diff --git "a/eval_predictions.json" "b/eval_predictions.json" --- "a/eval_predictions.json" +++ "b/eval_predictions.json" @@ -1,121 +1,121 @@ { - "56be4db0acb8001400a502ec": "10", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ec": "50", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ed": "10", - "56be4db0acb8001400a502ee": "The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", - "56be4db0acb8001400a502ef": "10", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ee": "50", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ef": "50", "56be4db0acb8001400a502f0": "50", - "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d1": "the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", - "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d2": "7", - "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d3": "American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", - "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91b9": "the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", - "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91ba": "the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", - "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91bb": "7", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91df": "10", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e0": "Levi", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e1": "San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e2": "L", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e3": "the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", + "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d1": "50", + "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d2": "50", + "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d3": "50", + "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91b9": "50", + "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91ba": "50", + "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91bb": "50", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91df": "50", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e0": "50", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e1": "50", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e2": "50", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e3": "50", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fd": "50", - "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fe": "San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California", - "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff": "Levi", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fe": "50", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff": "50", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9500": "10", - "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9501": "7", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9501": "50", "56d20362e7d4791d009025e8": "50", - "56d20362e7d4791d009025e9": "10", - "56d20362e7d4791d009025ea": "10", - "56d20362e7d4791d009025eb": "10", - "56d600e31c85041400946eae": "the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", - "56d600e31c85041400946eb0": "10", - "56d600e31c85041400946eb1": "Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara", - "56d9895ddc89441400fdb50e": "the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310", - "56d9895ddc89441400fdb510": "10", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025e9": "50", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025ea": "50", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025eb": "50", + "56d600e31c85041400946eae": "50", + "56d600e31c85041400946eb0": "50", + "56d600e31c85041400946eb1": "50", + "56d9895ddc89441400fdb50e": "50", + "56d9895ddc89441400fdb510": "50", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f6": "Cam Newton", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f9": "eight", "56be4e1facb8001400a502fa": "1995", - "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c2": "Arizona Cardinals", + "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c2": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c3": "20", - "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91e9": "Arizona Cardinals", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91e9": "Arizona", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ea": "20", - "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91eb": "the NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second Super Bowl", - "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ec": "four", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91eb": "Cam Newton", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ec": "Patriots", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ed": "Cam Newton", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9507": "the NFC", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9508": "Cam", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9509": "12", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950a": "four", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950b": "New England Patriots", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9507": "Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP). They defeated the Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9508": "Cam Newton", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9509": "20\u201318", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950a": "Patriots", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950b": "Patriots a chance to defend their title from Super Bowl XLIX", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f3": "Cam Newton", - "56d2045de7d4791d009025f4": "Arizona Cardinals", - "56d2045de7d4791d009025f5": "the NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second", + "56d2045de7d4791d009025f4": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", + "56d2045de7d4791d009025f5": "eight", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f6": "20", "56d6017d1c85041400946ebe": "Cam Newton", "56d6017d1c85041400946ec1": "20", - "56d6017d1c85041400946ec2": "Arizona Cardinals", + "56d6017d1c85041400946ec2": "Arizona", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52a": "Cam Newton", - "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52b": "Arizona Cardinals", + "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52b": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52e": "Cam Newton", - "56be4eafacb8001400a50302": "three", + "56be4eafacb8001400a50302": "50", "56be4eafacb8001400a50303": "three", - "56be4eafacb8001400a50304": "three", - "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d2": "three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller", + "56be4eafacb8001400a50304": "50", + "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d2": "50", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d3": "five", - "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d4": "seven", + "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d4": "50", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f4": "seven", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f5": "50", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f6": "three", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f7": "three", - "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9511": ", including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller", - "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9513": "linebacker Von Miller", + "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9511": "50", + "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9513": "50", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9514": "five", - "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9515": "two", - "56d204ade7d4791d00902603": "three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller", - "56d204ade7d4791d00902604": "five", + "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9515": "three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller", + "56d204ade7d4791d00902603": "50", + "56d204ade7d4791d00902604": "50", "56d601e41c85041400946ece": "seven", "56d601e41c85041400946ecf": "three", "56d601e41c85041400946ed0": "three", - "56d601e41c85041400946ed1": "three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller", - "56d601e41c85041400946ed2": "linebacker Von Miller", + "56d601e41c85041400946ed1": "50", + "56d601e41c85041400946ed2": "50", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53b": "seven", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53c": "three", - "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53d": "three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller", - "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53e": "five", - "56be5333acb8001400a5030a": "CBS", + "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53d": "three", + "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53e": "50", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030a": "50", "56be5333acb8001400a5030b": "5 million", - "56be5333acb8001400a5030c": "Coldplay", - "56be5333acb8001400a5030d": "Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", - "56be5333acb8001400a5030e": "Super Bowl XLVII", - "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fd": "CBS", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030c": "50", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030d": "Cold", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030e": "50", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fd": "50", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fe": "5 million", - "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91ff": "Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", - "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9200": "Bruno Mars", - "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9201": "Coldplay", - "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951b": "the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million", - "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951c": "5 million", - "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951e": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", - "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951f": "third", - "56d2051ce7d4791d00902608": "the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million", - "56d2051ce7d4791d00902609": "5 million", - "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260a": "Coldplay", - "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260b": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", - "56d602631c85041400946ed8": "CBS", - "56d602631c85041400946eda": "Coldplay", - "56d602631c85041400946edb": "Beyonc\u00e9", - "56d602631c85041400946edc": "the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50", - "56d98c53dc89441400fdb544": "5 million", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91ff": "50", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9200": "Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9201": "Cold", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951b": "50", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951c": "5", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951e": "Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951f": "50", + "56d2051ce7d4791d00902608": "50", + "56d2051ce7d4791d00902609": "30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50", + "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260a": "50", + "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260b": "50", + "56d602631c85041400946ed8": "50", + "56d602631c85041400946eda": "50", + "56d602631c85041400946edb": "50", + "56d602631c85041400946edc": "50", + "56d98c53dc89441400fdb544": "30", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb545": "Coldplay", - "56d98c53dc89441400fdb546": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", - "56d98c53dc89441400fdb548": "Bruno Mars", - "56be53b8acb8001400a50314": "Roger Goodell", - "56be53b8acb8001400a50315": "the 50th Super Bowl \"spectacular", + "56d98c53dc89441400fdb546": "Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", + "56d98c53dc89441400fdb548": "Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", + "56be53b8acb8001400a50314": "Roger", + "56be53b8acb8001400a50315": "50", "56be53b8acb8001400a50316": "2012", - "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9207": "a league\".", + "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9207": "Roger", "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9208": "Roger", - "56bf42f53aeaaa14008c95a3": "Roger Goodell", + "56bf42f53aeaaa14008c95a3": "Roger", "56d2053ae7d4791d00902610": "Roger Goodell", - "56d6edd00d65d21400198250": "a league\".", - "56d6edd00d65d21400198251": "spectacular", - "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54e": "spectacular", - "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54f": "2012", + "56d6edd00d65d21400198250": "Roger Goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50", + "56d6edd00d65d21400198251": "Roger Goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th Super Bowl \"spectacular", + "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54e": "Roger", + "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54f": "Roger Goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th Super Bowl \"spectacular", "56be5438acb8001400a5031a": "Mercedes", "56be5438acb8001400a5031b": "three", "56be5438acb8001400a5031c": "three", @@ -128,564 +128,564 @@ "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198254": "three", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198255": "New Orleans", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198256": "Sun", - "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198257": "three", + "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198257": "Mercedes", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198258": "Levi", - "56d98db6dc89441400fdb552": "Sun", + "56d98db6dc89441400fdb552": "Mercedes", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb553": "Mercedes", - "56d98db6dc89441400fdb554": "Sun Life Stadium", + "56d98db6dc89441400fdb554": "Mercedes", "56be54bdacb8001400a50322": "October 16, 2012", "56be54bdacb8001400a50323": "10", "56be54bdacb8001400a50324": "2010", "56be54bdacb8001400a50325": "2010", "56be54bdacb8001400a50326": "1985", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921b": "October 16, 2012", - "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921c": "October", - "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921d": "1985", + "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921c": "October 16, 2012", + "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921d": "1985 (Super Bowl XIX", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921e": "May 3, 2013", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921f": "2010", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9525": "10", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9526": "2010", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9528": "October", - "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9529": ", on May 3, 2013", - "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198260": "XIX", - "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198262": "The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times (tied for most with New Orleans", + "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9529": "2013", + "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198260": "1985 (Super Bowl XIX", + "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198262": "10", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb558": "October 16, 2012", - "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb559": "The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10", - "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55a": "10 times (tied for most with New Orleans", - "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55b": "1985 (Super Bowl XIX", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb559": "10 times (tied for most with New Orleans), with the most recent one being Super Bowl XLIV in 2010", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55a": "10", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55b": "10 times (tied for most with New Orleans), with the most recent one being Super Bowl XLIV in 2010. The San Francisco Bay Area", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55c": "refused", "56be5523acb8001400a5032c": "2013", - "56be5523acb8001400a5032d": ", 2013", + "56be5523acb8001400a5032d": "2013", "56be5523acb8001400a5032e": "2014", "56be5523acb8001400a5032f": "2014", "56be5523acb8001400a50330": "2003", - "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9225": "Boston", - "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9226": "21, 2013", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9225": "2013", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9226": "2013", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9227": "2014", - "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9228": "XXXVII", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9228": "2003", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9229": "2003", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c952f": "2013", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9530": "2014", - "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9531": "1", - "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9532": "XIX", + "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9531": "2014", + "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9532": "1985", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9533": "XXXVII", - "56d6f0770d65d21400198268": "May 21, 2013", + "56d6f0770d65d21400198268": "2013", "56d6f0770d65d21400198269": "2014", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826a": "2003", - "56d6f0770d65d2140019826c": "Boston", - "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb562": "May 21, 2013", + "56d6f0770d65d2140019826c": "2013", + "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb562": "2013", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb563": "2014", - "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb564": "1", - "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb565": "XXXVII took place in San Diego in 2003", - "56be572b3aeaaa14008c9052": "John Fox", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c922f": "ten", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9230": "six", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9231": "six", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9232": "eight", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9233": "John Fox", + "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb564": "2014", + "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb565": "2014. It is the first Super Bowl held in the San Francisco Bay Area", + "56be572b3aeaaa14008c9052": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c922f": "III", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9230": "III", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9231": "50", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9232": "eight appearances in the Super Bowl. The Broncos made their second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9233": "eight appearances in the Super Bowl. The Broncos made their second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c9539": "eight", - "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953a": "ten", - "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953c": "Super Bowl XXXVIII", - "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953d": "six", - "56d6f1190d65d21400198272": "third straight season, the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl. The Carolina Panthers", - "56d6f1190d65d21400198273": "eight", - "56d6f1190d65d21400198274": "John Fox", - "56d6f1190d65d21400198275": "John Fox", + "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953a": "III, while the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, their other appearance being Super Bowl XXXVIII", + "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953c": "III", + "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953d": "III", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198272": "III", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198273": "eight appearances in the Super Bowl. The Broncos made their second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198274": "eight", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198275": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50", "56d6f1190d65d21400198276": "six", - "56d99179dc89441400fdb56c": "only", - "56d99179dc89441400fdb56d": "four", - "56d99179dc89441400fdb570": "John Fox", + "56d99179dc89441400fdb56c": "50", + "56d99179dc89441400fdb56d": "eight", + "56d99179dc89441400fdb570": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9058": "DeAngelo Williams", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9059": "Benjamin", "56be59683aeaaa14008c905a": "1978", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923d": "1978", - "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923e": "NFC", + "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923e": "14", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923f": "Ten", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9240": "eight", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9241": "Benjamin", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9543": "1978", - "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9544": "2009", + "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9544": "2009 New Orleans Saints", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9545": "2011", - "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9547": "preseason", - "56d6f2000d65d2140019827c": "Benjamin", + "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9547": "Benjamin", + "56d6f2000d65d2140019827c": "Kelvin Benjamin", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827d": "DeAngelo Williams", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827e": "1978", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827f": "Ten", - "56d9943fdc89441400fdb576": "the Carolina Panthers", + "56d9943fdc89441400fdb576": "14", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb577": "1978", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb578": "14", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb57a": "Ten", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9247": "six", - "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9248": "45", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9248": "3,837 yards and rushing for 636, while recording a career-high and league-leading 45", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9249": "10", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924a": "27", - "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924b": "Greg Olsen", - "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960b": "45", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924b": "3", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960b": "3,837 yards and rushing for 636, while recording a career-high and league-leading 45", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960c": "99", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960d": "77", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960e": "39", - "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960f": "Jonathan Stewart", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960f": "six", "56d6f2960d65d21400198286": "six", - "56d6f2960d65d21400198287": "Pro Bowl quarterback Cam Newton", + "56d6f2960d65d21400198287": "3", "56d6f2960d65d21400198288": "3", - "56d6f2960d65d21400198289": "45", + "56d6f2960d65d21400198289": "3", "56d6f2960d65d2140019828a": "six", "56d997cddc89441400fdb586": "500 points", "56d997cddc89441400fdb587": "3", - "56d997cddc89441400fdb588": "45", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb588": "3", "56d997cddc89441400fdb589": "99", "56d997cddc89441400fdb58a": "39", - "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b": "308 points, ranking sixth", + "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b": "24", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c": "136", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925d": "118", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925e": "24", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925f": "11", "56d6f3500d65d21400198290": "24", "56d6f3500d65d21400198291": "11", - "56d6f3500d65d21400198292": "four", - "56d6f3500d65d21400198293": "four", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198292": "24", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198293": "11", "56d6f3500d65d21400198294": "24", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59c": "24", - "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e": "9", - "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f": "the league, while also leading the NFL in interceptions with 24", - "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0": "four interceptions, two of which were returned for touchdowns", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9265": "the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9266": "the previous season's playoffs", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9267": "Indianapolis Colts", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9268": "the playoffs", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9269": "Wade Phillips", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954d": "four", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954e": "Gary", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954f": "the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e": "11", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f": "11", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0": "24", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9265": "39", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9266": "three", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9267": "three", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9268": "17", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9269": "three", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954d": "39", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954e": "three", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954f": "39", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9550": "39", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9551": "the remainder of the regular season. Osweiler was injured, however, leading to Manning's return