214002da2d4": "06", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1dc": "Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1dd": "the sentence", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1de": "The counterpart in Mongolian language was Dai \u00d6n Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan \u00dcls", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1df": "the \"Yeke Mongghul Ulus\" (lit. \"Great Mongol State", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1e0": "Great Khan", + "572863c72ca10214002da2d4": "steppes", "572863c72ca10214002da2d5": "06", - "572863c72ca10214002da2d6": "06", + "572863c72ca10214002da2d6": "\u00d6gedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234, conquering most of northern China.", "572863c72ca10214002da2d7": "\u00f6ngke Khan succeeded \u00d6gedei's son, G\u00fcy\u00fck, as Great Khan in 1251", "572863c72ca10214002da2d8": "\u00d6gedei Khan", - "572864dd4b864d1900164976": "Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (\u5289\u9ed1\u99ac, Liu Ni", - "572864dd4b864d1900164977": "Liu Heima (\u5289\u9ed1\u99ac, Liu Ni", - "572864dd4b864d1900164978": "Tianze, Liu Heima (\u5289\u9ed1\u99ac, Liu Ni", + "572864dd4b864d1900164976": "3 Tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Og\u00f6dei Khan.", + "572864dd4b864d1900164977": "Two", + "572864dd4b864d1900164978": "Two", "572864dd4b864d1900164979": "10", "572864dd4b864d190016497a": "3", - "5728661e2ca10214002da2e8": "Tian", - "5728661e2ca10214002da2e9": "Tian", - "5728661e2ca10214002da2ea": "Tian", - "5728661e2ca10214002da2eb": "Shi Bingzhi", - "5728661e2ca10214002da2ec": "Shi Tianze (Shih T'ien-tse), Zhang Rou (Chang Jou, \u5f35\u67d4", - "572867212ca10214002da2f2": "59 without a successor. Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2e8": "Shi", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2e9": "Shi Tian", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2ea": "Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen became common at this time.", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2eb": "Bingzhi", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2ec": "Rou", + "572867212ca10214002da2f2": "M\u00f6ngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China.", "572867212ca10214002da2f3": "\u00f6ngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China", "572867212ca10214002da2f4": "59", - "572867212ca10214002da2f5": "59", + "572867212ca10214002da2f5": "\u00f6", "572867212ca10214002da2f6": "Zhongtong", "572867d72ca10214002da2fc": "refused", - "572867d72ca10214002da2fd": "the western frontier of Kublai's domain. The hostile but weakened Song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south", - "572867d72ca10214002da2fe": "59", - "572867d72ca10214002da2ff": "59", - "572867d72ca10214002da300": "Li Tan", - "572869b84b864d19001649ae": "demands of his Chinese subjects. He instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese advisers", - "572869b84b864d19001649b0": "ariat", - "572869b84b864d19001649b2": "three", + "572867d72ca10214002da2fd": "the south", + "572867d72ca10214002da2fe": "the south. Kublai secured the northeast border in 1259", + "572867d72ca10214002da2ff": "the influence of the Han Chinese advisers in his court.", + "572867d72ca10214002da300": "62", + "572869b84b864d19001649ae": "between", + "572869b84b864d19001649b0": "the local administrative structure", + "572869b84b864d19001649b2": "three, later four, classes with the Han Chinese", "572869b84b864d19001649b1": "three", - "572869b84b864d19001649af": "the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron. He restored the Imperial Secretariat", - "57286b003acd2414000df9c1": "the Mongol capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264", + "572869b84b864d19001649af": "the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron.", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c1": "the first year of the Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143", "57286b003acd2414000df9c2": "the Mongol capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264", - "57286b003acd2414000df9c3": "the Mongol capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264", - "57286b003acd2414000df9c4": "Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, in 1266", - "57286b003acd2414000df9c5": "ety and ancestor veneration", - "57286bb84b864d19001649c8": "\u9214", - "57286bb84b864d19001649c9": "\u9214", - "57286bb84b864d19001649ca": "\u9214", - "57286bb84b864d19001649cb": "\u9214", - "57286bb84b864d19001649cc": "\u9214", - "57286c8cff5b5019007da218": "Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south", - "57286c8cff5b5019007da219": "Duke Yansheng", - "57286c8cff5b5019007da21a": "Duke Yansheng", - "57286c8cff5b5019007da21b": "brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng", - "57286c8cff5b5019007da21c": "30", - "57286d4f2ca10214002da328": "Emperor Bing of Song. The Mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of Yamen in 1279", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c3": "64", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c4": "Zhongdu", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c5": "Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration", + "57286bb84b864d19001649c8": "Kublai Khan promoted commercial, scientific, and cultural", + "57286bb84b864d19001649c9": "the north. Mongol rule was cosmopolitan under Kublai Khan.", + "57286bb84b864d19001649ca": "the Grand Canal from southern China to Daidu in the north. Mongol rule was cosmopolitan under Kublai Khan.", + "57286bb84b864d19001649cb": "Daidu", + "57286bb84b864d19001649cc": "Marco Polo", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da218": "the Song Emperor to Quzhou", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da219": "the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng.", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da21a": "34", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da21b": "the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng.", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da21c": "30,000", + "57286d4f2ca10214002da328": "the first time in three hundred years.", "57286d4f2ca10214002da329": "68", - "57286d4f2ca10214002da32a": "68", - "57286d4f2ca10214002da32b": "Emperor Bing of Song. The Mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of Yamen in 1279", - "57286d4f2ca10214002da32c": "Emperor Bing of Song. The Mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of Yamen in 1279", - "57286dfa2ca10214002da332": "King", - "57286dfa2ca10214002da333": "81", - "57286dfa2ca10214002da334": "King", + "57286d4f2ca10214002da32a": "the south. Kublai besieged Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin", + "57286d4f2ca10214002da32b": "Hangzhou", + "57286d4f2ca10214002da32c": "the battle of Yamen in 1279", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da332": "the Chinese Tran (Chen) clan", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da333": "failed because of an inauspicious typhoon", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da334": "the Fujian region of China", "57286dfa2ca10214002da335": "Battle of B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng (1288", - "57286dfa2ca10214002da336": "King", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da336": "88", "57286ead2ca10214002da346": "53", - "57286ead2ca10214002da347": "Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307", - "57286ead2ca10214002da348": "jin, as the Crown Prince", - "57286ead2ca10214002da349": "Tem\u00fcr Khan, or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307", - "57286ead2ca10214002da34a": "Tem\u00fcr Khan, or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307", - "57286f373acd2414000df9db": "1313", - "57286f373acd2414000df9dc": "1313", + "57286ead2ca10214002da347": "intractable problem, later causing much strife and internal struggle.", + "57286ead2ca10214002da348": "85", + "57286ead2ca10214002da349": "Tem\u00fcr Khan", + "57286ead2ca10214002da34a": "Tem\u00fcr Khan", + "57286f373acd2414000df9db": "Buyantu Khan", + "57286f373acd2414000df9dc": "the discontent of some Mongol elite.", "57286f373acd2414000df9dd": "Li Meng", - "57286f373acd2414000df9de": "1313", - "57286f373acd2414000df9df": "the highest-ranking officials. Starting in 1313", - "57286fa83acd2414000df9e5": "21", - "57286fa83acd2414000df9e6": "21", - "57286fa83acd2414000df9e7": "21", - "57286fa83acd2414000df9e8": "21", - "57286fa83acd2414000df9e9": "21 to 1323", - "5728705c2ca10214002da35a": "28", - "5728705c2ca10214002da35b": "28", - "5728705c2ca10214002da35c": "28", - "5728705c2ca10214002da35d": "28", - "5728705c2ca10214002da35e": "28", - "5728710c3acd2414000df9ef": "29", - "5728710c3acd2414000df9f0": "29", - "5728710c3acd2414000df9f1": "29", - "5728710c3acd2414000df9f2": "the Academy", - "5728710c3acd2414000df9f3": "29", - "572871bd3acd2414000dfa03": "Tugh Tem\u00fcr in 1332", - "572871bd3acd2414000dfa04": "Toghun Tem\u00fcr, marking the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349", + "57286f373acd2414000df9de": "the liquidation of the Department of State Affairs", + "57286f373acd2414000df9df": "Buyantu Khan", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e5": "Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323.", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e6": "Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e7": "Baiju", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e8": "the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor Baiju.", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e9": "five", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35a": "Yes\u00fcn Tem\u00fcr died in Shangdu", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35b": "War", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35c": "four days", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35d": "supposedly", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35e": "Tugh Tem\u00fcr", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9ef": "the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by El Tem\u00fcr, Tugh Tem\u00fcr is known for his cultural contribution instead.", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9f0": "Academy", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9f1": "spring of 1329", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9f2": "Jingshi Dadian (Chinese: \u7d93\u4e16\u5927\u5178). Tugh Tem\u00fcr", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9f3": "the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by El Tem\u00fcr, Tugh Tem\u00fcr is known for his cultural contribution instead.", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa03": "32", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa04": "Emperor Ningzong", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa05": "13", - "572871bd3acd2414000dfa06": "Toghun Tem\u00fcr, marking the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349", - "572871bd3acd2414000dfa07": "Toghun Tem\u00fcr, marking the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349", - "572872822ca10214002da374": "dissension", - "572872822ca10214002da375": "Khan's successors lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia", - "572872822ca10214002da376": "dissension", - "572872822ca10214002da377": "dissension", - "572872822ca10214002da378": "dissension", - "57287338ff5b5019007da232": "70", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa06": "nine", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa07": "the beginning of his long reign. As Toghun Tem\u00fcr grew, he came to disapprove of Bayan's autocratic rule.", + "572872822ca10214002da374": "the populace, and China was torn by dissension and unrest. Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies.", + "572872822ca10214002da375": "other Mongol lands across Asia", + "572872822ca10214002da376": "the army and the populace", + "572872822ca10214002da377": "the weakening Yuan armies.", + "572872822ca10214002da378": "administration", + "57287338ff5b5019007da232": "countryside", "57287338ff5b5019007da233": "Red Turban Rebellion", "57287338ff5b5019007da234": "54", - "57287338ff5b5019007da235": "70", - "57287338ff5b5019007da236": "70", - "572878942ca10214002da3a2": "Middle Eastern cartography, astronomy, medicine, clothing, and diet in East Asia", - "572878942ca10214002da3a3": "Middle Eastern cartography, astronomy, medicine, clothing, and diet in East Asia", - "572878942ca10214002da3a4": "ally and subordinate in Persia", - "572878942ca10214002da3a5": "carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar", - "572879574b864d1900164a14": "the Yuan government", - "572879574b864d1900164a15": "period of toleration. Buddhism (especially Tibetan Buddhism) flourished, although Taoism endured certain persecutions in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government", - "572879574b864d1900164a16": "the Yuan government", - "572879574b864d1900164a17": "the Yuan government", - "572879574b864d1900164a18": "the Yuan government", - "57287b4a4b864d1900164a28": "Il milione (or, The Million, known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299", - "57287b4a4b864d1900164a29": "Il milione (or, The Million, known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299", - "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2a": "The Million", - "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2b": "The Million, known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299", - "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2c": "Il milione (or, The Million, known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299", - "57287c142ca10214002da3d0": "the astronomer", - "57287c142ca10214002da3d1": "Shoujing, who was tasked with many public works projects and helped the Yuan reform the lunisolar calendar", - "57287c142ca10214002da3d2": "the Yuan period, Beijing became the terminus of the Grand Canal of China", + "57287338ff5b5019007da235": "Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels", + "57287338ff5b5019007da236": "Yingchang", + "572878942ca10214002da3a2": "the Yuan dynasty.", + "572878942ca10214002da3a3": "The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts produced a fair amount of cultural", + "572878942ca10214002da3a4": "the communications between Yuan dynasty and its ally and subordinate", + "572878942ca10214002da3a5": "the Yuan dynasty", + "572879574b864d1900164a14": "Western", + "572879574b864d1900164a15": "the northwest and southwest. Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism also enjoyed a period of toleration.", + "572879574b864d1900164a16": "persecutions in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government", + "572879574b864d1900164a17": "Confucian governmental practices and examinations", + "572879574b864d1900164a18": "Advances were realized in the fields of travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a28": "the Venetian Marco Polo", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a29": "Cambaluc", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2a": "Il milione (or, The Million, known in English", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2b": "Il milione", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2c": "the Venetian Marco Polo", + "57287c142ca10214002da3d0": "Shoujing", + "57287c142ca10214002da3d1": "only 26 seconds", + "57287c142ca10214002da3d2": "the year, which was only 26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar's measurement.", "57287c142ca10214002da3d3": "Beijing", "57287c142ca10214002da3d4": "sor", - "57287ccb2ca10214002da3da": "The Yuan dynasty", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3da": "non", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3db": "the Eternal Heaven", - "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dc": "Taizu (Chinese: \u592a\u7956", - "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dd": "Taizu (Chinese: \u592a\u7956", - "57287ccb2ca10214002da3de": "Taizu (Chinese: \u592a\u7956", - "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e4": "Pri", - "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e5": "Pri", - "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6": "Liu", - "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e7": "Pri", - "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e8": "Pri", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dc": "the other hand, the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty.", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dd": "the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty.", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3de": "rather as a period of foreign domination", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e4": "various cultures in the empire, including that of the Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e5": "The Chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6": "Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e7": "tri", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e8": "Six Ministries", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa3f": "Privy Council", - "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa40": "Six", - "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa41": "Ministry of Justice", + "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa40": "Six Ministries", + "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa41": "the Ministry of Justice", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa42": "Privy Council", "57287e512ca10214002da3f8": "69", - "57287e512ca10214002da3f9": "Tugh Temur", - "57287e512ca10214002da3fa": "Tugh Temur", - "57287e512ca10214002da3fb": "Tugh Temur", + "57287e512ca10214002da3f9": "the end of the dynasty. Most of the Emperors could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well in the language.", + "57287e512ca10214002da3fa": "Most", + "57287e512ca10214002da3fb": "Tugh Temur, whose mother was a Tangut concubine", "57287e512ca10214002da3fc": "Tugh Temur", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da274": "90", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da275": "91", - "57287ee3ff5b5019007da276": "duty. The Mongols practiced debt slavery, and by 1290", - "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa51": "era", - "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa52": "the Yuan era", - "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa53": "era", - "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa54": "era", - "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa55": "era", - "57287fec4b864d1900164a3c": "the Yuan dynasty, such as Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity", - "57287fec4b864d1900164a3d": "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs", - "57287fec4b864d1900164a3e": "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs", + "57287ee3ff5b5019007da276": "the harvests of their Chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty.", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa51": "the important cultural developments during the Yuan era", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa52": "Due to the coming together of painting, poetry, and calligraphy at this time many of the artists practicing these different pursuits were the same individuals", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa53": "Another", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa54": "the important cultural developments during the Yuan era", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa55": "vernacular Chinese into both the qu form of poetry", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a3c": "the Yuan dynasty", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a3d": "the number of Muslims in China. However, unlike the western khanates, the Yuan dynasty never converted to Islam. Instead, Kublai Khan", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a3e": "Tibetan Buddhism", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3f": "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs", - "57287fec4b864d1900164a40": "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs", - "5728804b4b864d1900164a46": "Zhu Shijie (1249\u20131314", - "5728804b4b864d1900164a47": "Zhu Shijie (1249\u20131314", - "5728804b4b864d1900164a48": "Zhu Shijie (1249\u20131314", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a40": "Sakya sect of Tibetan Buddhism", + "5728804b4b864d1900164a46": "the book.", + "5728804b4b864d1900164a47": "14", + "5728804b4b864d1900164a48": "equivalent to modern matrices", "5728804b4b864d1900164a49": "era", "5728804b4b864d1900164a4a": "3", - "5728809f2ca10214002da40c": "the Shoushi Li (\u6388\u6642\u66a6) or Calendar for Fixing the Seasons", - "5728809f2ca10214002da40d": "formula for his astronomical calculations", - "5728809f2ca10214002da40e": "the Shoushi Li (\u6388\u6642\u66a6) or Calendar for Fixing the Seasons", - "5728809f2ca10214002da40f": "Calendar", + "5728809f2ca10214002da40c": "the first mathematicians in China to work on spherical trigonometry. Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations", + "5728809f2ca10214002da40d": "a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations", + "5728809f2ca10214002da40e": "Calendar", + "5728809f2ca10214002da40f": "the Shoushi Li (\u6388\u6642\u66a6) or Calendar", "5728809f2ca10214002da410": "81", - "572881022ca10214002da416": "Imperial Academy of Medicine", - "572881022ca10214002da417": "Imperial Academy of Medicine", - "572881022ca10214002da418": "Imperial Academy of Medicine", - "572881022ca10214002da419": "the Imperial Academy of Medicine", - "572881022ca10214002da41a": "Imperial Academy of Medicine", + "572881022ca10214002da416": "the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues.", + "572881022ca10214002da417": "herbal remedies", + "572881022ca10214002da418": "otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism", + "572881022ca10214002da419": "Academy of Medicine", + "572881022ca10214002da41a": "Confucian scholars", "572881704b864d1900164a50": "Four Great Schools", "572881704b864d1900164a51": "Four Great Schools", - "572881704b864d1900164a52": "Four Great Schools", - "572881704b864d1900164a53": "Four Great Schools", + "572881704b864d1900164a52": "the practice of Chinese medicine spread to other parts of the empire.", + "572881704b864d1900164a53": "techniques", "572881704b864d1900164a54": "47", - "572881d34b864d1900164a5a": "sometimes labeled as huihui or Muslim medicine. The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine", - "572881d34b864d1900164a5b": "63", + "572881d34b864d1900164a5a": "sometimes labeled as huihui or Muslim medicine", + "572881d34b864d1900164a5b": "The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in 1263", "572881d34b864d1900164a5c": "63", - "572881d34b864d1900164a5d": "The Canon of Medicine", - "572881d34b864d1900164a5e": "yin-yang and wuxing philosophy", - "572882242ca10214002da420": "T\u00f6regene Khatun, \u00d6gedei's wife, is one of the first printed works sponsored by the Mongols. In 1273", + "572881d34b864d1900164a5d": "the court. Chinese physicians", + "572881d34b864d1900164a5e": "yin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine", + "572882242ca10214002da420": "the 12th century. However, most published works were still produced through traditional block printing techniques.", "572882242ca10214002da421": "Wang Zhen", - "572882242ca10214002da422": "earthenware movable type, a technology invented in the 12th century", - "572882242ca10214002da423": "T\u00f6regene Khatun, \u00d6gedei's wife, is one of the first printed works sponsored by the Mongols. In 1273", + "572882242ca10214002da422": "12th century", + "572882242ca10214002da423": "T\u00f6regene Khatun", "572882242ca10214002da424": "73", - "5728827b2ca10214002da42a": "the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees", - "5728827b2ca10214002da42b": "the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42a": "the more notable applications of printing technology was the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42b": "trees", "5728827b2ca10214002da42c": "75", - "5728827b2ca10214002da42d": "switched", - "5728827b2ca10214002da42e": "the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees", - "572883153acd2414000dfa6f": "patrimonial feudalism", - "572883153acd2414000dfa70": "Politically", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42d": "the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government used woodblocks", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42e": "1294", + "572883153acd2414000dfa6f": "Politically, the system of government", + "572883153acd2414000dfa70": "autocratic-bureaucratic", "572883153acd2414000dfa71": "various allied groups from Central Asia", - "572883153acd2414000dfa72": "regime", - "572883153acd2414000dfa73": "14th century. In general there were very few North Chinese or Southerners", - "572883a33acd2414000dfa79": "Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih). After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia by Genghis Khan", - "572883a33acd2414000dfa7a": "Bukhara", - "572883a33acd2414000dfa7b": "China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara", - "572883a33acd2414000dfa7c": "China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara", - "572883a33acd2414000dfa7d": "Taishi", - "57288428ff5b5019007da28e": "Yu", - "57288428ff5b5019007da28f": "Yu", - "57288428ff5b5019007da290": "Yu", - "57288428ff5b5019007da291": "Yu", - "57288428ff5b5019007da292": "Yu", - "5728848cff5b5019007da298": "degrees of privilege\" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally, so a person's standing within the classes", - "5728848cff5b5019007da299": "historian", - "5728848cff5b5019007da29a": "degrees of privilege\" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally, so a person's standing within the classes", - "5728848cff5b5019007da29b": "degrees of privilege\" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally, so a person's standing within the classes", - "572885023acd2414000dfa83": "lower", - "572885023acd2414000dfa84": "lower", - "572885023acd2414000dfa85": "lower", - "572885023acd2414000dfa86": "higher", - "572885023acd2414000dfa87": "lower because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in. Major commerce during this era", - "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8d": "last", - "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8e": "higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last", - "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8f": "higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last", - "5728855d3acd2414000dfa90": "higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last", - "572885c44b864d1900164a78": "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs", - "572885c44b864d1900164a79": "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs", - "572885c44b864d1900164a7a": "the Central Secretariat", - "572885c44b864d1900164a7b": "Khanbaliq (modern Beijing", - "572885c44b864d1900164a7c": "the Central Secretariat", - "5728dab94b864d1900164f96": "Nairobi", - "5728dab94b864d1900164f97": "Nairobi", + "572883153acd2414000dfa72": "disaster", + "572883153acd2414000dfa73": "the early 14th century. In general there were very few North Chinese or Southerners", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa79": "the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa7a": "Khitans", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa7b": "Han Chinese", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa7c": "artisans and farmers", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa7d": "the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans", + "57288428ff5b5019007da28e": "the Yuan Emperors", + "57288428ff5b5019007da28f": "Kosher butchering", + "57288428ff5b5019007da290": "the war fighting the Mongols, among the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's armies was the Hui Muslim Feng Sheng", + "57288428ff5b5019007da291": "barracks\" and could also mean \"thanks", + "57288428ff5b5019007da292": "Ispah Rebellion but the rebellion was crushed and the Muslims were massacred by the Yuan loyalist commander Chen Youding.", + "5728848cff5b5019007da298": "the term \"social classes", + "5728848cff5b5019007da299": "degrees of privilege", + "5728848cff5b5019007da29a": "the classes", + "5728848cff5b5019007da29b": "poverty", + "572885023acd2414000dfa83": "The earlier they surrendered to the Mongols, the higher they were placed, the more the held out, the lower they were ranked.", + "572885023acd2414000dfa84": "the more the held out, the lower they were ranked. The Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese were ranked lower", + "572885023acd2414000dfa85": "the more the held out, the lower they were ranked. The Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese were ranked lower", + "572885023acd2414000dfa86": "The Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in.", + "572885023acd2414000dfa87": "The earlier they surrendered to the Mongols, the higher they were placed, the more the held out, the lower they were ranked.", + "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8d": "the Uighurs of the", + "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8e": "higher", + "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8f": "higher", + "5728855d3acd2414000dfa90": "the Uighurs surrendered to the", + "572885c44b864d1900164a78": "The Central Region", + "572885c44b864d1900164a79": "the most important region of the dynasty and directly governed by the Central Secretariat", + "572885c44b864d1900164a7a": "the whole of modern-day Tibet and a part of Sichuan, Qinghai and Kashmir.", + "572885c44b864d1900164a7b": "Beijing", + "572885c44b864d1900164a7c": "Zhongshu Sheng", + "5728dab94b864d1900164f96": "the equator and overlies the East African Rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria", + "5728dab94b864d1900164f97": "East African Community", "5728dab94b864d1900164f98": "Nairobi", - "5728dab94b864d1900164f99": "Nairobi", - "5728dab94b864d1900164f9a": "July", - "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dc": "the Nyanza region", - "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dd": "the capital city", + "5728dab94b864d1900164f99": "Tanzania", + "5728dab94b864d1900164f9a": "45 million people in July", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dc": "a warm and humid tropical", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dd": "cooler", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9de": "Mount Kenya", - "5728de0e2ca10214002da9df": "north-eastern regions", - "5728de0e2ca10214002da9e0": "the Nyanza region", - "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac2": "47", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9df": "ar", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9e0": "aris", + "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac2": "the Lower Paleolithic period.", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac3": "By the first millennium AD", - "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac4": "97%", - "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac5": "19th century", - "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac6": "1963", - "5728f5376aef0514001548c4": "Mount Kenya. The origin of the name Kenya", - "5728f5376aef0514001548c5": "The Republic of Kenya is named after Mount Kenya", - "5728f5376aef0514001548c6": "Kenya", - "5728f9342ca10214002dab52": "Ludwig Krapf", - "5728f9342ca10214002dab53": "Mt. Kenya", - "5728f9342ca10214002dab54": "1882", - "5728f9342ca10214002dab55": "1882", + "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac4": "around 97%", + "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac5": "European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century", + "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac6": "December 1963", + "5728f5376aef0514001548c4": "Mount Kenya", + "5728f5376aef0514001548c5": "the name Kenya", + "5728f5376aef0514001548c6": "the name Kenya", + "5728f9342ca10214002dab52": "both Kenia", + "5728f9342ca10214002dab53": "Others", + "5728f9342ca10214002dab54": "Joseph Thompsons", + "5728f9342ca10214002dab55": "Mt. Kenia", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165166": "Five", - "5728f9cf4b864d1900165167": "Five", + "5728f9cf4b864d1900165167": "Africa", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165168": "Five", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165169": "June and September", - "5728f9cf4b864d190016516a": "June and September with millions of animals taking part, attracting valuable foreign tourism. Two million wildebeest migrate a distance of 2,900 kilometres", - "5728fa576aef051400154920": "Richard", - "5728fa576aef051400154921": "Richard", + "5728f9cf4b864d190016516a": "Two million wildebeest migrate a distance of 2,900 kilometres", + "5728fa576aef051400154920": "20", + "5728fa576aef051400154921": "Pleistocene epoch.", "5728fa576aef051400154922": "1984", - "5728fa576aef051400154923": "1984", + "5728fa576aef051400154923": "1", "5728fa576aef051400154924": "Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey", - "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3b": "Mombasa into a major port city", - "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3c": "Mombasa into a major port city", - "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3d": "century", - "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef5": "14th century", + "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3b": "Mombasa", + "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3c": "Mombasa", + "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3d": "Duarte Barbosa", + "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef5": "the Kenyan Coast has played host to many merchants and explorers", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef6": "14th century", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef7": "14th century", - "5729024f1d04691400778f5f": "1918", - "5729024f1d04691400778f60": "1914", - "5729024f1d04691400778f61": "1918", - "5729024f1d04691400778f62": "1918", - "5729024f1d04691400778f63": "1918", - "572903d96aef0514001549a4": "1950s", - "572903d96aef0514001549a5": "1950s", - "572903d96aef0514001549a6": "1950s", - "572903d96aef0514001549a7": "80,000 white settlers living in Kenya in the 1950s", - "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4d": "1954", - "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4e": "1956", - "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4f": "1956", - "5729046aaf94a219006a9f50": "1956", - "5729046aaf94a219006a9f51": "1956", + "5729024f1d04691400778f5f": "August", + "5729024f1d04691400778f60": "the governors of British East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa", + "5729024f1d04691400778f61": "Lettow-Vorbeck took command of the German military forces, determined to tie down as many British resources as possible.", + "5729024f1d04691400778f62": "guerrilla warfare campaign", + "5729024f1d04691400778f63": "Northern Rhodesia", + "572903d96aef0514001549a4": "The central highlands", + "572903d96aef0514001549a5": "the 1950s.", + "572903d96aef0514001549a6": "the settlers banned the growing of coffee, introduced a hut tax, and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour.", + "572903d96aef0514001549a7": "80", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4d": "15 January 1954", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4e": "the end of the emergency, the Home Guard had killed 4,686 Mau Mau, amounting to 42% of the total insurgents.", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4f": "24 April 1954, after weeks of planning by the army with the approval of the War Council.", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f50": "42%", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f51": "Swynnerton Plan", "572906e23f37b31900477f8d": "1957", - "572906e23f37b31900477f8e": "1963", - "572906e23f37b31900477f8f": "1963", - "572906e23f37b31900477f90": "1963", - "572906e23f37b31900477f91": "1963", - "572909406aef0514001549dc": "1988", - "572909406aef0514001549dd": "1988", - "572909406aef0514001549de": "1997", - "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc5": "President", - "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc6": "President", - "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc7": "multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government", - "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc8": "multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate", - "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc9": "President", + "572906e23f37b31900477f8e": "Jomo Kenyatta", + "572906e23f37b31900477f8f": "the Legislative Council took place in 1957.", + "572906e23f37b31900477f90": "the Legislative Council took place in 1957.", + "572906e23f37b31900477f91": "Republic", + "572909406aef0514001549dc": "the advent of the mlolongo (queuing) system", + "572909406aef0514001549dd": "the advent of the mlolongo (queuing) system", + "572909406aef0514001549de": "the climax of a very undemocratic regime and it led to widespread agitation for constitutional reform.", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc5": "the head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc6": "The President", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc7": "government", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc8": "the National Assembly and the Senate.", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc9": "the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate. The Judiciary", "57290b21af94a219006a9fcf": "27", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd0": "27", - "57290b21af94a219006a9fd1": "27", + "57290b21af94a219006a9fd1": "139th", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd2": "27/100. However, there are several rather significant developments with regards to curbing corruption", - "57290d811d04691400778fcf": "President", - "57290d811d04691400778fd0": "President", - "57290d811d04691400778fd1": "President", - "57290d811d04691400778fd2": "President", - "57290e153f37b31900477fd9": "R. M. Aboum \u2013 executive director of TAABCO Research and Development Consultants in Nairobi", + "57290d811d04691400778fcf": "Party of National Unity", + "57290d811d04691400778fd0": "Kibaki.", + "57290d811d04691400778fd1": "the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later.", + "57290d811d04691400778fd2": "Odinga declaring himself the \"people's president\" and calling for a recount.", + "57290e153f37b31900477fd9": "the future, said Agnes R.", "57290e153f37b31900477fda": "the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission", "57290e153f37b31900477fdb": "Evangelical Lutheran Church", - "57290e153f37b31900477fdc": "R. M. Aboum \u2013 executive director of TAABCO Research and Development Consultants in Nairobi", + "57290e153f37b31900477fdc": "the future, said Agnes R.", "57290ee2af94a219006a9fff": "28 February 2008", - "57290ee2af94a219006aa000": "28 February 2008", - "57290ee2af94a219006aa001": "28 February 2008", - "57290ee2af94a219006aa002": "28 February 2008", - "57290ee2af94a219006aa003": "28 February 2008", - "57290f963f37b31900477feb": "the PM", - "57290f963f37b31900477fec": "rivals", - "57290f963f37b31900477fed": "the PM", - "57290f963f37b31900477fee": "29", - "57290f963f37b31900477fef": "the PM", - "572913626aef051400154a30": "Prime Minister", + "57290ee2af94a219006aa000": "the formation of a coalition government in which Odinga would become Kenya's second Prime Minister.", + "57290ee2af94a219006aa001": "depending", + "57290ee2af94a219006aa002": "the formation of a coalition government in which Odinga would become Kenya's second Prime Minister. Under the deal, the president would appoint cabinet ministers", + "57290ee2af94a219006aa003": "the formation of a coalition government in which Odinga would become Kenya's second Prime Minister.", + "57290f963f37b31900477feb": "the functions of the Government", + "57290f963f37b31900477fec": "the leader of the party or coalition with majority members in Parliament.", + "57290f963f37b31900477fed": "the signing ceremony", + "57290f963f37b31900477fee": "29 February", + "57290f963f37b31900477fef": "the leader of the party or coalition with majority members in Parliament.", + "572913626aef051400154a30": "A constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President.", "572913626aef051400154a31": "4 August 2010", - "572913626aef051400154a32": "Prime Minister", + "572913626aef051400154a32": "the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President.", "572913626aef051400154a33": "27", - "572913626aef051400154a34": "27 August 2010", - "572914441d04691400779025": "2014", - "572914441d04691400779026": "2014, President Uhuru Kenyatta signed a Security Laws Amendment Bill, which supporters", - "572914441d04691400779027": "2014", - "572914441d04691400779028": "2014", - "572914441d04691400779029": "United States, Britain", - "572914f46aef051400154a46": "the United States as president. In July", - "572914f46aef051400154a47": "Barack Obama", + "572913626aef051400154a34": "the new constitution", + "572914441d04691400779025": "December", + "572914441d04691400779026": "the United States, Britain, Germany and France also collectively issued a press statement cautioning about the law's potential impact.", + "572914441d04691400779027": "the United States, Britain, Germany and France also collectively issued a press statement cautioning about the law's potential impact.", + "572914441d04691400779028": "the law suggested was necessary to guard against armed groups. Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries", + "572914441d04691400779029": "governments", + "572914f46aef051400154a46": "the summer, Kenyatta visited China at the invitation of President Xi Jinping after a stop in Russia and not having visited the United States as president.", + "572914f46aef051400154a47": "US President Barack Obama", "572914f46aef051400154a48": "China", "572914f46aef051400154a49": "July", - "572915621d0469140077902f": "around", - "572915621d04691400779030": "2007", - "572915621d04691400779031": "2007", - "572915e43f37b31900478005": "the country, have been tainted", + "572915621d0469140077902f": "around the world", + "572915621d04691400779030": "inquiry", + "572915621d04691400779031": "the national elections of December 2007", + "572915e43f37b31900478005": "the country, have been tainted by corruption allegations.", "572915e43f37b31900478006": "less", - "572915e43f37b31900478007": "2010", - "572915e43f37b31900478008": "Further, the wisdom", - "572916f16aef051400154a56": "17.7%", - "572916f16aef051400154a57": "17.7%", - "572916f16aef051400154a58": "17.7%", - "572916f16aef051400154a59": "17.7%", + "572915e43f37b31900478007": "the country, have been tainted by corruption allegations.", + "572915e43f37b31900478008": "wisdom", + "572916f16aef051400154a56": "0.519", + "572916f16aef051400154a57": "the world. As of 2005, 17.7% of Kenyans lived on less than $1.", + "572916f16aef051400154a58": "less than $1.25", + "572916f16aef051400154a59": "a frontier market", "572917743f37b3190047800d": "telecommunication and financial activity over the last decade", - "572917743f37b3190047800f": "16", + "572917743f37b3190047800f": "the labour force (a consistent characteristic of under-developed economies that have not attained food security", "572917743f37b31900478010": "25%", "572917743f37b3190047800e": "75%", "572917ff6aef051400154a5e": "61%", - "572917ff6aef051400154a5f": "61% of GDP, is dominated by tourism", - "572917ff6aef051400154a60": "61%", - "572917ff6aef051400154a62": "61%", - "572917ff6aef051400154a61": "61%", + "572917ff6aef051400154a5f": "tourism", + "572917ff6aef051400154a60": "the late 1980s had become the country's principal source of foreign exchange.", + "572917ff6aef051400154a62": "the United Kingdom", + "572917ff6aef051400154a61": "the largest number being from Germany and the United Kingdom", "572918bd3f37b31900478016": "24", "572918bd3f37b31900478017": "tea", "572918bd3f37b31900478015": "Agriculture", - "572918bd3f37b31900478018": "24%", - "57291a7b1d0469140077903f": "Institute", - "57291a7b1d04691400779040": "20\u201325%", - "57291a7b1d04691400779041": "20\u201325%", + "572918bd3f37b31900478018": "sharp weather-related fluctuations", + "57291a7b1d0469140077903f": "A consortium led by the International Crops Research Institute", + "57291a7b1d04691400779040": "A consortium led by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics", + "57291a7b1d04691400779041": "Success", "57291a7b1d04691400779042": "20\u201325%", - "57291a7b1d04691400779043": "20\u201325%", - "57291b461d04691400779049": "Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands", - "57291b461d0469140077904a": "Tea", - "57291b461d0469140077904b": "Livestock", + "57291a7b1d04691400779043": "the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing.", + "57291b461d04691400779049": "Africa", + "57291b461d0469140077904a": "Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat", + "57291b461d0469140077904b": "the semi-arid savanna to the north and east", "57291b461d0469140077904c": "53%", - "57291b461d0469140077904d": "August and September 2011", - "57291beb1d04691400779053": "14%", + "57291b461d0469140077904d": "August and September 2011 prompting the Kenyans for Kenya", + "57291beb1d04691400779053": "Although Kenya is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still accounts for only 14%", "57291beb1d04691400779054": "14%", - "57291beb1d04691400779055": "14%", - "57291beb1d04691400779056": "14%", - "57291d9e3f37b31900478035": "2006", + "57291beb1d04691400779055": "three largest urban centres", + "57291beb1d04691400779056": "small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts", + "57291d9e3f37b31900478035": "the removal of duty on capital equipment and other raw materials.[citation needed]", "57291d9e3f37b31900478036": "2000", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09b": "hydroelectric stations", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09c": "hydroelectric stations", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09d": "1997", - "57291f153f37b31900478043": "10", + "57291f153f37b31900478043": "Tullow Oil estimates Kenya's oil reserves to be around 10 billion barrels.", "57291f153f37b31900478044": "10", - "57291f153f37b31900478045": "10", + "57291f153f37b31900478045": "Exploration", "57291f153f37b31900478046": "20% to 25%", - "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b1": "Liu", - "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b2": "Liu", - "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b3": "Liu", - "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b4": "Liu", - "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b5": "Liu", - "57292046af94a219006aa0bb": "2007", - "57292046af94a219006aa0bc": "2007", - "57292046af94a219006aa0bd": "2007, the Kenyan government unveiled Vision 2030", - "57292046af94a219006aa0be": "2007", - "57292046af94a219006aa0bf": "2007, the Kenyan government unveiled Vision 2030", - "572920d73f37b31900478055": "Gender and Child Affairs", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b1": "$474 million", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b2": "the time of the trip. Base Titanium, a subsidiary of Base resources of Australia, shipped its first major consignment of minerals to China.", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b3": "the time of the trip. Base Titanium, a subsidiary of Base resources of Australia, shipped its first major consignment of minerals to China.", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b4": "the Kenyan coastal town of Kilifi", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b5": "the recent suspension of the railway project.", + "57292046af94a219006aa0bb": "Vision 2030", + "57292046af94a219006aa0bc": "Vision 2030", + "57292046af94a219006aa0bd": "the year 2030.", + "57292046af94a219006aa0be": "mitting", + "57292046af94a219006aa0bf": "a direct and robust", + "572920d73f37b31900478055": "agriculture", "572920d73f37b31900478056": "30%", - "572920d73f37b31900478057": "9\u201318. The Ministry of Gender and Child Affairs", - "572920d73f37b31900478058": "Gender and Child Affairs", - "572921646aef051400154a78": "British English is primarily used in the country. Additionally, a distinct local dialect, Kenyan English", + "572920d73f37b31900478057": "9\u201318", + "572920d73f37b31900478058": "the coastal areas of Malindi, Mombasa, Kilifi, and Diani were subject to prostitution.", + "572921646aef051400154a78": "English", "572921646aef051400154a79": "English", - "572921646aef051400154a7a": "British English is primarily used in the country. Additionally, a distinct local dialect, Kenyan English", - "572921646aef051400154a7b": "British English is primarily used in the country. Additionally, a distinct local dialect, Kenyan English", - "572922206aef051400154a8a": "47.7%", + "572921646aef051400154a7a": "the country, and contains features unique to it that were derived from local Bantu languages, such as Swahili and Kikuyu.", + "572921646aef051400154a7b": "British English", + "572922206aef051400154a8a": "83%),", "572922206aef051400154a8b": "47.7%", "572922206aef051400154a8c": "3", "572922206aef051400154a8d": "Nairobi", - "57292449af94a219006aa0dd": "11.2%, indigenous beliefs 1.7%), and nonreligious 2.4%.", + "57292449af94a219006aa0dd": "2.4%.", "57292449af94a219006aa0de": "ixty", - "57292449af94a219006aa0df": "10%", - "57292449af94a219006aa0e0": "11.2%, indigenous beliefs 1.7%), and nonreligious 2.4%.", - "572924b53f37b31900478067": "7,000 doctors", - "572924b53f37b31900478068": "65,000 qualified nurses registered in the country; 8,600 clinical officers and 7,000 doctors", + "57292449af94a219006aa0df": "the Coast Region are mostly Christian", + "57292449af94a219006aa0e0": "In addition, there is a large Hindu population", + "572924b53f37b31900478067": "Nurses treat 80%", + "572924b53f37b31900478068": "the population of 43 million people (These figures from official registers", "572924b53f37b31900478069": "65", "572924b53f37b3190047806a": "7", - "572925491d046914007790c3": "Half", + "572925491d046914007790c3": "Diseases of poverty", "572925491d046914007790c4": "Half", - "572925491d046914007790c5": "Half", - "572925491d046914007790c6": "poor leadership in the public health sector are largely to blame. According to 2009 estimates, HIV prevalence is about 6.3%", - "572925491d046914007790c7": "15 million cases of malaria in 2006", - "572925a81d046914007790cd": "7", + "572925491d046914007790c5": "Preventable diseases", + "572925491d046914007790c6": "weak policies, corruption", + "572925491d046914007790c7": "15 million", + "572925a81d046914007790cd": "British colonists", "572925a81d046914007790ce": "1963", - "572925a81d046914007790cf": "1963", - "572925a81d046914007790d0": "1963", + "572925a81d046914007790cf": "authority named the Ominde Commission", + "572925a81d046914007790d0": "the nation's sovereignty.", "572925a81d046914007790d1": "7", - "572926086aef051400154ac2": "1981, the Presidential Working Party", - "572926086aef051400154ac3": "7", - "572926086aef051400154ac4": "7", - "572926086aef051400154ac5": "7", - "572926653f37b31900478079": "1985", - "572926653f37b3190047807a": "1985. It put more emphasis on vocational subjects", - "572926653f37b3190047807b": "1985. It put more emphasis on vocational subjects", + "572926086aef051400154ac2": "1981", + "572926086aef051400154ac3": "the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system", + "572926086aef051400154ac4": "university education", + "572926086aef051400154ac5": "1992", + "572926653f37b31900478079": "January 1985", + "572926653f37b3190047807a": "subjects", + "572926653f37b3190047807b": "more emphasis on vocational subjects", "572926653f37b3190047807c": "2003", - "572926653f37b3190047807d": "2003, the Government of Kenya announced the introduction of free primary education. As a result, primary school enrolment increased by about 70%.", - "572926d23f37b31900478083": "six years and lasts 12", + "572926653f37b3190047807d": "70%.", + "572926d23f37b31900478083": "six", "572926d23f37b31900478084": "12", - "572926d23f37b31900478085": "12", - "572926d23f37b31900478086": "three", + "572926d23f37b31900478085": "the university and study for four years.", + "572926d23f37b31900478086": "the second or third year of their respective course.", "5729276c1d046914007790d7": "85%", - "5729276c1d046914007790d8": "three", - "5729276c1d046914007790d9": "three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement", - "5729276c1d046914007790da": "85%", - "5729276c1d046914007790db": "85%", - "572927d06aef051400154ade": "National and Public Library Services", - "572927d06aef051400154adf": "the Kenya National Library Service (KNLS", - "572927d06aef051400154ae0": "the McMillan Memorial Library", - "572927d06aef051400154ae1": "peoples", - "5729281baf94a219006aa11f": "3,000 m steeplechase, 5,000 m, 10,000 m and the marathon", - "5729281baf94a219006aa120": "3,000 m steeplechase, 5,000 m, 10,000 m and the marathon", - "5729281baf94a219006aa121": "3,000 m steeplechase, 5,000 m, 10,000 m and the marathon", - "5729281baf94a219006aa122": "3,000 m steeplechase, 5,000 m, 10,000 m and the marathon", + "5729276c1d046914007790d8": "three to five", + "5729276c1d046914007790d9": "an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement", + "5729276c1d046914007790da": "the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education", + "5729276c1d046914007790db": "the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE", + "572927d06aef051400154ade": "the Kenya National Library Service", + "572927d06aef051400154adf": "the Kenya National Library Service", + "572927d06aef051400154ae0": "a peoples university since it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life.", + "572927d06aef051400154ae1": "the central business district of Nairobi.", + "5729281baf94a219006aa11f": "rugby union and boxing.", + "5729281baf94a219006aa120": "chiefly", + "5729281baf94a219006aa121": "the world of distance running, although competition from Morocco and Ethiopia has reduced this supremacy.", + "5729281baf94a219006aa122": "the world of distance running, although competition from Morocco and Ethiopia", "572928bf6aef051400154af0": "six", "572928bf6aef051400154af1": "six", - "572928bf6aef051400154af2": "800", - "572928bf6aef051400154af3": "six", - "572928bf6aef051400154af4": "six", - "5729293d3f37b3190047809f": "2007", - "5729293d3f37b319004780a0": "2007", - "5729293d3f37b319004780a1": "2011", + "572928bf6aef051400154af2": "the IAAF Golden League jack", + "572928bf6aef051400154af3": "Lately", + "572928bf6aef051400154af4": "the 2008 Olympics.", + "5729293d3f37b3190047809f": "Africa", + "5729293d3f37b319004780a0": "Cricket", + "5729293d3f37b319004780a1": "2003", "5729293d3f37b319004780a2": "Rakep Patel", "5729293d3f37b319004780a3": "March 2007", - "57292994af94a219006aa131": "the world famous", - "57292994af94a219006aa132": "Safari Rally", - "57292994af94a219006aa133": "Safari Rally", - "572929d56aef051400154b0a": "three meals in a day \u2013 breakfast in the morning (kiamsha kinywa), lunch in the afternoon", - "572929d56aef051400154b0b": "three meals in a day \u2013 breakfast in the morning (kiamsha kinywa", - "572929d56aef051400154b0c": "three meals in a day \u2013 breakfast in the morning (kiamsha kinywa), lunch in the afternoon", - "572929d56aef051400154b0d": "three meals in a day \u2013 breakfast in the morning (kiamsha kinywa), lunch in the afternoon", - "57293b843f37b31900478133": "Resolution 43/53", - "57293b843f37b31900478134": "1988", - "57293b843f37b31900478135": "objective of the UNFCCC", - "57293b843f37b31900478136": "Resolution 43/53", - "57293b843f37b31900478137": "43/53", - "57293bc91d0469140077919b": "Bert Bolin in 1988. The chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs, working group co-chairs, and a secretariat", - "57293bc91d0469140077919c": "Bert Bolin in 1988. The chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs, working group co-chairs, and a secretariat", - "57293bc91d0469140077919d": "Bert Bolin in 1988. The chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs, working group co-chairs, and a secretariat", - "57293bc91d0469140077919e": "Bert Bolin", + "57292994af94a219006aa131": "the world famous Safari Rally", + "57292994af94a219006aa132": "the world famous Safari Rally", + "57292994af94a219006aa133": "Some of the best rally drivers in the world", + "572929d56aef051400154b0a": "three", + "572929d56aef051400154b0b": "10 o'clock", + "572929d56aef051400154b0c": "the morning (kiamsha kinywa", + "572929d56aef051400154b0d": "the afternoon", + "57293b843f37b31900478133": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations", + "57293b843f37b31900478134": "two", + "57293b843f37b31900478135": "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere", + "57293b843f37b31900478136": "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC", + "57293b843f37b31900478137": "United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53", + "57293bc91d0469140077919b": "Lee", + "57293bc91d0469140077919c": "Korean economist", + "57293bc91d0469140077919d": "Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated acting Chair after the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri in February 2015.", + "57293bc91d0469140077919e": "Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; Robert Watson", "57293bc91d0469140077919f": "February", - "57293c246aef051400154bb8": "2003", - "57293c246aef051400154bb9": "350", - "57293c246aef051400154bba": "2003", - "57293c246aef051400154bbb": "2003", + "57293c246aef051400154bb8": "the level of government representatives.", + "57293c246aef051400154bb9": "350 government officials and climate change experts. After the opening ceremonies, closed plenary sessions were held. The meeting report states there were 322", + "57293c246aef051400154bba": "the opening ceremonies, closed plenary sessions were held.", + "57293c246aef051400154bbb": "seven-eighths", "57293ca73f37b3190047815b": "1989", "57293ca73f37b3190047815c": "1989", - "57293ca73f37b3190047815e": "1989", - "57293ca73f37b3190047815f": "1989", - "57293ca73f37b3190047815d": "1989 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Costs of the Secretary", - "57293d116aef051400154bc8": "reports", - "57293d116aef051400154bc9": "The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data. Lead authors of IPCC reports", - "57293d116aef051400154bca": "refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the \"grey literature", - "57293d116aef051400154bcb": "refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the \"grey literature", - "57293d6d1d046914007791b7": "ten", + "57293ca73f37b3190047815e": "the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Costs of the Secretary and of housing the secretariat are provided by the WMO, while UNEP", + "57293ca73f37b3190047815f": "Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO", + "57293ca73f37b3190047815d": "the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Costs of the Secretary and of housing the secretariat are provided by the WMO", + "57293d116aef051400154bc8": "the previous report and also notes areas where further research is required.", + "57293d116aef051400154bc9": "the previous report and also notes areas where further research is required.", + "57293d116aef051400154bca": "the previous report and also notes areas where further research is required.", + "57293d116aef051400154bcb": "the \"grey literature", + "57293d6d1d046914007791b7": "two", "57293d6d1d046914007791b8": "ten", - "57293d6d1d046914007791b9": "ten", - "57293d6d1d046914007791ba": "ten", - "57293d6d1d046914007791bb": "ten", - "57293e221d046914007791d5": "the [21st] century", - "57293e221d046914007791d6": "the atmospheric", - "57293e221d046914007791d7": "the [21st] century", - "57293e221d046914007791d8": "the [21st] century", + "57293d6d1d046914007791b9": "somewhat larger number", + "57293d6d1d046914007791ba": "The coordinating lead authors", + "57293d6d1d046914007791bb": "the other authors, ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements, and reporting to the Working Group chairs.", + "57293e221d046914007791d5": "the [21st] century.", + "57293e221d046914007791d6": "the [21st] century.", + "57293e221d046914007791d7": "over half", + "57293e221d046914007791d8": "the [21st] century.", "57293e221d046914007791d9": "0.3", "57293e983f37b3190047818b": "2001", - "57293e983f37b3190047818c": "2001", - "57293e983f37b3190047818d": "the Royal Society (UK). The statement, also published as an editorial in the journal Science, stated \"we support the [TAR", + "57293e983f37b3190047818c": "16", + "57293e983f37b3190047818d": "Science", "57293e983f37b3190047818e": "90", - "57293e983f37b3190047818f": "2100", - "57293f353f37b3190047819b": "Richard", + "57293e983f37b3190047818f": "1.4 and 5.8 \u00b0C", + "57293f353f37b3190047819b": "Richard Lindzen", "57293f353f37b3190047819c": "Richard Lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the TAR. Among his criticisms, Lindzen has stated that the WGI Summary for Policymakers", "57293f353f37b3190047819d": "John Houghton", "57293f353f37b3190047819e": "John Houghton", "57293f353f37b3190047819f": "John Houghton", - "57293f8a6aef051400154bde": "In addition to climate assessment reports, the IPCC is publishing Special Reports", + "57293f8a6aef051400154bde": "the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports.", "57293f8a6aef051400154bdf": "2011", "57293f8a6aef051400154be0": "2011", - "57293f8a6aef051400154be1": "2011", - "572940246aef051400154bec": "a major IPCC function, it also supports other activities, such as the Data Distribution Centre", - "572940246aef051400154bed": "the UNFCCC process. While the preparation of the assessment reports", + "57293f8a6aef051400154be1": "the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports.", + "572940246aef051400154bec": "the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme", + "572940246aef051400154bed": "the levels of fuel consumption, industrial production and so on.", "572940246aef051400154bee": "levels of fuel consumption, industrial production", - "572940246aef051400154bef": "the UNFCCC process. While the preparation of the assessment reports", - "572940973f37b319004781a5": "2035", - "572940973f37b319004781a6": "2035", - "572940973f37b319004781a7": "2035", - "572940973f37b319004781a8": "2035", - "572941273f37b319004781ad": "Robert Watson", - "572941273f37b319004781ae": "Robert Watson", - "572941273f37b319004781af": "Martin Parry, a climate expert", - "572941273f37b319004781b0": "the impact. That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened\". Martin Parry", - "572941273f37b319004781b1": "the impact. That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened\". Martin Parry", - "57294209af94a219006aa201": "3.20", + "572940246aef051400154bef": "the relevant WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council resolutions and decisions", + "572940973f37b319004781a5": "the date", + "572940973f37b319004781a6": "regret for \"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance", + "572940973f37b319004781a7": "the final summary was robust. They expressed regret for \"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance\". The date of 2035", + "572940973f37b319004781a8": "the final summary was robust. They expressed regret for \"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance\". The date of 2035", + "572941273f37b319004781ad": "Former IPCC chairman", + "572941273f37b319004781ae": "it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact. That is worrying", + "572941273f37b319004781af": "a climate expert", + "572941273f37b319004781b0": "Himalayan", + "572941273f37b319004781b1": "the IPCC", + "57294209af94a219006aa201": "1999", "57294209af94a219006aa202": "3.20", - "57294209af94a219006aa203": "3.20", - "57294209af94a219006aa204": "Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99", - "57294279af94a219006aa209": "1900", + "57294209af94a219006aa203": "referred to as the \"hockey stick graph\". This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20", + "57294209af94a219006aa204": "Michael E. Mann", + "57294279af94a219006aa209": "the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures", "57294279af94a219006aa20a": "Fred Singer", - "57294279af94a219006aa20b": "Fred Singer", - "57294279af94a219006aa20c": "1900", - "57294279af94a219006aa20d": "1900", - "572943ab1d04691400779219": "Bradley, and Hughes", - "572943ab1d0469140077921a": "Bradley, and Hughes", - "572943ab1d0469140077921b": "Bradley, and Hughes", - "572943ab1d0469140077921c": "Bradley, and Hughes", - "572943ab1d0469140077921d": "Bradley, and Hughes", - "572944e03f37b319004781e2": "Briffa 2006. Ten of these 14", + "57294279af94a219006aa20b": "Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy Project held a press event on Capitol", + "57294279af94a219006aa20c": "July", + "57294279af94a219006aa20d": "18 July", + "572943ab1d04691400779219": "Barton", + "572943ab1d0469140077921a": "Ed Whitfield, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations", + "572943ab1d0469140077921b": "23 June 2005", + "572943ab1d0469140077921c": "Sherwood Boehlert", + "572943ab1d0469140077921d": "Sherwood Boehlert", + "572944e03f37b319004781e2": "2001", "572944e03f37b319004781e1": "2007", "572944e03f37b319004781e4": "Ten", - "572944e03f37b319004781e5": "Briffa 2006", - "572944e03f37b319004781e3": "Briffa 2006. Ten", - "572945b11d0469140077922f": "2007", - "572945b11d04691400779230": "2001", - "572945b11d04691400779231": "2001", - "572945b11d04691400779232": "2001", - "572949306aef051400154c68": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the researchers found that in 2100", - "572949306aef051400154c69": "2001", - "572949306aef051400154c6a": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the researchers found that in 2100", + "572944e03f37b319004781e5": "the divergence problem", + "572944e03f37b319004781e3": "Ten", + "572945b11d0469140077922f": "1 February 2007", + "572945b11d04691400779230": "the last IPCC report in 2001.", + "572945b11d04691400779231": "the last IPCC report in 2001. The study compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with observations.", + "572945b11d04691400779232": "the last IPCC report in 2001.", + "572949306aef051400154c68": "previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks", + "572949306aef051400154c69": "9\u201388 cm", + "572949306aef051400154c6a": "0.5\u20131.4 m [50\u2013140 cm", "572949306aef051400154c6b": "2001", - "57294baaaf94a219006aa26b": "the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report conceded in Science Magazine's State of the Planet", - "57294baaaf94a219006aa26c": "the previous IPCC assessment reports", - "57294baaaf94a219006aa26d": "Michael Oppenheimer", + "57294baaaf94a219006aa26b": "the previous IPCC assessment reports.", + "57294baaaf94a219006aa26c": "Science Magazine", + "57294baaaf94a219006aa26d": "the previous IPCC assessment reports. It has become more important to provide a broader exploration of uncertainties.", "57294e6b1d04691400779275": "the Montreal Protocol", - "57294e6b1d04691400779276": "Kyoto Protocol", - "57294e6b1d04691400779277": "the IPCC process. The lockstep situation of the IPCC is having built a broad science consensus while states and governments", - "5729506d6aef051400154cac": "global warming", - "5729506d6aef051400154cad": "the Kyoto Protocol", + "57294e6b1d04691400779276": "the Kyoto Protocol", + "57294e6b1d04691400779277": "states and governments", + "5729506d6aef051400154cac": "Sheldon Ungar", + "5729506d6aef051400154cad": "the distribution of emission reductions", "5729506d6aef051400154cae": "regional burden sharing conflicts", "5729506d6aef051400154caf": "UK government", - "5729517d6aef051400154cc8": "the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline", - "5729517d6aef051400154cc9": "schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions", - "5729517d6aef051400154cca": "the ultimate authority on the science. However, there has generally been a steady evolution of key findings and levels of scientific confidence from one assessment report", - "572951f16aef051400154cce": "Nature", + "5729517d6aef051400154cc8": "a serious shortcoming in a body which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science.", + "5729517d6aef051400154cc9": "the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions", + "5729517d6aef051400154cca": "the ultimate authority on the science", + "572951f16aef051400154cce": "five", "572951f16aef051400154ccf": "Nature", - "572951f16aef051400154cd0": "the Fourth Assessment Report", - "572951f16aef051400154cd1": "2010", - "572953013f37b3190047824d": "100", - "572953013f37b3190047824e": "ATP", - "572953013f37b3190047824f": "ATP and NADPH", - "572953013f37b31900478250": "100", - "572953013f37b31900478251": "100", - "5729544c3f37b31900478257": "Chloroplasts", - "5729544c3f37b31900478258": "Chloroplasts", - "5729544c3f37b31900478259": "Chloroplasts", - "5729544c3f37b3190047825a": "Chloroplasts", - "5729544c3f37b3190047825b": "Chloroplasts", - "572956c86aef051400154d1a": "Mitochondria", - "572956c86aef051400154d1b": "Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905", - "572956c86aef051400154d1c": "Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905", + "572951f16aef051400154cd0": "the journal Nature calling for changes to the IPCC.", + "572951f16aef051400154cd1": "avoid political interference", + "572953013f37b3190047824d": "a process known as the Calvin cycle.", + "572953013f37b3190047824e": "energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH", + "572953013f37b3190047824f": "energy-storage", + "572953013f37b31900478250": "the Calvin cycle", + "572953013f37b31900478251": "1", + "5729544c3f37b31900478257": "reproduce.", + "5729544c3f37b31900478258": "environmental", + "5729544c3f37b31900478259": "Chloroplasts are highly dynamic\u2014they circulate and are moved around within plant cells, and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce.", + "5729544c3f37b3190047825a": "a photosynthetic cyanobacterium", + "5729544c3f37b3190047825b": "Chloroplasts are highly dynamic\u2014they circulate and are moved around within plant cells, and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce.", + "572956c86aef051400154d1a": "Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell.", + "572956c86aef051400154d1b": "1905", + "572956c86aef051400154d1c": "1905", "572956c86aef051400154d1d": "1905", "572956c86aef051400154d1e": "1883", - "572957361d046914007792cf": "thylakoid membranes (phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts", - "572957361d046914007792d0": "thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a. Phycobilins", - "572957361d046914007792d2": "thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a. Phycobilins", + "572957361d046914007792cf": "Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors", + "572957361d046914007792d0": "thylakoids within. On the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a.", + "572957361d046914007792d2": "thylakoids within. On the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a.", "572957361d046914007792d3": "thicker", - "572957361d046914007792d1": "thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a. Phycobilins", - "572957ad1d046914007792d9": "the cytoplasm of the host cell, and imported back into the chloroplast", - "572957ad1d046914007792da": "escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in. The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts", - "572957ad1d046914007792db": "innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts", - "572957ad1d046914007792dc": "innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts", - "572957ad1d046914007792dd": "the cytoplasm of the host cell, and imported back into the chloroplast", - "5729582b1d046914007792e3": "three", + "572957361d046914007792d1": "sometimes called blue-green algae", + "572957ad1d046914007792d9": "Somewhere", + "572957ad1d046914007792da": "Somewhere", + "572957ad1d046914007792db": "two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts", + "572957ad1d046914007792dc": "phagosomal membrane from the host, which was probably lost.", + "572957ad1d046914007792dd": "Over time", + "5729582b1d046914007792e3": "the same thing as chloroplast). All primary chloroplasts", "5729582b1d046914007792e4": "three", - "5729582b1d046914007792e5": "three", - "5729582b1d046914007792e6": "chloroplastidan", - "5729582b1d046914007792e7": "three", - "572958cc6aef051400154d2a": "Cyanophora, a glaucophyte, is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast", - "572958cc6aef051400154d2b": "the chloroplast", - "572958cc6aef051400154d2c": "the chloroplast", - "572958cc6aef051400154d2d": "thylakoids", - "572958cc6aef051400154d2e": "the chloroplast", - "57295a116aef051400154d44": "Rhodoplasts synthesize a form of starch called floridean, which collects into granules outside the rhodoplast", - "57295a116aef051400154d45": "Rhodoplasts synthesize a form of starch called floridean, which collects into granules outside the rhodoplast", - "57295a116aef051400154d46": "the rhodoplast", - "57295a116aef051400154d47": "Rhodoplasts synthesize a form of starch called floridean, which collects into granules outside the rhodoplast", - "57295a116aef051400154d48": "Rhodoplasts synthesize a form of starch called floridean, which collects into granules outside the rhodoplast", - "57295b5b1d04691400779315": "The chloroplastidan chloroplasts", + "5729582b1d046914007792e5": "the same thing as chloroplast). All primary chloroplasts", + "5729582b1d046914007792e6": "chloroplastidan, or green chloroplast lineage", + "5729582b1d046914007792e7": "the one that contains the land plants", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2a": "the first organisms to contain a chloroplast.", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2b": "The alga Cyanophora", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2c": "glaucophyte chloroplasts are also known as muroplasts", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2d": "a", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2e": "the first organisms to contain a chloroplast.", + "57295a116aef051400154d44": "the cytoplasm of the red alga.", + "57295a116aef051400154d45": "phycobilisomes", + "57295a116aef051400154d46": "the cytoplasm of the red alga.", + "57295a116aef051400154d47": "the cytoplasm of the red alga.", + "57295a116aef051400154d48": "Rhodoplasts", + "57295b5b1d04691400779315": "The chloroplastidan chloroplasts, or green chloroplasts, are another large, highly diverse primary chloroplast lineage.", "57295b5b1d04691400779316": "H\u00e6matococcus pluvialis, due to accessory pigments", - "57295b5b1d04691400779317": "The chloroplastidan chloroplasts", - "57295b5b1d04691400779318": "seem", - "57295b5b1d04691400779319": "The chloroplastidan chloroplasts", + "57295b5b1d04691400779317": "the peptidoglycan wall between their double membrane, and have replaced it with an intermembrane space.", + "57295b5b1d04691400779318": "division", + "57295b5b1d04691400779319": "contain chlorophyll b instead.", "572961f61d04691400779359": "three", "572961f61d0469140077935a": "three", - "572961f61d0469140077935b": "three", + "572961f61d0469140077935b": "the secondary", "572961f61d0469140077935c": "three", - "572961f61d0469140077935d": "only its chloroplast", + "572961f61d0469140077935d": "The engulfed alga was broken down, leaving only its chloroplast", "572962953f37b319004782f5": "three", - "572962953f37b319004782f6": "three", + "572962953f37b319004782f6": "the form of paramylon, which is contained in membrane-bound granules in the cytoplasm of the euglenophyte.", "572962953f37b319004782f7": "three", - "572962953f37b319004782f8": "three", + "572962953f37b319004782f8": "St", "572962953f37b319004782f9": "three", - "572963221d04691400779385": "tes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast", - "572963221d04691400779386": "tes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast", - "572963221d04691400779387": "tes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast", - "572963221d04691400779388": "tes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast", + "572963221d04691400779385": "the periplastid space\u2014outside the original double membrane, in the place that corresponds to the red alga's cytoplasm.", + "572963221d04691400779386": "the periplastid space\u2014outside the original double membrane, in the place that corresponds to the red alga's cytoplasm.", + "572963221d04691400779387": "a nucleomorph that superficially resembles that of the chlorarachniophytes", + "572963221d04691400779388": "the periplastid space\u2014outside the original double membrane, in the place that corresponds to the red alga's cytoplasm.", "572963221d04691400779389": "thylakoids in stacks of two", - "572963876aef051400154dd2": "vestigial red algal derived chloroplast called an apicoplast", - "572963876aef051400154dd3": "vestigial red algal derived chloroplast called an apicoplast", - "572963876aef051400154dd4": "Plasmodium, the malaria parasite. Many apicomplexans keep a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast", + "572963876aef051400154dd2": "the helicosproidia, they're parasitic, and have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast.", + "572963876aef051400154dd3": "Apicomplexans", + "572963876aef051400154dd4": "the malaria parasite", "572963876aef051400154dd5": "vestigial red algal derived chloroplast called an apicoplast", - "572963876aef051400154dd6": "vestigial red algal derived chloroplast called an apicoplast", - "5729645b3f37b31900478321": "the apicoplast", + "572963876aef051400154dd6": "cytoplasm", + "5729645b3f37b31900478321": "fatty acids", "5729645b3f37b31900478322": "the apicoplast", - "5729645b3f37b31900478323": "the apicoplast", - "5729645b3f37b31900478324": "the apicoplast", + "5729645b3f37b31900478323": "The most important apicoplast function is isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis", + "5729645b3f37b31900478324": "contain no photosynthetic pigments", "5729645b3f37b31900478325": "four", - "572965566aef051400154e00": "the peridinin-type chloroplast", - "572965566aef051400154e01": "the peridinin-type chloroplast", + "572965566aef051400154e00": "Peridinin", + "572965566aef051400154e01": "the peridinin-type chloroplast, characterized by the carotenoid pigment peridinin", "572965566aef051400154e02": "triple", - "572965566aef051400154e03": "three", - "572965e73f37b3190047832b": "Karlodinium and Karenia) lost their original red algal derived chloroplast, and replaced it with a new chloroplast", - "572965e73f37b3190047832c": "Karlodinium and Karenia probably took up different heterokontophytes. Because the haptophyte chloroplast", + "572965566aef051400154e03": "membrane", + "572965e73f37b3190047832b": "Karlodinium and Karenia probably took up different heterokontophytes.", + "572965e73f37b3190047832c": "a new chloroplast derived from a haptophyte endosymbiont.", "572965e73f37b3190047832d": "four", "572965e73f37b3190047832e": "tertiary endosymbiosis would be expected to create a six membraned chloroplast", - "572966626aef051400154e13": "outermost two membranes, leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast", - "572966626aef051400154e14": "outermost two membranes, leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast", - "572966626aef051400154e12": "outermost two membranes, leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast", - "572966626aef051400154e15": "outermost two membranes, leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast", - "572966ebaf94a219006aa391": "diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast", - "572966ebaf94a219006aa392": "diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast", + "572966626aef051400154e13": "a cryptophyte.", + "572966626aef051400154e14": "outermost two membranes", + "572966626aef051400154e12": "the Dinophysis chloroplast is a kleptoplast", + "572966626aef051400154e15": "outermost two membranes, leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast.", + "572966ebaf94a219006aa391": "practically a complete cell, all inside the host's endoplasmic reticulum lumen.", + "572966ebaf94a219006aa392": "a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast", "572966ebaf94a219006aa393": "five", "572966ebaf94a219006aa394": "five", - "572966ebaf94a219006aa395": "diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast", - "572967e31d046914007793b1": "tertiary endosymbiosis\u2014the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast", - "572967e31d046914007793b2": "tertiary endosymbiosis\u2014the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast", - "572967e31d046914007793b3": "tertiary endosymbiosis\u2014the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast", - "572967e31d046914007793b4": "tertiary endosymbiosis\u2014the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast", - "572967e31d046914007793b5": "tertiary endosymbiosis\u2014the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast", - "5729686d1d046914007793c1": "0.3\u20130.8%", - "5729686d1d046914007793c2": "0.3\u20130.8%", - "5729686d1d046914007793c3": "0.3\u20130.8%", + "572966ebaf94a219006aa395": "the dinophyte host's cytoplasm", + "572967e31d046914007793b1": "the dinophyte nucleus", + "572967e31d046914007793b2": "Lepidodinium is the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that's not from the rhodoplast lineage", + "572967e31d046914007793b3": "chloroplast", + "572967e31d046914007793b4": "the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that's not from the rhodoplast lineage.", + "572967e31d046914007793b5": "more specifically", + "5729686d1d046914007793c1": "the nucleus of their host. About 0.3\u20130.8%", + "5729686d1d046914007793c2": "the nucleus of their host. About 0.3\u20130.8%", + "5729686d1d046914007793c3": "about a million", "5729686d1d046914007793c4": "around", - "5729686d1d046914007793c5": "0.3\u20130.8%", - "572968cf1d046914007793cb": "1986", - "572968cf1d046914007793cc": "1986", - "572968cf1d046914007793cd": "1986", + "5729686d1d046914007793c5": "about a million base pairs long", + "572968cf1d046914007793cb": "cpDNA", + "572968cf1d046914007793cc": "It is also known as the plastome.", + "572968cf1d046914007793cd": "1962", "572968cf1d046914007793ce": "1986", - "572968cf1d046914007793cf": "1986", - "57296977af94a219006aa3bd": "the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta", - "57296977af94a219006aa3be": "ta", - "57296977af94a219006aa3bf": "ta", - "572969f51d046914007793dd": "1970s", - "572969f51d046914007793de": "two main models", - "572969f51d046914007793e0": "ta intermediary form, also known as a Cairns replication intermediate", - "572969f51d046914007793df": "1970s", - "572969f51d046914007793e1": "Transcription starts at specific points of origin. Multiple replication forks", - "57296a65af94a219006aa3c3": "the longest amount of time). This mechanism is still the leading theory", - "57296a65af94a219006aa3c4": "the longest amount of time). This mechanism is still the leading theory", - "57296a65af94a219006aa3c5": "theory", - "57296a65af94a219006aa3c6": "theory", - "57296a65af94a219006aa3c7": "theory", - "57296ab93f37b31900478369": "most cpDNA is linear and participates in homologous recombination", - "57296ab93f37b3190047836a": "theory continues to hold that most cpDNA is circular and most likely replicates via a D loop mechanism", - "57296ab93f37b3190047836b": "the failure to explain the deamination gradient as well as the numerous plant species that have been shown to have circular cpDNA, the predominant theory", - "57296ab93f37b3190047836c": "theory continues to hold that most cpDNA is circular and most likely replicates via a D loop mechanism", - "57296b151d046914007793f1": "transfer", - "57296b151d046914007793f2": "transfer", - "57296b151d046914007793f3": "red algal derived chloroplast, the presence of many green algal genes in the diatom nucleus", - "57296b151d046914007793f4": "red algal derived chloroplast, the presence of many green algal genes in the diatom nucleus", - "57296bf96aef051400154e52": "the chloroplast", - "57296bf96aef051400154e53": "around half of the protein products of transferred genes aren't even targeted back to the chloroplast", - "57296bf96aef051400154e54": "the chloroplast. Many became exaptations, taking on new functions like participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance", - "57296bf96aef051400154e55": "around half of the protein products of transferred genes aren't even targeted back to the chloroplast", - "57296c5c3f37b3190047837f": "cytosol", + "572968cf1d046914007793cf": "two Japanese research teams sequenced the chloroplast DNA of liverwort and tobacco.", + "57296977af94a219006aa3bd": "the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta", + "57296977af94a219006aa3be": "the inverted repeats (making them direct repeats", + "57296977af94a219006aa3bf": "the chloroplast genome, as chloroplast DNAs which have lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearranged more.", + "572969f51d046914007793dd": "electron microscopy", + "572969f51d046914007793de": "two", + "572969f51d046914007793e0": "theta intermediary form, also known as a Cairns", + "572969f51d046914007793df": "the 1970s.", + "572969f51d046914007793e1": "the 1970s.", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c3": "deamination gradients", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c4": "the rest is in branched, linear, or other complex structures.", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c5": "branched, linear, or other complex structures", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c6": "homologous recombination", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c7": "a second theory", + "57296ab93f37b31900478369": "bacter", + "57296ab93f37b3190047836a": "the predominant theory continues to hold that most cpDNA is circular and most likely replicates via a D loop mechanism", + "57296ab93f37b3190047836b": "the predominant theory continues to hold that most cpDNA is circular and most likely replicates via a D loop mechanism", + "57296ab93f37b3190047836c": "via a D loop mechanism", + "57296b151d046914007793f1": "Endosymbiotic gene transfer", + "57296b151d046914007793f2": "the diatom nucleus", + "57296b151d046914007793f3": "the ancestor of all chromalveolates too) had a green algal derived chloroplast", + "57296b151d046914007793f4": "the ancestor of all chromalveolates too) had a green algal derived chloroplast", + "57296bf96aef051400154e52": "nonfunctional pseudogenes, though a few tRNA genes", + "57296bf96aef051400154e53": "around half", + "57296bf96aef051400154e54": "the chloroplast.", + "57296bf96aef051400154e55": "the cell membrane", + "57296c5c3f37b3190047837f": "a ribosome", "57296c5c3f37b31900478380": "cytosol", - "57296c5c3f37b31900478381": "the same time, they have to keep just enough shape so that they can be recognized by the chloroplast", - "57296c5c3f37b31900478382": "the same time, they have to keep just enough shape so that they can be recognized by the chloroplast", - "57296cb21d04691400779403": "3 \u03bcm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast", - "57296cb21d04691400779404": "5\u20138", - "57296cb21d04691400779405": "3", - "57296cb21d04691400779406": "single chloroplast", - "57296cb21d04691400779407": "3 \u03bcm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast", - "57296d1b1d0469140077940d": "fact", - "57296d1b1d0469140077940e": "outer and inner chloroplast membranes. The fact that chloroplasts", - "57296d1b1d0469140077940f": "outer and inner chloroplast membranes. The fact that chloroplasts", - "57296d8d1d0469140077941d": "The chloroplast double membrane is also often", - "57296d8d1d0469140077941e": "inner chloroplast", - "57296d8d1d0469140077941f": "the direction of chloroplast H+ ion flow is in the opposite direction", - "57296d8d1d04691400779420": "The chloroplast", - "57296d8d1d04691400779421": "inner chloroplast", - "57296de03f37b3190047839b": "the chloroplast", - "57296de03f37b3190047839c": "the chloroplast", - "57296de03f37b3190047839d": "the chloroplast", + "57296c5c3f37b31900478381": "the same time, they have to keep just enough shape so that they can be recognized by the chloroplast.", + "57296c5c3f37b31900478382": "Phosphorylation", + "57296cb21d04691400779403": "shaped", + "57296cb21d04691400779404": "5\u20138 \u03bcm in diameter", + "57296cb21d04691400779405": "1\u20133", + "57296cb21d04691400779406": "Oedogonium", + "57296cb21d04691400779407": "Chlamydomonas", + "57296d1b1d0469140077940d": "fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane", + "57296d1b1d0469140077940e": "There are some common misconceptions", + "57296d1b1d0469140077940f": "the cyanobacterium's original double membranes.", + "57296d8d1d0469140077941d": "the mitochondrial", + "57296d8d1d0469140077941e": "the inner mitochondria membrane is used to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy.", + "57296d8d1d0469140077941f": "the opposite direction compared to oxidative phosphorylation", + "57296d8d1d04691400779420": "the internal thylakoid system", + "57296d8d1d04691400779421": "thylakoid system.", + "57296de03f37b3190047839b": "Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts", + "57296de03f37b3190047839c": "the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule.", + "57296de03f37b3190047839d": "the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule.", "57296de03f37b3190047839e": "1962", - "57296e43af94a219006aa3e5": "the chloroplast", - "57296e43af94a219006aa3e6": "the chloroplast", - "57296e43af94a219006aa3e7": "reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes", - "57296e43af94a219006aa3e8": "tubes", - "57296e43af94a219006aa3e9": "the chloroplast", - "57296eb01d04691400779435": "ta", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e5": "the chloroplast peripheral reticulum.", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e6": "the chloroplast peripheral reticulum.", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e7": "The chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e8": "the chloroplast peripheral reticulum.", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e9": "The small vesicles sometimes observed may serve as transport vesicles", + "57296eb01d04691400779435": "a small fraction of their proteins.", "57296eb01d04691400779436": "17", - "57296eb01d04691400779437": "17", - "57296eb01d04691400779438": "ta and euglenid chloroplasts", - "57296eb01d04691400779439": "ta", - "57296eee6aef051400154e8e": "the chloroplast", - "57296eee6aef051400154e8f": "the chloroplast", - "57296eee6aef051400154e90": "the chloroplast", - "57296eee6aef051400154e91": "the chloroplast", - "57296eee6aef051400154e92": "the chloroplast", - "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fb": "the stroma, but it is now thought", - "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fc": "the stroma, but it is now thought", - "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fd": "the stroma, but it is now thought", - "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fe": "linked groups or chains", - "57296f85af94a219006aa403": "Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies", - "57296f85af94a219006aa404": "Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies", - "57296f85af94a219006aa405": "Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies", - "57296f85af94a219006aa406": "Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies", - "57296f85af94a219006aa407": "pyrenoids", - "57296fd71d0469140077943f": "10", - "57296fd71d04691400779440": "10", - "57296fd71d04691400779441": "10", + "57296eb01d04691400779437": "thirds", + "57296eb01d04691400779438": "several Chlorophyta and euglenid chloroplasts", + "57296eb01d04691400779439": "shine-dalgarno sequence recognition", + "57296eee6aef051400154e8e": "singular plastoglobulus", + "57296eee6aef051400154e8f": "a lipid monolayer.", + "57296eee6aef051400154e90": "proteins", + "57296eee6aef051400154e91": "about 45\u201360 nanometers across", + "57296eee6aef051400154e92": "singular plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s)), are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins", + "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fb": "permanently", + "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fc": "thylakoid network.", + "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fd": "the vast majority of plastoglobuli", + "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fe": "chains", + "57296f85af94a219006aa403": "Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them.", + "57296f85af94a219006aa404": "roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them.", + "57296f85af94a219006aa405": "Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them.", + "57296f85af94a219006aa406": "Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them.", + "57296f85af94a219006aa407": "de novo", + "57296fd71d0469140077943f": "the helical thylakoid model", + "57296fd71d04691400779440": "a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes.", + "57296fd71d04691400779441": "10\u201320", "57296fd71d04691400779442": "10\u201320", - "57296fd71d04691400779443": "10", - "5729703d3f37b319004783bb": "thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II", - "5729703d3f37b319004783bc": "thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II", - "5729703d3f37b319004783bd": "thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II", - "5729703d3f37b319004783be": "thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II", - "5729703d3f37b319004783bf": "thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II", - "572970916aef051400154eba": "300\u2013600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets", - "572970916aef051400154ebb": "300\u2013600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets", - "572970916aef051400154ebc": "300\u2013600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets", - "572970916aef051400154ebe": "300\u2013600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets", - "572970916aef051400154ebd": "300\u2013600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets", - "57297103af94a219006aa423": "\u03b2", - "57297103af94a219006aa424": "\u03b2", - "57297103af94a219006aa425": "\u03b2", - "57297103af94a219006aa426": "\u03b2", - "57297103af94a219006aa427": "Xanthophylls, especially the orange-red", - "5729714daf94a219006aa42d": "Cryptophyte chloroplasts", - "5729714daf94a219006aa42e": "erytherin", - "5729714daf94a219006aa42f": "erytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red", - "5729714daf94a219006aa430": "the stroma", - "5729714daf94a219006aa431": "40", - "572971af6aef051400154ede": "asts", - "572971af6aef051400154edf": "asts", - "572971af6aef051400154ee0": "problem\u2014it has trouble", - "572971af6aef051400154ee1": "asts", - "572971af6aef051400154ee2": "asts", - "5729723c6aef051400154ee8": "reactions", - "5729723c6aef051400154ee9": "I", - "5729723c6aef051400154eea": "ATP to power the Calvin cycle without generating oxygen. They lack photosystem II", - "5729723c6aef051400154eeb": "I", - "5729723c6aef051400154eec": "I", - "5729729a1d0469140077948b": "10", - "5729729a1d0469140077948c": "10", - "5729729a1d0469140077948d": "10", - "5729729a1d0469140077948e": "10", - "5729729a1d0469140077948f": "10", - "572972f46aef051400154ef2": "30\u201370 chloroplasts per cell, while stomatal guard cells contain only around 8\u201315", - "572972f46aef051400154ef3": "30\u201370 chloroplasts per cell, while stomatal guard cells contain only around 8\u201315", - "572972f46aef051400154ef6": "8\u201315", + "57296fd71d04691400779443": "thylakoids. The helices ascend at an angle of 20\u201325\u00b0", + "5729703d3f37b319004783bb": "harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy", + "5729703d3f37b319004783bc": "harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy", + "5729703d3f37b319004783bd": "har", + "5729703d3f37b319004783be": "Molecules", + "5729703d3f37b319004783bf": "a dam turbine", + "572970916aef051400154eba": "two", + "572970916aef051400154ebb": "Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana.", + "572970916aef051400154ebc": "Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets", + "572970916aef051400154ebe": "pancake-shaped", + "572970916aef051400154ebd": "300\u2013600 nanometers in diameter", + "57297103af94a219006aa423": "thirty", + "57297103af94a219006aa424": "\u03b2-carotene", + "57297103af94a219006aa425": "\u03b2-carotene is a bright red-orange carotenoid found in nearly all chloroplasts, like chlorophyll a.", + "57297103af94a219006aa426": "\u03b2-carotene", + "57297103af94a219006aa427": "red zeaxanthin", + "5729714daf94a219006aa42d": "the pigments that makes many red algae red.", + "5729714daf94a219006aa42e": "phycoerytherin", + "5729714daf94a219006aa42f": "phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red", + "5729714daf94a219006aa430": "the pigments that makes many red algae red. Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes", + "5729714daf94a219006aa431": "about 40 nanometers across", + "572971af6aef051400154ede": "the end result of ATP energy being wasted and CO2 being released, all with no sugar being produced.", + "572971af6aef051400154edf": "trouble", + "572971af6aef051400154ee0": "trouble", + "572971af6aef051400154ee1": "the initial light reactions of photosynthesis, causing issues down the line in the Calvin cycle which uses rubisco.", + "572971af6aef051400154ee2": "ATP energy", + "5729723c6aef051400154ee8": "the light reactions", + "5729723c6aef051400154ee9": "the bundle sheath chloroplasts, where it drops off CO2 and returns to the mesophyll.", + "5729723c6aef051400154eea": "thylakoids", + "5729723c6aef051400154eeb": "a four-carbon compound", + "5729723c6aef051400154eec": "the bundle sheath chloroplasts, where it drops off CO2 and returns to the mesophyll.", + "5729729a1d0469140077948b": "the photosynthetic parts of a plant green.", + "5729729a1d0469140077948c": "the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green.", + "5729729a1d0469140077948d": "A typical chlorenchyma cell of a land plant contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts.", + "5729729a1d0469140077948e": "The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells, though chloroplasts can also be found in collenchyma tissue", + "5729729a1d0469140077948f": "A typical chlorenchyma cell of a land plant contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts.", + "572972f46aef051400154ef2": "the epidermis of a leaf.", + "572972f46aef051400154ef3": "the leaves. One square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts.", + "572972f46aef051400154ef6": "around 8\u201315", "572972f46aef051400154ef4": "half a million", - "572972f46aef051400154ef5": "30\u201370 chloroplasts per cell, while stomatal guard cells contain only around 8\u201315", - "5729735c3f37b319004783fb": "sheet", - "5729735c3f37b319004783fc": "shelter", - "5729735c3f37b319004783fd": "sideways", - "5729735c3f37b319004783fe": "the reason why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones. Chloroplast", + "572972f46aef051400154ef5": "mainly", + "5729735c3f37b319004783fb": "In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet", + "5729735c3f37b319004783fc": "Under intense light, they will seek shelter", + "5729735c3f37b319004783fd": "photooxidative damage", + "5729735c3f37b319004783fe": "many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones.", "5729735c3f37b319004783ff": "Mitochondria", - "572973ccaf94a219006aa449": "Lower levels of reactive oxygen species initiate systemic acquired resistance", - "572973ccaf94a219006aa44a": "hypersensitive response, in which infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death, and systemic acquired resistance", - "572973ccaf94a219006aa44b": "resistance", - "572973ccaf94a219006aa44c": "Lower levels of reactive oxygen species initiate systemic acquired resistance", - "572973ccaf94a219006aa44d": "Lower levels of reactive oxygen species initiate systemic acquired resistance", - "57297427af94a219006aa453": "the chloroplast", - "57297427af94a219006aa454": "the chloroplast", - "57297427af94a219006aa455": "reactive oxygen species are unstable molecules, so they probably don't leave the chloroplast", - "57297427af94a219006aa456": "retrograde signaling\u2014signals from the chloroplast", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa449": "two", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa44a": "the hypersensitive response", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa44b": "signals", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa44c": "the rest of the plant.", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa44d": "reactive oxygen species", + "57297427af94a219006aa453": "reactive oxygen species", + "57297427af94a219006aa454": "the nucleus.", + "57297427af94a219006aa455": "the chloroplast, but instead pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule.", + "57297427af94a219006aa456": "the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus.", "572974923f37b3190047840b": "the chloroplast", "572974923f37b3190047840c": "the chloroplast", - "572974923f37b3190047840d": "the chloroplast", - "572974923f37b3190047840e": "the chloroplast", - "572974923f37b3190047840f": "the chloroplast", - "572975073f37b31900478415": "the thylakoid space, creating a concentration gradient", + "572974923f37b3190047840d": "the form of sugars", + "572974923f37b3190047840e": "the form of sugars.", + "572974923f37b3190047840f": "the form of sugars.", + "572975073f37b31900478415": "ria", "572975073f37b31900478416": "the thylakoid space, creating a concentration gradient", - "572975073f37b31900478417": "the thylakoid space, creating a concentration gradient", - "572975073f37b31900478418": "the stroma", - "572975073f37b31900478419": "the thylakoid space then diffuse back down their concentration gradient", - "572975511d046914007794a7": "I", - "572975511d046914007794a8": "I", - "572975511d046914007794a9": "Cyclic photophosphorylation", - "572975511d046914007794aa": "I", - "572975a3af94a219006aa465": "3", - "572975a3af94a219006aa466": "3", - "572975a3af94a219006aa467": "3", - "572975a3af94a219006aa468": "3", - "572976183f37b31900478431": "the chloroplast", - "572976183f37b31900478432": "the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch, which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast", - "572976183f37b31900478433": "the chloroplast", - "572976183f37b31900478434": "the chloroplast", - "572976183f37b31900478435": "the chloroplast", - "572976791d046914007794af": "the chloroplast", - "572976791d046914007794b0": "the chloroplast", - "572976791d046914007794b1": "the chloroplast", - "572976791d046914007794b2": "the chloroplast", - "572976791d046914007794b3": "the chloroplast", - "572976cfaf94a219006aa493": "cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed. The chloroplast", - "572976cfaf94a219006aa494": "cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed. The chloroplast", - "572976cfaf94a219006aa495": "cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed. The chloroplast", - "572976cfaf94a219006aa496": "cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed. The chloroplast", - "57297725af94a219006aa49b": "Chloroplasts", - "57297725af94a219006aa49c": "Chloroplasts", - "57297725af94a219006aa49d": "Chloroplasts", - "57297725af94a219006aa49e": "tip meristems", - "5729779b6aef051400154f62": "the etioplast", - "5729779b6aef051400154f63": "the etioplast", - "5729779b6aef051400154f64": "the etioplast", - "5729779b6aef051400154f65": "the etioplast", - "5729779b6aef051400154f66": "the etioplast", - "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ad": "Chloroplasts", - "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ae": "Chloroplasts", - "572977fbaf94a219006aa4af": "Chloroplasts", - "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b0": "Chloroplasts", - "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b1": "Chloroplasts", - "5729784b1d046914007794c9": "3", - "5729784b1d046914007794ca": "3", - "5729784b1d046914007794cb": "3", - "5729784b1d046914007794cc": "3", - "5729784b1d046914007794cd": "3", - "5729789b6aef051400154f6c": "third", - "5729789b6aef051400154f6d": "third", - "5729789b6aef051400154f6e": "third", - "5729789b6aef051400154f6f": "third", - "5729789b6aef051400154f70": "third", + "572975073f37b31900478417": "more hydrogen ions (up to a thousand times as many", + "572975073f37b31900478418": "triphosphate, or ATP.", + "572975073f37b31900478419": "the thylakoid space, creating a concentration gradient", + "572975511d046914007794a7": "Normally", + "572975511d046914007794a8": "cycl", + "572975511d046914007794a9": "Cyclic photophosphorylation is common in", + "572975511d046914007794aa": "the end of an electron transport chain.", + "572975a3af94a219006aa465": "The Calvin cycle", + "572975a3af94a219006aa466": "the dark reactions", + "572975a3af94a219006aa467": "six-carbon molecules", + "572975a3af94a219006aa468": "one out of every six", + "572976183f37b31900478431": "the efficiency of photosynthesis, and might simply be a side effect of another photosynthesis-depressing factor.", + "572976183f37b31900478432": "Under conditions", + "572976183f37b31900478433": "the efficiency of photosynthesis, and might simply be a side effect of another photosynthesis-depressing factor.", + "572976183f37b31900478434": "Waterlogged roots", + "572976183f37b31900478435": "another photosynthesis-depressing factor", + "572976791d046914007794af": "the efficiency of photosynthesis\u2014it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar.", + "572976791d046914007794b0": "the efficiency of photosynthesis\u2014it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar.", + "572976791d046914007794b1": "the efficiency of photosynthesis\u2014it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar.", + "572976791d046914007794b2": "half", + "572976791d046914007794b3": "ism", + "572976cfaf94a219006aa493": "the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol.", + "572976cfaf94a219006aa494": "cysteine and methionine.", + "572976cfaf94a219006aa495": "the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol.", + "572976cfaf94a219006aa496": "it is unclear", + "57297725af94a219006aa49b": "the two terms", + "57297725af94a219006aa49c": "proplastids", + "57297725af94a219006aa49d": "the zygote, or fertilized egg. Proplastids are commonly found in an adult plant's apical meristems", + "57297725af94a219006aa49e": "Chloroplasts do not normally develop from proplastids in root tip meristems", + "5729779b6aef051400154f62": "the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts.", + "5729779b6aef051400154f63": "the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts.", + "5729779b6aef051400154f64": "the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts.", + "5729779b6aef051400154f65": "a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked.", + "5729779b6aef051400154f66": "Gymnosperms", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ad": "a meristematic state, chloroplasts", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ae": "Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4af": "a meristematic state, chloroplasts", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b0": "a meristematic state, chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b1": "a meristematic state, chloroplasts", + "5729784b1d046914007794c9": "the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments", + "5729784b1d046914007794ca": "the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments", + "5729784b1d046914007794cb": "a Z-ring", + "5729784b1d046914007794cc": "a Z-ring", + "5729784b1d046914007794cd": "the center of the chloroplast, MinE inhibits them, allowing the Z-ring to form.", + "5729789b6aef051400154f6c": "the inner side of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first.", + "5729789b6aef051400154f6d": "the inner side of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first.", + "5729789b6aef051400154f6e": "about 5 nanometers across", + "5729789b6aef051400154f6f": "6", + "5729789b6aef051400154f70": "the inner side of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first.", "572978e66aef051400154f76": "Light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division", - "572978e66aef051400154f78": "the population of dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts", + "572978e66aef051400154f78": "Spinach leaves grown under green light have been observed to contain many large dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts.", "572978e66aef051400154f79": "Spinach leaves grown under green light have been observed to contain many large dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts", - "572978e66aef051400154f77": "white light to complete division", - "57297991af94a219006aa4b7": "3", - "57297991af94a219006aa4b8": "transformation", + "572978e66aef051400154f77": "bright white light to complete division. Spinach leaves grown under green light have been observed to contain many large dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts.", + "57297991af94a219006aa4b7": "3 in 1,000,000.", + "57297991af94a219006aa4b8": "plastid transformation", "57297991af94a219006aa4b9": "3", - "57297991af94a219006aa4ba": "transformation", - "57296d571d04691400779413": "6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3", + "57297991af94a219006aa4ba": "plastid transformation", + "57296d571d04691400779413": "6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3 in addition to 1 and 6.", "57296d571d04691400779414": "6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3", - "57296d571d04691400779415": "6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3", - "57296d571d04691400779416": "6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3", - "57296d571d04691400779417": "6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3", - "57296f293f37b319004783a3": "property of being prime (or not) is called primality", - "57296f293f37b319004783a4": "trial division have been devised to test the primality of large numbers. These include the Miller\u2013Rabin primality test", - "57296f293f37b319004783a5": "the Miller\u2013Rabin primality test", - "57296f293f37b319004783a6": "the Miller\u2013Rabin primality test", - "57296f293f37b319004783a7": "22", - "572970c11d04691400779463": "the prime number theorem, proven at the end of the 19th century", - "572970c11d04691400779464": "300 BC", - "572970c11d04691400779465": "the prime number theorem, proven at the end of the 19th century", - "572970c11d04691400779466": "the prime number theorem, proven at the end of the 19th century", + "57296d571d04691400779415": "The fundamental theorem of arithmetic", + "57296d571d04691400779416": "primes", + "57296d571d04691400779417": "1", + "57296f293f37b319004783a3": "The property of being prime (or not) is called primality", + "57296f293f37b319004783a4": "trial division", + "57296f293f37b319004783a5": "Algorithms", + "57296f293f37b319004783a6": "Algorithms", + "57296f293f37b319004783a7": "22,338,618", + "572970c11d04691400779463": "infinitely", + "572970c11d04691400779464": "infinitely", + "572970c11d04691400779465": "the end of the 19th century, which says that the probability", + "572970c11d04691400779466": "the prime number theorem", "572970c11d04691400779467": "19th century", - "5729727baf94a219006aa437": "Gold", - "5729727baf94a219006aa438": "twin prime conjecture (that there are infinitely many pairs", - "5729727baf94a219006aa439": "various branches of number theory", - "5729727baf94a219006aa43a": "Primes are used in several routines in information technology", + "5729727baf94a219006aa437": "Goldbach's conjecture (that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two", + "5729727baf94a219006aa438": "twin", + "5729727baf94a219006aa439": "various branches of number theory, focusing on analytic or algebraic aspects of numbers.", + "5729727baf94a219006aa43a": "Primes are used in several routines in information technology, such as public-key cryptography", "5729727baf94a219006aa43b": "various generalizations", - "572973f76aef051400154f0a": "6", - "572973f76aef051400154f0b": "6", - "572973f76aef051400154f0c": "6", - "572973f76aef051400154f0d": "6", - "572973f76aef051400154f0e": "6", - "57297547af94a219006aa45b": "Most early Greeks did not even consider 1", - "57297547af94a219006aa45c": "1 as the first prime number. In the mid-18th century", - "57297547af94a219006aa45d": "1 as the first prime number. In the mid-18th century", - "57297547af94a219006aa45e": "1956", - "57297547af94a219006aa45f": "20th century, mathematicians began to accept that 1", - "57297781af94a219006aa4a3": "3 \u00b7 5 and 1 \u00b7 3", - "57297781af94a219006aa4a4": "3", - "57297781af94a219006aa4a6": "3", - "57297781af94a219006aa4a5": "3 \u00b7 5 and 1 \u00b7 3", - "57297781af94a219006aa4a7": "3", - "572978f91d046914007794d3": "300 BC", - "572978f91d046914007794d4": "300 BC", - "572978f91d046914007794d5": "300 BC", - "572978f91d046914007794d6": "the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Euclid", + "572973f76aef051400154f0a": "3", + "572973f76aef051400154f0b": "three", + "572973f76aef051400154f0c": "odd prime", + "572973f76aef051400154f0d": "1, 3, 7, or 9", + "572973f76aef051400154f0e": "the right illustrates that 12 is not prime: 12 = 3 \u00b7 4.", + "57297547af94a219006aa45b": "Most", + "57297547af94a219006aa45c": "Christian Goldbach", + "57297547af94a219006aa45d": "Leonhard Euler", + "57297547af94a219006aa45e": "10,006,721", + "57297547af94a219006aa45f": "the 19th century many mathematicians still considered the number 1 to be a prime.", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a3": "fundamental theorem of arithmetic", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a4": "1", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a6": "properties", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a5": "properties", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a7": "multiples of 1 (that is, all other numbers) and produce as output only the single number 1", + "572978f91d046914007794d3": "the Rhind papyrus, for instance, have quite different forms for primes and for composites.", + "572978f91d046914007794d4": "the explicit study of prime numbers come from the Ancient Greeks", + "572978f91d046914007794d5": "Euclid's Elements", + "572978f91d046914007794d6": "Euclid", "572978f91d046914007794d7": "Eratosthenes", - "57297a276aef051400154f88": "40", - "57297a276aef051400154f89": "17th century. In 1640", - "57297a276aef051400154f8a": "17th century", - "57297a276aef051400154f8c": "17th century", - "57297a276aef051400154f8b": "17th century. In 1640", - "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c7": "37", - "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c8": "37", - "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c9": "37", - "57297bc9af94a219006aa4cb": "37", - "57297bc9af94a219006aa4ca": "37", - "57297d421d046914007794e5": "tests", - "57297d421d046914007794e6": "Probabilistic algorithms are normally faster, but do not completely prove that a number is prime. These tests", - "57297d421d046914007794e7": "Probabilistic algorithms are normally faster, but do not completely prove that a number is prime. These tests", - "57297d421d046914007794e8": "trial division", - "57297d421d046914007794e9": "probability", - "57297ed93f37b3190047845f": "the Fermat primality test, which relies on the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that np\u2261n", - "57297ed93f37b31900478460": "the Fermat primality test", - "57297ed93f37b31900478461": "the Fermat primality test", - "57297ed93f37b31900478462": "the Baillie-PSW, Miller-Rabin, and Solovay-Strassen tests", + "57297a276aef051400154f88": "1640", + "57297a276aef051400154f89": "Euler", + "57297a276aef051400154f8a": "the 17th century.", + "57297a276aef051400154f8c": "Mersenne primes", + "57297a276aef051400154f8b": "the 17th century.", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c7": "trial division", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c8": "more efficiently", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c9": "1", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4cb": "three", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4ca": "the square root", + "57297d421d046914007794e5": "probabilistic (or \"Monte Carlo\") and deterministic algorithms.", + "57297d421d046914007794e6": "Probabilistic algorithms are normally faster, but do not completely prove that a number is prime.", + "57297d421d046914007794e7": "Probabilistic algorithms are normally faster, but do not completely prove that a number is prime.", + "57297d421d046914007794e8": "the time if applied to a prime number, but pass only with probability p if applied to a composite number.", + "57297d421d046914007794e9": "the other hand, if the test ever fails, then we know that the number is composite.", + "57297ed93f37b3190047845f": "the Fermat primality test", + "57297ed93f37b31900478460": "the fact (Fermat's little theorem", + "57297ed93f37b31900478461": "the Carmichael numbers", + "57297ed93f37b31900478462": "More powerful", "57297ed93f37b31900478463": "the Baillie-PSW, Miller-Rabin, and Solovay-Strassen tests", - "572980f9af94a219006aa4d1": "p + 1", - "572980f9af94a219006aa4d2": "p + 1", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d1": "the Sophie Germain primes", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d2": "Mersenne primes, that is, prime numbers that are of the form 2p \u2212 1, where p is an arbitrary prime.", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d3": "The Lucas\u2013Lehmer test", - "572980f9af94a219006aa4d4": "either p + 1", - "572980f9af94a219006aa4d5": "either p + 1", - "572982e66aef051400154f92": "10", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d4": "either p + 1 or p \u2212 1 is of a particular shape", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d5": "either p + 1 or p \u2212 1 is of a particular shape", + "572982e66aef051400154f92": "distributed computing.", "572982e66aef051400154f93": "2009", "572982e66aef051400154f94": "2009", - "572982e66aef051400154f95": "10", - "572982e76aef051400154f96": "table", - "572985011d04691400779501": "\u03bc", - "572985011d04691400779502": "3", + "572982e66aef051400154f95": "Electronic Frontier Foundation", + "572982e76aef051400154f96": "the interval", + "572985011d04691400779501": "i.e., largest integer", + "572985011d04691400779502": "Chebyshev", "572985011d04691400779503": "3", - "572985011d04691400779504": "3", - "572985011d04691400779505": "Wilson's theorem and generates the number 2 many times", - "572987e46aef051400154fa2": "9", - "572987e46aef051400154fa3": "Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions asserts that the progression contains infinitely many primes. The picture below illustrates this with q = 9", - "572987e46aef051400154fa4": "9", - "572987e46aef051400154fa5": "3, 6, or 9", - "572987e46aef051400154fa6": "9", - "572989846aef051400154fc0": "\u03b6", - "572989846aef051400154fc1": "\u03b6", - "572989846aef051400154fc2": "\u03b6(1) would have a finite value. However, the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3", - "572989846aef051400154fc3": "\u03b6(1) would have a finite value. However, the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3", - "572989846aef051400154fc4": "Euler", + "572985011d04691400779504": "there always exists at least one prime number p with n < p < 2n \u2212 2, for any natural number n > 3", + "572985011d04691400779505": "Wilson's theorem", + "572987e46aef051400154fa2": "the long run\u2014the density of all primes congruent a modulo 9 is 1/6.", + "572987e46aef051400154fa3": "Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions asserts that the progression", + "572987e46aef051400154fa4": "1/6", + "572987e46aef051400154fa5": "the progression", + "572987e46aef051400154fa6": "the long run\u2014the density of all primes congruent a modulo 9 is 1/6.", + "572989846aef051400154fc0": "The zeta function is closely related to prime numbers.", + "572989846aef051400154fc1": "\u03b6(1", + "572989846aef051400154fc2": "the following identity (Basel problem), due to Euler", + "572989846aef051400154fc3": "the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... diverges (i.", + "572989846aef051400154fc4": "Bas", "57298ef11d0469140077952d": "1859", "57298ef11d0469140077952e": "\u22122", - "57298ef11d0469140077952f": "Riemann hypothesis, dating from 1859", - "57298ef11d04691400779530": "1859", - "57298ef11d04691400779531": "x/log x of numbers less than x are primes, the prime number theorem", - "57299021af94a219006aa50c": "every even integer n greater than 2", + "57298ef11d0469140077952f": "random noise", + "57298ef11d04691400779530": "the simplest assumption is that primes should have no significant irregularities without good reason.", + "57298ef11d04691400779531": "primes", + "57299021af94a219006aa50c": "Goldbach's conjecture, which asserts that every even integer n greater than 2 can be written as a sum of two", "57299021af94a219006aa50b": "1912", "57299021af94a219006aa50d": "all numbers up to n = 2 \u00b7 1017", "57299021af94a219006aa50e": "three", "57299021af94a219006aa50f": "three", - "572991943f37b319004784a1": "tw", - "572991943f37b319004784a2": "twin primes, pairs of primes with difference 2", - "572991943f37b319004784a3": "twin prime conjecture). Polignac's conjecture is a strengthening of that conjecture, it states that for every positive integer n", - "572991943f37b319004784a4": "third type of conjectures", - "572991943f37b319004784a5": "four", + "572991943f37b319004784a1": "twin prime conjecture", + "572991943f37b319004784a2": "tw", + "572991943f37b319004784a3": "the form n2 + 1. These conjectures are special cases of the broad Schinzel's hypothesis H.", + "572991943f37b319004784a4": "infinitely many", + "572991943f37b319004784a5": "at least four", "57299326af94a219006aa515": "theory", "57299326af94a219006aa516": "Hardy", "57299326af94a219006aa517": "1970s", - "57299326af94a219006aa518": "1970s", - "57299326af94a219006aa519": "basis for the creation of public key cryptography algorithms. Prime numbers are also used for hash tables", - "572995d46aef051400154fe8": "1/p is always a recurring decimal", - "572995d46aef051400154fe9": "1/p is always a recurring decimal, whose period", - "572995d46aef051400154fea": "the factorial", - "572995d46aef051400154feb": "Moreover", - "572995d46aef051400154fec": "period is p \u2212 1 or a divisor of p \u2212 1. The fraction 1/p expressed likewise in base q (rather than base 10", - "572996c73f37b319004784b3": "1024", - "572996c73f37b319004784b4": "1024", - "572996c73f37b319004784b5": "512-bit primes", - "572996c73f37b319004784b6": "the Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange", + "57299326af94a219006aa518": "the creation of public key cryptography algorithms", + "57299326af94a219006aa519": "pseudorandom number generators", + "572995d46aef051400154fe8": "a recurring decimal", + "572995d46aef051400154fe9": "the following: if p is a prime number other than 2 and 5, 1/p is always a recurring decimal, whose period is p \u2212 1", + "572995d46aef051400154fea": "the factorial (p \u2212 1)!", + "572995d46aef051400154feb": "Moreover, an integer n > 4 is composite if and only if (n \u2212 1)!", + "572995d46aef051400154fec": "The fraction 1/p expressed likewise in base q (rather than base 10", + "572996c73f37b319004784b3": "RSA", + "572996c73f37b319004784b4": "RSA", + "572996c73f37b319004784b5": "512", + "572996c73f37b319004784b6": "the assumption that it is much easier (i.", "572996c73f37b319004784b7": "1024", - "572998673f37b319004784d5": "7", + "572998673f37b319004784d5": "The evolutionary strategy", "572998673f37b319004784d6": "7", - "572998673f37b319004784d7": "7, 13", - "572998673f37b319004784d8": "7", - "572998673f37b319004784d9": "14- and 15-year cicadas would be up to 2%", - "57299a6f6aef051400155016": "various branches of mathematics. Generally, \"prime\" indicates minimality or indecomposability", - "57299a6f6aef051400155017": "the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field F containing both 0", - "57299a6f6aef051400155019": "a prime knot", - "57299a6f6aef05140015501a": "namely that any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components. For example, in knot theory", + "572998673f37b319004784d7": "7", + "572998673f37b319004784d8": "7, 13 or 17 years, at which point they fly about, breed, and then die after a few weeks at most.", + "572998673f37b319004784d9": "2%", + "57299a6f6aef051400155016": "indicates minimality or indecomposability", + "57299a6f6aef051400155017": "the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field F containing both 0 and 1.", + "57299a6f6aef051400155019": "a connected sum of prime knots", + "57299a6f6aef05140015501a": "namely", "57299a6f6aef051400155018": "a prime knot", - "57299c2c6aef051400155020": "R, an algebraic structure", - "57299c2c6aef051400155021": "R, an algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined: prime elements", - "57299c2c6aef051400155022": "R, an algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined: prime elements", - "57299c2c6aef051400155023": "it is neither zero nor a unit (i.e., does not have a multiplicative inverse) and satisfies the following requirement: given x and y", - "57299c2c6aef051400155024": "irreducible if it is not a unit", + "57299c2c6aef051400155020": "R", + "57299c2c6aef051400155021": "two", + "57299c2c6aef051400155022": "two", + "57299c2c6aef051400155023": "the following requirement: given x and y in R such that p divides the product xy, then p divides x or y.", + "57299c2c6aef051400155024": "the set of irreducible elements", "57299d1c1d04691400779581": "The fundamental theorem", - "57299d1c1d04691400779582": "3", - "57299d1c1d04691400779583": "3", - "57299d1c1d04691400779584": "3", - "57299d1c1d04691400779585": "3", + "57299d1c1d04691400779582": "The fundamental theorem of arithmetic continues to hold in unique factorization domains", + "57299d1c1d04691400779583": "the Gaussian integers", + "57299d1c1d04691400779584": "the product of the two Gaussian primes (1 + i) and (1 \u2212 i). Rational primes (i.", + "57299d1c1d04691400779585": "the form 4k + 3", "57299ec43f37b3190047850d": "theory", - "57299ec43f37b3190047850e": "notion of number is generally replaced with that of ideal. Prime ideals, which generalize prime elements", - "57299ec43f37b3190047850f": "object of study in commutative algebra, algebraic number theory", - "57299ec43f37b31900478510": "Lasker\u2013Noether theorem", - "57299ec43f37b31900478511": "a Noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of primary ideals", - "5729a03f1d04691400779593": "Prime ideals are the points of algebro-geometric objects", - "5729a03f1d04691400779594": "Arithmetic geometry also benefits from this notion, and many concepts exist in both geometry and number theory. For example, factorization", + "57299ec43f37b3190047850e": "Prime ideals, which generalize prime elements", + "57299ec43f37b3190047850f": "algebraic number theory", + "57299ec43f37b31900478510": "The fundamental theorem of arithmetic", + "57299ec43f37b31900478511": "a Noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of primary ideals, which are the appropriate generalizations of prime powers.", + "5729a03f1d04691400779593": "the points of algebro-geometric objects", + "5729a03f1d04691400779594": "a basic problem", "5729a03f1d04691400779595": "proving", - "5729a03f1d04691400779596": "proving quadratic reciprocity", + "5729a03f1d04691400779596": "proving", "5729a26d6aef05140015505a": "smaller", - "5729a26d6aef05140015505b": "transferred back and forth to the completed (or local) fields. This local-global principle", - "5729a26d6aef05140015505c": "p-adic norm |\u2212|p", - "5729a26d6aef05140015505d": "principle", - "5729a3716aef05140015506a": "53", - "5729a3716aef05140015506b": "53", + "5729a26d6aef05140015505b": "Certain arithmetic questions related to Q or more general global fields may be transferred back and forth", + "5729a26d6aef05140015505c": "absolute value", + "5729a26d6aef05140015505d": "This local-global principle", + "5729a3716aef05140015506a": "Olivier Messiaen", + "5729a3716aef05140015506b": "atre", "5729a3716aef05140015506c": "53", - "5729a3716aef05140015506d": "53", - "5729a3716aef05140015506e": "53", - "572f5533a23a5019007fc55b": "The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein", - "572f5533a23a5019007fc55c": "eventually empties into the North Sea", - "572f5533a23a5019007fc55d": "The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn", - "572f5533a23a5019007fc55e": "The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn", - "572f5533a23a5019007fc55f": "The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn", + "5729a3716aef05140015506d": "third", + "5729a3716aef05140015506e": "movements of nature", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55b": "the Swiss canton of Graub\u00fcnden", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55c": "the North Sea", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55d": "The biggest city on the river Rhine is Cologne", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55e": "the North Sea in the Netherlands.", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55f": "1,230 km", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e37": "The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn", - "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3a": "the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea", - "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3b": "The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn", - "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56b": "English", - "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56c": "English", + "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3a": "the Rhineland", + "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3b": "1,230 km", + "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56b": "R\u0113nos", + "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56c": "R\u0113nos", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56d": "R\u0113nos", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56e": "R\u0113nos", - "572fe288a23a5019007fcad7": "English", + "572fe288a23a5019007fcad7": "R\u0113nos", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad8": "R\u0113nos", "572fe288a23a5019007fcada": "Rijn", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad9": "R\u0113nos", - "572fe288a23a5019007fcadb": "English", - "572f567cb2c2fd140056803f": "1939", + "572fe288a23a5019007fcadb": "Rijn", + "572f567cb2c2fd140056803f": "Rhine-kilometers", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568040": "1939", - "572f567cb2c2fd1400568041": "the Rhine is conventionally measured in \"Rhine-kilometers\" (Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 1939", - "572f567cb2c2fd1400568042": "1939 which runs from the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland", - "572f567cb2c2fd1400568043": "20", - "572fe393947a6a140053cdba": "1939", + "572f567cb2c2fd1400568041": "Rhine-kilometers", + "572f567cb2c2fd1400568042": "the Rhine is conventionally measured in \"Rhine-kilometers", + "572f567cb2c2fd1400568043": "canalisation projects", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdba": "Rhine-kilometers", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbb": "1939", - "572fe393947a6a140053cdbc": "Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland", - "572fe393947a6a140053cdbe": "the Rhine is conventionally measured in \"Rhine-kilometers\" (Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 1939", - "572fe393947a6a140053cdbd": "the Rhine is conventionally measured in \"Rhine-kilometers\" (Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 1939", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdbc": "the Rhine is conventionally measured in \"Rhine-kilometers", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdbe": "the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century.