during the Week 17", - "56d6f4030d65d2140019829a": "the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs", - "56d6f4030d65d2140019829b": "Peyton", - "56d6f4030d65d2140019829c": "a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9551": "three", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829a": "three", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829b": "three", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829c": "39", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829d": "39", - "56d6f4030d65d2140019829e": "the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs", - "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c8": "the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs", - "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c9": "the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs", - "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5ca": "the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs", - "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cb": "Peyton", - "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cc": "Wade", - "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c9279": "67.9", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829e": "39", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c8": "39", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c9": "27", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5ca": "39", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cb": "39", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cc": "re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c9279": "67", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927a": "17", - "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927b": "105", - "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927c": "17", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927b": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927c": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927d": "10", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956b": "67.9", - "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956c": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956c": "67", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956d": "17", - "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956e": "17", - "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956f": "six", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956e": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956f": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a4": "67.9", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a5": "17", - "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a6": "Demaryius Thomas", + "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a6": "86.4. Veteran receiver Demaryius Thomas", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a7": "five", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d6": "67.9", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d7": "17", - "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d8": "Emmanuel Sanders", - "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d9": "17", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d8": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d9": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5da": "7", - "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928d": "the NFL yards allowed (4,530", - "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928e": "\u00bd", + "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928d": "11", + "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928e": "11", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9290": "Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles with 109", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9291": "three", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9588": "7", - "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9589": "backer Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles", - "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c958b": "Defensive ends", + "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9589": "backer", + "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c958b": "Derek", "56d6fea90d65d214001982ae": "fourth", - "56d6fea90d65d214001982af": "DeMarcus Ware was selected to play in the Pro Bowl for the ninth time in his career, ranking second on the team with 7", + "56d6fea90d65d214001982af": "11", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b0": "Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles with 109", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b2": "three", - "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5fd": "Miller", - "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5ff": "Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles", - "56d99da8dc89441400fdb600": "Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson", - "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a1": "the NFC Championship Game, 49\u201315, racking up 487 yards and forcing seven", - "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a2": "the Arizona Cardinals", - "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a3": "48", + "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5fd": "11 sacks, forced four", + "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5ff": "Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles with 109", + "56d99da8dc89441400fdb600": "11", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a1": "31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a2": "seven", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a3": "seven", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a4": "seven", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a5": "31\u201324", - "56bf34293aeaaa14008c9559": "the Arizona Cardinals", - "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955a": "the divisional round, running up a 31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", - "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955b": "racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers", - "56d701280d65d214001982b8": "the Seattle Seahawks", - "56d701280d65d214001982ba": "the NFC Championship Game, 49\u201315, racking up 487 yards and forcing seven", + "56bf34293aeaaa14008c9559": "31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", + "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955a": "seven", + "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955b": "seven turnovers", + "56d701280d65d214001982b8": "31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", + "56d701280d65d214001982ba": "31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", "56d701280d65d214001982bc": "seven", - "56d99e78dc89441400fdb616": "Seattle Seahawks", - "56d99e78dc89441400fdb618": "the NFC Championship Game, 49\u201315", - "56d99e78dc89441400fdb619": "the Seattle Seahawks", - "56d99e78dc89441400fdb61a": "31\u201324, avenging their elimination from a year earlier. The Panthers then blew out the Arizona Cardinals", + "56d99e78dc89441400fdb616": "31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", + "56d99e78dc89441400fdb618": "31\u201324", + "56d99e78dc89441400fdb619": "31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324", + "56d99e78dc89441400fdb61a": "49", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ab": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ac": "11", - "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ad": "the final three minutes of the game. They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots", - "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ae": "20", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ad": "Patriots", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ae": "Patriots", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92af": "17 seconds left on the clock", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9561": "23", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9562": "23", - "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9563": "the final three minutes of the game. They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9563": "Patriots", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9564": "17 seconds left on the clock", - "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565": "the clock. Despite Manning's problems with interceptions during the season, he didn't throw any", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565": "23", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c2": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c3": "11", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c5": "Patriots", - "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628": "the final three minutes of the game. They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots", - "56d99f99dc89441400fdb629": "New England Patriots", - "56d99f99dc89441400fdb62c": "17 seconds left on the clock", - "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b5": "Thomas Davis", - "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b6": "the NFC Championship Game", + "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628": "23", + "56d99f99dc89441400fdb629": "Patriots", + "56d99f99dc89441400fdb62c": "17", + "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b5": "three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm in the NFC Championship Game", + "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b6": "three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm in the NFC Championship Game", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b7": "three", - "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b8": "11", + "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b8": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9575": "three", - "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9576": "the NFC Championship Game. Despite this, he insisted he would still find a way to play in the Super Bowl", - "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9577": "11", - "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9579": "the NFC Championship Game. Despite this, he insisted he would still find a way to play in the Super Bowl", + "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9576": "three", + "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9577": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three", + "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9579": "three", "56d703d10d65d214001982d6": "three", - "56d703d10d65d214001982d7": "the NFC Championship", - "56d703d10d65d214001982d8": "11", + "56d703d10d65d214001982d7": "three", + "56d703d10d65d214001982d8": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three", "56d9a026dc89441400fdb632": "Thomas Davis", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bd": "39", - "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92be": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", - "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf": "38", - "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0": "Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager", - "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1": "38", - "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591": "John Elway, who led the Broncos", - "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9592": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations", - "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92be": "39", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591": "39", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9592": "39", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9594": "39", - "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595": "two different teams to multiple Super Bowls. He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39", - "56d704430d65d214001982de": "two", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595": "39", + "56d704430d65d214001982de": "39", "56d704430d65d214001982e0": "39", "56d704430d65d214001982e1": "39", "56d704430d65d214001982e2": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", - "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63e": "eyton Manning", + "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63e": "39", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63f": "39", - "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb640": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38", - "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c7": "1998", + "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb640": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c7": "39", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c8": "2011", - "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c9": "13 years and 48 days (Manning was 39", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c9": "39", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92ca": "39", - "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92cb": "the first Super Bowl", - "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959b": "Manning", - "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959c": "the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011", - "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959d": "13 years and 48 days (Manning was 39", - "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959e": "the first Super Bowl", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92cb": "39", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959b": "39", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959c": "39", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959d": "39", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959e": "2011", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fc": "1998", - "56d7096b0d65d214001982fd": "the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes", - "56d7096b0d65d214001982fe": "the first Super Bowl", + "56d7096b0d65d214001982fd": "2011", + "56d7096b0d65d214001982fe": "39", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb647": "2011", - "56d9a199dc89441400fdb648": "13 years and 48 days (Manning was 39", - "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649": "13", + "56d9a199dc89441400fdb648": "39", + "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649": "39", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92db": "XX", - "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dc": "the Chicago Bears", - "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dd": "a linebacker", - "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92de": "Elway", - "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92df": "the Chicago Bears", - "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9615": "linebacker", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dc": "Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dd": "Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92de": "Elway at the end of the Broncos' defeats in Super Bowls XXI", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92df": "the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX", + "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9615": "Rivera having been a linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX", "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9617": "Elway", - "56d709ef0d65d21400198306": "the end of the Broncos' defeats in Super Bowls XXI and XXIV, this will be the first Super Bowl in which both head coaches", + "56d709ef0d65d21400198306": "the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX", "56d709ef0d65d21400198307": "the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e5": "earlier in the 2015 season, a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e6": "a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e7": "Ed", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e8": "Baltimore Ravens", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e9": "Baltimore Ravens kicker", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e6": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e7": "Atlanta Braves field director", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e8": "Justin Tucker", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e9": "Justin Tucker", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a5": "Justin Tucker", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a6": "Justin Tucker", - "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a7": "the inaugural season, the field", + "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a7": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality", "56d70adc0d65d21400198311": "Justin Tucker", - "56d70adc0d65d21400198312": "the inaugural season, the field had to be re-sodded multiple times", + "56d70adc0d65d21400198312": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality", "56d70adc0d65d21400198313": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality", "56d70adc0d65d21400198314": "ats", "56d9a419dc89441400fdb678": "Justin Tucker", - "56d9a419dc89441400fdb679": "the 2015 season, a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92f9": "the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fa": "III", + "56d9a419dc89441400fdb679": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92f9": "III", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fa": "XXXIII", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fb": "III", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fc": "matching white", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fc": "matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fd": "III", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ab": "III", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ac": "III", - "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ae": "Atlanta Falcons", - "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95af": "the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII", - "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831d": "the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII", + "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ae": "III", + "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95af": "III", + "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831d": "matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII", "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831f": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb697": "XXXIII", - "56d9a637dc89441400fdb698": "matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII", - "56d9a637dc89441400fdb699": "0-4", - "56d9a637dc89441400fdb69a": "black", + "56d9a637dc89441400fdb698": "XXXIII", + "56d9a637dc89441400fdb699": "0-4 in Super Bowls when wearing orange jerseys, losing in Super Bowl XII, XXII, XXIV, and XLVIII", + "56d9a637dc89441400fdb69a": "matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9303": "the San Jose Marriott", - "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9304": "the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott", + "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9304": "Santa Clara Marriott", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9305": "Marriott", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9306": "Santa Clara Marriott", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b5": "the San Jose Marriott", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b6": "Marriott", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b7": "the San Jose Marriott", - "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b8": "the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott", - "56d70d240d65d21400198326": "the San Jose Marriott", + "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b8": "Santa Clara Marriott", + "56d70d240d65d21400198326": "Santa Clara Marriott", "56d70d240d65d21400198327": "Marriott", "56d70d240d65d21400198328": "Santa Clara Marriott", "56d70d240d65d21400198329": "Santa Clara Marriott", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a0": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a1": "Marriott", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a2": "Santa Clara Marriott", - "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a3": "Marriott", + "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a3": "Santa Clara Marriott", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9315": "50", - "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9316": "Super Bowl V", - "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317": "Jaime Weston", - "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9318": "Super Bowl XLV", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9316": "50", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317": "50", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9318": "50", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9319": "50", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95bd": "50", - "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95be": "Super Bowl 50", - "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c0": "Super Bowl 50", + "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95be": "50", + "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c0": "50", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c1": "50", "56d70daa0d65d21400198332": "50", "56d70daa0d65d21400198333": "50", - "56d70daa0d65d21400198334": "Super Bowl 50", - "56d70daa0d65d21400198335": "Super Bowl 50", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198334": "50", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198335": "50", "56d70daa0d65d21400198336": "50", "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6a8": "50", - "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6ab": "Super Bowl 50", + "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6ab": "50", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c931f": "gold", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9320": "7", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9321": "50-yard line on fields was colored gold", - "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c7": "gold", + "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c7": "50-yard line on fields was colored gold", "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c8": "Gold", - "56d70e570d65d2140019833c": ", and beginning on week 7", + "56d70e570d65d2140019833c": "gold", "56d70e570d65d2140019833e": "Gold", "56d70e570d65d2140019833f": "50-yard line on fields was colored gold", - "56d9b01fdc89441400fdb6d4": ", and beginning on week 7, all sideline jackets and hats featured gold", + "56d9b01fdc89441400fdb6d4": "gold", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9325": "Moscone Center", - "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9326": "San Francisco", - "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9327": "Ed Lee", - "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9328": "San Francisco city supervisor Jane Kim", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9326": "Moscone Center", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9327": "30", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9328": "30", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9329": "30", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cb": "1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in San Francisco during Super Bowl Week", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cc": "Ed Lee", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cd": "Moscone Center", - "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95ce": "Super Bowl City", + "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95ce": "The", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834c": "Moscone Center", - "56d7145c0d65d2140019834d": "Super Bowl City", - "56d7145c0d65d2140019834f": "Ed Lee", - "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ec": "\"Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30", - "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ed": "1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in San Francisco during Super Bowl Week", - "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ee": "Ed Lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area", - "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ef": "5 million", + "56d7145c0d65d2140019834d": "30", + "56d7145c0d65d2140019834f": "30", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ec": "30", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ed": "30", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ee": "30", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ef": "30", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6f0": "Moscone Center", - "56bebd713aeaaa14008c932f": "Santa", - "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9330": "the Santa Clara", - "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9331": "week-long", - "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d3": "the Santa Clara", + "56bebd713aeaaa14008c932f": "beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University", + "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9330": "the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally", + "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9331": "week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention Center", + "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d3": "a pep rally", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d4": "the Santa Clara", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d5": "the Santa Clara", - "56d714cd0d65d21400198356": "at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University", + "56d714cd0d65d21400198356": "beer, wine and food festival", "56d714cd0d65d21400198358": "the Santa Clara", "56d714cd0d65d21400198359": "the Santa Clara Convention Center", - "56d9b43edc89441400fdb700": "the Santa Clara Convention Center", - "56d9b43edc89441400fdb701": "the Santa Clara", - "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9335": "the Golden Gate Bridge", - "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9336": "afternoon", - "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9337": "SAP Center", - "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9338": "San Jose", + "56d9b43edc89441400fdb700": "the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally", + "56d9b43edc89441400fdb701": "the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9335": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9336": "afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9337": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9338": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9339": "Golden