[note 7]", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdbd": "the 19th and 20th century.[note 7]", "572f5703a23a5019007fc573": "the north", "572f5703a23a5019007fc574": "86 km", - "572f5703a23a5019007fc575": "the Rhine Valley", - "572f5703a23a5019007fc576": "Near", - "572f5703a23a5019007fc577": "border", - "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4b": "near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km", - "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4c": "86", - "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4d": "near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc575": "a wide glacial alpine valley known as the Rhine Valley", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc576": "Near Sargans a natural dam, only a few metres high", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc577": "the East", + "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4b": "near", + "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4c": "86 km", + "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4d": "599 m", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4e": "the Rhine Valley", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4f": "Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East", - "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686d": "the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst", - "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686e": "the Alter Rhein (\"Old Rhine\") and in the East", - "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686f": "the Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland delta. The delta is delimited in the West", - "572f57c704bcaa1900d76870": "the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst and Fu\u00dfach", - "572f57c704bcaa1900d76871": "the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst and Fu\u00dfach", - "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e55": "a nature reserve and bird sanctuary", - "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e56": "the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst", - "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e57": "the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst", - "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e58": "the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst", - "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e59": "a modern canalized section. Most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns", - "572f5875947a6a140053c89a": "near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", - "572f5875947a6a140053c89b": "near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", - "572f5875947a6a140053c89c": "the lake will silt up the lake. This has already happened to the former Lake Tuggenersee", - "572f5875947a6a140053c89d": "near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", - "572f5875947a6a140053c89e": "the lake will silt up the lake. This has already happened to the former Lake Tuggenersee", - "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e69": "near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", - "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6b": "near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", - "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6a": "near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", - "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6c": "near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", - "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6d": "the lake will silt up the lake. This has already happened to the former Lake Tuggenersee", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686d": "the Rhine into Lake Constance", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686e": "the Alter Rhein", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686f": "the Alter Rhein (\"Old Rhine\") and in the East by a modern canalized section", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d76870": "pronounced \"Isel", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d76871": "the singular is pronounced \"Isel\" and this is also the local pronunciation of Esel (\"Donkey", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e55": "the Rhine into Lake Constance", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e56": "a modern canalized section", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e57": "the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst and Fu\u00dfach", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e58": "the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst and Fu\u00dfach", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e59": "the singular is pronounced \"Isel", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89a": "near", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89b": "Fu\u00dfach", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89c": "the western Rhine Delta.", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89d": "the western Rhine Delta.", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89e": "It is expected that the continuous input of sediment", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e69": "Fu\u00dfach", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6b": "the western Rhine Delta.", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6a": "near", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6c": "The Dornbirner Ach", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6d": "It is expected that the continuous input of sediment", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57d": "three", - "572f58d9a23a5019007fc580": "47", - "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57e": "47", - "572f58d9a23a5019007fc581": "47", - "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57f": "47", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc580": "the south following the Swiss-Austrian border.", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57e": "the Seerhein", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc581": "the Swiss-Austrian border", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57f": "the Obersee", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858b": "three", - "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858c": "47", - "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858d": "47", - "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858e": "47", - "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858f": "47", - "572f59b4a23a5019007fc587": "the so-called Rheinbrech", - "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58a": "off the island of Lindau. The water then follows the northern shore until Hagnau am Bodensee. A small fraction", - "572f59b4a23a5019007fc588": "The flow of cold, gray mountain water continues for some distance", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858c": "the Seerhein (\"Lake Rhine\"). The lake is situated in Germany, Switzerland and Austria near the Alps.", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858d": "the Alps", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858e": "the Swiss-Austrian border", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858f": "Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc587": "the so-called Rheinbrech, the Rhine water abruptly falls into the depths", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58a": "A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc588": "the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake.", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58b": "off the island of Lindau", - "572f59b4a23a5019007fc589": "off the island of Lindau", - "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e95": "The flow of cold, gray mountain water continues for some distance", - "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e96": "off", - "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e97": "off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc589": "Lindau", + "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e95": "the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake.", + "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e96": "off the island of Lindau", + "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e97": "the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e98": "the Rheinrinne", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e99": "Depending", - "572f609ca23a5019007fc5af": "west", - "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b0": "the river Aare. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/", - "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b1": "the river Aare. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/", - "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b2": "highest point", - "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b3": "the cantons of Z\u00fcrich and Basel-Stadt, until it turns north", - "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde0": "west", - "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde1": "the river Aare. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/", - "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde2": "the river Aare. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/", - "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde3": "the highest point", - "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde4": "the cantons of Z\u00fcrich", - "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ea": "the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North", - "572f60f4947a6a140053c8eb": "the \"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North", - "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ec": "the Central Bridge is the boundary between High and Upper Rhine. The river now flows North as Upper Rhine through the Upper Rhine Plain", - "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ed": "300", - "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ee": "300", - "572fec30947a6a140053cdf2": "the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North", - "572fec30947a6a140053cdf3": "the \"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North", - "572fec30947a6a140053cdf4": "the \"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North", - "572fec30947a6a140053cdf5": "the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North", - "572fec30947a6a140053cdf6": "Legally, the Central Bridge is the boundary between High and Upper", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5af": "the Rhine basin.", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b0": "the river Aare", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b1": "more than doubles", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b2": "Finsteraarhorn", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b3": "the so-called Rhine knee at Basel", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde0": "the Rhine basin.", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde1": "the river Aare", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde2": "more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of nearly", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde3": "Finsteraarhorn", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde4": "The Rhine roughly forms the German-Swiss border", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ea": "the \"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North.", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8eb": "the \"Rhine knee", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ec": "the Central Bridge is the boundary between High and Upper Rhine.", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ed": "300 km", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ee": "40 km", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf2": "the \"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North.", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf3": "the \"Rhine knee\";", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf4": "the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf5": "the \"Rhine knee", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf6": "the Central Bridge", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b7": "19th Century", - "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b8": "The Upper Rhine region", - "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b9": "The Upper Rhine region", - "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680ba": "the Grand Canal", - "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680bb": "the huge Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim", + "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b8": "the 19th Century", + "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b9": "the 19th Century. The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly", + "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680ba": "the Grand Canal d'Alsace", + "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680bb": "huge", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5b": "The Upper Rhine region", - "572feddda23a5019007fcb5c": "19th Century", + "572feddda23a5019007fcb5c": "the 19th Century", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5d": "The Upper Rhine region", - "572feddda23a5019007fcb5e": "The Upper Rhine region", + "572feddda23a5019007fcb5e": "the ground water level fell significantly", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5f": "the Grand Canal", - "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cc": "300", - "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cd": "300", - "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cb": "300", - "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680ce": "300", - "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cf": "width", - "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef5": "300", - "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef6": "300", - "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef7": "300", - "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef8": "300", - "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef9": "300", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cc": "the Rhine via the Moselle; smaller rivers drain the Vosges and Jura Mountains uplands.", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cd": "more than 300", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cb": "The", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680ce": "the Moselle", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cf": "400 m", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef5": "Germany", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef6": "the Rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef7": "the Moselle, which contributes an average discharge", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef8": "Northeastern France", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef9": "2,290", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5eb": "the Rhine Gorge", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ec": "the Rhine Gorge", - "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ed": "the Rhine Gorge", - "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ee": "the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site", + "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ed": "erosion", + "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ee": "the Romantic Rhine\", with more than 40 castles and fortresses", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76eff": "the Rhine Gorge", - "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f00": "the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site", - "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f02": "the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site", + "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f00": "the Rhine Gorge", + "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f02": "the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards.", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f03": "the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site", - "572f6c85947a6a140053c940": "70", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c940": "industry", "572f6c85947a6a140053c942": "Duisburg", - "572f6c85947a6a140053c943": "The Ruhr, which joins the Rhine in Duisburg", - "572f6c85947a6a140053c944": "70", - "572f6c85947a6a140053c941": "Lower Rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities of Cologne, D\u00fcsseldorf", - "572ff293947a6a140053ce52": "1980s", - "572ff293947a6a140053ce53": "Lower Rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities of Cologne, D\u00fcsseldorf", - "572ff293947a6a140053ce54": "Lower Rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities of Cologne, D\u00fcsseldorf", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c943": "The Ruhr", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c944": "The Ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c941": "Lower", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce52": "the early 1980s, industry was a major source of water pollution", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce53": "Lower", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce54": "the home of Europe's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of Rotterdam, Antwerp and Amsterdam.", "572ff293947a6a140053ce55": "Duisburg", - "572ff293947a6a140053ce56": "Rotterdam, Antwerp and Amsterdam. The Ruhr, which joins the Rhine in Duisburg", - "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc621": "viniculture and tourism", - "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc622": "The Rhine Gorge between R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site", - "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc623": "Near Sankt Goarshausen", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce56": "The Ruhr", + "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc621": "tourism", + "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc622": "The Rhine Gorge between R\u00fcdesheim", + "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc623": "Sankt Goarshausen, the Rhine flows around the famous rock Lorelei", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc624": "the Middle Rhine Valley", - "572ff35f947a6a140053ce66": "viniculture and tourism", + "572ff35f947a6a140053ce66": "tourism", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce67": "The Rhine Gorge between R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce68": "The Rhine Gorge between R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site", - "572ff35f947a6a140053ce69": "Near", + "572ff35f947a6a140053ce69": "Near Sankt Goarshausen, the Rhine flows around the famous rock Lorelei", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce6a": "Near", - "572f7588947a6a140053c984": "the Rhine-Ruhr region", - "572f7588947a6a140053c985": "30", - "572f7588947a6a140053c986": "the Wes", - "572f7588947a6a140053c987": "the Emmerich Rhine Bridge, the longest", - "572f7588947a6a140053c988": "the Emmerich Rhine Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in Germany", - "572ff430a23a5019007fcba9": "the Rhine-Ruhr region", + "572f7588947a6a140053c984": "Duisburg", + "572f7588947a6a140053c985": "30 km downstream of Duisburg, is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route", + "572f7588947a6a140053c986": "Wes", + "572f7588947a6a140053c987": "Emmerich", + "572f7588947a6a140053c988": "400", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcba9": "Lower", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbaa": "the Rhine-Ruhr region", - "572ff430a23a5019007fcbab": "Duisburg with the largest river port in Europe", - "572ff430a23a5019007fcbac": "the Emmerich", - "572ff430a23a5019007fcbad": "the largest conurbation in Germany, the Rhine-Ruhr region", - "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568154": "Rotterdam", - "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568153": "Rotterdam", - "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568155": "Rotterdam", - "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f24": "Rotterdam", - "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f25": "Rotterdam", - "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f26": "Rotterdam", - "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f27": "Rotterdam", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcbab": "Du", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcbac": "Emmerich", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcbad": "400", + "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568154": "the Meuse", + "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568153": "ijn", + "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568155": "thirds", + "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f24": "thirds of the water flow volume of the Rhine flows farther west", + "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f25": "the Rhine flows farther west", + "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f26": "the Meuse", + "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f27": "The Oude Maas", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a2": "third", - "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a3": "third", - "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a4": "the Lek. It flows farther west", - "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5": "third", + "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a3": "the IJssel and Nederrijn", + "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a4": "the Nederri", + "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5": "the Nederrijn", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2d": "third", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2e": "third", - "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2f": "third", - "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f30": "third", - "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f31": "third", - "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568657": "Utrecht", - "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568658": "Utrecht", - "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568659": "Utrecht", - "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865a": "Old", - "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865b": "Katwijk", - "572ff673b2c2fd1400568669": "the Netherlands begins near Millingen", - "572ff673b2c2fd140056866a": "near Millingen", - "572ff673b2c2fd140056866b": "the Netherlands begins near Millingen", - "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f51": "three", + "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2f": "The IJssel branch carries one ninth", + "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f30": "the Nederrijn changes its name and becomes the Lek.", + "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f31": "the Nederrijn changes its name and becomes the Lek.", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568657": "the north", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568658": "draining", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568659": "Oude Rijn", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865a": "Oude Rijn", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865b": "a sluice at Katwijk", + "572ff673b2c2fd1400568669": "Rh", + "572ff673b2c2fd140056866a": "near", + "572ff673b2c2fd140056866b": "Rh", + "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f51": "the Rhine splits into Waal and Pannerdens Kanaal, which changes its name to Nederrijn at Angeren", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f52": "three", - "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f53": "Three", - "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f55": "Three", - "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f54": "et Scheur", - "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568681": "21", - "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568682": "1421", + "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f53": "The largest and southern", + "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f55": "Nieu", + "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f54": "Het Scheur (\"the Rip", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568681": "St. Elizabeth's flood (1421", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568682": "St. Elizabeth's flood (1421", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568683": "1421", - "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568685": "1421", - "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568684": "1421", - "572ff890a23a5019007fcbce": "the current delta is characterized by the delta's main arms, disconnected arms (Hollandse IJs", - "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcf": "the current delta is characterized by the delta's main arms, disconnected arms (Hollandse IJs", - "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcd": "the current delta is characterized by the delta's main arms, disconnected arms (Hollandse IJs", - "572ff890a23a5019007fcbd0": "the current delta is characterized by the delta's main arms, disconnected arms (Hollandse IJs", - "572ff935b2c2fd140056869b": "the construction of the Delta Works, tidal influence was palpable up to Nijmegen", - "572ff935b2c2fd140056869c": "the rivers", - "572ff935b2c2fd140056869d": "the sea. Before the construction of the Delta Works, tidal influence was palpable up to Nijmegen", - "572ff935b2c2fd140056869e": "Nijmegen", - "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbe9": "present Mediterranean Sea", - "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbeb": "about 180", - "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbec": "Europe", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568685": "1421 to 1904, the Meuse and Waal merged further upstream at Gorinchem", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568684": "archipelago-like estuary", + "572ff890a23a5019007fcbce": "drainage channels", + "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcf": "Delta Works", + "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcd": "Many rivers have been closed (\"dammed", + "572ff890a23a5019007fcbd0": "Delta Works", + "572ff935b2c2fd140056869b": "a tidal delta, shaped not only by the sedimentation of the rivers, but also by tidal currents.", + "572ff935b2c2fd140056869c": "The Rhine-Meuse Delta is a tidal delta, shaped not only by the sedimentation of the rivers", + "572ff935b2c2fd140056869d": "the sedimentation of the rivers, but also by tidal currents. This meant that high tide formed a serious risk", + "572ff935b2c2fd140056869e": "the Waal, for example, the most landward tidal influence can be detected between Brakel and Zaltbommel", + "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbe9": "T", + "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbeb": "about 180 MBP, in the Jurassic Period", + "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbec": "Mediterranean geography", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbea": "Triassic Period", - "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbed": "Py", - "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b7": "the Upper Rhine Graben", - "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b8": "Upper Rhine Graben", - "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b9": "Miocene", - "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686ba": "the Rhone and Danube drained the northern flanks of the Alps", - "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef0": "the Pliocene period", + "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbed": "Iberia", + "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b7": "the Upper Rhine Graben, in southwest Germany and eastern France and the Lower Rhine Embayment, in northwest Germany and the southeastern Netherlands.", + "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b8": "the Upper Rhine Graben", + "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b9": "the Miocene", + "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686ba": "the Rhone and Danube drained the northern flanks of the Alps.", + "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef0": "the Rhine extended its watershed southward.", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef1": "the Pliocene period", - "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef2": "the Pliocene period", - "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc15": "Around", + "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef2": "the Main, beyond Schweinfurt and the Vosges Mountains, captured from the Meuse, to its watershed.", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc15": "Around 2.5 million years ago (ending 11,600 years ago) was the geological period of the Ice Ages", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc16": "six", - "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc17": "six major Ice Ages", - "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc18": "the northwest", - "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc19": "the English Channel. Since then, during glacial times", - "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e5": "70", - "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e6": "70", - "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e7": "70", - "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8": "70", - "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e9": "70", - "572fff45947a6a140053cf26": "the Rhine Valley", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc17": "120 m", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc18": "to the northwest", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc19": "Brest", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e5": "the end of the Pleistocene", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e6": "the end of the Pleistocene", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e7": "roughly west", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8": "approximately 120 m (390 ft) lower", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e9": "the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP). In northwest Europe", + "572fff45947a6a140053cf26": "its source must still have been a glacier", "572fff45947a6a140053cf27": "tundra", - "572fff45947a6a140053cf28": "the Rhine Valley", - "572fff45947a6a140053cf29": "Last Glacial Maximum, ca. 22,000\u201314,000 yr", + "572fff45947a6a140053cf28": "Last Glacial Maximum, ca.", + "572fff45947a6a140053cf29": "sheets", "572fff45947a6a140053cf2a": "the Rhine Valley", - "572fffb404bcaa1900d76fef": "13", - "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff0": "13", - "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff1": "13", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76fef": "22,000 years ago onward, frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers began to thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring.", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff0": "th", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff1": "the Rhine and its downstream extension. Rapid warming and changes of vegetation, to open forest, began about 13,000 BP.", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff2": "13", - "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff3": "13", - "573003dd947a6a140053cf42": "yr ago", - "573003dd947a6a140053cf43": "yr ago", - "573003dd947a6a140053cf44": "yr ago", - "573003dd947a6a140053cf45": "yr ago", - "573003dd947a6a140053cf46": "yr ago", - "5730042804bcaa1900d77011": "Rhine-Meuse delta began (~8,000 years ago", - "5730042804bcaa1900d77014": "8,000 years ago", - "5730042804bcaa1900d77012": "11,700 years ago", - "5730042804bcaa1900d77013": "rise in the Netherlands, the formation of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta began (~8,000 years ago", - "57300580b2c2fd140056874d": "6000", - "57300580b2c2fd140056874f": "6000", - "57300580b2c2fd140056874e": "3000 yr BP (= years Before Present), human impact is seen in the delta. As a result of increasing land clearance", - "57300580b2c2fd1400568751": "11\u201313th century", - "57300580b2c2fd1400568750": "6000 years, approximately 80", - "5730069004bcaa1900d7702d": "Rotterdam", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff3": "9000", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf42": "7500 yr ago", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf43": "the last 7000 years, the coast line was roughly at the same location.", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf44": "7000 years", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf45": "the rate of about 1\u20133 cm (0.", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf46": "about", + "5730042804bcaa1900d77011": "the Holocene", + "5730042804bcaa1900d77014": "(~8,000 years ago", + "5730042804bcaa1900d77012": "the Rhine occupied its Late-Glacial valley", + "5730042804bcaa1900d77013": "sea-level continued to rise in the Netherlands", + "57300580b2c2fd140056874d": "3000", + "57300580b2c2fd140056874f": "sped up", + "57300580b2c2fd140056874e": "the sediment load", + "57300580b2c2fd1400568751": "11\u201313th century AD", + "57300580b2c2fd1400568750": "80", + "5730069004bcaa1900d7702d": "North Sea", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702e": "three", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702f": "three", - "5730069004bcaa1900d77030": "Rotterdam", + "5730069004bcaa1900d77030": "the Zuider Zee brackish lagoon; however, since 1932, a freshwater lake", "5730069004bcaa1900d77031": "three", "57300761947a6a140053cf9a": "The Rhine was not known to Herodotus and first enters the historical period in the 1st century BC", - "57300761947a6a140053cf9b": "The Rhine was not known to Herodotus and first enters the historical period in the 1st century BC", + "57300761947a6a140053cf9b": "Germania", "57300761947a6a140053cf9c": "6th century BC", - "57300761947a6a140053cf9d": "1st century BC", + "57300761947a6a140053cf9d": "the 1st century BC", "573007fab2c2fd140056876b": "14", - "573007fab2c2fd140056876c": "70", - "573007fab2c2fd140056876d": "70", - "573007fab2c2fd140056876f": "70", + "573007fab2c2fd140056876c": "the water-boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube.", + "573007fab2c2fd140056876d": "The northern section of this frontier, where the Rhine is deep and broad, remained the Roman boundary until the empire fell.", + "573007fab2c2fd140056876f": "subjects", "573007fab2c2fd140056876e": "The upper Rhine and upper Danube are easily", "57300888b2c2fd1400568775": "eight", - "57300888b2c2fd1400568777": "I Germanica and XX Valeria", - "57300888b2c2fd1400568778": "five", - "57300888b2c2fd1400568776": "five", - "57300888b2c2fd1400568779": "five", - "57300911947a6a140053cfb6": "the 5th century", + "57300888b2c2fd1400568777": "Germania Inferior, two legions at Vetera (Xanten), I Germanica and XX Valeria", + "57300888b2c2fd1400568778": "renamed", + "57300888b2c2fd1400568776": "whether a state or threat of war existed.", + "57300888b2c2fd1400568779": "Colonia Agrippina", + "57300911947a6a140053cfb6": "the Migration period", "57300911947a6a140053cfb7": "the kingdoms", "57300911947a6a140053cfb8": "the Drachenfels", - "57300911947a6a140053cfb9": "the hero Siegfried", - "57300911947a6a140053cfba": "the Rhine and of the Burgundians and their court at Worms, at the Rhine and Kriemhild's golden treasure", - "573009a004bcaa1900d7704f": "6th century", + "57300911947a6a140053cfb9": "Siegfried", + "57300911947a6a140053cfba": "the Rhine by Hagen", + "573009a004bcaa1900d7704f": "the borders", "573009a004bcaa1900d77050": "10th century", - "573009a004bcaa1900d77051": "10th century", + "573009a004bcaa1900d77051": "Lower Lorraine", "573009a004bcaa1900d77052": "1469", "573009a004bcaa1900d77053": "1469", - "57300a25a23a5019007fcc97": "1840", - "57300a25a23a5019007fcc98": "the Rhine crisis, prompted by French prime minister Adolphe Thiers", - "57300a25a23a5019007fcc99": "06", - "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9a": "06", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc97": "the Rhine crisis", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc98": "Establishing \"natural borders\" on the Rhine was a long-term goal of French foreign policy, since the Middle Ages", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc99": "1806", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9a": "1806", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9b": "1840", - "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77063": "1930", + "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77063": "the Rhineland was subject to the Treaty of Versailles.", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77064": "1930", - "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77065": "1930", - "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77066": "Treaty of Versailles and this particular provision, in general, caused much resentment in Germany and is often cited as helping Adolf Hitler", + "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77065": "the German army", + "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77066": "Adolf