Gate Bridge", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95d9": "afternoon", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95da": "afternoon", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95db": "the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dc": "SAP Center", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dd": "San Jose", - "56d71bd80d65d2140019835e": "afternoon", - "56d71bd80d65d21400198360": "Night", - "56d71bd80d65d21400198361": "the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95d9": "Tuesday", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95da": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95db": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dc": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dd": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56d71bd80d65d2140019835e": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56d71bd80d65d21400198360": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56d71bd80d65d21400198361": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", "56d71bd80d65d21400198362": "Golden Gate Bridge", - "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb708": "Monday evening", - "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb709": "afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", - "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70a": "the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", - "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70b": "Golden", - "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70c": "the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night. The event was held on February", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c933f": "Super", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9340": "over $40", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9341": "Dignity Health", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9342": "Gap", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9343": "Chevron", - "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e3": "the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in Business Connect", - "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e4": "over $40", - "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e5": "the first time, the Super Bowl 50", - "56d71cb60d65d21400198368": "Business Connect", - "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb720": "Super", - "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb721": "over $40", - "56bebec43aeaaa14008c9349": "25 percent", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb708": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb709": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70a": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70b": "replica", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70c": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c933f": "50", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9340": "50", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9341": "Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9342": "50", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9343": "50", + "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e3": "50", + "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e4": "50", + "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e5": "50", + "56d71cb60d65d21400198368": "50", + "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb720": "50", + "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb721": "50", + "56bebec43aeaaa14008c9349": "50", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c934a": "50", "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95e9": "25", - "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95ea": "the 50", - "56d71d150d65d2140019836e": "the Bay Area", + "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95ea": "50", + "56d71d150d65d2140019836e": "50", "56d71d150d65d2140019836f": "25", "56d71d150d65d21400198370": "50", - "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb72f": "25 percent", - "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb730": "the 50", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934d": "Vince", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934e": "18", + "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb72f": "25", + "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb730": "50", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934d": "Vince Lombardi Trophy that all Super Bowl champions receive, the winner of Super Bowl 50", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934e": "50", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934f": "33 lb (15 kg", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9350": "Tiffany", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9351": "Tiffany", - "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ed": "a total of 66 lb (30 kg). Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50", - "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ef": "18-karat gold-plated \"50\". Each digit", - "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95f1": "Tiffany", - "56d71d9d0d65d21400198374": "Vince", - "56d71d9d0d65d21400198377": "Tiffany", - "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9357": "the United States, the game was televised by CBS", - "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9358": "Jim Nantz", - "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9359": "Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9350": "33 lb (15 kg", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9351": "33 lb (15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg). Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50", + "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ed": "33 lb (15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg). Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50", + "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ef": "33 lb (15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg). Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50", + "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95f1": "33 lb (15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg). Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50", + "56d71d9d0d65d21400198374": "33 lb (15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg). Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50", + "56d71d9d0d65d21400198377": "33 lb (15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg). Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9357": "50", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9358": "50", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9359": "50", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935a": "36", - "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935b": "5K resolution", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935b": "50", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f7": "three", - "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f8": "Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines", - "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f9": "EyeVision 360", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f8": "Tracy Wolfson", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f9": "50", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fa": "50", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fb": "Evan Washburn on the sidelines", - "56d71ed50d65d2140019837c": "the United States, the game was televised by CBS", - "56d71ed50d65d2140019837d": "three", - "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb740": "the United States, the game was televised by CBS", - "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb741": "Jim", - "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb742": "Tracy", + "56d71ed50d65d2140019837c": "50", + "56d71ed50d65d2140019837d": "50", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb740": "50", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb741": "50", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb742": "50", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb743": "50", - "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb744": "pylon cameras and microphones along with EyeVision 360", - "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9361": "ESPN Deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with CBS", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb744": "50", + "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9361": "Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9362": "Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9363": "Raul Allegre", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9364": "28", - "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9365": "the NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the game, marking the third dedicated Spanish-language broadcast of the Super Bowl", - "56bf6d343aeaaa14008c961b": "the NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the game, marking the third dedicated Spanish-language broadcast of the Super Bowl", + "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9365": "Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin", + "56bf6d343aeaaa14008c961b": "Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin", "56d71fc00d65d21400198386": "ESPN", "56d71fc00d65d21400198389": "John Sutcliffe", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb754": "third", - "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb757": "Alvaro Martin", - "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb758": "Alvaro Martin", - "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9371": "NFL Mobile", - "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9372": "the NFL Mobile service. The ESPN Deportes Spanish", - "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9373": "the NFL Mobile service. The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN", - "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9374": ", and the CBS Sports apps on tablets", + "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb757": "Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin", + "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb758": "Martin", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9371": "exclusivity, streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9372": "ESPN Deportes Spanish", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9373": "the game via CBSSports", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9374": "tablets", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9375": "10", - "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c961f": "the NFL Mobile service. The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN", - "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9620": "the NFL Mobile service. The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN", - "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9621": "Verizon Wireless", - "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9622": "the NFL Mobile", - "56d7205e0d65d21400198391": "Verizon Communications exclusivity, streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless customers", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c961f": "the game via CBSSports", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9620": "the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9621": "Verizon Communications exclusivity, streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9622": "the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10", + "56d7205e0d65d21400198391": "Verizon Communications exclusivity", "56d7205e0d65d21400198392": "NFL", - "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75e": ", and the CBS Sports apps on tablets", - "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75f": "Verizon Communications", - "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb760": "WatchESPN", - "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937b": "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", - "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937c": "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert following the game. Following a break for late local programming", + "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75e": "tablets", + "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75f": "Verizon Communications exclusivity", + "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb760": "ESPN Deportes Spanish", + "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937b": "late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50", + "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937c": "50", "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9631": "The Late Show with Stephen", - "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9632": "late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning with a special episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", - "56d720c70d65d21400198396": "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", - "56d720c70d65d21400198397": "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", - "56d720c70d65d21400198398": ", beginning with a special episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert following the game. Following a break for late local programming", - "56bec3153aeaaa14008c9389": "5,000,000", + "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9632": "The Late Show with Stephen", + "56d720c70d65d21400198396": "late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50", + "56d720c70d65d21400198397": "The Late Show with Stephen", + "56d720c70d65d21400198398": "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert following the game. Following a break for late local programming", + "56bec3153aeaaa14008c9389": "5", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938a": "Anheuser-Busch InBev that allowed the beer manufacturer", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938b": "Doritos", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938c": "20", - "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9635": "5,000,000", + "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9635": "5", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9637": "Anheuser-Busch InBev that allowed the beer manufacturer", - "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9638": "Doritos", - "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9639": "The Pok\u00e9mon Company", - "56d721af0d65d2140019839e": "Pok\u00e9mon", + "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9638": "30-second advertisement at $5,000,000, a record high price for a Super Bowl ad. As of January 26", + "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9639": "Nintendo", + "56d721af0d65d2140019839e": "Nintendo", "56d721af0d65d2140019839f": "Anheuser-Busch InBev that allowed the beer manufacturer", "56d721af0d65d214001983a0": "Doritos", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb768": "Anheuser-Busch InBev that allowed the beer manufacturer", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb769": "Doritos", - "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb76a": "the final year that Doritos, a longtime sponsor of the game, held its \"Crash the Super Bowl", - "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9397": "QuickBooks", + "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb76a": "the final year that Doritos", + "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9397": "Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9398": "Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee", - "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9399": "the United States", + "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9399": "30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c939a": "nine", - "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c963f": "Death Wish Coffee", - "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c9640": "Death Wish Coffee", + "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c963f": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee", + "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c9640": "nine", "56d722330d65d214001983a6": "QuickBooks", "56d722330d65d214001983a7": "Death Wish Coffee", "56d722330d65d214001983a8": "nine", - "56d9be16dc89441400fdb770": "Death Wish Coffee", - "56d9be16dc89441400fdb771": "Death Wish Coffee", - "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93a9": "Jason", - "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93aa": "Lionsgate", - "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ab": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows and 10", + "56d9be16dc89441400fdb770": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee", + "56d9be16dc89441400fdb771": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93a9": "Captain America: Civil War, The Jungle", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93aa": "The Jungle", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ab": "Paramount", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ac": "Resurgence", - "56d723560d65d214001983ac": "Lions", - "56d723560d65d214001983ad": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", + "56d723560d65d214001983ac": "The Jungle", + "56d723560d65d214001983ad": "The Secret Life of Pets", "56d723560d65d214001983ae": "The Secret Life of Pets", "56d723560d65d214001983af": "The Jungle", - "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77b": "Resurgence", - "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77c": "Jason Bour", - "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77d": "the Super Bowl. Fox paid for Deadpool", + "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77b": "The Jungle", + "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77c": "20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures", + "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77d": "20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b1": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b2": "Kevin Harlan", - "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b3": "Jim Gray", - "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b4": "Boomer Esiason", + "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b3": "Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters. Jim Gray", + "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b4": "Bo", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b5": "James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters", - "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9655": "Bo", - "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9656": "Kevin Harlan", - "56d723ad0d65d214001983b4": "West", - "56d723ad0d65d214001983b5": "Kevin Harlan", + "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9655": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America", + "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9656": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America", + "56d723ad0d65d214001983b4": "Westwood One", + "56d723ad0d65d214001983b5": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b8": "Jim Gray", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78e": "Kevin Harlan", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78f": "Bo", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb790": "reporters", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb791": "halftime", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb792": "the game throughout North America", - "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93cf": "KR", - "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d0": "Dave Logan", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78e": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78f": "Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb790": "Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb791": "pre-game and halftime", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb792": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93cf": "103", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d0": "103.5 FM) will carry the game, with Dave Logan on play-by-play and Ed McCaffrey", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d1": "1110", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d2": "99", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d3": "BT (1110", - "56d724620d65d214001983be": "Dave Logan", - "56d724620d65d214001983bf": "Ed McCaffrey", + "56d724620d65d214001983be": "103", + "56d724620d65d214001983bf": "103.5 FM) will carry the game, with Dave Logan on play-by-play and Ed McCaffrey", "56d724620d65d214001983c0": "BT", - "56d724620d65d214001983c1": "1110", - "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a0": "KRFX (103", - "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a3": "BT-FM (99.3 FM), which is based in Chester, South Carolina", - "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e3": "the United Kingdom", - "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e4": "the United Kingdom", - "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e5": "the United Kingdom, BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra will carry the contest. The BBC", - "56d724ea0d65d214001983c8": "the United Kingdom", + "56d724620d65d214001983c1": "BT (1110", + "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a0": "103", + "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a3": "BT-FM (99", + "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e3": "BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports", + "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e4": "the United Kingdom, BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports", + "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e5": "Rocky", + "56d724ea0d65d214001983c8": "BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports", "56d724ea0d65d214001983c9": "BBC", - "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93e9": "43", - "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ea": "Chuck Howley", - "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93eb": "Peyton Manning (MVP of Super Bowl XLI", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93e9": "50th Super Bowl, the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ea": "Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93eb": "I", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ec": "2001", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ed": "Peyton Manning", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cc": "39", - "56d7251d0d65d214001983cd": "preparing", - "56d7251d0d65d214001983cf": "Martin", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b4": "43", + "56d7251d0d65d214001983cd": "Peyton Manning (MVP of Super Bowl XLI and current Broncos quarterback) was shown in the locker room", + "56d7251d0d65d214001983cf": "XII", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b4": "50th Super Bowl, the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b5": "39", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b6": "Bart Starr", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b7": "43", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b8": "Martin", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fd": "Six", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed the national anthem", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff": "Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language (ASL) translation", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400": "Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9401": "Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b6": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b7": "I", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b8": "XII", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fd": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff": "Marlee Matlin", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400": "Marlee Matlin", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9401": "Marlee Matlin", "56d20650e7d4791d00902614": "Marlee Matlin", - "56d20650e7d4791d00902615": "Marlee Matlin", + "56d20650e7d4791d00902615": "Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d4": "Marlee Matlin", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d5": "Marlee Matlin", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c4": "Marlee Matlin", - "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c5": "Six", + "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c5": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c6": "Marlee Matlin", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940d": "3", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940e": "British", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940f": "XLVII", - "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9410": "Super Bowl XLVII", - "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9411": "Super Bowl XLVIII", - "56d725790d65d214001983d8": "Coldplay", + "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9410": "Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyonc\u00e9, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", + "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9411": "III", + "56d725790d65d214001983d8": "Cold", "56d725790d65d214001983da": "Pepsi", - "56d725790d65d214001983db": "the Associated Press that Beyonc\u00e9, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", - "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d0": "Coldplay", - "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1": "Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyonc\u00e9", - "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d2": "the Associated Press that Beyonc\u00e9, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", - "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d3": "the Associated Press that Beyonc\u00e9, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", + "56d725790d65d214001983db": "Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyonc\u00e9, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d0": "Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyonc\u00e9, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1": "British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d2": "XLVII", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d3": "Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyonc\u00e9, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9417": "3", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9418": "3", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9419": "3", @@ -696,2413 +696,2413 @@ "56d728a10d65d21400198415": "3", "56d728a10d65d21400198416": "3", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d8": "3", - "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d9": "18-yard pass to tight end Owen Daniels", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d9": "3", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7da": "3", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7db": "3", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7dc": "3", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942b": "retired referee Mike Carey", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942c": "Cam Newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass Jerricho Cotchery", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942d": "linebacker Von Miller", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942e": "Malik Jackson", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942f": "1993", - "56d728e00d65d2140019841c": "-yard pass Jerricho Cotchery", - "56d728e00d65d2140019841d": "Mike Carey", - "56d728e00d65d2140019841e": "linebacker", - "56d728e00d65d2140019841f": "Malik Jackson", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942b": "10", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942c": "10", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942d": "3rd-and-10", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942e": "10", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942f": "10\u20130 lead. This was the first fumble return touchdown in a Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXVIII", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841c": "10", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841d": "Mike", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841e": "10", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841f": "10", "56d728e00d65d21400198420": "1993", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e7": "Mike Carey", - "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e8": "3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line, linebacker Von Miller", - "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e9": "Malik Jackson", - "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7ea": "the end of the 1993", + "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e8": "3rd-and-10", + "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e9": "10", + "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7ea": "10", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9435": "Jonathan Stewart", - "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9436": "the second quarter. Later on, Broncos receiver Jordan Norwood", + "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9436": "10", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9437": "28", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9438": "61", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9439": "33", - "56d729180d65d21400198426": "51 yards", - "56d729180d65d21400198427": "Jonathan Stewart", + "56d729180d65d21400198426": "51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10", + "56d729180d65d21400198427": "Newton completed 4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart", "56d729180d65d21400198428": "Jonathan Stewart", - "56d729180d65d21400198429": "a tackle, apparently thinking Norwood had called a fair catch. Norwood", + "56d729180d65d21400198429": "10", "56d729180d65d2140019842a": "33", "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f0": "Jonathan Stewart", - "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f4": "Jonathan Stewart", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9445": "Darian Stewart", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9446": "Trevathan", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9447": "K", + "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f4": "10", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9445": "tackled by safety Darian Stewart", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9446": "Tre", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9447": "Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line. However, the Panthers", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9448": "11 seconds left, Newton", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9449": "11 seconds left, Newton was sacked by DeMarcus Ware", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9449": "11", "56d729ec0d65d21400198430": "safety Darian Stewart", - "56d729ec0d65d21400198431": "Kony Ealy", + "56d729ec0d65d21400198431": "Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line. However, the Panthers", "56d729ec0d65d21400198432": "19", - "56d729ec0d65d21400198434": "Darian Stewart", + "56d729ec0d65d21400198434": "11 seconds left, Newton", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb804": "safety Darian Stewart", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb805": "Danny", - "56d9c79edc89441400fdb806": "K", - "56d9c79edc89441400fdb807": "the clock. The Panthers", - "56d9c79edc89441400fdb808": "DeMarcus Ware", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9455": "a 45", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9456": "the uprights", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9457": "44", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9458": "McManus' 33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb806": "Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line. However, the Panthers", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb807": "Newton", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb808": "11 seconds left, Newton", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9455": "Newton", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9456": "33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16\u20137", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9457": "33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16\u20137", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9458": "33", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9459": "T. J. Ward. Ward", - "56d7282f0d65d21400198408": "the Denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play", - "56d7282f0d65d21400198409": "rights", - "56d7282f0d65d2140019840a": "T", + "56d7282f0d65d21400198408": "Newton", + "56d7282f0d65d21400198409": "the uprights", + "56d7282f0d65d2140019840a": "Newton completing a 42-yard pass to Corey Brown", "56d7282f0d65d2140019840c": "T. J. Ward", - "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80e": "the second half when Newton", - "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80f": "the 26", + "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80e": "Newton", + "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80f": "33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16\u20137", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb810": "the uprights", - "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb811": "Manning completed a pair of passes to Emmanuel Sanders", - "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c945f": "the next play, Ealy", + "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb811": "33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16\u20137", + "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c945f": "50", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9460": "39", - "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9461": "Devin Funchess", - "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9462": "Stewart", - "56d7261e0d65d214001983e0": "41", - "56d7261e0d65d214001983e1": "the fourth, the Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line. On the next play, Ealy", - "56d7261e0d65d214001983e2": "the next play, Ealy", - "56d7261e0d65d214001983e4": "punts", - "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb820": "the next play, Ealy", + "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9461": "Stewart then set up Gano's 39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310", + "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9462": "Stewart then set up Gano's 39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e0": "50", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e1": "Stewart then set up Gano's 39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e2": "50", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e4": "Stewart then set up Gano's 39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310", + "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb820": "50", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb821": "50", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb822": "39", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb823": "three", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946d": "24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946e": "3rd-and-9", - "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f": "Josh Norman", - "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470": "a chance to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9", - "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471": "Manning", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f": "3rd-and-9", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470": "3rd-and-9", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471": "3rd-and-9", "56d726b60d65d214001983ea": "3rd-and-9", - "56d726b60d65d214001983eb": "a chance to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9. On the next play, Miller", - "56d726b60d65d214001983ec": "Newton", - "56d726b60d65d214001983ed": "Norman", - "56d726b60d65d214001983ee": "3:08", + "56d726b60d65d214001983eb": "3rd-and-9", + "56d726b60d65d214001983ec": "3rd-and-9", + "56d726b60d65d214001983ed": "3rd-and-9", + "56d726b60d65d214001983ee": "3rd-and-9", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb832": "3rd-and-9", - "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833": "Miller", - "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834": "Ward", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833": "3rd-and-9", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834": "3rd-and-9", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb835": "three", - "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836": "Anderson", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836": "3rd-and-9", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9481": "six", - "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9482": "zero", - "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9483": "McManus made all four", - "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9484": "Thomas Davis", - "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9485": "the post-season. Newton", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f4": "Manning finished the game 13 of 23", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f5": "zero", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f6": "Anderson", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f7": "Sanders", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f8": "Thomas Davis", - "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb842": "six", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9482": "23", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9483": "23", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9484": "23", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9485": "Newton", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f4": "23", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f5": "23", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f6": "90", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f7": "23", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f8": "23", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb842": "23", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb843": "90", - "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb844": "11", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb844": "McManus made all four of his field goals, making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season. Newton", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb845": "18 of 41 passes for 265 yards, with one interception", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb846": "four", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948b": "21", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948b": "21 to 11", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948c": "21 to 11", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948d": "Baltimore Ravens", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948e": "Jordan Norwood", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948f": "21", - "56d7277c0d65d214001983fe": "21", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948d": "21 to 11", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948e": "21 to 11", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948f": "21 to 11", + "56d7277c0d65d214001983fe": "21 to 11", "56d7277c0d65d214001983ff": "21 to 11", "56d7277c0d65d21400198401": "seven", - "56d7277c0d65d21400198402": "the same franchise he went to the Super Bowl", + "56d7277c0d65d21400198402": "21 to 11", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84c": "21 to 11", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84d": "21 to 11", - "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84e": "21", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84e": "21 to 11", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84f": "seven", - "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb850": "two", - "5733a5f54776f41900660f45": "the Nobel Prize", - "5733a5f54776f41900660f48": "1745", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb850": "21 to 11", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f45": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie, who achieved international recognition for her research on radioactivity and was the first female recipient of the Nobel Prize", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f48": "17", "5733a5f54776f41900660f44": "Maria", - "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", - "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": "seven", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric", "57336755d058e614000b5a3d": "100", - "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "the Krasi\u0144ski Palace Garden", + "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "The \u0141azienki Park covers the area of 76 ha. The unique character and history of the park is reflected in its landscape architecture", "57336755d058e614000b5a3c": "The Saxon Garden", - "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": "east end of the park, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is situated", - "57336755d058e614000b5a40": "The \u0141azienki Park", - "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": "About 15 kilometres", - "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": "a habitat", + "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": "the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier", + "57336755d058e614000b5a40": "43", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": "15 kilometres", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": "13 natural reserves in Warsaw \u2013 among others, Bielany Forest, Kabaty Woods", "57337ddc4776f41900660bba": "13", - "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd": "several", - "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": "the majority", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": "Demographically", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": "833,500", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": "34", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd": "13", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": "13 natural reserves in Warsaw \u2013 among others, Bielany Forest, Kabaty Woods", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": "1933", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": "1933", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": "34% percent). Warsaw's prewar Jewish population of more than 350,000 constituted about 30", "57337ea24776f41900660bd1": "30", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": "migration", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": "300 years of Warsaw's history. Most of the modern day population growth is based on internal migration", "57339555d058e614000b5df4": "Warsaw University of Technology", "57339555d058e614000b5df5": "2,000", - "57339555d058e614000b5df6": "the Medical University of Warsaw", + "57339555d058e614000b5df6": "the Medical University of Warsaw, the largest medical school", "57339555d058e614000b5df3": "1816", "57339555d058e614000b5df7": "the Fryderyk Chopin University of Music", "57339902d058e614000b5e70": "1816", - "57339902d058e614000b5e71": "over two", - "57339902d058e614000b5e72": "architects Marek Budzy\u0144ski and Zbigniew Badowski", - "57339902d058e614000b5e73": "Irena Bajerska, was opened on 12 June 2002", + "57339902d058e614000b5e71": "1999", + "57339902d058e614000b5e72": "1999", + "57339902d058e614000b5e73": "The University Library garden, designed by Irena Bajerska, was opened on 12 June 2002", "57339902d058e614000b5e74": "10", - "573399b54776f41900660e64": "infrastructure in Warsaw suffered considerably", - "573399b54776f41900660e65": "Three-Year Plan", + "573399b54776f41900660e64": "considerably", + "573399b54776f41900660e65": "the initial Three-Year Plan", "573399b54776f41900660e66": "the past decade Warsaw has seen many improvements due to solid economic growth, an increase in foreign investment as well as funding from the European Union", - "573399b54776f41900660e67": "the European Union. In particular, the city's metro, roads", - "57339a554776f41900660e74": "some of the best medical facilities in Poland and East-Central Europe", + "573399b54776f41900660e67": "the city's metro, roads", + "57339a554776f41900660e74": "theatres", "57339a554776f41900660e75": "the Children's Memorial Health Institute", - "57339a554776f41900660e76": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Institute", + "57339a554776f41900660e76": "700 beds, 10", "57339a554776f41900660e77": "700", - "57339a554776f41900660e78": "infrastructure", - "57339ad74776f41900660e86": "the Teatr Wielki", - "57339ad74776f41900660e87": "Thanks to numerous musical venues", - "57339ad74776f41900660e88": "Hall", - "57339ad74776f41900660e89": "Jamboree", - "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": "many events and festivals", - "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the Saxon Garden", + "57339a554776f41900660e78": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Institute of Oncology", + "57339ad74776f41900660e86": "Teatr Wielki", + "57339ad74776f41900660e87": "numerous musical venues", + "57339ad74776f41900660e88": "the Congress Hall", + "57339ad74776f41900660e89": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Piano Competition, the International Contemporary Music Festival Warsaw Autumn, the Jazz Jamboree", + "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Piano Competition, the International Contemporary Music Festival Warsaw Autumn, the Jazz Jamboree, Warsaw Summer Jazz Days", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "1939", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec6": "1870 to 1939", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec7": "1870 to 1939", - "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "Mom", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "1870 to 1939", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec9": "The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre", - "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": "the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki", - "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": "thousands", - "57339dd94776f41900660ece": "the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki", - "57339dd94776f41900660ecf": "maidens would float their wreaths of herbs", - "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "the fern", - "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": "posters", + "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": "the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths", + "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": "the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths", + "57339dd94776f41900660ece": "the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths", + "57339dd94776f41900660ecf": "the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki", + "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": "Museum of Posters", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef7": "60", - "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": "a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings", - "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": "paintings", - "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": "the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army whose set portrays the history of arms", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": "National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": "Adolf Hitler", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": "the world, Museum of Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum", "5733a1854776f41900660f0a": "the Warsaw Uprising Museum", "5733a1854776f41900660f0b": "the Katy\u0144", - "5733a1854776f41900660f0c": "the Warsaw Fotoplastikon", + "5733a1854776f41900660f0c": "theatre", "5733a1854776f41900660f0d": "The Museum of Independence", "5733a1854776f41900660f0e": "60", - "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": "The 17", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": "The 17th century", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f29": "500", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2a": "National Gallery of Art, the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw, with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century", - "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": "modern", - "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": "September", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": "the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw, with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century organises exhibitions of modern", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": "2011", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f32": "2000", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f33": "1946", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f34": "twice", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f35": "Street", - "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": "the country's top flight in 2013", + "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": "2013", "5733a45d4776f41900660f23": "The mermaid (syrenka", "5733a45d4776f41900660f24": "The mermaid (syrenka", - "5733a45d4776f41900660f25": "the city's coat of arms. This imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century", + "5733a45d4776f41900660f25": "14th century", "5733a45d4776f41900660f26": "1390", - "5733a45d4776f41900660f27": "a sword", + "5733a45d4776f41900660f27": "09", "5733a560d058e614000b5f77": "Artur Oppman", - "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": "depths", - "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": "the coast of Denmark", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": "Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": "the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of Copenhagen", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7a": "the Vistula River and plunged into its waters. She stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of Warszowa", - "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": "the Vistula River and plunged into its waters. She stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of Warszowa", - "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": "Warsaw", - "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59": "Tadeusz \u0141empicki", - "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5a": "Better than anyone else she represented the Art Deco style", - "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": "poet", - "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": "Isaac Bashevis Singer", - "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": "Economist", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": "the village of Warszowa, where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice. A greedy merchant", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": "Maria G\u00f3rska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59": "1916", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5a": "Better than anyone else", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": "Nathan Alterman, the Israeli poet", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": "Tamara de Lempicka was a famous artist born in Warsaw. She was born Maria G\u00f3rska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916", + "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": "2012", "573312fcd058e614000b56e7": "2012", - "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": "wide variety", + "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": "the 32nd most liveable city in the world. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central Europe", "573312fcd058e614000b56e9": "The Warsaw Stock Exchange", - "573312fcd058e614000b56ea": "Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security, has its headquarters", + "573312fcd058e614000b56ea": "Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security", "5733140a4776f419006606e0": "13", - "5733140a4776f419006606e1": "Krak\u00f3w", - "5733140a4776f419006606e2": "the year 1313", - "5733140a4776f419006606e3": "King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Krak\u00f3w to Warsaw", - "5733140a4776f419006606e4": "the title of the \"Phoenix City", - "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": "a Roman Catholic archdiocese", + "5733140a4776f419006606e1": "1313", + "5733140a4776f419006606e2": "World War II, which destroyed 85% of its buildings. On 9 November 1940", + "5733140a4776f419006606e3": "King", + "5733140a4776f419006606e4": "World War II, which destroyed 85% of its buildings. On 9 November 1940", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": "theatres, museums, libraries and monuments. The historic city-centre of Warsaw with its picturesque Old Town", "573314e3d058e614000b56f1": "the Polish Academy of Sciences", - "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": "UNESCO World Heritage Site", - "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": "the iconic King Sigismund's Column", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": "1980", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": "King Sigismund's Column, St. John's Cathedral", "573314e3d058e614000b56f4": "around a quarter of the city is filled with luxurious parks and royal gardens", - "57332442d058e614000b5720": "Warszawa", + "57332442d058e614000b5720": "Wars", "57332442d058e614000b5721": "Wars", - "57332442d058e614000b5722": "Wars", + "57332442d058e614000b5722": "Warszewa and Warszowa), meaning \"belonging to Wars", "57332442d058e614000b5723": "Warsz was a 12th/13th-century", - "57332442d058e614000b5724": "The Capital City", + "57332442d058e614000b5724": "Warszewa and Warszowa), meaning \"belonging to Wars", "57332562d058e614000b5730": "Warszowa", - "57332562d058e614000b5731": "Boles\u0142aw II of Masovia, established this settlement, the modern-day Warsaw, in about 1300", - "57332562d058e614000b5732": "about 1300", + "57332562d058e614000b5731": "1300", + "57332562d058e614000b5732": "Wars", "57332562d058e614000b5733": "1413", "57332562d058e614000b5734": "26", - "5733266d4776f41900660712": "the General Sejm, permanent from 1569", + "5733266d4776f41900660712": "29", "5733266d4776f41900660713": "29", - "5733266d4776f41900660714": "religious freedom", + "5733266d4776f41900660714": "73", "5733266d4776f41900660715": "King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Krak\u00f3w to Warsaw in 1596", "5733266d4776f41900660716": "96", - "57332a734776f41900660726": "the province of South Prussia", - "57332a734776f41900660727": "Prussia", - "57332a734776f41900660728": "Napoleon's army in 1806", + "57332a734776f41900660726": "1796", + "57332a734776f41900660727": "1796", + "57332a734776f41900660728": "1806", "57332a734776f41900660729": "1815", "57332a734776f4190066072a": "1816", "57332b66d058e614000b5758": "1918", - "57332b66d058e614000b5759": "areas", - "57332b66d058e614000b575a": "Pi\u0142sudski returned to Warsaw on 11 November", + "57332b66d058e614000b5759": "1918", + "57332b66d058e614000b575a": "1918", "57332b66d058e614000b575b": "1920", - "57332b66d058e614000b575c": "Battle of Warsaw", - "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": "1939", - "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": "Central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the General Government", + "57332b66d058e614000b575c": "1918", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": "1943", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": "1943", "57332c1e4776f4190066073c": "30%", - "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "19 April 1943", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "1943", "57332c1e4776f4190066073e": "1943", "57332e48d058e614000b5762": "Red", - "57332e48d058e614000b5763": "the idea of an independent Poland, the Polish government-in-exile in London", - "57332e48d058e614000b5764": "1", + "57332e48d058e614000b5763": "London", + "57332e48d058e614000b5764": "1 August 1944", "57332e48d058e614000b5765": "63", "57332e48d058e614000b5766": "150", - "57332f81d058e614000b5776": "the \"Bricks", + "57332f81d058e614000b5776": "the \"Bricks for Warsaw\" campaign", "57332f81d058e614000b5777": "prefabricated housing projects", "57332f81d058e614000b5778": "prefabricated housing projects", - "57332f81d058e614000b5779": "Palace of Culture and Science", - "57332f81d058e614000b577a": "UNESCO", - "573330444776f41900660758": "John Paul II", - "573330444776f41900660759": "anti-communist", - "573330444776f4190066075a": "1979", - "573330444776f4190066075b": "1979, less than a year after becoming pope, John Paul celebrated Mass in Victory Square", - "573330444776f4190066075c": "-communist fervor there. In 1979", + "57332f81d058e614000b5779": "the Palace of Culture and Science", + "57332f81d058e614000b577a": "1980, Warsaw's historic Old Town", + "573330444776f41900660758": "1983", + "573330444776f41900660759": "1983", + "573330444776f4190066075a": "1983", + "573330444776f4190066075b": "1979", + "573330444776f4190066075c": "1983 brought support to the budding solidarity movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there. In 1979", "5733314e4776f4190066076a": "300 km", - "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "km", + "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "300 km (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains and about 260 km (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea, 523 km", "5733314e4776f4190066076c": "the Vistula River", - "5733314e4776f4190066076d": "a height of 115.7 metres", - "5733314e4776f4190066076e": "The lowest point lies", - "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": "two", + "5733314e4776f4190066076d": "300", + "5733314e4776f4190066076e": "300", + "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": "two main geomorphologic formations: the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley", "57335c20d058e614000b58fa": "the Vistula Valley", "57335c20d058e614000b58fc": "the Vistula Valley", "57335c20d058e614000b58fb": "The Vistula River", - "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "Escarpment", + "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "the Vistula Valley", "57335ddbd058e614000b592f": "groups of clay pits", - "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": "a number of dunes parted by peat sw", - "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": "valleys", + "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": "the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consist mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces", + "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": "the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one the flood plain terrace. The contemporary flooded terrace still has visible valleys", "57335ddbd058e614000b5932": "the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consist mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces", "57335ddbd058e614000b5933": "the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consist mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces", - "57335fcad058e614000b5970": "mixture of architectural styles", - "57335fcad058e614000b5971": "During the Second", - "57335fcad058e614000b5972": "the 1950s and 1960s", - "57335fcad058e614000b5973": "the 19th century that had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated in the 1950s and 1960s", - "57335fcad058e614000b5974": "Eastern", - "573361404776f4190066093c": "St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th century), Gunpowder Tower", - "573361404776f4190066093d": "14", - "573361404776f4190066093e": "14th century), the temple is a typical example of the so-called Masovian gothic style", + "57335fcad058e614000b5970": "the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed. However, some of the buildings from the 19th century", + "57335fcad058e614000b5971": "Second", + "57335fcad058e614000b5972": "the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed. However, some of the buildings from the 19th century", + "57335fcad058e614000b5973": "1950s and 1960s", + "57335fcad058e614000b5974": "1950s and 1960s", + "573361404776f4190066093c": "Tower", + "573361404776f4190066093d": "St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th century), Gunpowder Tower", + "573361404776f4190066093e": "St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th century), Gunpowder Tower", "573361404776f4190066093f": "Baryczko merchant family (1562", "573361404776f41900660940": "the Royal Castle (1596\u20131619", - "573362b94776f41900660974": "th century", + "573362b94776f41900660974": "later decades of the 17th century", "573362b94776f41900660975": "St. Kazimierz Church (1688\u20131692", "573362b94776f41900660976": "1730s", - "573362b94776f41900660977": "The neoclassical architecture in Warsaw", - "573362b94776f41900660978": "1775", - "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": "Exceptional", - "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "ional", - "5733638fd058e614000b59ea": "socialist realism style (like Warsaw Philharmony", - "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": "University of Technology", - "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": "the Saxon Palace and the Br\u00fchl Palace, the most distinctive", - "5733647e4776f419006609ae": "places", - "5733647e4776f419006609af": "Pawiak", + "573362b94776f41900660977": "33", + "573362b94776f41900660978": "17", + "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": "the later periods were not restored by the communist authorities after the war (like mentioned Kronenberg Palace", + "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "1899", + "5733638fd058e614000b59ea": "1899", + "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": "1899", + "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": "the Saxon Palace and the Br\u00fchl Palace, the most distinctive buildings in prewar Warsaw", + "5733647e4776f419006609ae": "the ramparts of the Old Town", + "5733647e4776f419006609af": "the Old Town", "5733647e4776f419006609b0": "The Warsaw Citadel", - "5733647e4776f419006609b1": "Another", - "5733647e4776f419006609b2": "the impressive Warsaw Uprising Monument", - "573368044776f41900660a29": "the Botanic Garden and the University Library garden", - "573368044776f41900660a2a": "the New Orangery", - "573368044776f41900660a2b": "the first horse racetrack and then the airport), Park Ujazdowski", - "573368044776f41900660a2c": "Park Ujazdowski", + "5733647e4776f419006609b1": "the statue of Little Insurgent located at the ramparts of the Old Town", + "5733647e4776f419006609b2": "the impressive Warsaw Uprising Monument by Wincenty Ku\u0107ma was erected in memory of the largest insurrection of World War II", + "573368044776f41900660a29": "the Botanic Garden", + "573368044776f41900660a2a": "a palm house in the New Orangery", + "573368044776f41900660a2b": "first horse racetrack and then the airport), Park Ujazdowski", + "573368044776f41900660a2c": "John Lennon street", "573368044776f41900660a2d": "1927", - "573368e54776f41900660a53": "the city may be considered very rich in species", - "573368e54776f41900660a54": "Bielany Forest", + "573368e54776f41900660a53": "three", + "573368e54776f41900660a54": "three", "573368e54776f41900660a55": "Bielany Forest", - "573368e54776f41900660a56": "Kabaty Forest", - "573368e54776f41900660a57": "two", + "573368e54776f41900660a56": "three cycling and walking trails. Other big forest area is Kabaty Forest", + "573368e54776f41900660a57": "three cycling and walking trails. Other big forest area is Kabaty Forest by the southern city border. Warsaw has also two", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcb": "1939", - "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "420,000", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "1939", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcd": "51", - "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": "the capital", - "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcf": "residency registration", - "57338007d058e614000b5bda": "multi", - "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": "56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": "the capital. Unfortunately this belief still lives on in Poland (although not as much as it used to be) \u2013 even though since 1990", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcf": "1990", + "57338007d058e614000b5bda": "35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians", + "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": "35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later, in 1909", "57338007d058e614000b5bdc": "56.2%", - "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": "18,189 Protestants (2.4%)", + "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": "18,189 Protestants", "57338007d058e614000b5bde": "hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944", "573380e0d058e614000b5be9": "the second level of the territorial division \u2013 counties or powiats. An example of such entitlement is a car registration", - "573380e0d058e614000b5bea": "the second level of the territorial division \u2013 counties", + "573380e0d058e614000b5bea": "the second level of the territorial division \u2013 counties or powiats. An example of such entitlement is a car registration", "573380e0d058e614000b5beb": "the registration numbers in Krak\u00f3w", - "57338160d058e614000b5bf9": "the city government. Bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor (the President", + "57338160d058e614000b5bf9": "President", "57338160d058e614000b5bfa": "60", - "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": "every", - "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": "committees", + "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": "60", + "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": "60 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees", "57338160d058e614000b5bfd": "30", "57338255d058e614000b5c0d": "President", "57338255d058e614000b5c0e": "Jan", - "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": "Jan Andrzej Menich", - "57338255d058e614000b5c10": "the years of 1994\u20131999 the mayor of the district Centrum automatically was designated as the President of Warsaw: the mayor of Centrum", - "57338255d058e614000b5c11": "the years of 1994\u20131999 the mayor of the district Centrum", - "573382d24776f41900660c37": "the city's development was estimated in 2002 at over 650 million euro. Warsaw produces 12%", - "573382d24776f41900660c38": "304,016", - "573382d24776f41900660c39": "the 7th greatest emerging market", + "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": "Jan Andrzej Menich (1695\u20131696", + "57338255d058e614000b5c10": "1990", + "57338255d058e614000b5c11": "President", + "573382d24776f41900660c37": "2006", + "573382d24776f41900660c38": "2006", + "573382d24776f41900660c39": "7th greatest emerging market", "573382d24776f41900660c3a": "12%", - "573382d24776f41900660c3b": "191.766 billion PLN, 111696 PLN per capita, which was 301", + "573382d24776f41900660c3b": "301,1 % of Polish average. Warsaw leads the region of East-Central Europe", "5733834ed058e614000b5c26": "1817", - "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": "the end of the post-war communist control of the country and the reintroduction of a free-market economy. Today, the Warsaw Stock Exchange", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": "1991 until 2000", "5733834ed058e614000b5c28": "1991", - "5733834ed058e614000b5c29": "374 companies listed and total capitalization of 162 584 mln EUR as of 31 August 2009", - "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a": "1991", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c29": "31 August 2009", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a": "1991 until 2000", "573383d0d058e614000b5c35": "1951", - "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": "the Aveo", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": "The FSO Car Factory", "573383d0d058e614000b5c37": "Daewoo", - "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": "Daewoo", - "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": "February 2011", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": "The FSO Car Factory", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": "2011", "573166ede6313a140071cef2": "Wars", - "573166ede6313a140071cef3": "1", - "573166ede6313a140071cef4": "the Vistula", - "573166ede6313a140071cef5": "1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents", - "573166ede6313a140071cef6": "1", - "5732b6b5328d981900602021": "1", - "5732b6b5328d981900602022": "the Vistula", - "5732b6b5328d981900602023": "kilometres", - "5732b6b5328d981900602024": "1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents", + "573166ede6313a140071cef3": "Wars", + "573166ede6313a140071cef4": "Wars", + "573166ede6313a140071cef5": "6", + "573166ede6313a140071cef6": "Wars", + "5732b6b5328d981900602021": "Wars", + "5732b6b5328d981900602022": "Wars", + "5732b6b5328d981900602023": "the Vistula River in east-central Poland, roughly 260 kilometres", + "5732b6b5328d981900602024": "1", "5732b6b5328d981900602025": "9", - "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628": "region", - "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629": "the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy", - "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a": "raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway", - "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "raiders and pirates", - "56ddde6b9a695914005b962c": "century", - "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": "1066", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628": "10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629": "10th and 11th centuries", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a": "10th and 11th centuries", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "III", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b962c": "10th century", + "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": "England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad60": "Richard", - "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": "the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety", - "56dde0379a695914005b9636": ", which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann", - "56dde0379a695914005b9637": "Medieval Latin, 9th century", + "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": "dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe", + "56dde0379a695914005b9636": "variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century", + "56dde0379a695914005b9637": "variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75": "Saint", - "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76": "Saint", - "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": "the river Seine", - "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": "the 880s", - "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": "the Norse religion", - "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": "north", + "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76": "Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III", + "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": "Saint", + "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": "the Atlantic coast included Danes, Norwegians", + "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": "the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique \"Norman\" culture", + "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": "the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique \"Norman\" culture", "56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b": "1066", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9660": "999", - "56dde3aa9a695914005b9661": "Monte Gargano", - "56dde3aa9a695914005b9662": "Monte Gargano", - "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595": "1047", + "56dde3aa9a695914005b9661": "shrine", + "56dde3aa9a695914005b9662": "shrine", + "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595": "47", "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b596": "title of count in his capital of Melfi", - "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59a": "the leadership of the famous Robert Guiscard", + "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59a": "30", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59b": "30", - "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59c": "William Iron Arm's citadel at Squillace", - "56de0ed14396321400ee2579": "Tabula Rogeriana", - "56de0ed14396321400ee257a": "Roger", - "56de0ed14396321400ee257b": "meritocratic", - "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f": "the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks", - "56de0ffd4396321400ee258d": "Herv\u00e9 in the 1050s", - "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": "Edessa", - "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": "Roussel de Bailleul", + "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59c": "30", + "56de0ed14396321400ee2579": "Roger II of Sicily, and entitled \"Kitab Rudjdjar\" (\"The Book of Roger", + "56de0ed14396321400ee257a": "Kitab Rudjdjar\" (\"The Book of Roger", + "56de0ed14396321400ee257b": "Roger II of Sicily, and entitled \"Kitab Rudjdjar\" (\"The Book of Roger", + "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f": "1038\u201340", + "56de0ffd4396321400ee258d": "1050s", + "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": "Robert Crispin", + "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": "1060s, Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks. Roussel de Bailleul", "56de10b44396321400ee2593": "Afranji", - "56de10b44396321400ee2594": "A Norman named Oursel led a force of \"Franks", - "56de10b44396321400ee2595": "Raimbaud", + "56de10b44396321400ee2594": "A Norman named Oursel led a force of \"Franks\" into the upper Euphrates valley in northern Syria", + "56de10b44396321400ee2595": "Later", "56de11154396321400ee25aa": "Raoulii", - "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": "Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia", + "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": "30", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bd": "February 1082", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be": "30", - "56de15104396321400ee25b7": "Deabolis", - "56de15104396321400ee25b8": "the command of Bohemond", - "56de15104396321400ee25b9": "Petrela", - "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2": "85", + "56de15104396321400ee25b7": "treaty", + "56de15104396321400ee25b8": "the First Crusade, in 1107", + "56de15104396321400ee25b9": "Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the river Deabolis", + "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2": "third attack in 1185", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c3": "Dyrrachium", - "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": "a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium", + "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": "1185", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8": "Emma", - "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "Richard", + "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England. Because of this, Ethelred fled to Normandy in 1013", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca": "3", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb": "King Ethelred II of England. Because of this, Ethelred fled to Normandy in 1013", - "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0": "Har", + "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0": "41", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d1": "41", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2": "Robert", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c5": "Hastings", - "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "Battle of Hastings", - "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": "Hastings", - "56de16ca4396321400ee25c8": "England", - "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": "the course of the Hundred Years' War, the Norman aristocracy often identified themselves as English. The Anglo", + "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings", + "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": "King", + "56de16ca4396321400ee25c8": "King", + "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": "Old English", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5da": "Bannow Bay in 1169", - "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db": "Bannow Bay in 1169", - "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": "a profound effect on Irish culture and history", + "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db": "1169", + "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": "Devereux", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0": "III of Scotland", - "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": "King Malcolm", - "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2": "1072", - "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3": "surrendered his son Duncan", - "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": "Sybilla of Normandy", - "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": "Norman culture to Scotland, part of the process some scholars", - "56de3d594396321400ee26ca": "Hereford", - "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": "the Marches and warring with the Welsh", - "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": "Hereford", - "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": "almost all of Wales", + "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": "III of Scotland", + "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2": "III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded Scotland in 1072", + "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3": "III of Scotland", + "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": "Sy", + "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": "introducing Normans and Norman culture to Scotland, part of the process some scholars", + "56de3d594396321400ee26ca": "Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford", + "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": "Ralph", + "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": "Here", + "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": "Bernard de Neufmarch\u00e9, Roger of Montgomery in Shropshire", "56de3e414396321400ee26d8": "1018", - "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": "Barbastro, William of Montreuil", + "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": "1064", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e6": "97", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7": "Tancred", - "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": "Jerusalem", - "56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe": "380 years", - "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": "a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm", + "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": "nephew", + "56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe": "Anglo-Norman forces of the Third Crusade opened a new chapter in the history of the island, which would be under Western European domination", + "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": "Richard", "56de3f784396321400ee26fb": "aria", - "56de3f784396321400ee26fc": "April", - "56de3f784396321400ee26fd": "the island's despot Isaac Komnenos", - "56de40da4396321400ee2708": "Mont", - "56de40da4396321400ee2709": "Isaac", - "56de40da4396321400ee270a": "Guy", + "56de3f784396321400ee26fc": "April 1191", + "56de3f784396321400ee26fd": "Richard", + "56de40da4396321400ee2708": "Guy", + "56de40da4396321400ee2709": "Richard then proceeded to conquer the whole island, his troops being led by Guy", + "56de40da4396321400ee270a": "Richard then proceeded to conquer the whole island, his troops being led by Guy", "56de41504396321400ee2714": "Berengaria", - "56de41504396321400ee2715": "12 May", - "56de41504396321400ee2716": "double coronation", + "56de41504396321400ee2715": "Berengaria", + "56de41504396321400ee2716": "Berengaria", "56de48f34396321400ee2770": "1489", "56de48f34396321400ee2771": "Knights Templar", - "56de49564396321400ee277a": "Fuerteventura and El Hierro", - "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": "Bethencourt took the title of King of the Canary Islands", - "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a8": "18", - "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a9": "18", - "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "Jersey", - "56de4a474396321400ee2787": "transcribed in two customaries", - "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd": "Rom", + "56de49564396321400ee277a": "Jean", + "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": "1418", + "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a8": "1418", + "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a9": "1418", + "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands. Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries", + "56de4a474396321400ee2787": "two customaries", + "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd": "rounded arches, particularly over windows and doorways, and massive proportions", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7be": "rounded", "56de4b074396321400ee2793": "England", "56de4b074396321400ee2794": "England", - "56de4b074396321400ee2795": "Kingdom of Sicily", - "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": "Saint", - "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": "Saint", - "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": "century", - "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": "Bayeux Tapestry, which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery", + "56de4b074396321400ee2795": "England, the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo-Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic. In southern Italy", + "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": "Saint-Ouen", + "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": "Saint-Ouen", + "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": "the 16th century and French Revolution", + "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": "Bishop of Bayeux", "56de4c324396321400ee27ac": "Bayeux Tapestry", - "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": "Bayeux Tapestry", - "56de51244396321400ee27ef": "stonework or metalwork, such as capitals and baptismal fonts", - "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": "history of classical music in the 11th century", + "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": "Bishop of Bayeux", + "56de51244396321400ee27ef": "fonts", + "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": "La Trinit\u00e9-du-Mont", "56de51c64396321400ee27f8": "John", "56de52614396321400ee27fb": "Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy", - "56de52614396321400ee27fc": "Sant", - "56de52614396321400ee27fd": "Robert Guiscard", - "56de52614396321400ee27fe": "the tradition of singing", - "56df9e2838dc4217001520f6": "10 July", - "56df9e2838dc4217001520f8": "Tesla", + "56de52614396321400ee27fc": "Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy", + "56de52614396321400ee27fd": "Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard", + "56de52614396321400ee27fe": "Saint", + "56df9e2838dc4217001520f6": "1856", + "56df9e2838dc4217001520f8": "Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430; 10 July 1856 \u2013 7 January 1943", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f9": "1943", - "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b7": "10 July", + "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b7": "Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430; 10 July 1856 \u2013 7 January 1943", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b8": "1943", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b9": "Tesla", - "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6bb": "the design of the modern alternating current", + "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6bb": "Tesla", "56df9ee138dc421700152108": "84", - "56df9ee138dc421700152109": "Thomas Edison", + "56df9ee138dc421700152109": "Thomas Edison in New York City", "56df9ee138dc42170015210a": "Westinghouse", - "56df9ee138dc42170015210b": "the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City", - "56df9ee138dc42170015210c": "the formative years of electric power development was involved in a corporate alternating current/direct current \"War of Currents", - "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c1": "the United States in 1884", - "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c2": "Thomas", - "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3": "New York City", + "56df9ee138dc42170015210b": "Thomas Edison in New York City", + "56df9ee138dc42170015210c": "battles", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c1": "Thomas Edison in New York City", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c2": "Thomas Edison in New York City. He soon struck out on his own with financial backers, setting up laboratories", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3": "Thomas", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c4": "Westinghouse", - "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c5": "George Westinghouse", - "56dfa01738dc42170015211d": "the possibility of wireless communication", - "56dfa01738dc42170015211e": "New York", - "56dfa01738dc42170015211f": "the possibility of wireless communication", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c5": "George", + "56dfa01738dc42170015211d": "93", + "56dfa01738dc42170015211e": "New York and Colorado Springs", + "56dfa01738dc42170015211f": "Colorado Springs", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35b": "New York and Colorado Springs", - "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35c": "the possibility of wireless communication", - "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35d": "the possibility of wireless communication", - "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35e": "Warden", - "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7": "7 January 1943", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35c": "93", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35d": "Colorado Springs", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35e": "intercontinental wireless transmission", + "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7": "1943", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb8": "1943", - "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb9": "New York hotels", - "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba": "reputation in popular culture", + "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb9": "1943", + "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba": "1943", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cb": "1943", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cc": "1943", - "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd": "General Conference", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd": "1943", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6ce": "1990s", - "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf": "renowned for his achievements and showmanship", - "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc1": "Croatia", - "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc2": "a Serbian Orthodox priest", - "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc3": "the village of Smiljan", - "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc4": "the village of Smiljan", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36b": "a Serbian Orthodox priest", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36c": "Tesla", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36d": "\u0110uka Tesla", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36e": "\u0110uka Tesla", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36f": "the village of Smiljan", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf": "1943", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc1": "56", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc2": "priest", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc3": "1856", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc4": "1856", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36b": "priest", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36c": "father, Milutin Tesla, was a Serbian Orthodox priest", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36d": "1856", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36e": "1856", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36f": "1856", "56dfa1d34a1a83140091ebd4": "three", - "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd6": "German", + "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd6": "three", "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd7": "1862, the Tesla family moved to Gospi\u0107", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac375": "older brother named Dane", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac375": "three", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac376": "three", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac377": "accident", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac378": "Tesla family moved to Gospi\u0107", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac379": "\u0107", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac377": "three", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac378": "three", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac379": "Tesla family moved to Gospi\u0107", "56dfa24a38dc421700152142": "Martin Sekuli\u0107", - "56dfa24a38dc421700152143": "German", - "56dfa24a38dc421700152144": "integral calculus", - "56dfa24a38dc421700152145": "cheating", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152143": "1870", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152144": "three years, graduating in 1873", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152145": "three years, graduating in 1873", "56dfa24a38dc421700152146": "73", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d5": "1870", - "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d6": "Karlovac, to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107", - "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d7": "Martin Sekuli\u0107", - "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d8": "German", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d6": "1870", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d7": "Karlovac, to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d8": "three years, graduating in 1873", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d9": "73", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf2": "cholera", - "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf3": "nine months", - "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf4": "nine months", - "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf5": "priesthood", - "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf6": "Smiljan", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf3": "nine", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf4": "nine", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf5": "enter the priesthood", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf6": "1873", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6df": "73", - "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e0": "cholera", - "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e1": "nine months", - "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e2": "the priesthood", - "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e3": "a moment of despair, promised to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illness", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e0": "1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown, Smiljan. Shortly after he arrived, Tesla contracted cholera", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e1": "nine", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e2": "1873", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e3": "1873", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfc": "1874", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfd": "Mark Twain", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfe": "Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac. There, he explored the mountains", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebff": "1874", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ec00": "Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac. There, he explored the mountains", - "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac389": "the Austro-Hungarian Army", - "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38a": "Tomingaj", + "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac389": "1874", + "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38a": "Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac. There, he explored the mountains", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38b": "Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac. There, he explored the mountains", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38c": "Mark Twain", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152154": "1875", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152155": "the end of his second year, Tesla", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152156": "79", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152157": "the end of his second year, Tesla lost his scholarship and became addicted to gambling", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152158": "He never", - "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ab": "Tesla enrolled at Austrian Polytechnic in Graz", - "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ac": "the end of his second year, Tesla", - "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ad": "79", - "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ae": "the end of his second year, Tesla lost his scholarship", - "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3af": "Tesla would be killed through overwork", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9": "the streets. In March 1879", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfaa": "relations", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfab": "draftsman", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfac": "the fact that he dropped out of school. His friends thought that he had drowned in the Mur River", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfad": "the streets. In March 1879", - "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e717": "December 1878", - "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e718": "relations", - "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e719": "the fact that he dropped out of school. His friends thought that he had drowned", - "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71a": "spare time playing cards", - "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71b": "March 1879, Milutin Tesla went to Maribor to beg his son to return home, but Nikola refused. Nikola suffered a nervous breakdown", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152154": "1879", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152155": "1879", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152156": "1879", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152157": "1879", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152158": "1879", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ab": "1879", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ac": "1879", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ad": "1879", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ae": "1879", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3af": "1879", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9": "78", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfaa": "78", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfab": "78", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfac": "1879", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfad": "1879", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e717": "78", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e718": "Tesla left Graz", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e719": "1879", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71a": "spare time playing cards with local men on the streets. In March 1879", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71b": "March 1879", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbd": "March 1879", - "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbe": "24 March 1879", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbe": "March 1879", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbf": "April 1879", - "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc0": "Tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness", - "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc1": "Tesla", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc0": "Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under police guard for not having a residence permit. On 17 April 1879", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc1": "Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under police guard for not having a residence permit. On 17 April 1879", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3bf": "March 1879", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c0": "March 1879", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c1": "March 1879", - "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c2": "April 1879", - "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5b": "Prague", - "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5c": "too late", - "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5e": "Charles", - "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5f": "Charles", - "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c7": "\u0107", - "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c8": "January 1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", - "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c9": "lectures", + "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c2": "17 April 1879", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5b": "Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5c": "Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5e": "Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5f": "Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", + "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c7": "Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", + "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c8": "Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", + "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c9": "1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3ca": "two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", - "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc7": "Budapest", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc7": "Budapest to work under Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s at a telegraph company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc8": "the Budapest Telephone Exchange", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc9": "the Budapest Telephone Exchange", - "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfca": "a telephone repeater", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfca": "the Budapest Telephone Exchange", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfcb": "the Central Telegraph Office", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fc": "81", - "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fd": "the Central Telegraph Office", + "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fd": "Tesla realized that the company, then under construction, was not functional, so he worked as a draftsman in the Central Telegraph Office", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fe": "the Budapest Telephone Exchange", - "56e0d402231d4119001ac3ff": "the Central Telegraph Office instead. Within a few months, the Budapest Telephone Exchange", + "56e0d402231d4119001ac3ff": "the Budapest Telephone Exchange", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc83": "1882", - "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc84": "France", - "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc85": "New", - "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc86": "Thomas", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc84": "1882, Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc85": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc86": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc87": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e769": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works", - "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a": "France", - "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76b": "June 1884", - "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76c": "Thomas", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76b": "84, he relocated to New York City:57\u201360 where he was hired by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76c": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76d": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works", - "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00d": "fifty", - "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00e": "raise", - "56dfb4be7aa994140058e010": "completely", - "56e0d6367aa994140058e773": "fifty thousand dollars", + "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00d": "fifty thousand dollars in it for you\u2014if you can do it.\":54\u201357", + "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00e": "fifty thousand dollars in it for you\u2014if you can do it.\":54\u201357", + "56dfb4be7aa994140058e010": "Tesla, Edison remarked, \"There's fifty thousand dollars in it for you\u2014if you can do it.\":54\u201357", + "56e0d6367aa994140058e773": "fifty thousand dollars in it for you\u2014if you can do it.\":54\u201357", "56e0d6367aa994140058e774": "fifty thousand dollars in it for you\u2014if you can do it.\":54\u201357", - "56e0d6367aa994140058e775": "US$10", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e021": "two", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e022": "Robert", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e023": ", who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in Tesla's name, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e024": "the US", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e025": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing", + "56e0d6367aa994140058e775": "fifty thousand dollars in it for you\u2014if you can do it.