Hitler", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77067": "1936", - "57300bf504bcaa1900d77087": "Seven", - "57300bf504bcaa1900d77088": "World War II", - "57300bf504bcaa1900d77089": "September 1944. The bridges at Nijmegen", - "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708a": "September 1944. The bridges at Nijmegen", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d77087": "The Rhine bridge at Arnhem", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d77088": "a formidable natural obstacle", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d77089": "September", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708a": "The Bridge at Remagen", "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708b": "Seven", "57300c67947a6a140053cff0": "1,230", - "57300c67947a6a140053cff1": "1,320", - "57300c67947a6a140053cff3": "1,320", + "57300c67947a6a140053cff1": "the German encyclopedia Knaurs Lexikon stated the length as 1,320 kilometres (820 miles), presumably a typographical error", + "57300c67947a6a140053cff3": "1,320 kilometres", "57300c67947a6a140053cff2": "1,320", - "57300c68947a6a140053cff4": "1,320", - "572fac17947a6a140053cb54": "1999", - "572fac17947a6a140053cb55": "the new Parliament took place on 12 May 1999", - "572fac17947a6a140053cb56": "the new Parliament took place on 12 May 1999", + "57300c68947a6a140053cff4": "1,320 kilometres", + "572fac17947a6a140053cb54": "the new Parliament took place on 12 May 1999", + "572fac17947a6a140053cb55": "Scotland", + "572fac17947a6a140053cb56": "the areas", "572fac17947a6a140053cb57": "Parliament of the United Kingdom", "572fac17947a6a140053cb58": "Parliament of the United Kingdom", - "572facb0a23a5019007fc863": "the United Kingdom, both seated at Westminster", - "572facb0a23a5019007fc864": "three hundred years, Scotland was directly governed by the Parliament of Great Britain", - "572facb0a23a5019007fc865": "1914", - "572facb0a23a5019007fc866": "1960s", - "572facb0a23a5019007fc867": "1973", - "572fad30a23a5019007fc86d": "Prime Minister Wilson committing his government to some form of devolved legislature in 1974. However, it was not until 1978", - "572fad30a23a5019007fc86e": "1978", - "572fad30a23a5019007fc870": "1978", - "572fad30a23a5019007fc86f": "1978", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc863": "Parliament", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc864": "three", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc865": "the outbreak of the First World War.", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc866": "late 1960s", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc867": "a directly elected Scottish Assembly", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc86d": "the North Sea", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc86e": "\"It's Scotland's oil\" campaign of the Scottish National Party (SNP", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc870": "1974", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc86f": "the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland", "572fad30a23a5019007fc871": "1978", - "572fadcbb2c2fd1400568329": "Edinburgh provided that the majority of the Scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 March 1979", - "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832a": "1979", - "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832c": "51", - "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832b": "1978", + "572fadcbb2c2fd1400568329": "Edinburgh", + "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832a": "40%", + "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832c": "51.6%", + "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832b": "the majority of the Scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 March 1979 that represented at least 40% of the total electorate.", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832d": "32.9%", - "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76bdf": "demand for a Scottish Parliament", - "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be0": "1989", + "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76bdf": "the 1980s and 1990s, demand for a Scottish Parliament", + "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be0": "the Conservative", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be1": "1989", - "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be2": "1989", - "572faec7b2c2fd1400568333": "September 2004, the official home of the Scottish Parliament", - "572faec7b2c2fd1400568334": "September 2004, the official home of the Scottish Parliament", - "572faec7b2c2fd1400568335": "Enric Miralles", - "572faec7b2c2fd1400568336": "September 2004, the official home of the Scottish Parliament", + "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be2": "the Convention", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568333": "September 2004, the official home of the Scottish Parliament has been a new Scottish Parliament Building", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568334": "Enric Miralles", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568335": "Spanish", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568336": "shaped", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568337": "Queen Elizabeth II", - "572faf74b2c2fd1400568349": "2000", - "572faf74b2c2fd1400568347": "Whilst the permanent building at Holyrood was being constructed, the Parliament", - "572faf74b2c2fd1400568348": "2000", - "572faf74b2c2fd140056834b": "2000", - "572faf74b2c2fd140056834a": "2000", - "572fb059947a6a140053cb80": "the General Assembly Hall, the Parliament also used buildings rented from the City of Edinburgh Council", - "572fb059947a6a140053cb81": "Parliament", - "572fb059947a6a140053cb82": "Parliament Square, High Street", - "572fb059947a6a140053cb83": "Parliament", - "572fb059947a6a140053cb84": "Midlothian County Buildings facing Parliament Square, High Street", - "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c15": "Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith", - "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16": "Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith", - "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c17": "Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith", - "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c18": "Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith", - "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c19": "Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith and John Scott", - "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f7": "the Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament", - "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f8": "the Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament", - "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f9": "five", - "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8fa": "The Presiding Officer", - "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5b": "131", - "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5c": "131", + "572faf74b2c2fd1400568349": "the Church's General Assembly", + "572faf74b2c2fd1400568347": "the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh.", + "572faf74b2c2fd1400568348": "the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh. Official photographs and television interviews were held in the courtyard", + "572faf74b2c2fd140056834b": "Aberdeen", + "572faf74b2c2fd140056834a": "the University of Aberdeen in May 2002.", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb80": "City of Edinburgh Council", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb81": "The former administrative building of Lothian Regional Council", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb82": "the move to Holyrood in 2004 this building was demolished", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb83": "Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge in Edinburgh (originally built as the headquarters", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb84": "the main hall", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c15": "Tricia Marwick", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16": "Tricia Marwick", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c17": "the only secret ballot conducted in the Scottish Parliament", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c18": "129", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c19": "A vote clerk", + "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f7": "Presiding Officer", + "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f8": "the chamber, is another of the roles of the Presiding Officer.", + "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f9": "five or more seats in the Parliament", + "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8fa": "Presiding Officer", + "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5b": "arranged", + "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5c": "the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members.", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5d": "131", - "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5e": "131", - "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5f": "129 are occupied by the Parliament's elected MSPs and 2 are seats for the Scottish Law Officers", - "572fbf21a23a5019007fc938": "the Parliament in its ability to make laws. Presented to the Scottish Parliament by the Queen upon its official opening in July 1999", - "572fbf21a23a5019007fc937": "the Parliament in its ability to make laws. Presented to the Scottish Parliament by the Queen upon its official opening in July 1999", + "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5e": "131 seats in the debating chamber", + "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5f": "the Scottish Government", + "572fbf21a23a5019007fc938": "panned from Scottish rivers", + "572fbf21a23a5019007fc937": "the parliamentary mace, which is made from silver", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93a": "July 1999", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc939": "There shall be a Scottish Parliament", - "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93b": "1999", + "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93b": "a glass case", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c73": "April and October", - "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c74": "Holyrood.tv and on the BBC's parliamentary channel BBC Parliament", - "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c75": "Holyrood.tv and on the BBC's parliamentary channel BBC Parliament", - "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c76": "Holyrood.tv and on the BBC's parliamentary channel BBC Parliament", + "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c74": "the debating chamber", + "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c75": "the public", + "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c76": "the public. Entry is free, but booking in advance is recommended due to limited space.", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c77": "the Official Report", - "572fc043a23a5019007fc95d": "Time for Reflection", - "572fc043a23a5019007fc95e": "Time for Reflection", - "572fc043a23a5019007fc960": "Time for Reflection", - "572fc043a23a5019007fc95f": "Time for Reflection", - "572fc043a23a5019007fc961": "Time for Reflection", - "572fc41f947a6a140053cc80": "The Presiding Officer", - "572fc41f947a6a140053cc81": "The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer) decides", - "572fc41f947a6a140053cc82": "Normally, the Presiding Officer", + "572fc043a23a5019007fc95d": "Wednesdays", + "572fc043a23a5019007fc95e": "up to four minutes", + "572fc043a23a5019007fc960": "Reflection", + "572fc043a23a5019007fc95f": "balance of religious beliefs", + "572fc043a23a5019007fc961": "the first item of business in meetings of the House of Commons.", + "572fc41f947a6a140053cc80": "The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer) decides who speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak.", + "572fc41f947a6a140053cc81": "the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak.", + "572fc41f947a6a140053cc82": "Normally, the Presiding Officer tries to achieve a balance", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc83": "ministers or party leaders", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc84": "debates", - "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccb": "the motions and amendments that have been moved that day. This \"Decision Time", + "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccb": "the motions and amendments that have been moved that day.", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccc": "the motions and amendments that have been moved that day. This \"Decision Time", - "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccd": "the motions and amendments that have been moved that day. This \"Decision Time", - "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce": "the motions and amendments that have been moved that day. This \"Decision Time", - "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccf": "the motions and amendments that have been moved that day. This \"Decision Time", + "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccd": "the motions and amendments that have been moved that day.", + "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce": "the motions and amendments that have been moved that day.", + "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccf": "seconds", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8a": "outcome", - "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8b": "the Scottish Parliament", - "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8c": "whips", - "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8e": "the Scottish Parliament", - "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8d": "the Scottish Parliament", - "572fc659b2c2fd1400568447": "Immediately after Decision Time a \"Members Debate", - "572fc659b2c2fd1400568449": "Immediately after Decision Time a \"Members Debate", - "572fc659b2c2fd1400568448": "Debate", - "572fc659b2c2fd140056844a": "Debate", - "572fc659b2c2fd140056844b": "a \"Members Debate", - "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf5": "the Scottish Parliament", - "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf6": "Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday morning when Parliament", + "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8b": "the party line.", + "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8c": "the party line.", + "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8e": "the task of ensuring that party members vote according to the party line.", + "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8d": "the party line.", + "572fc659b2c2fd1400568447": "the debate.", + "572fc659b2c2fd1400568449": "Debate", + "572fc659b2c2fd1400568448": "the debate.", + "572fc659b2c2fd140056844a": "the debate. The relevant minister, whose department the debate and motion relate to \"winds up\" the debate by speaking after all other participants.", + "572fc659b2c2fd140056844b": "the debate. The relevant minister, whose department the debate and motion relate to \"winds up\" the debate by speaking after all other participants", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf5": "the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in committee", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf6": "the Scottish Parliament than in other parliamentary systems", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf7": "partly", - "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf8": "the Scottish Parliament is to take evidence from witnesses", - "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf9": "the role of backbenchers in their scrutiny of the government and partly", - "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d07": "the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations", - "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d08": "the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations", - "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d09": "different", - "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0a": "the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations", - "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0b": "the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations", - "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d11": "the Scottish Government. The current Subject Committees in the fourth Session are: Economy, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture", - "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d12": "the Scottish Government. The current Subject Committees in the fourth Session are: Economy, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture", - "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d13": "Economy, Energy and Tourism", - "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d14": "the Scottish Government. The current Subject Committees in the fourth Session are: Economy, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture", - "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d1f": "the National Gallery of Scotland", - "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d20": "the Edinburgh Tram Network, the Glasgow Airport Rail Link, the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link and extensions to the National Gallery of Scotland", - "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d21": "the Edinburgh Tram Network, the Glasgow Airport Rail Link, the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link and extensions to the National Gallery of Scotland", - "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d22": "Edinburgh Tram Network, the Glasgow Airport Rail Link, the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link and extensions to the National Gallery of Scotland", - "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568473": "The Scotland Act 1998", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf8": "the Scottish Parliament is to take evidence from witnesses, conduct inquiries", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf9": "other locations throughout Scotland", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d07": "the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations; Finance; Public Petitions", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d08": "the balance", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d09": "different committees with their functions", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0a": "the fourth Session of the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations; Finance; Public Petitions", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0b": "the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations; Finance; Public Petitions", + "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d11": "the beginning of each parliamentary session, and again the members on each committee reflect the balance of parties across Parliament.", + "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d12": "more", + "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d13": "more) of the departments (or ministries) of the Scottish Government", + "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d14": "The current Subject Committees", + "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d1f": "the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government.", + "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d20": "relate to large-scale development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property. Private Bill Committees", + "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d21": "the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government. Private bills normally relate to large-scale development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property.", + "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d22": "Private Bill Committees", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568473": "The Scotland", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568474": "Queen Elizabeth II", - "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568475": "the Scottish Parliament", - "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568476": "the Scottish Parliament", - "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568477": "the Scottish Parliament", - "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f1": "Schedule", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568475": "the devolved competencies", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568476": "Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568477": "the power to pass laws and has limited tax-varying capability. Another of the roles of the Parliament", + "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f1": "Schedule 5 to the Scotland Act as reserved matters", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f2": "the Scottish Parliament", - "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f3": "police and fire services", - "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f4": "3", - "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f5": "setting", - "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847d": "stability", - "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847e": "the Scotland Parliament. The Scottish Parliament", - "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f": "the Scotland Parliament. The Scottish Parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to, and dealt with at, Westminster", - "572fcc43b2c2fd1400568480": "the Scotland Parliament. The Scottish Parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to, and dealt with at, Westminster", - "572fcd86947a6a140053ccda": "Parliament", - "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdb": "Parliament in a number of ways; the Scottish Government", - "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdc": "a member of the Scottish Parliament", - "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdd": "the governing party. Bills pass through Parliament", - "572fcd86947a6a140053ccde": "the governing party. Bills pass through Parliament", - "572fce12a23a5019007fca11": "the whole Parliament", - "572fce13a23a5019007fca12": "Stage 2", + "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f3": "the Scottish Parliament.", + "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f4": "3 pence in the pound", + "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f5": "the ability to alter income tax in Scotland by up to 3 pence in the pound. The 2012 Act", + "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847d": "Reserved matters", + "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847e": "The Scottish Parliament", + "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f": "Westminster", + "572fcc43b2c2fd1400568480": "Westminster", + "572fcd86947a6a140053ccda": "Bills", + "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdb": "the Scottish Government", + "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdc": "Parliament", + "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdd": "the governing party.", + "572fcd86947a6a140053ccde": "the governing party.", + "572fce12a23a5019007fca11": "the whole Parliament for a full debate in the chamber on the general principles of the bill.", + "572fce13a23a5019007fca12": "the bill will formally introduce it to Parliament together with its accompanying documents", "572fce13a23a5019007fca13": "the Presiding Officer", - "572fce13a23a5019007fca14": "the relevant committee or committees and is then submitted to the whole Parliament", + "572fce13a23a5019007fca14": "the whole Parliament for a full debate in the chamber on the general principles of the bill.", "572fce13a23a5019007fca15": "Stage 2", - "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd02": "3", - "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd03": "3", - "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd04": "3 is the final stage of the bill and is considered at a meeting of the whole Parliament", - "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd05": "3", - "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd06": "3", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd02": "Stage 3", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd03": "two", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd04": "the bill, members proceed to vote at Decision Time", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd05": "Opposition members can table \"wrecking amendments", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd06": "the bill, members proceed to vote at Decision Time", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684a9": "Monarch", - "572fd264b2c2fd14005684aa": "Monarch", - "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab": "the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament", - "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ac": "Supreme Court", - "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ad": "phrase", - "572fd47fa23a5019007fca55": "the Scottish Government. Theoretically, Parliament also elects the Scottish Ministers who form the government of Scotland", - "572fd47fa23a5019007fca57": "the Scottish Government. Theoretically, Parliament also elects the Scottish Ministers who form the government of Scotland", - "572fd47fa23a5019007fca56": "the Scottish Government. Theoretically, Parliament also elects the Scottish Ministers who form the government of Scotland", + "572fd264b2c2fd14005684aa": "submits", + "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab": "the Scottish Parliament", + "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ac": "Supreme Court of the United Kingdom", + "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ad": "a phrase", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca55": "the majority of seats in the Parliament forms the Scottish Government", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca57": "the majority of seats in the Parliament forms the Scottish Government.", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca56": "a First Minister", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca58": "Most ministers and their juniors are drawn from amongst the elected MSPs", - "572fd47fa23a5019007fca59": "the Scottish Government. Theoretically, Parliament also elects the Scottish Ministers who form the government of Scotland", - "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76d9f": "ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in May every four years (1999", - "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da0": "ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in May every four years (1999", - "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da1": "the Presiding Officer", - "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da3": "six", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca59": "Sovereign", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76d9f": "May", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da0": "May", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da1": "Monarch on the proposal of the Presiding Officer", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da3": "Extraordinary general elections are in addition to ordinary general elections, unless held less than six months", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da2": "28", - "572fd73e947a6a140053cd32": "Parliament", - "572fd73e947a6a140053cd33": "Parliament", - "572fd73e947a6a140053cd34": "Parliament upon which MSPs are invited to question. For example, at the beginning of each parliamentary year, the First Minister", - "572fd73e947a6a140053cd35": "After the statement has been delivered, the leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister", - "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3a": "Parliament is sitting, First Minister's Question Time", - "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3b": "First Minister's Question Time", - "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3c": "11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m. where members can direct questions to any member of the Scottish Government", - "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3d": "First Minister's Question Time", - "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3e": "Parliament", + "572fd73e947a6a140053cd32": "Several procedures", + "572fd73e947a6a140053cd33": "the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister on issues related to the substance of the statement.", + "572fd73e947a6a140053cd34": "a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year.", + "572fd73e947a6a140053cd35": "the substance of the statement.", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3a": "Parliamentary time is also set aside for question periods", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3b": "A \"General Question Time\" takes place on a Thursday", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3c": "the Scottish Government", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3d": "issues under their jurisdiction", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3e": "four", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684f9": "73", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fb": "2005", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fa": "73", - "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fd": "73", - "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fc": "55", - "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850b": "proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot", - "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850c": "the second vote of the ballot", + "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fd": "the north and west of the country, which have a low population density.", + "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fc": "55,000", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850b": "proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method.", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850c": "the d'Hondt method.", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850d": "the highest quotient", - "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850e": "the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot", - "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850f": "the highest quotient is awarded the seat, which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat. This is repeated iteratively", - "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851d": "Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981. Specifically, members must be over the age of 18", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850e": "the highest quotient is awarded the seat, which is then added to its constituency seats", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850f": "iteratively", + "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851d": "Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981.", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851e": "1981", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851f": "18", - "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568520": "the Scottish Parliament", + "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568520": "police and the armed forces", "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568521": "the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dd9": "the first time in the Scottish Parliament", - "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dda": "16 seats from Labour, with many of their key figures not returned to parliament, although Labour leader Iain Gray retained East Lothian", - "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddb": "East Lothian", + "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dda": "Labour", + "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddb": "151", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddc": "eight", - "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddd": "referendum on Scottish independence", - "572fdc34a23a5019007fca93": "the loss of Edinburgh Pentlands", + "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddd": "a referendum on Scottish independence", + "572fdc34a23a5019007fca93": "the Conservatives", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca94": "Edinburgh Pentlands", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca95": "five", - "572fdc34a23a5019007fca96": "Nevertheless, she too", - "572fdc34a23a5019007fca97": "congratulated the SNP", - "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9d": "the Scottish Parliament", - "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9e": "the Scottish Parliament is that Scottish MPs sitting in the UK", - "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9f": "the Scottish Parliament is that Scottish MPs sitting in the UK", - "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa0": "MPs", - "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1": "English constituencies a new \"veto\" over laws only affecting England", - "572ff626947a6a140053ce8e": "Political Islam", - "572ff626947a6a140053ce8f": "literalism, and the attempt \"to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life.\" Islamism favors the reordering of government and society", - "572ff626947a6a140053ce90": "literalism, and the attempt \"to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life.\" Islamism favors the reordering of government and society", + "572fdc34a23a5019007fca96": "Nevertheless", + "572fdc34a23a5019007fca97": "the independence referendum", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9d": "the Scottish Parliament.", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9e": "the Scottish Parliament. This phenomenon is known as the West Lothian question and has led to criticism.", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9f": "the Scottish Parliament.", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa0": "Conservative", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1": "England", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce8e": "ism", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce8f": "spheres", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce90": ", and the attempt \"to implement Islamic values", "572ff626947a6a140053ce91": "between two poles", - "572ff626947a6a140053ce92": "revolution", - "572ff760b2c2fd1400568677": "takfirism", - "572ff760b2c2fd1400568678": "Palestine", - "572ff760b2c2fd1400568679": "Palestine", - "572ff760b2c2fd140056867a": "democracy, often declaring as kuffar those Muslims who support it (see takfirism", - "572ff760b2c2fd140056867b": "takfirism", - "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f65": "Roy", - "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f66": "20th century", - "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f67": "fundamentalist \"guardians of the tradition", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce92": "revolution or invasion", + "572ff760b2c2fd1400568677": "the democratic process", + "572ff760b2c2fd1400568678": "the state of Israel.", + "572ff760b2c2fd1400568679": "abolish", + "572ff760b2c2fd140056867a": "democracy", + "572ff760b2c2fd140056867b": "basis", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f65": "guardians", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f66": "argues that \"Sunni pan-Islamism", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f67": "sharia", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f68": "democracy", - "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f69": "Roy", - "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd5": "ism", - "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd6": "the West", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f69": "the same time, their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream Islamist groups.", + "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd5": "a political role for Islam", + "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd6": "Islam", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd7": "Scholars", - "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd8": "regimes", - "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd9": "the West to support illiberal Islamic regimes, to the detriment of progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics", - "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76f9f": "the heyday of secular Arab nationalism", - "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa0": "International Crisis Group maintains that \"the conception of 'political Islam'\" is a creation of Americans to explain the Iranian Islamic Revolution", - "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa1": "1970", - "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa2": "1970", - "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa3": "the heyday of secular Arab nationalism", - "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee7": "1970s and sometimes later, Western and pro-Western governments often supported sometimes fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies", - "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee6": "1970s", - "572ffbaa947a6a140053ceea": "1970s", - "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee9": "1970s", - "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee8": "1970s", - "572ffbaab2c2fd14005686cd": "1970s", - "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6": "transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union", - "572ffc99947a6a140053cef7": "An", - "572ffc99947a6a140053cef8": "transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union", + "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd8": "illiberal Islamic regimes", + "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd9": "religion from politics", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76f9f": "-lived era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970\", and it is quietist/non-", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa0": "the conception of 'political Islam'\" is a creation of Americans", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa1": "apolitical Islam", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa2": "era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa3": "quietist/non-political Islam", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee7": "enemies", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee6": "the 1970s", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053ceea": "experience, ideology, and weapons", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee9": "the time\u2014more dangerous leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition, which Islamists were correctly seen as opposing.", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee8": "leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition", + "572ffbaab2c2fd14005686cd": "experience, ideology, and weapons", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6": "the 1990s.", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cef7": "making peace", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cef8": "the 1990s.", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef9": "1975", - "572ffc99947a6a140053cefa": "transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union", - "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc7": "the strict, conservative Saudi-based Wahhabism", - "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc8": "20th century,\" that Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cefa": "the 1990s.", + "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc7": "the 20th century,\" that Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims were infidels, etc.", + "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc8": "hate them", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc9": "democracy", - "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fca": "Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims", + "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fca": "infidels", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fcb": "the Saudi-interpretation of Islam as the \"gold standard\" of religion in minds of some or many Muslims", - "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686ef": "Muslim Brotherhood", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686ef": "the Muslim Brotherhood", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f2": "incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments", - "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f0": "Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood, \"are well known for providing shelters, educational assistance, free or low cost medical clinics", - "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f3": "incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments", - "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f1": "ceremonies", - "572ffee1947a6a140053cf14": "England", - "572ffee1947a6a140053cf15": "1908", - "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17": "1908", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f0": "housing assistance to students from out of town, student advisory groups", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f3": "rhetoric", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f1": ".", + "572ffee1947a6a140053cf14": "studying law and philosophy", + "572ffee1947a6a140053cf15": "branch", + "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17": "the mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf16": "1908", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf18": "1934", - "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686f9": "Sir Muhammad Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930", - "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fa": "Sir Muhammad Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930", - "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fb": "1930 at its session in Allahabad as well as for the session in Lahore in 1932. In his Allahabad Address on 29 December 1930", + "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686f9": "ism and secular nationalism", + "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fa": "crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence", + "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fb": "shedding of nationalist differences", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fc": "1930", - "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fd": "1930", - "5730005db2c2fd1400568703": "twentieth", - "5730005db2c2fd1400568704": "Trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism", + "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fd": "the Pakistan movement", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568703": "Maududi was an important early twentieth-century figure in the Islamic revival in India, and then after independence from Britain, in Pakistan.", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568704": "profession of journalism", "5730005db2c2fd1400568705": "1941", - "5730005db2c2fd1400568706": "1941 and remained its leader until 1972", - "5730005db2c2fd1400568707": "translated into many languages) placed Islam in a modern context", - "57300137b2c2fd1400568717": "twentieth", - "57300137b2c2fd1400568718": "Trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism", - "57300137b2c2fd140056871a": "1941 and remained its leader until 1972", - "57300137b2c2fd140056871b": "translated into many languages) placed Islam in a modern context", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568706": ", Maududi had much more impact through his writing", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568707": "context", + "57300137b2c2fd1400568717": "Maududi was an important early twentieth-century", + "57300137b2c2fd1400568718": "journalism", + "57300137b2c2fd140056871a": ", Maududi had much more impact through his writing", + "57300137b2c2fd140056871b": "context", "57300200b2c2fd1400568729": "Sharia", - "57300200b2c2fd140056872a": "society", + "57300200b2c2fd140056872a": "an Islamic state", "57300200b2c2fd140056872b": "tawhid", - "57300200b2c2fd140056872c": "the principles of: tawhid", + "57300200b2c2fd140056872c": "the principles of: tawhid (unity of God), risala (prophethood", "57300200b2c2fd140056872d": "da'wah", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77001": "1928", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77002": "1928", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77003": "1928", - "5730035e04bcaa1900d77004": "Qur'an is our constitution", - "5730035e04bcaa1900d77005": "1928", - "5730040f947a6a140053cf4c": "1949", + "5730035e04bcaa1900d77004": "Qur'an", + "5730035e04bcaa1900d77005": "imperialist influence", + "5730040f947a6a140053cf4c": "though", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4d": "1949", - "5730040f947a6a140053cf4e": "1949", + "5730040f947a6a140053cf4e": "Mahm", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4f": "several times, in 1948", - "5730040f947a6a140053cf50": "1948", - "573004bf947a6a140053cf56": "%", + "5730040f947a6a140053cf50": "Gamal Abdul Nasser", + "573004bf947a6a140053cf56": "the most influential movements in the Islamic world, particularly in the Arab world.", "573004bf947a6a140053cf59": "75%", - "573004bf947a6a140053cf57": "ist", - "573004bf947a6a140053cf58": "%", - "573004bf947a6a140053cf5a": "Mohamed Morsi, an Islamist democrat of Muslim Brotherhood, was the first democratically elected president of Egypt. He was deposed during the 2013", - "573005b9947a6a140053cf6a": "Ba'athism", + "573004bf947a6a140053cf57": "semi", + "573004bf947a6a140053cf58": "the only opposition group in Egypt able to field candidates", + "573004bf947a6a140053cf5a": "Mohamed Morsi", + "573005b9947a6a140053cf6a": "the Arab Muslim world.", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6b": "event", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6c": "economic stagnation", - "573005b9947a6a140053cf6d": "Ba'athism", - "573005b9947a6a140053cf6e": "Ba'athism", - "5730088e947a6a140053cfad": "Mohammad Iqbal, ideological father of the State of Pakistan", - "5730088e947a6a140053cfac": "Ali Shariati, ideologue of the Iranian Revolution", + "573005b9947a6a140053cf6d": "decline in the popularity and credibility of secular, socialist and nationalist politics", + "573005b9947a6a140053cf6e": "Ba'athism, Arab socialism, and Arab nationalism suffered, and different democratic and anti-democratic Islamist", + "5730088e947a6a140053cfad": "ideological father of the State of Pakistan", + "5730088e947a6a140053cfac": "Ali Shariati", "5730088e947a6a140053cfae": "somewhere between beliefs of Sunni Islamic thinkers", - "5730088e947a6a140053cfaf": "Mohammad", + "5730088e947a6a140053cfaf": "complete imitation of the Prophet Mohammad", "5730088e947a6a140053cfb0": "conspiracy", - "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b7": "The Islamic Republic has also maintained its hold on power", - "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b9": "Shia terrorist groups in Iraq, Egypt, Syria", - "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b8": "Hezbollah) (two Muslim countries", - "57300e2604bcaa1900d770ba": "2006", - "57300e2604bcaa1900d770bb": "vanish", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b7": "The Islamic Republic", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b9": "Shia terrorist groups", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b8": ", and has created or assisted like-", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770ba": "During", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770bb": "President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad", "57300ec0947a6a140053d004": "the Soviet Union", - "57300ec0947a6a140053d005": "1979", - "57300ec0947a6a140053d006": "1979", - "57300ec0947a6a140053d007": "1979", - "57300ec0947a6a140053d008": "1979", - "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d1": "the Gulf War", - "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d2": "1990s", - "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d3": "Saudi Arabia", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d005": "rebellion", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d006": "the world to send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith.", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d007": "these \"Afghan Arabs", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d008": "16", + "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d1": "Another factor in the early 1990s that worked to radicalize the Islamist movement", + "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d2": "several hundred thousand", + "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d3": "many", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d4": "the Saudi monarchy", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d5": "west", - "573010fab2c2fd14005687d7": "9", - "573010fab2c2fd14005687d9": "9", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687d7": "the kingdom, and a de facto cooperation with the Palestinian-Israeli peace process developed.", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687d9": "the kingdom, and a de facto cooperation with the Palestinian-Israeli peace process developed. Saudi Arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d8": "the kingdom", - "573010fab2c2fd14005687da": "bloody", - "573010fab2c2fd14005687db": "9", - "573011de04bcaa1900d770f9": "1966", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687da": "Algeria", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687db": "Osama bin Laden", + "573011de04bcaa1900d770f9": "Qutb", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fa": "1966", - "573011de04bcaa1900d770fb": "Hasan", - "573011de04bcaa1900d770fc": "Fringe or splinter movements inspired by the final writings of Qutb in the mid-1960s", + "573011de04bcaa1900d770fb": "the Brotherhood", + "573011de04bcaa1900d770fc": "Fr", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fd": "1970s", - "5730126ba23a5019007fcd09": "1981", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd09": "the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981.", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0a": "1981", - "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0b": "1981", - "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0c": "1981", - "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0d": "1981", - "5730131c947a6a140053d052": "al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya", - "5730131c947a6a140053d053": "1990s", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0b": "apostate\" leaders of Muslim states", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0c": "apostate\" leaders of Muslim states", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0d": "Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag", + "5730131c947a6a140053d052": "violence in their struggle for Islamic order was al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya", + "5730131c947a6a140053d053": "al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group). Victims of their campaign against the Egyptian state in the 1990s", "5730131c947a6a140053d055": "2003", - "5730131c947a6a140053d054": "2003", + "5730131c947a6a140053d054": "the 1990s", "5730131c947a6a140053d056": "attempted assassinations of political figures", - "5730208fa23a5019007fcded": "1987", - "5730208fa23a5019007fcdee": "1987", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcded": "quiescent", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcdee": "HAMAS", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdef": "1988", - "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf1": "1987", - "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf0": "1987", - "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f7": "2000", - "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8": "2000", - "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f9": "2006", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf1": "alcohol", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf0": "the establishment of an Islamic state in Palestine", + "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f7": "Hamas", + "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8": "542", + "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f9": "majority", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fa": "2007", - "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fb": "Muslims", - "57302700a23a5019007fce89": "the leadership of Hassan al-Turabi", + "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fb": "the political process\u2014it won the majority of the seats, and in 2007 it drove the PLO out of Gaza. Hamas has been praised by Muslims", + "57302700a23a5019007fce89": "the leadership of Hassan al-Turabi.", "57302700a23a5019007fce8a": "Hassan al-Turabi", "57302700a23a5019007fce8b": "1979", - "57302700a23a5019007fce8c": "1979", - "57302700a23a5019007fce8d": "university and military academy", + "57302700a23a5019007fce8c": "the leadership of Hassan al-Turabi.", + "57302700a23a5019007fce8d": "the leadership of Hassan al-Turabi.", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9d": "1985", - "573027d6a23a5019007fce9e": "1989", - "573027d6a23a5019007fce9f": "1989", + "573027d6a23a5019007fce9e": "the help of the military.", + "573027d6a23a5019007fce9f": "sharia law", "573027d6a23a5019007fcea0": "Osama bin Laden", - "573027d6a23a5019007fcea1": "1989", - "5730285a04bcaa1900d77270": "gender segregation", + "573027d6a23a5019007fcea1": "the American attack on Iraq", + "5730285a04bcaa1900d77270": "gender segregation, with women staying home", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726f": "1989", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726e": "1989", - "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726d": "1989", - "5730285a04bcaa1900d77271": "1991", - "573028fa04bcaa1900d77287": "the mujahideen's victory against the Soviet Union", - "573028fa04bcaa1900d77288": "vicious and destructive civil war", + "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726d": "the Muslim Brotherhood, was the FIS or Front Islamique de Salut (the Islamic Salvation Front) in Algeria.", + "5730285a04bcaa1900d77271": "a military coup", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d77287": "the Soviet Union in the 1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d77288": "vicious", "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728a": "1992", - "573028fa04bcaa1900d77289": "Taliban", - "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728b": "1996", - "57302a3aa23a5019007fcecf": "the thousands", - "57302a3aa23a5019007fced0": "the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism", - "57302a3aa23a5019007fced1": "the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism", - "57302a3aa23a5019007fced2": "the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d77289": "the 1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity, due to a vicious and destructive", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728b": "80%", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fcecf": "The Taliban", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fced0": "Pakistan", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fced1": "Islamic fundamentalist", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fced2": "the label of Sharia to an entire country.", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced3": "the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism", - "57302ad804bcaa1900d772af": "1977", + "57302ad804bcaa1900d772af": "July 1977", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b0": "Ali Bhutto, a leftist in democratic competition with Islamists, had announced banning alcohol and nightclubs", - "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b1": "1977", - "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b2": "1977", + "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b1": "Islamism", + "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b2": "many Islamists", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b3": "1988", - "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689db": "2014, the group proclaimed itself a caliphate, with religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide. As of March", - "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dc": "2014, the group proclaimed itself a caliphate, with religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide. As of March", - "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689de": "territory", - "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689df": "2014, the group proclaimed itself a caliphate, with religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide. As of March", - "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dd": "2014", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689db": "the world, including North Africa and South Asia.", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dc": "the world, including North Africa and South Asia.", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689de": "ten", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689df": "international recognition", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dd": "a caliphate", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d7": "2004", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d8": "March 2003", - "57302cd004bcaa1900d772da": "2014", - "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d9": "2011", - "57302cd004bcaa1900d772db": "United Nations", - "57302e45947a6a140053d22e": "abolition", + "57302cd004bcaa1900d772da": "the United Nations, the European Union and member states, the United States, India, Indonesia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Syria and other countries.", + "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d9": "March 2011", + "57302cd004bcaa1900d772db": "responsible for human rights abuses", + "57302e45947a6a140053d22e": "the 7th century, but with the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924.", "57302e45947a6a140053d22f": "7th century", - "57302e45947a6a140053d230": "abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924", - "57302e45947a6a140053d231": "1924", + "57302e45947a6a140053d230": "1924", + "57302e45947a6a140053d231": "the true Islamic system", "57302e45947a6a140053d232": "disbelieving (Kafir) colonial powers", - "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f5": "i.e., launch a \"bloodless\" coup. It allegedly attempted and failed such coups in 1968 and 1969", - "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f6": "1968 and 1969", - "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f7": "HT does not engage in armed jihad or work for a democratic system, but works to take power through \"ideological struggle\" to change Muslim public opinion", - "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f8": "1968 and 1969", - "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f9": "1968 and 1969", - "57302faa04bcaa1900d77311": "Tower Hamlets", - "57302faa04bcaa1900d77312": "Tower Hamlets", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f5": "armed jihad", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f6": "the government,\" i.e., launch a \"bloodless\" coup.", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f7": "ideological struggle\" to change Muslim public opinion", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f8": "Egypt", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f9": "terrorist groups", + "57302faa04bcaa1900d77311": "900", + "57302faa04bcaa1900d77312": "some with a strong Islamist outlook", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77313": "2007", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77314": "the term Londonistan", - "57302faa04bcaa1900d77315": "9/11 attacks, however, Abu Hamza al-Masri, the imam of the Finsbury Park Mosque", + "57302faa04bcaa1900d77315": "incitement", "57303048947a6a140053d254": "2001", - "57303048947a6a140053d255": "2001. These efforts were centred in the U.S. around public diplomacy programmes conducted by the State Department", - "57303048947a6a140053d256": "George W. Bush administration, called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of \"political warfare", - "57303048947a6a140053d257": "Robert Gates", - "57303048947a6a140053d258": "defunct", - "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c6": "Imperialism", - "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c7": "Imperialism", - "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c9": "20th centuries", - "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4ca": "extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means\". Imperialism", - "573062662461fd1900a9cdf7": "Imperialism", - "573062662461fd1900a9cdf8": "Imperialism", - "573062662461fd1900a9cdfa": "Imperialism", - "573062662461fd1900a9cdfb": "less direct; however, it is still a powerful form of dominance", - "57306797396df919000960ee": "centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers", - "57306797396df919000960ef": "physical control or \"full-fledged colonial rule", - "57306797396df919000960f0": "domination", - "57306797396df919000960f2": "subtly", - "57306797396df919000960f1": "centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers", - "573081c2069b531400832133": "pire", - "573081c2069b531400832134": "the modern post-colonial world. The Russian leader Lenin suggested that \"imperialism", + "57303048947a6a140053d255": "State Department", + "57303048947a6a140053d256": "the George W. Bush administration, called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of \"political warfare", + "57303048947a6a140053d257": "Defense Secretary", + "57303048947a6a140053d258": "undermining the communist ideology", + "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c6": "the Latin word \"imperium", + "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c7": "extending", + "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c9": "Asia and Africa", + "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4ca": "technologies and ideas", + "573062662461fd1900a9cdf7": "influence", + "573062662461fd1900a9cdf8": "full-fledged", + "573062662461fd1900a9cdfa": "a powerful form of dominance.", + "573062662461fd1900a9cdfb": "less", + "57306797396df919000960ee": "a group of people over another.", + "57306797396df919000960ef": "full-fledged colonial rule", + "57306797396df919000960f0": "aggressiveness", + "57306797396df919000960f2": "more subtly", + "57306797396df919000960f1": "less costly than taking over territories formally.", + "573081c2069b531400832133": "The greatest distinction of an empire", + "573081c2069b531400832134": "the world systems theory", "573081c2069b531400832135": "imperialism", - "573081c2069b531400832136": "pire", - "573081c2069b531400832137": "European empires in Asia", - "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6d": "term \"imperialism", - "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6e": "term \"imperialism", + "573081c2069b531400832136": "the market; some states today are viewed as empires", + "573081c2069b531400832137": "trade routes", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6d": "imperialism\" is often conflated with \"colonialism", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6e": "The term \"imperialism\" is often conflated with \"colonialism", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6f": "ideological as well as financial reasons", - "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce70": "term \"imperialism", - "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce71": "superiority, domination", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce70": "a degree of geographic separation between the colony and the imperial power.", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce71": "superiority, domination and influence", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54c": "Imperialism", - "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54d": "Imperialism", - "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54e": "Imperialism", - "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c550": "Imperialism", - "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54f": "Imperialism", - "5730876a396df9190009617a": "the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism. The purportedly scientific nature of \"Social Darwinism", - "5730876a396df9190009617c": "Friedrich Ratzel believed that in order for a state to survive, imperialism was needed. Halford Mackinder felt that Great Britain", - "5730876a396df9190009617b": "ism", - "5730876a396df9190009617d": "ism", - "5730876a396df9190009617e": "the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism. The purportedly scientific nature of \"Social Darwinism", - "573088da069b53140083216b": "Royal Geographical Society of London", - "573088da069b53140083216c": "Royal Geographical Society of London", - "573088da069b53140083216d": "Royal Geographical Society of London", - "573088da069b53140083216e": "Ratzel believed expansion was necessary for a state\u2019s survival", + "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54d": "empire", + "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54e": "conquering", + "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c550": "Colonialism", + "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54f": "the characteristics of the conquering peoples", + "5730876a396df9190009617a": "the defense and justification of empire-building", + "5730876a396df9190009617c": "imperialism", + "5730876a396df9190009617b": "the races which can do this work best", + "5730876a396df9190009617d": "Social Darwinism", + "5730876a396df9190009617e": "the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism.", + "573088da069b53140083216b": "a space for travellers to share these stories.Political geographers such as Friedrich Ratzel of Germany", + "573088da069b53140083216c": "Halford Mackinder of Britain", + "573088da069b53140083216d": "Halford Mackinder of Britain also supported imperialism", + "573088da069b53140083216e": "survival", "573088da069b53140083216f": "Royal Geographical Society of London", - "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c576": "Tropicality can be paralleled with Edward Said\u2019s Orientalism", - "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c577": "Ellen", - "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c578": "Edward Said\u2019s Orientalism", - "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c579": "Tropicality can be paralleled with Edward Said\u2019s Orientalism", - "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c57a": "Orientalism", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c576": "Geographical theories such as environmental determinism", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c577": "the temperate zone", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c578": "Orientalism", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c579": "the tropics they were only able to become fully human in the temperate zone.", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c57a": "orientalism allowed Europe", "57308ddc396df919000961a5": "Terra", - "57308ddc396df919000961a7": "eighteenth century", - "57308ddc396df919000961a4": "eighteenth century", - "57308ddc396df919000961a6": "eighteenth century", - "57308ddc396df919000961a8": "Terra", - "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c580": "rientalism", - "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c581": "rientalism", - "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c582": "rientalism", - "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c583": "rientalism", - "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c584": "rientalism", - "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58a": "ett", - "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58b": "century", - "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58c": "nineteenth-century", - "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58d": "century", - "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58e": "century", - "573092088ab72b1400f9c595": "Imperialism", + "57308ddc396df919000961a7": "the eighteenth century", + "57308ddc396df919000961a4": "Terra", + "57308ddc396df919000961a6": "the British Empire \"during the last generation, and proceeds rather by diagnosis than by historical description\". British imperialism often used the concept of Terra nullius", + "57308ddc396df919000961a8": "Terra nullius (Latin expression which stems from Roman law meaning 'empty land", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c580": "Orientalism, as theorized by Edward Said, refers to how the West developed an imaginative geography of the East", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c581": "irrational and backward", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c582": "Orientalism", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c583": "The discourse of Orientalism", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c584": "Orientalism", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58a": "better illustrate this idea, Bassett focuses his analysis of the role of nineteenth-century maps", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58b": "the role of nineteenth-", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58c": "the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58d": "the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory.", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58e": "the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory.", + "573092088ab72b1400f9c595": "pre-Columbian era", "573092088ab72b1400f9c594": "Genghis Khan", - "573092088ab72b1400f9c597": "Imperialism", - "573092088ab72b1400f9c598": "Imperialism", - "573092088ab72b1400f9c596": "Imperialism", + "573092088ab72b1400f9c597": "the dozens", + "573092088ab72b1400f9c598": "Empire", + "573092088ab72b1400f9c596": "Empire", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5ae": "Cultural", - "573093598ab72b1400f9c5af": "the moral, cultural and societal worldview", - "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b0": "the expectations", - "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b1": "the expectations of Romanians; a more recent example is the influence of smuggled South Korean drama series in North Korea. The importance of soft power", - "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b2": "authoritarian regimes", + "573093598ab72b1400f9c5af": "Cultural imperialism", + "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b0": "opulent American lifestyles in the soap opera Dallas", + "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b1": "the aim that they would then become willing participants.", + "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b2": "the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes etc.", "57309446396df919000961b8": "1700", - "57309446396df919000961b9": "1700", - "57309446396df919000961ba": "1700", - "57309446396df919000961bb": "1700", - "57309446396df919000961bc": "Policy", - "57309564069b5314008321a5": "John Gallagher (1919", - "57309564069b5314008321a6": "Ronald Robinson (1920\u20131999", - "57309564069b5314008321a7": "20th century, historians John Gallagher (1919", - "57309564069b5314008321a8": "the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers", - "57309564069b5314008321a9": "I, making the many imperial powers", - "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d2": "twentieth", - "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d4": "18th century", - "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d3": "twentieth", + "57309446396df919000961b9": "The Age of Imperialism", + "57309446396df919000961ba": "thousands of years", + "57309446396df919000961bb": "the middle of the", + "57309446396df919000961bc": "Open Door Policy", + "57309564069b5314008321a5": "1919", + "57309564069b5314008321a6": "1999", + "57309564069b5314008321a7": "1919", + "57309564069b5314008321a8": "the world's economy", + "57309564069b5314008321a9": "the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers", + "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d2": "economic growth", + "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d4": "mid-18th century", + "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d3": "the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Fieldhouse suggests that in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d5": "18th century", - "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dc": "the 1880s", - "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dd": "deadly explosives that could be used in combat, and with innovations in machinery they were able to manufacture improved firearms. By the 1880s", - "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5de": "the 1880s", - "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5df": "Anglo-Zulu War of 1879", - "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5e0": "1880s", - "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e6": "centuries", - "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e7": "centuries", - "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e8": "theories regarding imperialism are often based on the British experience. The term \"Imperialism", - "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e9": "theories regarding imperialism are often based on the British experience. The term \"Imperialism", - "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c600": "capitalism, aristocracy, and imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dc": "Europe also continued to advance in military technology", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dd": "deadly explosives", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5de": "the machine gun", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5df": "e.g. the Zulus in Southern Africa during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5e0": "the 1880s", + "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e6": "the British", + "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e7": "The term \"Imperialism\" was originally introduced into English in its present sense in the late 1870s", + "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e8": "the late 1870s by opponents of the allegedly aggressive and ostentatious imperial policies of British prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli.", + "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e9": "ostentatious imperial policies of British prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli.", + "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c600": "imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c602": "1950s", - "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c601": "1950", - "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c603": "1858\u20131940", - "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c604": "1858\u20131940", - "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60a": "orientalism", - "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60b": "ism", - "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60c": "orientalism", - "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60d": "three", + "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c601": "I", + "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c603": "cure the international disease of imperialism", + "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c604": "1858\u20131940), Joseph Schumpeter", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60a": "The concept environmental determinism", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60b": "environment", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60c": "less civilized", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60d": "Africa", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60e": "orientalism", - "5730a314069b5314008321eb": "orientalism", - "5730a314069b5314008321ec": "orientalism", - "5730a314069b5314008321ed": "orientalism", + "5730a314069b5314008321eb": "the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate produced a hard-working, moral, and upstanding human being.", + "5730a314069b5314008321ec": "Mid-Atlantic", + "5730a314069b5314008321ed": "intervention", "5730a314069b5314008321ee": "orientalism", - "5730a314069b5314008321ef": "orientalism", + "5730a314069b5314008321ef": "colonizing empires", "5730a40f396df91900096234": "sixteenth century", - "5730a40f396df91900096235": "sixteenth century. In 1599", - "5730a40f396df91900096236": "sixteenth century. In 1599 the British East India Company was established and was chartered", - "5730a40f396df91900096237": "1767", - "5730a40f396df91900096238": "sixteenth century. In 1599 the British East India Company", + "5730a40f396df91900096235": "In 1599", + "5730a40f396df91900096236": "Queen Elizabeth", + "5730a40f396df91900096237": "the following year.", + "5730a40f396df91900096238": "the following year. With the establishment of trading posts in India, the British were able to maintain strength relative to others empires such as the Portuguese", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf29": "1830", - "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2a": "1850, concentrating chiefly in North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia", - "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2d": "1850, concentrating chiefly in North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia", - "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2b": "1850, concentrating chiefly in North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia", - "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2c": "1850", - "5730a951069b531400832213": "1884 the leading exponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry", - "5730a951069b531400832214": "the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture", - "5730a951069b531400832215": "the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2a": "1850", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2d": "spreading French civilization and language", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2b": "the motherland and spreading French civilization and language as well as Catholicism. It also provided crucial manpower in both World Wars.", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2c": "only became supportive", + "5730a951069b531400832213": "civilize the inferior", + "5730a951069b531400832214": "the only notable exception of Algeria, where French settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority.", + "5730a951069b531400832215": "the only notable exception of Algeria, where French settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority.", "5730a951069b531400832216": "the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture", - "5730a951069b531400832217": "the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture", - "5730aa52069b53140083221d": "World War II", - "5730aa52069b53140083221e": "Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However after 1945 anti-colonial movements", - "5730aa52069b53140083221f": "1950s", - "5730aa52069b531400832220": "1950s", - "5730aa52069b531400832221": "1960", - "5730ab63396df91900096260": "northern and western Europe", - "5730ab63396df91900096263": "1000 CE, the Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe", - "5730ab63396df91900096261": "northern and western Europe", - "5730ab63396df91900096262": "northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples", - "5730ab63396df91900096264": "1000 CE, the Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe", - "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf73": "19th century", - "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf74": "1862\u201390", - "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf75": "1862\u201390", - "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf77": "19th century", - "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf76": "19th century", - "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c682": "83", - "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c683": "prestige", - "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c685": "83", - "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c684": "83", - "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c686": "traders", - "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa4": "1905", + "5730a951069b531400832217": "the only notable exception of Algeria, where French settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority.", + "5730aa52069b53140083221d": "bases", + "5730aa52069b53140083221e": "anti-colonial movements", + "5730aa52069b53140083221f": "the 1950s", + "5730aa52069b531400832220": "the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria", + "5730aa52069b531400832221": "Nearly all of France's colonies gained independence by 1960", + "5730ab63396df91900096260": "homelands", + "5730ab63396df91900096263": "the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples", + "5730ab63396df91900096261": "the first German Empire.", + "5730ab63396df91900096262": "the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples", + "5730ab63396df91900096264": "a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation.", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf73": "the late 19th century", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf74": "1862\u201390), long opposed colonial acquisitions, arguing that the burden of obtaining, maintaining, and defending such possessions would outweigh any potential benefits.", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf75": "Empire", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf77": "Napoleon", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf76": "Europe itself", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c682": "the South Pacific, before losing interest in imperialism.", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c683": "German prestige", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c685": "the South Pacific, before losing interest in imperialism.", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c684": "the South Pacific, before losing interest in imperialism.", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c686": "Friedrichsruh", + "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa4": "the Russo-Japanese War", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa3": "1894", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa6": "Thailand", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa5": "Manchuria", - "5730b255396df919000962b0": "II", + "5730b255396df919000962b0": "the People\u2019s Republic of China", "5730b255396df919000962b1": "1932", - "5730b255396df919000962b2": "1921, however with an internationalist ideology: Lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities", - "5730b255396df919000962b3": "1919\u201320", - "5730b255396df919000962b4": "1919", + "5730b255396df919000962b2": "Lenin", + "5730b255396df919000962b3": "Eastern Europe", + "5730b255396df919000962b4": "Tsarist Empire in areas its forces occupied in Eastern Europe.", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc5": "Trotsky", - "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc6": "declared that Imperialism", - "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc9": "Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter", - "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc8": "Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter", - "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc7": "Joseph Stalin", - "5730b541396df919000962c2": "First British Empire was based on mercantilism", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc6": "famously declared that Imperialism", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc9": "Mao