\":54\u201357", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e021": "1886", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e022": "Benjamin", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e023": "1886", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e024": "1886", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e025": "1886", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac420": "1886", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac421": "1886", - "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing", - "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423": ", who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in Tesla's name, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing", - "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424": "Tesla", - "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb5": "the company in lieu of stock. He had to work at various electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch digger for $2 per day. Tesla", - "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb6": "penn", - "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb8": "a ditch digger", - "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb9": "Tesla considered the winter of 1886/1887", - "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42b": "the company", - "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42c": "a ditch digger", - "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42d": "a ditch digger for $2 per day. Tesla considered the winter of 1886/1887", - "56dfb666231d4119001abcc0": "Alfred S. Brown", - "56dfb666231d4119001abcc1": "April 1887", - "56dfb666231d4119001abcc2": "the Tesla Electric Company", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422": "1886", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423": "1886", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424": "1886", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb5": "1886/1887", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb6": "87", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb8": "Tesla considered the winter of 1886/1887", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb9": "1886/1887", + "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42b": "87", + "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42c": "87", + "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42d": "87", + "56dfb666231d4119001abcc0": "Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union", + "56dfb666231d4119001abcc1": "87", + "56dfb666231d4119001abcc2": "Tesla's patents and other ideas they agreed to back him financially and handle his patents. Together in April 1887", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc3": "89 Liberty Street", "56e0d810231d4119001ac432": "Alfred S. Brown", "56e0d810231d4119001ac433": "Alfred S. Brown", - "56e0d810231d4119001ac434": "late 1886 Tesla met Alfred S. Brown", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac434": "Alfred S. Brown", "56e0d810231d4119001ac435": "89 Liberty Street", - "56e0d810231d4119001ac436": "the Tesla Electric Company", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e053": "laboratory", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054": "May 1888", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e055": "the things Tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e056": "a simple self-starting design that did not need a commutator", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e057": "the things Tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac436": "87", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e053": "1887", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054": "1888", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e055": "1887", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e056": "Tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e057": "1887", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43c": "1887", - "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43d": "the things Tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating current", - "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43e": "constantly", - "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43f": "May 1888", + "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43d": "1887", + "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43e": "1887", + "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43f": "1888", "56e057e1231d4119001ac043": "Thomas Commerford Martin", "56e057e1231d4119001ac044": "Institute of Electrical Engineers", "56e057e1231d4119001ac045": "1888", - "56e057e1231d4119001ac046": "the Italian physicist Galileo Ferraris", + "56e057e1231d4119001ac046": "Thomas Commerford Martin", "56e057e1231d4119001ac047": "Thomas Commerford Martin", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e779": "Thomas Commerford Martin", - "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77a": "Westinghouse", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77a": "Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company reported to George Westinghouse", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77b": "Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company reported to George Westinghouse", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77c": "March 1888 by the Italian physicist Galileo Ferraris", - "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77d": "Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company", - "56e05900231d4119001ac04d": "July", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77d": "George Westinghouse", + "56e05900231d4119001ac04d": "1888", "56e05900231d4119001ac04e": "Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50", - "56e05900231d4119001ac04f": "Westinghouse", - "56e05900231d4119001ac051": "the large fee of $2,000 ($52,700", - "56e0dc667aa994140058e783": "the large fee of $2,000 ($52,700", - "56e0dc667aa994140058e784": "July", - "56e0dc667aa994140058e785": "$2,000 ($52,700", - "56e0dc667aa994140058e786": "Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh", + "56e05900231d4119001ac04f": "Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50", + "56e05900231d4119001ac051": "Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e783": "Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e784": "1888", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e785": "52,700 in today's dollars) per month to be a consultant", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e786": "Tesla for one year for the large fee of $2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars) per month to be a consultant", "56e059c8231d4119001ac057": "Pittsburgh", - "56e059c8231d4119001ac058": "Pittsburgh", + "56e059c8231d4119001ac058": "Tesla worked in Pittsburgh", "56e059c8231d4119001ac059": "60", - "56e059c8231d4119001ac05a": "the working frequency of Tesla's motor), although they soon found that, since Tesla's induction motor could only run at a constant speed", - "56e0e518231d4119001ac444": "the city's streetcars", - "56e0e518231d4119001ac445": "the working frequency of Tesla's motor), although they soon found that, since Tesla's induction motor could only run at a constant speed", - "56e05a78231d4119001ac062": "Thomas", - "56e05a78231d4119001ac063": "competition between rival lighting systems", - "56e05a78231d4119001ac064": "Edison Machine Works", - "56e05a78231d4119001ac065": "1892", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78b": "the \"AC\" side of the so-called \"War of Currents", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78c": "George Westinghouse", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78d": "the point of all-out warfare", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78e": "Tesla", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78f": "Thomas Edison was no longer in control of his own company, which was consolidated into the conglomerate General Electric", + "56e059c8231d4119001ac05a": "Tesla worked in Pittsburgh", + "56e0e518231d4119001ac444": "Tesla worked in Pittsburgh", + "56e0e518231d4119001ac445": "Tesla worked in Pittsburgh", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac062": "Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse that had been simmering since Westinghouse's first AC system in 1886", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac063": "Tesla's demonstration of his induction motor and Westinghouse's subsequent licensing of the patent, both in 1888", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac064": "1890", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac065": "1890", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78b": "1888", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78c": "1888", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78d": "1888", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78e": "Tesla's demonstration of his induction motor and Westinghouse's subsequent licensing of the patent, both in 1888", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78f": "1892", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cd": "Westinghouse", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1ce": "Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago", - "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cf": "General Electric bid by one million dollars", - "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d0": "the \"Tesla Polyphase System", - "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d1": "the American public. At the Columbian Exposition, under a banner announcing the \"Tesla Polyphase System", - "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d5": "one million dollars", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cf": "Westinghouse", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d0": "Tesla Polyphase System", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d1": "1893", + "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d5": "Westinghouse", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d6": "Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago", - "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d7": "1893", - "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d8": "the history of AC power, as Westinghouse demonstrated the safety, reliability", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac213": "Richard Dean Adams", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac214": "Richard", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac215": "Westinghouse Electric", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac216": "General Electric", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac217": "Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company sought Tesla's opinion on what system would be best", - "56e0ee12231d4119001ac459": "Tesla", - "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45a": "Tesla", - "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45b": "Richard", + "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d7": "Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago", + "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d8": "1893", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac213": "Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac214": "Tesla's advice", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac215": "Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac216": "Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac217": "Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", + "56e0ee12231d4119001ac459": "Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", + "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45a": "Tesla's advice", + "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45b": "Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45c": "Tesla", "56e089ab231d4119001ac285": "1896", - "56e089ab231d4119001ac287": "Westinghouse Electric purchasing the patents for a lump sum payment of $216,000", - "56e089ab231d4119001ac288": "royalty", + "56e089ab231d4119001ac287": "Tesla", + "56e089ab231d4119001ac288": "50", "56e089ab231d4119001ac289": "200", - "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac462": "J. P. Morgan", + "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac462": "J. P. Morgan, involved in takeover attempts and patent battles", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac463": "200,000 in licenses and royalties", - "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac464": "Westinghouse Electric purchasing the patents for a lump sum payment of $216,000", + "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac464": "Westinghouse", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5da": "30 July", - "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5db": "New York", - "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dc": "wirelessly at both locations, demonstrating the potential of wireless power transmission", - "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dd": "the Tesla coil", + "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5db": "91", + "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dc": "91", + "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dd": "91", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac468": "30 July", - "56e0ef90231d4119001ac469": "the Tesla coil", - "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46a": "July", - "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46b": "the potential of wireless power transmission", + "56e0ef90231d4119001ac469": "91", + "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46a": "30 July", + "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46b": "91", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac299": "1892", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29a": "Institute of Radio Engineers", - "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29d": "1892 to 1894", - "56e0f019231d4119001ac470": "vice president", + "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29d": "1892", + "56e0f019231d4119001ac470": "1892", "56e0f019231d4119001ac471": "1892", "56e0f019231d4119001ac472": "Institute of Radio Engineers", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a4": "1894", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a5": "March", - "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a6": "Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen's December 1895", - "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a7": "the metal locking screw", + "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a6": "Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen", + "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a7": "The New York Times", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c8": "1894", - "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c9": "the discovery of x-rays\u2014when he tried to photograph Mark Twain", - "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4ca": "the discovery of x-rays\u2014when he tried to photograph Mark Twain", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c9": "1894", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4ca": "1894", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cb": "December", - "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cc": "Mark Twain", - "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ad": "experiments", - "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ae": "Tesla", - "56e08d32231d4119001ac2af": "the output of the Tesla Coil (the modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung", - "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b0": "several experimental setups", - "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b1": "the Tesla Coil", - "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d4": "March 1896", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cc": "Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen's December 1895 announcement of the discovery of x-rays\u2014when he tried to photograph Mark Twain", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ad": "Tesla proceeded to do his own experiments", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ae": "1896", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2af": "Tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in X-ray imaging, developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b0": "Tesla devised several experimental setups", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b1": "Tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in X-ray imaging, developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube", + "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d4": "1896", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d5": "a high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design", - "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d6": "the output of the Tesla Coil (the modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung", + "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d6": "Tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in X-ray imaging, developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b7": "Tesla", - "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b8": "various causes", - "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b9": "lesser extent", - "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2ba": "Tesla noted the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices", - "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2bb": "plasmas", - "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ee": "the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays", - "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ef": "Tesla incorrectly believed that X-rays were longitudinal waves", - "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f0": "pl", - "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f1": "the early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to various", - "56e0e69b7aa994140058e795": "Westinghouse", - "56e0e69b7aa994140058e796": "Westinghouse", - "56e0e69b7aa994140058e797": "West", - "56e0ed557aa994140058e7dd": "Egg of Columbus", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b8": "Tesla", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b9": "nitrous acid. Tesla", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2ba": "Tesla noted the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices. In his many notes", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2bb": "Tesla", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ee": "Tesla", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ef": "Tesla", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f0": "Tesla incorrectly believed that X-rays were longitudinal waves", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f1": "the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays", + "56e0e69b7aa994140058e795": "Benjamin", + "56e0e69b7aa994140058e796": "1893 Westinghouse", + "56e0e69b7aa994140058e797": "Westinghouse Electric started branding their complete polyphase phase AC system as the \"Tesla Polyphase System", + "56e0ed557aa994140058e7dd": "the Egg of Columbus", "56e0ed557aa994140058e7e0": "Egg of Columbus", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e859": "11 July 1934", - "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85a": "a sharp stinging pain", - "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85b": "a sharp stinging pain", - "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85c": "bits of metal projected by his \"electric gun,\" Tesla said, \"The particles in the beam of force ... will travel much faster", + "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85a": "Tesla said he could feel a sharp stinging pain", + "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85b": "Tesla said he could feel a sharp stinging pain", + "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85c": "Tesla said, \"The particles in the beam of force ... will travel much faster", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac525": "St. Louis, Missouri, the Franklin Institute", - "56e0fb14231d4119001ac526": "the Tesla Coil were used in the further development of radio", + "56e0fb14231d4119001ac526": "St. Louis, Missouri, the Franklin Institute", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac527": "1893 in St. Louis, Missouri, the Franklin Institute", - "56e0fb887aa994140058e869": "13 May 1899", - "56e0fb887aa994140058e86a": "the opportunity to further demonstrate \"Teleautomatics", - "56e0fb887aa994140058e86b": "Madison Square Garden", - "56e0fb887aa994140058e86c": "Madison", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e869": "1899", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86a": "1899", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86b": "13 May 1899", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86c": "1899", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86d": "monkey", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e877": "1900", - "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878": "Marconi", + "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878": "1900", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e879": "1901", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87a": "1943", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87b": "1943", - "56e0fd167aa994140058e881": "17 May 1899", - "56e0fd167aa994140058e882": "telegraphy experiments, transmitting signals from Pikes Peak to Paris", - "56e0fd167aa994140058e883": "15 June", - "56e0fd167aa994140058e884": "five", - "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ea": "atmospheric", - "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673eb": "the nature of what Tesla was detecting from lightning storms", - "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ec": "a resonant frequency", - "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6a": "the ground. Sparks sprang from water line taps when touched. Light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab", - "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6b": "135 feet long", + "56e0fd167aa994140058e881": "1899", + "56e0fd167aa994140058e882": "telegraphy experiments, transmitting signals from Pikes Peak to Paris.[citation needed] The 1978 book Colorado Springs Notes, 1899\u20131900", + "56e0fd167aa994140058e883": "15 June 1899", + "56e0fd167aa994140058e884": "June 1899", + "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ea": "Tesla was detecting from lightning storms", + "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673eb": "Tesla was detecting from lightning storms", + "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ec": "the earth had a resonant frequency", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6a": "a livery stable", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6b": "the ground. Sparks sprang from water line taps when touched. Light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6c": "Thunder", - "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6d": "the ground. Sparks sprang from water line taps when touched. Light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab glowed", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6d": "Cripple Creek", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6e": "St", - "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fb": "a power station generator, causing a power outage", - "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fc": "it was found that the dynamos in a power house six miles away were repeatedly burned out", - "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fd": "a power house", - "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fe": "the windings", - "56e10043e3433e1400422a84": "the new century to the Red Cross Society where he referred to messages \"from another world", - "56e10043e3433e1400422a85": "Reporters treated it as a sensational story and jumped to the conclusion Tesla was hearing signals from Mars", - "56e10043e3433e1400422a86": "Julian Hawthorne", - "56e10043e3433e1400422a87": "the new century to the Red Cross Society where he referred to messages \"from another world\" that read \"1... 2... 3...\"", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fb": "1917", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fc": "Tesla inadvertently faulted a power station generator, causing a power outage. In August 1917", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fd": "1917", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fe": "Tesla inadvertently faulted a power station generator, causing a power outage. In August 1917", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a84": "1901", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a85": "1900", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a86": "Julian Hawthorne at the Philadelphia North American on 8 December 1899", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a87": "1900", "56e10043e3433e1400422a88": "July 1899", - "56e100b6cd28a01900c67403": "100", + "56e100b6cd28a01900c67403": "1899", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67404": "John Jacob Astor IV invested $100,000 for Tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system", - "56e100b6cd28a01900c67405": "the money to fund his Colorado Springs experiments", + "56e100b6cd28a01900c67405": "John Jacob Astor IV invested $100,000 for Tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67406": "John Jacob Astor IV invested $100,000 for Tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system", - "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740b": "7 January 1900", - "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740c": "Tesla left Colorado Springs.[citation needed] His lab was torn down in 1904", + "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740b": "1900", + "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740c": "1904", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740d": "1904", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740e": "1904", - "56e10179cd28a01900c67413": "the trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility known as Wardenclyffe", - "56e10179cd28a01900c67414": "Warden", + "56e10179cd28a01900c67413": "Tesla", + "56e10179cd28a01900c67414": "Wardenclyffe near Shoreham", "56e10179cd28a01900c67415": "Wardenclyffe near Shoreham", - "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8e": "the original agreement, and Tesla had been facing foreclosure even before construction of the tower", - "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8f": "the money had gone, Tesla", - "56e101f4e3433e1400422a91": "the original agreement, and Tesla had been facing foreclosure even before construction of the tower", - "56e10296cd28a01900c67423": "50", - "56e10296cd28a01900c67424": "the next five years, Tesla wrote over 50 letters", - "56e10296cd28a01900c67425": "December", - "56e10296cd28a01900c67426": "187", + "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8e": "Tesla", + "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8f": "Tesla", + "56e101f4e3433e1400422a91": "Tesla", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67423": "1903", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67424": "Tesla wrote to Morgan that in addition to wireless communication, Wardenclyffe would be capable of wireless transmission of electric power. On 14 October 1904", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67425": "1901", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67426": "1903", "56e10325cd28a01900c67435": "200", - "56e10325cd28a01900c67436": "the Waterside Power Station", - "56e10325cd28a01900c67437": "1906", - "56e10325cd28a01900c67438": "the Waterside Power Station in New York", - "56e10412e3433e1400422aba": "steam", - "56e10412e3433e1400422abb": "experimenting with mechanical oscillators at his Houston Street", - "56e10412e3433e1400422abc": "the resonance frequency of his own building and, belatedly realizing the danger", - "56e10412e3433e1400422abd": "Nikola Tesla, Dreamer\" by Allan L. Benson\u2014was published in World Today", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67436": "200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine. During 1910\u20131911 at the Waterside Power Station", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67437": "200", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67438": "200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine. During 1910\u20131911", + "56e10412e3433e1400422aba": "steam-powered mechanical oscillator\u2014Tesla's oscillator. While experimenting with mechanical oscillators at his Houston Street", + "56e10412e3433e1400422abb": "Tesla invented a steam-powered mechanical oscillator\u2014Tesla's oscillator. While experimenting with mechanical oscillators at his Houston Street", + "56e10412e3433e1400422abc": "it is said that the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building and, belatedly realizing the danger", + "56e10412e3433e1400422abd": "1912", "56e10412e3433e1400422abe": "1912", - "56e1066be3433e1400422ae4": "electricity", + "56e1066be3433e1400422ae4": "1912", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae5": "1912", - "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6": "William H. Maxwell", + "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6": "1912", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae7": "William H. Maxwell", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afa": "Tesla sought overseas", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afb": "the war started, Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in European countries", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afc": "the Wardenclyffe Tower", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afd": "20", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afa": "1917", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afb": "1917", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afc": "1917, around the time that the Wardenclyffe Tower", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afd": "1917", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afe": "1917", - "56e108abe3433e1400422b0c": "August 1917", - "56e108abe3433e1400422b0d": "a fluorescent screen (a system that has been noted to have a superficial resemblance to modern radar", - "56e108abe3433e1400422b0e": "radar", - "56e108abe3433e1400422b0f": "\u00c9mile Girardeau", - "56e1097dcd28a01900c6748f": "London", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0c": "1917", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0d": "radar", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0e": "1917", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0f": "1953", + "56e1097dcd28a01900c6748f": "Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla; however, on 15 November, a Reuters story from Stockholm", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67490": "Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67491": "Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla", - "56e1097dcd28a01900c67492": "the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.