Zedong", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc8": "the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements.", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc7": "the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements.", + "5730b541396df919000962c2": "mercantilism", "5730b541396df919000962c3": "1776", - "5730b541396df919000962c5": "free trade", - "5730b541396df919000962c4": "1820", + "5730b541396df919000962c5": "a highly successful policy of free trade", + "5730b541396df919000962c4": "about 1820", "5730b541396df919000962c6": "1815", - "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfcf": "Lord Rosebury, and implemented in Africa by Cecil Rhodes. The pseudo-sciences of Social Darwinism", + "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfcf": "the world has ever seen both in terms of landmass and population.", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd0": "pseudo-sciences of Social Darwinism", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd2": "Social Darwinism", - "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd1": "Lord Rosebury, and implemented in Africa by Cecil Rhodes. The pseudo-sciences of Social Darwinism", - "5730b7ce069b5314008322c3": "Theodore Roosevelt\u2019s interventionism", + "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd1": "Middle East", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c3": "the world safe for democracy", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c4": "Theodore Roosevelt\u2019s interventionism", - "5730b7ce069b5314008322c6": "1898", - "5730b7ce069b5314008322c5": "1898", - "5730b7ce069b5314008322c7": "Theodore Roosevelt\u2019s interventionism", - "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c704": "1914", - "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c705": "1914. Three years later in 1917", - "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c706": "1914. Three years later in 1917, he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917", - "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c707": "1914. Three years later in 1917, he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917", - "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c708": "1914", - "5730bb522461fd1900a9d011": "various people groups as a form of imperialism or colonialism", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c6": "the Philippines causing business, labor and government leaders", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c5": "the Philippines", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c7": "racket", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c704": "Isiah Bowman", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c705": "Three years later in 1917, he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c706": "the idea of President Wilson and the American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference.", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c707": "1917", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c708": "Isiah Bowman would come to be known as Wilson's geographer", + "5730bb522461fd1900a9d011": "various", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d012": "treatment of its indigenous peoples", - "5730bb522461fd1900a9d013": "various people groups as a form of imperialism or colonialism", + "5730bb522461fd1900a9d013": "12 to 15 million Africans", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d015": "2003", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73c": "1923", - "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73d": "1923", + "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73d": "Suleiman", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73e": "32", - "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73f": "1923", - "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c740": "1923", + "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73f": "Southeast Europe", + "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c740": "the course of centuries.", "5730bd00069b5314008322d7": "Istanbul", - "5730bd00069b5314008322d9": "20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, but it dissolved in the aftermath of World War I", - "5730bd00069b5314008322db": "20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, but it dissolved in the aftermath of World War I", - "5730bd00069b5314008322da": "20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, but it dissolved in the aftermath of World War I", - "5730982f396df919000961e2": "John and Charles Wesley in England", - "5730982f396df919000961e3": "John and Charles Wesley in England", + "5730bd00069b5314008322d9": "Germany", + "5730bd00069b5314008322db": "recovering its lost territories", + "5730bd00069b5314008322da": "the new state of Turkey", + "5730982f396df919000961e2": "the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in Evangelicalism.", + "5730982f396df919000961e3": "the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in Evangelicalism.", "5730982f396df919000961e4": "1968", - "5730982f396df919000961e5": "John and Charles Wesley in England", - "5730982f396df919000961e6": "John and Charles Wesley in England", - "573098c12461fd1900a9cee5": "12", - "573098c12461fd1900a9cee6": "12", - "573098c12461fd1900a9cee7": "third", + "5730982f396df919000961e5": "the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in Evangelicalism.", + "5730982f396df919000961e6": "decidedly Wesleyan", + "573098c12461fd1900a9cee5": "The United Methodist Church", + "573098c12461fd1900a9cee6": "80 million adherents", + "573098c12461fd1900a9cee7": "third largest Christian denomination", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee8": "3.6%", - "57309921396df919000961f6": "The United Methodist Church began in the mid-18th century within the Church of England", - "57309921396df919000961f7": "The United Methodist Church began in the mid-18th century within the Church of England", - "57309921396df919000961f8": "John Wesley, Charles Wesley and George Whitefield", + "57309921396df919000961f6": "mid-18th century", + "57309921396df919000961f7": "the mid-18th century", + "57309921396df919000961f8": "the Methodists", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef7": "1735", - "573099f42461fd1900a9cef8": "John and Charles Wesley went to America to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia", - "573099f42461fd1900a9cef9": "John and Charles Wesley went to America to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia", + "573099f42461fd1900a9cef8": "Georgia", + "573099f42461fd1900a9cef9": "the American Indians", "573099f42461fd1900a9cefa": "Three", - "57309a6c2461fd1900a9ceff": "John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American Revolution", - "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf00": "bishop) to organize a separate Methodist Society. Together with Coke, Wesley sent a revision of the Anglican Prayerbook and the Articles of Religion", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9ceff": "Revolution", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf00": "84", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf01": "Thomas", - "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf02": "Religion", - "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf03": "Religion", - "57309adb396df919000961fc": "St. George's United Methodist Church, located at the corner of 4th and New Streets", - "57309adb396df919000961fd": "69", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf02": "the Lovely Lane Methodist Church, considered the Mother Church of American Methodism.", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf03": "the Lovely Lane Methodist Church", + "57309adb396df919000961fc": "St. George's United Methodist Church", + "57309adb396df919000961fd": "the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States, beginning in 1769", "57309adb396df919000961fe": "67", - "57309adb396df919000961ff": "St. George's", - "57309adb396df91900096200": "84", + "57309adb396df919000961ff": "1767, meeting initially in a sail loft on Dock Street", + "57309adb396df91900096200": "1784", "57309cd6069b5314008321c3": "Richard Allen and Absalom Jones", - "57309cd6069b5314008321c4": "Richard Allen and Absalom Jones", - "57309cd6069b5314008321c5": "84", + "57309cd6069b5314008321c4": "St. George's Church", + "57309cd6069b5314008321c5": "1784", "57309d31396df91900096210": "1830", "57309d31396df91900096211": "1830", "57309d31396df91900096212": "1844", "57309d31396df91900096213": "1844", - "5730a97a396df9190009625a": "1968", - "5730a97a396df9190009625b": "1968", - "5730a97a396df9190009625c": "1968", - "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6d": "the concept of the \"visible and invisible Church,\" meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible", - "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6e": "Book of Discipline", - "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6f": "visible and invisible Church,\" meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible", - "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64e": "Thomas Vasey and Richard", - "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c650": "Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat", + "5730a97a396df9190009625a": "April 23, 1968", + "5730a97a396df9190009625b": "the world.", + "5730a97a396df9190009625c": "the words, \"Lord of the Church, we are united in Thee", + "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6d": "the holy catholic", + "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6e": "The Book of Discipline", + "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6f": "uphold", + "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64e": "John Wesley was compelled in 1784", + "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c650": "Thomas Coke", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64f": "Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat", - "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c655": "The United Methodist Church in 1968, theologian Albert C. Outler", - "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c654": "John Wesley", - "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c656": "Albert C. Outler led the team which systematized denominational doctrine", - "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c657": "Albert C. Outler led the team which systematized denominational doctrine", - "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c670": "Prevenient grace, or the grace that \"goes before\" us, is given to all people", + "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c655": "1968", + "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c654": "John Wesley and Charles Wesley", + "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c656": "Albert C. Outler", + "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c657": "the formation of The United Methodist Church in 1968, theologian Albert C.", + "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c670": "Prevenient grace, or the grace that \"goes before\" us, is given to all people.", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c672": "Prevenient grace, or the grace that \"goes before\" us, is given to all people. It is that power", - "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c671": "Prevenient grace allows those tainted by sin to nevertheless make a truly free choice to accept or reject God's salvation", - "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c673": "Prevenient grace allows those tainted by sin to nevertheless make a truly free choice to accept or reject God's salvation in Christ", - "5730aeba069b531400832241": "the power of sin and to fully love God and neighbor. Today, justifying grace is also known as conversion", - "5730aeba069b531400832242": "resist the power of sin and to fully love God and neighbor. Today, justifying grace is also known as conversion", - "5730aeba069b531400832243": "Today, justifying grace is also known as conversion, \"accepting Jesus as your personal Lord and Savior", - "5730aeba069b531400832244": "conversion", + "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c671": "the Father.", + "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c673": "a truly", + "5730aeba069b531400832241": "that grace, offered by God to all people, that we receive by faith and trust in Christ", + "5730aeba069b531400832242": "The justifying grace", + "5730aeba069b531400832243": "conversion", + "5730aeba069b531400832244": "conversion, \"accepting Jesus as your personal Lord and Savior,\" or being \"born again", "5730aeba069b531400832245": "the New Birth", - "5730afed069b53140083225f": "Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection", - "5730afed069b531400832260": "Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection", + "5730afed069b53140083225f": "Sanctifying Grace", + "5730afed069b531400832260": "Sanctifying Grace", "5730afed069b531400832261": "Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection", - "5730afed069b531400832262": "genuine", - "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c696": "The Book of Discipline", - "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c697": "The Book of Discipline", - "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c698": "The Book of Discipline", + "5730afed069b531400832262": "genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength", + "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c696": "Arminian theology", + "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c697": "prima scriptura", + "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c698": "the UMC", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c699": "The Book of Discipline", - "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69f": "Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice", - "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69e": "Reproductive Choice...[and] 2008 General Conference [went] on record in support of the work of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice", + "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69f": "2008", + "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69e": "the work of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c6a0": "Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice", - "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6ae": "The General Board of Church and Society", - "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6af": "supportive ministry", - "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6b0": "respect the sacredness of the life and well-being", - "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfad": "Taskforce of United Methodists", - "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfae": "T. Stallsworth, president of the Taskforce of United Methodists", - "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfaf": "Taskforce of United Methodists", - "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb3": "Historically, the Methodist Church has supported the temperance movement", - "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb6": "2011", - "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb4": "John Wesley warned against the dangers", - "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb5": "juice", - "5730b54c069b53140083228d": "7", - "5730b54c069b53140083228e": "Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7", + "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6ae": "Reproductive Choice's governing coalition, The General Board of Church and Society, and the United Methodist Women.", + "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6af": "regardless of their choice", + "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6b0": "the mother", + "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfad": "Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS) to further their position within the denomination", + "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfae": "May 2012", + "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfaf": "Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS", + "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb3": "temperance movement", + "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb6": "2011 and 2012", + "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb4": "The Use of Money", + "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb5": "unfermented grape juice", + "5730b54c069b53140083228d": "capital punishment", + "5730b54c069b53140083228e": "John 8:7", "5730b54c069b53140083228f": "Matthew 5:38-39", - "5730b54c069b531400832290": "7", - "5730b5cc396df919000962d2": "1999", + "5730b54c069b531400832290": "The General Conference", + "5730b5cc396df919000962d2": "same-sex unions", "5730b5cc396df919000962d3": "1999", - "5730b5cc396df919000962d4": "1999", - "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd7": "the Connectional Table, a governing committee", - "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd8": "The United Methodist Church", + "5730b5cc396df919000962d4": "2016", + "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd7": "the Connectional Table", + "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd8": "the LGBT community", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd9": "Moreover, many conferences have taken a position by voting in favor of same-gender marriages with resolutions", "5730b776069b5314008322bd": "1987", "5730b776069b5314008322be": "2005", - "5730b776069b5314008322bf": "1987", + "5730b776069b5314008322bf": "The Baltimore-Washington Conference", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cff9": "conscription", - "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffa": "the armed forces or to accept alternative service. The church also states that \"as Christians", - "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffb": "Therefore", + "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffa": "the way of military action", + "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffb": "Therefore, the Church supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70e": "Christ's message and teachings", - "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70f": "Therefore", + "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70f": "Therefore, the Church rejects war as an instrument of national foreign policy", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c710": "Consequently, the United Methodist Church endorses general and complete disarmament", "5730bdfe396df9190009630e": "The United Methodist Church", "5730bdfe396df9190009630f": "degradation", - "5730bdfe396df91900096310": "The United Methodist Church", - "5730bf03069b5314008322eb": "the sake of research", - "5730bf03069b5314008322ed": "the sake of research\" as \"a human embryo, even at its earliest stages, commands our reverence.\" It supports research on stem cells", - "5730bf03069b5314008322ec": "osition", + "5730bdfe396df91900096310": "physiologically altered, as is their perspective, relationships with parishioners and family, and their perceptions of girls and women", + "5730bf03069b5314008322eb": "research", + "5730bf03069b5314008322ed": "stem cells", + "5730bf03069b5314008322ec": "embryos for the sake of research", "5730c059069b531400832305": "The Book of Common Prayer called the Sunday Service", - "5730c059069b531400832306": "The Book of Common Prayer called the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America. Wesley's Sunday Service", - "5730c059069b531400832307": "The Book of Common Prayer called the Sunday Service of the Methodists", + "5730c059069b531400832306": "The Book of Common Prayer called the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America", + "5730c059069b531400832307": "The Book of Common Prayer", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc46": "The United Methodist Church in Africa", - "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc47": "The United Methodist Book of Worship (1992). Many of these liturgies are derived from the Anglican tradition's Book of Common Prayer", - "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc48": "Some clergy offer healing services", - "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4c": "St. James", - "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4d": "Salvation Army Founder William Booth, African missionary David Livingstone", + "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc47": "Book of Common Prayer", + "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc48": "Some clergy", + "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4c": "St. James UMC", + "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4d": "Founder William Booth", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4e": "John Wesley", - "5730c737b54a4f140068cc52": "The Book of Discipline", - "5730c737b54a4f140068cc54": "The Book of Discipline", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc52": "The United Methodist Church", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc54": "the General Conference", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc55": "The Book of Discipline", - "5730c737b54a4f140068cc53": "The Book of Discipline", - "5730c737b54a4f140068cc56": "The Book of Discipline", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc53": "the General Conference", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc56": "every four years (quadrennium", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa7": "five", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa8": "seven", - "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa9": "seven central conferences: Africa, Congo, West Africa, Central & Southern Europe", - "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aaa": "bishops, the chief administrators", - "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aab": "more", - "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449c": "the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction", - "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449d": "the Mission Council", - "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449e": "36 acres (150,000 m2) at Southern Methodist University for the George W. Bush Presidential Library", - "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449f": "March 2007", - "5730c8a1f6cb411900e244a0": "March 2007", + "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa9": "to elect and appoint bishops, the chief administrators of the church. Bishops thus elected serve Episcopal Areas", + "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aaa": "bishops", + "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aab": "which consist of one or more", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449c": "the most high profile decisions in recent years by one of the councils was a decision by the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449d": "bishops", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449e": "36", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449f": "Southern Methodist University for the George W. Bush Presidential Library.", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e244a0": "the most high profile decisions in recent years by one of the councils was a decision by the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac2": "nine", - "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac1": "nine", - "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac3": "nine", + "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac1": "The Judicial Council", + "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac3": "eight", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac4": "twice", - "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac5": "nine", - "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154a": "Bishop", - "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154b": "geographical area", - "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154c": "ergy are members of their Annual Conference", + "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac5": "twice", + "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154a": "The Annual Conference", + "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154b": "Annual Conference", + "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154c": "their Annual Conference", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c2": "The Book of Discipline", - "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c3": "three members and no more than nine", - "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c4": "three members and no more than nine", - "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c5": "Book of Discipline", - "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c6": "Book of Discipline", + "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c3": "nine", + "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c4": "nine", + "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c5": "The church conference", + "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c6": "This committee has the exclusive power to set pastors' salaries (compensation packages for tax purposes) and to elect officers to the committees.", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc66": "around one hundred", - "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc67": "three hundred sixty schools and institutions overseas", - "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc68": "around one hundred", + "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc67": "three hundred sixty schools and institutions", + "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc68": "the International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc94": "John Wesley", - "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc95": "generally serve as pastors", + "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc95": "pastors", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc96": "Order", - "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc97": "Order of Elders. Likewise each deacon in full connection", + "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc97": "Order of Deacons", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af5": "the Annual Conference Cabinet", - "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af6": "bishop on the advice of the Annual Conference Cabinet", - "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af7": "the Annual Conference Cabinet", - "5730d473b7151e1900c0155a": "Elders are called by God, affirmed by the church, and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament", - "5730d473b7151e1900c0155b": "3 years as provisional Elders", - "5730d473b7151e1900c0155c": "3", - "5730d473b7151e1900c0155d": "District Superintendents", - "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b03": "3", - "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b04": "Deacons are called by God, affirmed by the church, and ordained by a bishop", - "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b05": "Holy Communion and Baptism", - "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b06": "authority", + "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af6": "it is most common for an appointment to be continued for multiple years.", + "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af7": "Until the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference", + "5730d473b7151e1900c0155a": "Elders are called by God, affirmed by the church, and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service", + "5730d473b7151e1900c0155b": "the church, and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church.", + "5730d473b7151e1900c0155c": "2\u20133", + "5730d473b7151e1900c0155d": "the church for ministry and mission. Elders may also be assigned as District Superintendents", + "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b03": "2\u20133", + "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b04": "the church, and ordained by a bishop to servant leadership within the church.They are ordained to ministries of word, service, compassion, and justice.", + "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b05": "Deacons", + "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b06": "sacramental authority", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d6": "1996", - "5730d597f6cb411900e244d7": "The provisional elder/deacon is a seminary graduate who serves a two-three-year term in a full-time appointment", - "5730d597f6cb411900e244d8": "1996", - "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01562": "bishop", - "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01563": "the Conference Board of Ordained Ministry", - "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01564": "course of study at an approved United Methodist seminary", + "5730d597f6cb411900e244d7": "The provisional elder/", + "5730d597f6cb411900e244d8": "1996 General Conference", + "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01562": "the annual conference", + "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01563": "The licensed local pastor", + "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01564": "five-year course of study at an approved United Methodist seminary", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01565": "Associate Membership", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dc": "Baptized Members", - "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dd": "infant and adult baptism. Baptized Members", - "5730d77ef6cb411900e244de": "Member", + "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dd": "the profession of faith. Individuals who were not previously baptized are baptized as part of their profession of faith and thus become Professing Members in this manner", + "5730d77ef6cb411900e244de": "the profession of faith. Individuals who were not previously baptized are baptized as part of their profession of faith and thus become Professing Members", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fc": "Baptism", - "5730de74f6cb411900e244fd": "Baptism", - "5730de74f6cb411900e244fe": "Book of Discipline", - "5730de74f6cb411900e244ff": "Baptism", - "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b61": "the United Methodist Church is that of the lay servant. Although not considered clergy, lay speakers", - "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b62": "the United Methodist Church is that of the lay servant. Although not considered clergy, lay speakers", - "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b63": "District or Conference Committee on Lay Speaking", - "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b64": "District or Conference Committee on Lay Speaking", - "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b73": "The United Methodist Church who feel that false ecumenism might result in the \"blurring of theological and confessional differences", - "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b74": "The United Methodist Church who feel that false ecumenism might result in the \"blurring of theological and confessional differences", - "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b75": "The United Methodist Church who feel that false ecumenism might result in the \"blurring of theological and confessional differences", + "5730de74f6cb411900e244fd": "the United Methodist Church directs the local church to offer membership preparation or confirmation classes to all people, including adults.", + "5730de74f6cb411900e244fe": "The Book of Discipline", + "5730de74f6cb411900e244ff": "the Methodist-Christian theological tradition", + "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b61": "There are two categories of lay servants: local church lay servant, who serve in and through their local churches, and certified lay servants", + "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b62": "the United Methodist Church is that of the lay servant.", + "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b63": "the United Methodist Church is that of the lay servant.", + "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b64": "three years", + "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b73": "The United Methodist Church", + "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b74": "observer status in the National Association of Evangelicals", + "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b75": "the \"blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce4": "2000", - "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce5": "2012", + "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce5": "May 2012", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce6": "1985", "5730eb5b497a881900248a3f": "11", - "5730eb5b497a881900248a40": "11", + "5730eb5b497a881900248a40": "11 million members in nearly 42,000", "5730eb5b497a881900248a41": "8", "5730eb5b497a881900248a42": "8", - "5730eb5b497a881900248a43": "8 million members in over 34,000 congregations. Membership is concentrated primarily in the Midwest and in the South", + "5730eb5b497a881900248a43": "Texas", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae5": "11", - "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae6": "11", + "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae6": "7", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae7": "3", - "5730ec85e6313a140071caba": "2006", + "5730ec85e6313a140071caba": "Wesleyan Holiness Consortium", "5730ec85e6313a140071cabb": "World Methodist Council", - "5730ec85e6313a140071cabc": "2006", - "5733cf61d058e614000b62e9": "56", - "5733cf61d058e614000b62ea": "56", - "5733cf61d058e614000b62eb": "56", - "5733cf61d058e614000b62ec": "1754\u20131763", - "5733cff84776f419006612b4": "present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754", - "5733cff84776f419006612b5": "present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754", - "5733cff84776f419006612b6": "present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754", - "5733d13e4776f419006612c4": "six", - "5733d13e4776f419006612c5": "July", - "5733d13e4776f419006612c6": "57", - "5733d13e4776f419006612c7": "Fort Beaus\u00e9jour on the border separating Nova Scotia", - "5733d13e4776f419006612c8": "six colonial governors in North America", - "5733d249d058e614000b6331": "Pitt", - "5733d249d058e614000b6332": "British military resources", - "5733d249d058e614000b6333": "European theatre of the war. Between 1758 and 1760, the British military launched a campaign to capture the Colony of Canada", - "5733d249d058e614000b6334": "at Sainte Foy in Quebec", - "5733d2dbd058e614000b6339": "Great Britain", - "5733d2dbd058e614000b633a": "west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans", - "5733d2dbd058e614000b633b": "the Mississippi to Great Britain", - "5733d3cb4776f419006612ea": "17", - "5733d3cb4776f419006612eb": "17", - "5733d3cb4776f419006612ec": "Seven Years' War, a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain", - "5733d3cb4776f419006612ed": "17", + "5730ec85e6313a140071cabc": "July 18, 2006", + "5733cf61d058e614000b62e9": "The French and Indian War (1754\u20131763) was the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War.", + "5733cf61d058e614000b62ea": "1756, escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict.", + "5733cf61d058e614000b62eb": "60,000 European settlers", + "5733cf61d058e614000b62ec": "60,000 European settlers", + "5733cff84776f419006612b4": "the North.", + "5733cff84776f419006612b5": "the South to Nova Scotia in the North.", + "5733cff84776f419006612b6": "1754", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c4": "1755", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c5": "disaster", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c6": "the frontier areas", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c7": "Fort Beaus\u00e9jour", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c8": "Orders", + "5733d249d058e614000b6331": "William Pitt", + "5733d249d058e614000b6332": "British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces", + "5733d249d058e614000b6333": "the European theatre", + "5733d249d058e614000b6334": "Sainte Foy", + "5733d2dbd058e614000b6339": "territory", + "5733d2dbd058e614000b633a": "Louisiana", + "5733d2dbd058e614000b633b": "the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, confirming Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America.", + "5733d3cb4776f419006612ea": "1740s", + "5733d3cb4776f419006612eb": "the 1740s, British colonists named the second war in King George's reign after their opponents, and it became known as the French and Indian War", + "5733d3cb4776f419006612ec": "Seven", + "5733d3cb4776f419006612ed": "the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire.", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6353": "six", - "5733d4c8d058e614000b6354": "six years, from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760", - "5733d4c8d058e614000b6355": "six years, from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760", - "5733d4c8d058e614000b6356": "six years, from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754", - "5733d5704776f4190066130e": "New Orleans, Biloxi", - "5733d5704776f4190066130f": "New Orleans, Biloxi", - "5733d5704776f41900661310": "traders", + "5733d4c8d058e614000b6354": "six", + "5733d4c8d058e614000b6355": "1760", + "5733d4c8d058e614000b6356": "J", + "5733d5704776f4190066130e": "about 75,000", + "5733d5704776f4190066130f": "the St.", + "5733d5704776f41900661310": "the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds", "5733d68ed058e614000b637f": "20", - "5733d68ed058e614000b6380": "1713", - "5733d68ed058e614000b6381": "Britain", - "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ab": "the British", - "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ac": "Father Le Loutre's War", - "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ad": "the Ohio Country", - "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ae": "the British", - "5733da01d058e614000b63f9": "Further south", - "5733da01d058e614000b63fa": "Further south", - "5733da01d058e614000b63fb": "Anglo-Cherokee War in 1758", - "5733dab4d058e614000b6409": "3", - "5733dab4d058e614000b640a": "3", - "5733dab4d058e614000b640b": "3", - "5733db8dd058e614000b6428": "3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749", - "5733db8dd058e614000b6429": "200", - "5733db8dd058e614000b642a": "200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians. The expedition covered about 3,000 miles (4,800 km", - "5733dc95d058e614000b644a": "1749", - "5733dc95d058e614000b644b": "Old Brit", - "5733dc95d058e614000b644c": "1749", - "5733dc95d058e614000b644d": "1749", - "5733dd4f4776f419006613aa": "London", - "5733dd4f4776f419006613ab": "London", - "5733dd4f4776f419006613ac": "London and Paris, each side proposing that action be taken. William Shirley", - "5733e5a14776f4190066145b": "49", + "5733d68ed058e614000b6380": "the continent, from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south.", + "5733d68ed058e614000b6381": "the coast", + "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ab": "native tribes", + "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ac": "Mi'kmaq", + "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ad": "Iroquois Confederation dominated much", + "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ae": "the British, large areas were dominated by native tribes", + "5733da01d058e614000b63f9": "Siouan-speaking Catawba", + "5733da01d058e614000b63fa": "the Great Lakes region", + "5733da01d058e614000b63fb": "The British", + "5733dab4d058e614000b6409": "no French regular army troops were stationed in North America", + "5733dab4d058e614000b640a": "3,000", + "5733dab4d058e614000b640b": "troupes de la marine, companies of colonial regulars (some of whom had significant woodland combat experience). The colonial government recruited militia support when needed.", + "5733db8dd058e614000b6428": "3", + "5733db8dd058e614000b6429": "30", + "5733db8dd058e614000b642a": "the territory", + "5733dc95d058e614000b644a": "C\u00e9loron", + "5733dc95d058e614000b644b": "the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers, which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany", + "5733dc95d058e614000b644c": "17", + "5733dc95d058e614000b644d": "ignored the warning", + "5733dd4f4776f419006613aa": "C\u00e9loron", + "5733dd4f4776f419006613ab": "C\u00e9loron", + "5733dd4f4776f419006613ac": "Massachusetts", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145b": "1749", "5733e5a14776f4190066145c": "1749", - "5733e5a14776f4190066145d": "Christopher Gist, acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company, explored the Ohio territory", - "5733e5a14776f4190066145e": "Treaty", - "5733e5a14776f4190066145f": "Treaty", - "5733e771d058e614000b6545": "King George's War) formally ended in 1748", - "5733e771d058e614000b6546": "King George's War) formally ended in 1748", - "5733e771d058e614000b6547": "1748", - "5733e771d058e614000b6548": "King George's War) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty", - "5733e8ae4776f419006614a6": "March 17, 1752", - "5733e8ae4776f419006614a7": "Charles Michel de Langlade, an officer in the Troupes de la Marine. Langlade was given 300", - "5733e8ae4776f419006614a8": "Charles Michel", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145d": "Christopher Gist", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145e": "Treaty of Logstown", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145f": "at the mouth of the Monongahela River (the site of present-day Pittsburgh", + "5733e771d058e614000b6545": "King George's War", + "5733e771d058e614000b6546": "Treaty", + "5733e771d058e614000b6547": "1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.", + "5733e771d058e614000b6548": "resolve", + "5733e8ae4776f419006614a6": "March 17", + "5733e8ae4776f419006614a7": "300", + "5733e8ae4776f419006614a8": "Charles Michel de Langlade", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a9": "21", "5733ea04d058e614000b6594": "Troupes de la Marine", - "5733ea04d058e614000b6595": "53", - "5733ea04d058e614000b6596": "53", - "5733ea04d058e614000b6597": "53", - "5733ea04d058e614000b6598": "53", - "5733eb34d058e614000b65cc": "the Iroquois Confederacy in the area. In 1746", - "5733eb34d058e614000b65cd": "War", - "5733eb34d058e614000b65ce": "the Iroquois Confederacy in the area. In 1746", - "5733eb34d058e614000b65cf": "Albany, New York with Governor Clinton and officials from some of the other American colonies. Mohawk Chief Hendrick", - "5733ef47d058e614000b662b": "the Ohio Company, which stood to lose money if the French held their claim. To counter the French military presence in Ohio, in October 1753", - "5733ef47d058e614000b662c": "October 1753", - "5733ef47d058e614000b662d": "53", - "5733ef47d058e614000b662e": "53", - "5733f062d058e614000b6633": "Saint-Pierre", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6595": "near", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6596": "Fort Le Boeuf", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6597": "Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000-man force of Troupes de la Marine", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6598": "Fort Le Boeuf", + "5733eb34d058e614000b65cc": "the New York region and beyond, Johnson was known to the Iroquois as Warraghiggey, meaning \"He who does great things", + "5733eb34d058e614000b65cd": "Warraghiggey, meaning \"He who does great things", + "5733eb34d058e614000b65ce": "Warraghiggey, meaning \"He who does great things", + "5733eb34d058e614000b65cf": "Mohawk Chief Hendrick", + "5733ef47d058e614000b662b": "the Ohio Company", + "5733ef47d058e614000b662c": "the 21-year-old Major George Washington", + "5733ef47d058e614000b662d": "picking up along the way Jacob Van Braam", + "5733ef47d058e614000b662e": "12", + "5733f062d058e614000b6633": "Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre", "5733f062d058e614000b6634": "ques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre", - "5733f062d058e614000b6635": "Saint-Pierre", - "5733f062d058e614000b6636": "Ren\u00e9-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country", - "5733f1784776f41900661575": "500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5, 1754", - "5733f1784776f41900661576": "Trent to that point, where in the early months of 1754", - "5733f1784776f41900661577": "Trent to that point, where in the early months of 1754", - "5733f309d058e614000b6648": "28", - "5733f309d058e614000b6649": "Washington", - "5733f309d058e614000b664a": "the British", + "5733f062d058e614000b6635": "a century earlier.", + "5733f062d058e614000b6636": "the Ohio Country", + "5733f1784776f41900661575": "500", + "5733f1784776f41900661576": "a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point, where in the early months of 1754", + "5733f1784776f41900661577": "Fort Duquesne", + "5733f309d058e614000b6648": "the support of the British and regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships.", + "5733f309d058e614000b6649": "the support of the British and regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships.", + "5733f309d058e614000b664a": "the support of the British", "5733f410d058e614000b6663": "Edward Braddock to lead the expedition. Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure for North America", - "5733f410d058e614000b6664": "England", - "5733f410d058e614000b6665": "six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755", - "5733f410d058e614000b6666": "six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755", + "5733f410d058e614000b6664": "King Louis XV", + "5733f410d058e614000b6665": "six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 17", + "5733f410d058e614000b6666": "the expedition. Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure for North America", "5733f5264776f419006615a3": "the Albany Congress", "5733f5264776f419006615a4": "the Albany Congress", - "5733f5264776f419006615a5": "54", + "5733f5264776f419006615a5": "never", "5733f5264776f419006615a6": "the Albany Congress", - "5733f5f24776f419006615c1": "trees", - "5733f5f24776f419006615c2": "1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne. The expedition was a disaster", + "5733f5f24776f419006615c1": "an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne.", + "5733f5f24776f419006615c2": "1755 to take Fort Duquesne. The expedition was a disaster", "5733f5f24776f419006615c3": "1,000", - "5733f5f24776f419006615c4": "1755", - "5733f7b9d058e614000b66a9": "Shirley", - "5733f7b9d058e614000b66aa": "Shirley", - "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ab": "Shirley", - "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ac": "Shirley left garrisons at Oswego, Fort Bull", - "5733f8dc4776f419006615f7": "Marquis de Vaudreuil", - "5733f8dc4776f419006615f8": "1759", - "5733f8dc4776f419006615f9": "the construction of Fort Carillon (later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 1759", - "5733f8dc4776f419006615fa": "the construction of Fort Carillon (later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 1759", - "5733f8dc4776f419006615fb": "the construction of Fort Carillon (later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 1759", + "5733f5f24776f419006615c4": "the American Revolutionary War", + "5733f7b9d058e614000b66a9": "the activities of Shirley and Johnson", + "5733f7b9d058e614000b66aa": "logistical difficulties", + "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ab": "the activities of Shirley and Johnson.", + "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ac": "garrisons", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615f7": "the Marquis de Vaudreuil", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615f8": "the field.", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615f9": "bloody", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615fa": "the field. Johnson's advance stopped at Fort William Henry", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615fb": "Ticonderoga Point", "5733f9fa4776f4190066161f": "Monckton", - "5733f9fa4776f41900661620": "Monckton", - "5733f9fa4776f41900661621": "Monckton", - "5733faaf4776f4190066162f": "Sir", - "5733faaf4776f41900661630": "Albany in December 1755", - "5733faaf4776f41900661631": "Sir", - "5733faaf4776f41900661632": "Sir", - "5733fb7bd058e614000b66ff": "James Abercrombie", - "5733fb7bd058e614000b6700": "trio of officers France sent to North America. French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756", - "5733fb7bd058e614000b6701": "18, 1756", - "5733fc6ed058e614000b670f": "1756", - "5733fc6ed058e614000b6710": "56", - "5733fc6ed058e614000b6711": "45,000", - "5733fc6ed058e614000b6712": "1756", + "5733f9fa4776f41900661620": "1755, cutting the French fortress at Louisbourg off from land-based reinforcements.", + "5733f9fa4776f41900661621": "Bloody", + "5733faaf4776f4190066162f": "William Shirley", + "5733faaf4776f41900661630": "Albany", + "5733faaf4776f41900661631": "Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario", + "5733faaf4776f41900661632": "the Maine district and down the Chaudi\u00e8re River", + "5733fb7bd058e614000b66ff": "Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Abercrombie", + "5733fb7bd058e614000b6700": "trio", + "5733fb7bd058e614000b6701": "18", + "5733fc6ed058e614000b670f": "Scouts", + "5733fc6ed058e614000b6710": "Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain", + "5733fc6ed058e614000b6711": "45,000 pounds", + "5733fc6ed058e614000b6712": "the March Battle of Fort Bull", "5733fd66d058e614000b6735": "Abercrombie", "5733fd66d058e614000b6736": "Ticonderoga", - "5733fd66d058e614000b6737": "Ticonderoga, as if to presage another attack along Lake George. With Abercrombie", - "5733fd66d058e614000b6738": "Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners' personal effects. The Europeans", - "5733fe73d058e614000b673d": "1757", + "5733fd66d058e614000b6737": "Oswego", + "5733fd66d058e614000b6738": "Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners' personal effects", + "5733fe73d058e614000b673d": "1757: an attack on New France's capital, Quebec.", "5733fe73d058e614000b673e": "Fort William Henry", - "5733fe73d058e614000b673f": "1757", - "5733fe73d058e614000b6740": "1757", - "5733ffa7d058e614000b674f": "1757", - "5733ffa7d058e614000b6750": "raid", + "5733fe73d058e614000b673f": "1757: an attack on New France's capital, Quebec.", + "5733fe73d058e614000b6740": "17", + "5733ffa7d058e614000b674f": "French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians", + "5733ffa7d058e614000b6750": "the frozen Lake George", "5733ffa7d058e614000b6751": "Montcalm's Indian allies", - "57340111d058e614000b677d": "British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping. The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757", + "57340111d058e614000b677d": "the territory. His schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by Montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates.", "57340111d058e614000b677e": "57", - "57340111d058e614000b677f": "British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping. The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757", - "5734025d4776f419006616c3": "Duke of Cumberland", - "5734025d4776f419006616c4": "57", + "57340111d058e614000b677f": "the St. Lawrence, with primary defenses at Carillon, Quebec", + "5734025d4776f419006616c3": "the Duke of Cumberland", + "5734025d4776f419006616c4": "He had been replaced by Abercrombie", "5734025d4776f419006616c5": "three major offensive actions", - "5734025d4776f419006616c6": "1757", - "573403394776f419006616dd": "3,600", - "573403394776f419006616de": "3,600", + "5734025d4776f419006616c6": "Two", + "573403394776f419006616dd": "3,600 Frenchmen", + "573403394776f419006616de": "3,600 Frenchmen", "573403394776f419006616df": "3,600 Frenchmen famously and decisively defeated Abercrombie", "573403394776f419006616e0": "3,600 Frenchmen famously and decisively defeated Abercrombie", - "57340549d058e614000b67dd": "the duc de Choiseul", - "57340549d058e614000b67de": "the mainland, Prussia, and the French Navy", + "57340549d058e614000b67dd": "Britain", + "57340549d058e614000b67de": "the European mainland.", "57340549d058e614000b67df": "Lagos", - "573406d1d058e614000b6801": "James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec", - "573406d1d058e614000b6802": "59", - "573406d1d058e614000b6803": "1760", - "573406d1d058e614000b6804": "1760", - "573407d7d058e614000b6813": "Montreal a capitulation with General Amherst", - "573407d7d058e614000b6814": "1760, and before any hostilities erupted, Governor Vaudreuil negotiated from Montreal a capitulation with General Amherst", - "573407d7d058e614000b6815": "Montreal a capitulation with General Amherst", - "573408ef4776f41900661757": "Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763", - "573408ef4776f41900661758": "Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763", - "573408ef4776f41900661759": "Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763", - "573408ef4776f4190066175a": "1763, and war in the European theatre of the Seven Years' War was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763", - "57340a094776f4190066177d": "1755", + "573406d1d058e614000b6801": "James Wolfe", + "573406d1d058e614000b6802": "victory at Fort Niagara", + "573406d1d058e614000b6803": "Sainte-Foy", + "573406d1d058e614000b6804": "British", + "573407d7d058e614000b6813": "Governor Vaudreuil", + "573407d7d058e614000b6814": "General Amherst", + "573407d7d058e614000b6815": "a capitulation with General Amherst", + "573408ef4776f41900661757": "the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763", + "573408ef4776f41900661758": "Treaty of Hubertusburg", + "573408ef4776f41900661759": "British", + "573408ef4776f4190066175a": "the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763. The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions", + "57340a094776f4190066177d": "80", "57340a094776f4190066177e": "1755", - "57340a094776f4190066177f": "1755", + "57340a094776f4190066177f": "The British", "57340a094776f41900661780": "New Orleans", - "57340b1bd058e614000b6869": "III", - "57340b1bd058e614000b686a": "Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7, 1763", - "57340b1bd058e614000b686b": "Royal Proclamation of 1763", - "57340d124776f419006617c3": "1769", - "57340d124776f419006617c0": "the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession. The Ohio Country", - "57340d124776f419006617c1": "69", - "57340d124776f419006617c2": "1769", - "57340d124776f419006617bf": "1769", - "573735e8c3c5551400e51e71": "20", - "573735e8c3c5551400e51e72": "Sir Isaac Newton", - "573735e8c3c5551400e51e73": "Sir Isaac Newton", - "573735e8c3c5551400e51e74": "Sir Isaac Newton", - "573735e8c3c5551400e51e75": "20", - "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7b": "1970s and 1980s", - "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7c": "the speed of light, particle physics has devised a Standard Model", + "57340b1bd058e614000b6869": "King George III", + "57340b1bd058e614000b686a": "October 7", + "57340b1bd058e614000b686b": "west", + "57340d124776f419006617c3": "most of its Spanish Catholic population", + "57340d124776f419006617c0": "The Ohio Country was particularly vulnerable to legal and illegal settlement due to the construction of military roads", + "57340d124776f419006617c1": "1769", + "57340d124776f419006617c2": "the construction of military roads to the area by Braddock and Forbes.", + "57340d124776f419006617bf": "the elimination of French power in North America", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e71": "force", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e72": "A fundamental error", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e73": "the early 20th century, Einstein developed a theory of relativity", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e74": "three hundred years", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e75": "Einstein", + "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7b": "a Standard Model", + "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7c": "the 1970s and 1980s confirmed that the weak and electromagnetic forces are expressions of a more fundamental electroweak interaction.", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7d": "four", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7e": "four", - "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7f": "1970", + "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7f": "a more fundamental electroweak interaction", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e85": "Aristotle", - "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e86": "Aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology", - "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e87": "the terrestrial sphere contained four elements", - "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e88": "rest at different \"natural places", - "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e89": "Aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology", - "57373f80c3c5551400e51e8f": "theory", - "57373f80c3c5551400e51e90": "17th century", - "57373f80c3c5551400e51e91": "theory", - "57373f80c3c5551400e51e92": "17th century", - "57373f80c3c5551400e51e93": "theory", - "5737432bc3c5551400e51e99": "Newton's First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity", - "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9a": "Galileo's insight", - "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9b": "Newton's First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity", - "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9c": "the same in every inertial frame of reference", - "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9d": "reference", - "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea3": "ia", + "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e86": "Aristotelian cosmology", + "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e87": "the terrestrial sphere contained four elements that come to rest at different \"natural places\" therein.", + "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e88": "rest", + "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e89": "the ground and that they will stay that way if left alone.", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e8f": "the 17th century.", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e90": "Galileo Galilei", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e91": "an innate force of impetus", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e92": "the Aristotelian theory of motion early in the 17th century", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e93": "friction", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e99": "Newton", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9a": "a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force or resultant force. This law is an extension of Galileo's insight that constant velocity", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9b": "the same in every inertial frame of reference", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9c": "the same in every inertial frame of reference, that is, in all frames related by a Galilean transformation.", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9d": "the concept of relative velocities. Specifically, in systems where objects are moving with different velocities, it is impossible to determine which object", + "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea3": "the laws of physics", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea4": "parabolic path", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea5": "perspective of the person in the car, the vehicle and everything inside of it is at rest", - "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea6": "ia", - "573749741c4567190057445d": "the tendency", - "573749741c4567190057445e": "rotational inertia of planet Earth", + "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea6": "Inertia", + "573749741c4567190057445d": "The concept of inertia", + "573749741c4567190057445e": "The rotational inertia of planet Earth", "573749741c4567190057445f": "Albert Einstein", "573749741c45671900574460": "weightlessness", - "573749741c45671900574461": "Albert Einstein", + "573749741c45671900574461": "principle", "573750f51c45671900574467": "Newton's Second Law", - "573750f61c45671900574468": "reference", - "573750f61c45671900574469": "reference", - "573750f61c4567190057446a": "theory", - "573750f61c4567190057446b": "relative units of force and mass then are fixed", - "5737534ec3c5551400e51eab": "Third Law is a result of applying symmetry to situations", + "573750f61c45671900574468": "kinematic measurements", + "573750f61c45671900574469": "General relativity", + "573750f61c4567190057446a": "the proper definition of mass. General relativity offers an equivalence between space-time and mass, but lacking a coherent", + "573750f61c4567190057446b": "fixed", + "5737534ec3c5551400e51eab": "Third Law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eac": "Third Law", - "5737534ec3c5551400e51ead": "Third", - "5737534ec3c5551400e51eae": "Third", - "573755afc3c5551400e51eb3": "Alternatively", + "5737534ec3c5551400e51ead": "the presence of different objects.", + "5737534ec3c5551400e51eae": "the presence of different objects.", + "573755afc3c5551400e51eb3": "the center", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb4": "a closed system of particles, there are no internal forces", - "573755afc3c5551400e51eb5": "proportional to the magnitude", + "573755afc3c5551400e51eb5": "proportional to the magnitude of the external force divided by", "573766251c45671900574471": "Since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls, this can provide an intuitive understanding", - "573766251c45671900574472": "Newton", - "573766251c45671900574473": "Newton", - "573766251c45671900574474": "Newton", - "57376828c3c5551400e51eb9": "it is impossible to determine what the acceleration of the rope will be. The two people could be pulling against each other as in tug of war", - "57376828c3c5551400e51eba": "scalar quantities", - "57376828c3c5551400e51ebb": "the same object", - "57376828c3c5551400e51ebc": "the same object", - "57376828c3c5551400e51ebd": "the same rope", - "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec3": "Historically", - "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec4": "resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of the parallelogram. The magnitude of the resultant", - "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec5": "the resultant", - "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec6": "resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of the parallelogram. The magnitude of the resultant", - "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec7": "resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of the parallelogram. The magnitude of the resultant", + "573766251c45671900574472": "precise operational definitions", + "573766251c45671900574473": "Newtonian mechanics", + "573766251c45671900574474": "the conceptual definition of force offered by Newtonian mechanics.", + "57376828c3c5551400e51eb9": "quantities", + "57376828c3c5551400e51eba": "quantities", + "57376828c3c5551400e51ebb": "the direction of both forces to calculate the result. If both of these pieces of information are not known for each force, the situation is ambiguous.", + "57376828c3c5551400e51ebc": "the other. Associating forces with vectors avoids such problems.", + "57376828c3c5551400e51ebd": "the same object, it is necessary to know both the magnitude and the direction of both forces to calculate the result.", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec3": "equilibrium", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec4": "additive vector quantities", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec5": "also", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec6": "their respective lines of application must also be specified in order to account for their effects on the motion of the body.", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec7": "the difference of the magnitudes of the two forces to their sum, depending on the angle between their lines of action.", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecd": "right angles", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ece": "right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecf": "Summing these component forces using vector addition", - "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed0": "three", - "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed1": "three", - "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed7": "The static friction", + "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed0": "Orthogonal components are independent of each other", + "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed1": "three-dimensional with the third component being at right-angles", + "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed7": "the characteristics of the contact between the surface and the object.", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed8": "static friction", - "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed9": "The static friction", - "57376df3c3c5551400e51eda": "upper", - "57377083c3c5551400e51edf": "weighing", - "57377083c3c5551400e51ee0": "weighing scales and spring balances. For example, an object suspended on a vertical spring scale", - "57377083c3c5551400e51ee1": "force\", which equals the object's weight", - "57377083c3c5551400e51ee2": "standard weights", + "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed9": "the applied", + "57376df3c3c5551400e51eda": "upper limit", + "57377083c3c5551400e51edf": "the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances.", + "57377083c3c5551400e51ee0": "the \"spring reaction force", + "57377083c3c5551400e51ee1": "which equals the object's weight", + "57377083c3c5551400e51ee2": "force of gravity", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee3": "Isaac Newton", - "573776eec3c5551400e51ee9": "Aristotelian physics would have the cannonball fall straight", - "573776eec3c5551400e51eea": "the only conclusion left is that the cannonball continues to move with the same velocity", + "573776eec3c5551400e51ee9": "a constant velocity, Aristotelian physics would have the cannonball fall straight down while the ship moved beneath it.", + "573776eec3c5551400e51eea": "a constant velocity", "573776eec3c5551400e51eeb": "Aristotle", - "573776eec3c5551400e51eec": "Aristotelian physics would have the cannonball fall straight", - "573776eec3c5551400e51eed": "rest were correct. For example, if a mariner dropped a cannonball from the crow's nest of a ship moving at a constant velocity", - "57377862c3c5551400e51ef3": "Aristotle misinterpreted this motion as being caused by the applied force. However, when kinetic friction", - "57377862c3c5551400e51ef4": "Aristotle misinterpreted this motion as being caused by the applied force. However, when kinetic friction", - "57377862c3c5551400e51ef5": "Aristotle", + "573776eec3c5551400e51eec": "the equivalence of constant velocity and rest were correct.", + "573776eec3c5551400e51eed": "the foot of the mast, as if the cannonball knows to travel with the ship despite being separated from it.", + "57377862c3c5551400e51ef3": "kinetic friction", + "57377862c3c5551400e51ef4": "the kinetic friction force", + "57377862c3c5551400e51ef5": "the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force.", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef6": "Aristotle", - "57377aac1c45671900574479": "the Schr\u00f6dinger", - "57377aac1c4567190057447a": "Schr", - "57377aac1c4567190057447b": "i", - "57377aac1c4567190057447c": "Schr\u00f6dinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence", - "57377aac1c4567190057447d": "the Schr", - "57377c98c3c5551400e51efb": "the \"spin\", and there is the Pauli principle", - "57377c98c3c5551400e51efc": "the Pauli principle", - "57377c98c3c5551400e51efd": "principle", - "57377c98c3c5551400e51efe": "symmetric (i.e. the apparent force must be attractive). Thus in the case of two fermions there is a strictly negative correlation", - "57377c98c3c5551400e51eff": "apparent", - "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f05": "exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory", - "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f06": "theory", - "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f07": "theory", + "57377aac1c45671900574479": "Schr\u00f6dinger", + "57377aac1c4567190057447a": "Newton", + "57377aac1c4567190057447b": "i.", + "57377aac1c4567190057447c": "Schr\u00f6dinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes \"quantized\", i.", + "57377aac1c4567190057447d": "Newton", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51efb": "the \"spin", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51efc": "Pauli principle", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51efd": "the spin", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51efe": "apparent", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51eff": "symmetric spin function (e.g. parallel spins) the spatial variables must be antisymmetric (i.", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f05": "a mathematical by-product", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f06": "force is a redundant concept", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f07": "The conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f08": "Feynman diagrams", - "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f09": "Feynman diagrams", - "5737804dc3c5551400e51f0f": "friction is a manifestation of the electromagnetic force acting between the atoms of two surfaces, and the Pauli exclusion principle", - "5737804dc3c5551400e51f10": "only at very short distances", - "5737804dc3c5551400e51f11": "The electromagnetic force acts between", - "5737804dc3c5551400e51f12": "between", - "5737804dc3c5551400e51f13": "friction is a manifestation of the electromagnetic force acting between the atoms of two surfaces, and the Pauli exclusion principle", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f09": "there is a conceptually simple way to describe such interactions through the use of Feynman diagrams", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f0f": "four", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f10": "The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f11": "The electromagnetic force acts between electric charges, and the gravitational force acts between masses.", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f12": "between masses", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f13": "Pauli exclusion principle", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f19": "Isaac Newton", - "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1a": "20th century, the development of quantum mechanics led to a modern understanding that the first three", - "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1b": "three", - "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1c": "three", + "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1a": "20th century", + "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1b": "Physicists are still attempting to develop self-consistent unification models that would combine all four fundamental interactions into a theory of everything", + "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1c": "theory of everything", "573784fa1c45671900574483": "Isaac Newton", - "573784fa1c45671900574484": "9", - "573784fa1c45671900574485": "9", - "573784fa1c45671900574486": "9", - "573784fa1c45671900574487": "9", - "573786b51c4567190057448d": "the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances", - "573786b51c4567190057448e": "radius", - "573786b51c4567190057448f": "radius", - "573786b51c45671900574490": "radius", - "57378862c3c5551400e51f21": "relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant", - "57378862c3c5551400e51f22": "Henry", + "573784fa1c45671900574484": "the Earth is usually designated as and has a magnitude of about 9.", + "573784fa1c45671900574485": "the Earth is usually designated as and has a magnitude of about 9.", + "573784fa1c45671900574486": "sea level", + "573784fa1c45671900574487": "directly", + "573786b51c4567190057448d": "larger distances", + "573786b51c4567190057448e": "the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law", + "573786b51c4567190057448f": "the mass of the attracting body.", + "573786b51c45671900574490": "a formula", + "57378862c3c5551400e51f21": "a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant", + "57378862c3c5551400e51f22": "Henry Cavendish", "57378862c3c5551400e51f23": "1798", "57378862c3c5551400e51f24": "Newton", - "5737898f1c45671900574495": "Mercury", + "5737898f1c45671900574495": "the discrepancy. This was the first time that Newton's Theory of Gravity had been shown to be less correct than an alternative.", "5737898f1c45671900574496": "Some astrophysicists", - "5737898f1c45671900574497": "the discrepancy", - "5737898f1c45671900574498": "Albert Einstein", - "5737898f1c45671900574499": "Theory", - "57378b141c4567190057449f": "theory", - "57378b141c456719005744a0": "radius", - "57378b141c456719005744a1": "then", - "57378b141c456719005744a2": "radius", - "57378c9b1c456719005744a8": "rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law", - "57378c9b1c456719005744a9": "Lorentz's Law", + "5737898f1c45671900574497": "the discrepancy. This was the first time that Newton's Theory of Gravity had been shown to be less correct than an alternative.", + "5737898f1c45671900574498": "the first time that Newton's Theory of Gravity had been shown to be less correct than an alternative.", + "5737898f1c45671900574499": "the first time that Newton's Theory of Gravity had been shown to be less correct than an alternative.", + "57378b141c4567190057449f": "general relativity", + "57378b141c456719005744a0": "the straight line path in space-time is seen as a curved line in space, and it is called the ballistic trajectory of the object.", + "57378b141c456719005744a1": "gravitational force", + "57378b141c456719005744a2": "a global sense", + "57378c9b1c456719005744a8": "the time rate of change of electric charge", + "57378c9b1c456719005744a9": "a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge.", "57378c9b1c456719005744a7": "Lorentz's Law", - "57378c9b1c456719005744aa": "Lorentz's Law", + "57378c9b1c456719005744aa": "This force", "57378e311c456719005744af": "1864", - "57378e311c456719005744b0": "20", + "57378e311c456719005744b0": "a speed that he calculated to be the speed of light.", "57378e311c456719005744b1": "20", - "57378e311c456719005744b2": "20", - "57378e311c456719005744b3": "1864", - "573792ee1c456719005744b9": "nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome", - "573792ee1c456719005744ba": "theory of electromagnetism", - "573792ee1c456719005744bb": "theory of electromagnetism", - "573792ee1c456719005744bc": "the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modification to electromagnetic theory", + "57378e311c456719005744b2": "4", + "57378e311c456719005744b3": "Maxwell", + "573792ee1c456719005744b9": "attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome", + "573792ee1c456719005744ba": "the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics", + "573792ee1c456719005744bb": "a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics", + "573792ee1c456719005744bc": "photons", "573792ee1c456719005744bd": "electrodynamics", - "5737958ac3c5551400e51f29": "the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle", - "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2a": "the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle", - "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2b": "the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle", + "5737958ac3c5551400e51f29": "the electromagnetic force.", + "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2a": "the influence of the electromagnetic force.", + "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2b": "energy", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2c": "macroscopically", - "5737958b1c456719005744c3": "the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle", - "5737958b1c456719005744c4": "the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle", - "5737958b1c456719005744c5": "the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle", + "5737958b1c456719005744c3": "the electromagnetic force.", + "5737958b1c456719005744c4": "the influence of the electromagnetic force.", + "5737958b1c456719005744c5": "energy", "5737958b1c456719005744c6": "macroscopically", - "573796edc3c5551400e51f33": "atomic", - "573796edc3c5551400e51f34": "atomic", - "573796edc3c5551400e51f35": "atomic", - "573796edc3c5551400e51f36": "atomic", - "573796edc3c5551400e51f37": "the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic", - "57379829c3c5551400e51f3d": "101", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f33": "The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles.", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f34": "the nuclear force.", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f35": "the nuclear force.", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f36": "the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force.", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f37": "the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force.", + "57379829c3c5551400e51f3d": "The weak force", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3e": "beta decay", - "57379829c3c5551400e51f3f": "beta decay", - "57379829c3c5551400e51f40": "101", - "57379829c3c5551400e51f41": "101", - "57379a4b1c456719005744cd": "The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact", - "57379a4b1c456719005744ce": "The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms", - "57379a4b1c456719005744cf": "repulsion", - "57379a4b1c456719005744d0": "93", - "57379ed81c456719005744d5": "unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys", + "57379829c3c5551400e51f3f": "beta decay (of neutrons", + "57379829c3c5551400e51f40": "1013", + "57379829c3c5551400e51f41": "approximately 1015 kelvins", + "57379a4b1c456719005744cd": "The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact.", + "57379a4b1c456719005744ce": "Pauli repulsion", + "57379a4b1c456719005744cf": "Pauli repulsion", + "57379a4b1c456719005744d0": "The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact.", + "57379ed81c456719005744d5": "Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings", "57379ed81c456719005744d6": "leys", - "57379ed81c456719005744d7": "instant", + "57379ed81c456719005744d7": "instantaneously", "57379ed81c456719005744d8": "the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys", - "57379ed81c456719005744d9": "unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys", - "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f47": "Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics", - "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f48": "ton's laws and Newtonian mechanics", + "57379ed81c456719005744d9": "the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f47": "Newton", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f48": "Newton", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f49": "the way forces affect the material. For example, in extended fluids, differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients", - "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4a": "theories", - "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4b": "three-dimensional objects", - "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f51": "38-1\u201338-11", - "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f52": "38-1\u201338-11", - "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f53": "38-1\u201338-11", - "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f54": "38-1\u201338-11", - "5737a4511c456719005744df": "Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle", - "5737a4511c456719005744e0": "Tor", - "5737a4511c456719005744e1": "instantaneous angular acceleration", - "5737a5931c456719005744e7": "radial", - "5737a5931c456719005744e8": "radial", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4a": "the way forces affect the material.", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4b": "the way forces affect the material.", + "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f51": "the cross-sectional area (the off-", + "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f52": "the cross-sectional area", + "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f53": "pressure terms associated with forces", + "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f54": "ism", + "5737a4511c456719005744df": "the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum.", + "5737a4511c456719005744e0": "an unbalanced torque", + "5737a4511c456719005744e1": "the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum.", + "5737a5931c456719005744e7": "the center of the circular path and is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards", + "5737a5931c456719005744e8": "the center of the circular path and is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center.", "5737a5931c456719005744e9": "radial", - "5737a5931c456719005744ea": "radial", - "5737a5931c456719005744eb": "radial", - "5737a7351c456719005744f1": "difference", - "5737a7351c456719005744f2": "convert only between", - "5737a7351c456719005744f3": "the difference", + "5737a5931c456719005744ea": "centripetal) force, which changes its direction.", + "5737a5931c456719005744eb": "tang", + "5737a7351c456719005744f1": "A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms.", + "5737a7351c456719005744f2": "A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms.", + "5737a7351c456719005744f3": "the net mechanical energy", "5737a7351c456719005744f4": "difference", - "5737a7351c456719005744f5": "the difference", - "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f59": "certain physical scenarios, it is impossible", - "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5a": "electrostatic potentials between the atoms, but manifests as a force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector. Nonconservative forces other than friction", - "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5b": "electrostatic potentials", - "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5c": "tension", - "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f61": "The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics", - "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f62": "nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies", + "5737a7351c456719005744f5": "difference", + "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f59": "certain physical scenarios", + "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5a": "gradient of potentials", + "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5b": "the gradients", + "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5c": "tension, compression, and drag", + "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f61": "detailed treatment with statistical mechanics", + "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f62": "nonconservative forces act to change the internal", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f63": "transfer", - "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f64": "transfer", - "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f65": "macroscopic closed systems", - "5737aafd1c456719005744fb": "less commonly used than the newton", - "5737aafd1c456719005744fc": "kg", - "5737aafd1c456719005744fd": "1000", + "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f64": "the Second law of thermodynamics, nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases.", + "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f65": "the Second law of thermodynamics, nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases.", + "5737aafd1c456719005744fb": "the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass.", + "5737aafd1c456719005744fc": "sometimes", + "5737aafd1c456719005744fd": "the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m\u00b7s\u22122", "5737aafd1c456719005744fe": "1000", - "5737aafd1c456719005744ff": "1000" + "5737aafd1c456719005744ff": "1000 N, and the kip, which is equivalent to 1000" }