\":245 There were unsubstantiated rumors at the time that Tesla", - "56e10a28cd28a01900c674b1": "the other received it first; that both rejected any possibility of sharing it; and even that a wealthy Edison refused", - "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b3": "38", - "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4": "Edison", + "56e1097dcd28a01900c67492": "Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla", + "56e10a28cd28a01900c674b1": "20", + "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b3": "38 possible bids in 1915 and Tesla did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1937", + "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4": "Edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915 and Tesla did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1937", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b5": "1937", - "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b24": "1,655,114", - "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b25": "1,655,114", - "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b26": "Tesla", - "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b27": "the use of turbine engines", - "56e10c61e3433e1400422b36": "Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company began paying Tesla $125 per month", - "56e10c61e3433e1400422b37": "Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company", - "56e10c61e3433e1400422b38": "the form of a \"consulting fee\" to get around Tesla's aversion to accept charity, or by one biographer", - "56e10c61e3433e1400422b39": "the rest of Tesla's life. Accounts on how this came about vary. Several sources say Westinghouse was worried about potential bad publicity", - "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d7": "energy", - "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d8": "the location of underground mineral deposits", - "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d9": "the location of underground mineral deposits", - "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674da": "accurately determining the location of underground mineral deposits", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b24": "1928", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b25": "1928", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b26": "1928", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b27": "1928", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b36": "1934, the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company began paying Tesla $125 per month", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b37": "1934, the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b38": "1934", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b39": "1934, the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d7": "1935, in an annual birthday celebration interview, Tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d8": "Tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d9": "Tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674da": "the location of underground mineral deposits", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674db": "1935", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b48": "the pigeons. While crossing a street", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b49": "medical aid", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b48": "Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and the library to feed the pigeons. While crossing a street", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b49": "Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and the library to feed the pigeons. While crossing a street", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4a": "three", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4b": "the fall of 1937", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4c": "the fall of 1937", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674eb": "a \"peace ray", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ec": "the Van de Graaff", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ed": "a \"peace ray\" or death ray. Tesla described the weapon as capable of being used against ground-based infantry", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ee": "the Van de Graaff", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ef": "press", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4b": "Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and the library to feed the pigeons. While crossing a street", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4c": "Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and the library to feed the pigeons. While crossing a street", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674eb": "Later", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ec": "Later", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ed": "Later", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ee": "Later in life, Tesla made claims concerning a \"teleforce\" weapon after studying the Van de Graaff", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ef": "variably referred to it as a \"peace ray", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5c": "1937", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5d": "1937", - "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5e": "tungsten", - "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5f": "the world.\" His records indicate that the device is based on a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage", - "56e10f14e3433e1400422b60": "Only", - "56e10fbacd28a01900c67509": "The Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media, concerning charged particle beam weapons", - "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750a": "The Art of Projecting Concentrated", - "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750b": "Belgrade", - "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750c": "millions", - "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750d": "war", - "56e11044e3433e1400422b76": ", but the thieves", - "56e11044e3433e1400422b77": "the teleforce weapon was all in his mind", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5e": "1937", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5f": "Tesla", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b60": "1937", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c67509": "Tesla wrote a treatise", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750a": "Tesla wrote a treatise", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750b": "the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750c": "Tesla", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750d": "Tesla", + "56e11044e3433e1400422b76": "Tesla said that efforts had been made to steal the invention. His room had been entered and his papers had been scrutinized, but the thieves", + "56e11044e3433e1400422b77": "Tesla said that efforts had been made to steal the invention. His room", "56e11044e3433e1400422b78": "papers", - "56e110c3cd28a01900c67531": "86, Tesla died alone in room 3327", - "56e110c3cd28a01900c67532": "7 January 1943", - "56e110c3cd28a01900c67533": "Alice Monaghan", - "56e110c3cd28a01900c67534": "Tesla", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67531": "1943", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67532": "1943", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67533": "1943", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67534": "1943", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67535": "1943", "56e11161e3433e1400422b86": "the FBI ordered the Alien Property Custodian", "56e11161e3433e1400422b87": "John G. Trump", "56e11161e3433e1400422b89": "John G. Trump", - "56e11161e3433e1400422b8a": "the Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company", + "56e11161e3433e1400422b8a": "the FBI ordered the Alien Property Custodian", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b90": "Fiorello La Guardia", - "56e111e5e3433e1400422b91": "Fiorello La Guardia read a eulogy written by Slovene-American author Louis Adamic", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b91": "Fiorello La Guardia", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b92": "1943", - "56e111e5e3433e1400422b93": "two thousand", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b93": "1943", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b94": "1943", - "56e1127bcd28a01900c67549": "Belgrade", - "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754a": "Sava Kosanovi\u0107", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c67549": "1952", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754a": "Tesla's nephew, Sava Kosanovi\u0107", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754b": "1957", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754c": "1957", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754d": "1957", "56e11996e3433e1400422bde": "300", - "56e11996e3433e1400422bdf": "278", + "56e11996e3433e1400422bdf": "300", "56e11996e3433e1400422be0": "300", - "56e11996e3433e1400422be1": "278", - "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b5": "8:10", - "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b6": "every day from 9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later", + "56e11996e3433e1400422be1": "300", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b5": "6:00 p.m. or later", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b6": "6:00 p.m. or later", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b7": "3", - "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b8": "waiter, who also could be the only one to serve him. \"The meal was required to be ready at eight o'clock", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b8": "eight o'clock", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf0": "10", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf1": "Tesla", - "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf2": "one hundred times for each foot every night", - "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf3": ", saying that it stimulated his brain cells", - "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c7": "telepathy", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf2": "Tesla walked between 8 to 10 miles per day. He squished his toes one hundred times", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf3": "Tesla", + "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c7": "Brisbane", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c8": "Arthur Brisbane", - "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c9": "Tesla said that he believed that all fundamental laws could be reduced to one", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d7": "the end of his life, Tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d8": "2", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d9": "the end of his life, Tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675da": "the end of his life, Tesla walked to the park", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675db": "hotel room", - "56e11c24e3433e1400422c18": "142", + "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c9": "Tesla", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d7": "Tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d8": "Tesla spent over $2,000", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d9": "Tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675da": "every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675db": "Tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room", + "56e11c24e3433e1400422c18": "6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 142 pounds (64 kg", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c19": "6", - "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1a": "1888", + "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1a": "6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 142 pounds (64 kg), with almost no weight variance from 1888", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1b": "6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 142 pounds (64 kg", - "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e7": "eight", - "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e8": "blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes, often accompanied by visions.:33", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e7": "polyglot, speaking eight", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e8": "repeatedly stricken with illness", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e9": "33", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675ea": "33", - "56e11cedcd28a01900c675eb": "a photographic memory", - "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f1": "more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table", - "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f2": "84", - "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f3": "Graz", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675eb": "supposedly possessed a photographic memory.:33", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f1": "Tesla developed a passion for (and became very proficient at) billiards, chess and card-playing", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f2": "3", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f3": "second year of study at Graz", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f4": "3", - "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f5": "journalist", - "56e11e57e3433e1400422c28": "chast", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f5": "Kenneth Swezey, a journalist", + "56e11e57e3433e1400422c28": "chastity", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c29": "the end of his life, he told a reporter", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c2a": "Sometimes", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2e": "Dorothy Skerrit", - "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2f": "Robert Underwood Johnson", - "56e11f05e3433e1400422c30": ", and force.\" His loyal secretary, Dorothy Skerrit", - "56e11f05e3433e1400422c31": "Robert Underwood Johnson", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2f": "Robert Underwood Johnson described him as attaining a \"distinguished sweetness", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c30": "Tesla's friend, Julian Hawthorne", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c31": "Tesla's friend, Julian Hawthorne", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c32": "Julian Hawthorne", - "56e11f83cd28a01900c67611": "Mark Twain", - "56e11f83cd28a01900c67612": "Mark Twain", - "56e11f83cd28a01900c67613": "1920s", + "56e11f83cd28a01900c67611": "Fritz Lowenstein", + "56e11f83cd28a01900c67612": "Fritz Lowenstein", + "56e11f83cd28a01900c67613": "George", "56e12005cd28a01900c67617": "33", - "56e12005cd28a01900c67618": ", such as when he fired a secretary", - "56e12005cd28a01900c67619": "he fired a secretary because of her weight", - "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a": "several occasions, Tesla directed a subordinate to go home", - "56e120a1e3433e1400422c38": "theory", - "56e120a1e3433e1400422c39": "the 19th century concept of an all pervasive \"ether", - "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3a": "19th century concept of an all pervasive \"ether\" that transmitted electrical energy", + "56e12005cd28a01900c67618": "33", + "56e12005cd28a01900c67619": "Tesla could be harsh at times and openly expressed disgust for overweight people, such as when he fired a secretary", + "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a": "Tesla directed a subordinate to go home and change her dress.:33", + "56e120a1e3433e1400422c38": "the theory", + "56e120a1e3433e1400422c39": "there was no such thing as an electron creating an electric charge (he believed that if electrons existed at all, they were some fourth state of matter", + "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3a": "19th century", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3b": "19th century", - "56e12110e3433e1400422c4a": "Einstein's theory of relativity", + "56e12110e3433e1400422c4a": "theory of relativity", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4b": "theories", - "56e12110e3433e1400422c4c": "theory of relativity", - "56e121b7e3433e1400422c50": "letter to have completed a \"dynamic theory of gravity", - "56e121b7e3433e1400422c51": "1892", - "56e121b7e3433e1400422c52": "curved space", + "56e12110e3433e1400422c4c": "theory", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c50": "1892, and in 1937", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c51": "1892, and in 1937", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c52": "1892, and in 1937", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c53": "1937", - "56e122dacd28a01900c67639": "the belief that humans' \"pity", - "56e122dacd28a01900c6763a": "the belief that humans' \"pity\" had interfered with the natural \"ruthless workings", + "56e122dacd28a01900c67639": "Tesla, like many of his era, became a proponent of an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics", + "56e122dacd28a01900c6763a": "Tesla, like many of his era, became a proponent of an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763b": "the belief that humans' \"pity", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763c": "1937", - "56e1239acd28a01900c67641": "Bees", + "56e1239acd28a01900c67641": "1926", "56e1239acd28a01900c67642": "1926", - "56e1239acd28a01900c67643": "Bees", + "56e1239acd28a01900c67643": "1926", "56e12477e3433e1400422c5e": "1914", - "56e12477e3433e1400422c5f": "Science and Discovery", - "56e12477e3433e1400422c60": "the War\" (20 December 1914", - "56e12477e3433e1400422c61": "League of Nations", - "56e124f1cd28a01900c6764f": "Christian", - "56e124f1cd28a01900c67650": "ism", - "56e124f1cd28a01900c67651": "Buddhism", - "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66": "article, \"A Machine to End War\", published in 1937", + "56e12477e3433e1400422c5f": "1914", + "56e12477e3433e1400422c60": "1914", + "56e12477e3433e1400422c61": "1914", + "56e124f1cd28a01900c6764f": "Tesla was raised an Orthodox Christian", + "56e124f1cd28a01900c67650": "Later in his life, he did not consider himself to be a \"believer in the orthodox sense,\" and opposed religious fanaticism", + "56e124f1cd28a01900c67651": "the orthodox sense,\" and opposed religious fanaticism. Despite this, he had a profound respect for both Buddhism", + "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66": "1937", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c67": "Tesla", - "56e1254ae3433e1400422c68": "War", - "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6c": "a number of books and articles for magazines and journals. Among his books are My Inventions", - "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6d": "a number of books and articles for magazines and journals. Among his books are My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla", - "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6e": "Ben Johnston", - "56e1262fcd28a01900c67655": "Tesla's writings are freely available on the web", + "56e1254ae3433e1400422c68": "1937", + "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6c": "The Tesla Papers", + "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6d": "The Tesla Papers", + "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6e": "Tesla, compiled and edited by Ben Johnston", + "56e1262fcd28a01900c67655": "1900", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67656": "1900", - "56e1262fcd28a01900c67657": "Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla", - "56e126dae3433e1400422c7c": "a recurring theme in several types of science fiction", - "56e126dae3433e1400422c7d": "a recurring theme in several types of science fiction", - "56e126dae3433e1400422c7e": "a recurring theme", - "56e127bccd28a01900c6765b": "Time magazine", - "56e127bccd28a01900c6765c": "Time magazine", - "56e127bccd28a01900c6765d": "the world's his power house\" noted his contribution to electrical power generation", + "56e1262fcd28a01900c67657": "1900", + "56e126dae3433e1400422c7c": "Tesla is a recurring theme in several types of science fiction", + "56e126dae3433e1400422c7d": "Tesla is a recurring theme in several types of science fiction", + "56e126dae3433e1400422c7e": "Tesla is a recurring theme", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765b": "1931", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765c": "1931", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765d": "1931", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765e": "70", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765f": "70", "56e16182e3433e1400422e28": "Computational complexity theory", - "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": "Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty", - "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": "problem", - "56e16839cd28a01900c67887": "resources", + "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": "theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty", + "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": "principle", + "56e16839cd28a01900c67887": "quantifying the amount of resources", "56e16839cd28a01900c67888": "the amount of resources", - "56e16839cd28a01900c67889": "the amount of resources", + "56e16839cd28a01900c67889": "the amount of communication (used in communication complexity), the number of gates in a circuit (used in circuit complexity", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788a": "the amount of communication (used in communication complexity), the number of gates in a circuit (used in circuit complexity", - "56e16839cd28a01900c6788b": "the roles of computational complexity theory", - "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": "the same problem. More precisely, it tries", - "56e17644e3433e1400422f41": "the amount of resources", - "56e17644e3433e1400422f42": "the same problem. More precisely, it tries to classify problems that can or cannot be solved with appropriately restricted resources", - "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": "the same problem. More precisely, it tries", + "56e16839cd28a01900c6788b": "the number of processors (used in parallel computing). One of the roles of computational complexity theory", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": "analysis of algorithms and computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f41": "analysis of algorithms and computability theory", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f42": "analysis of algorithms and computability theory", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": "analysis of algorithms and computability theory", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a1": "instance", - "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a2": "problem", - "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": "instance", - "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": "The input string for a computational problem is referred to as a problem instance", - "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": "instance", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a2": "a problem", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": "the solution is \"yes\" if the number is prime and \"no\" otherwise (in this case \"no\"). Stated another way, the instance", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": "the instance", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": "a problem instance", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f7f": "2000 kilometres", - "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "the following instance of the decision version of the traveling salesman problem: Is there a route of at most 2000 kilometres", - "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": "the following instance of the decision version of the traveling salesman problem: Is there a route of at most 2000 kilometres", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": "Usually", + "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "theory addresses computational problems and not particular problem instances", + "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": "10 km. For this reason, complexity theory addresses computational problems", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": "bitstrings. As in a real-world computer, mathematical objects", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1": "instance", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2": "instance", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": "binary notation", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": ", and graphs", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": "bitstrings. As in a real-world computer, mathematical objects", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": "bitstrings. As in a real-world computer, mathematical objects", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc8": "Decision problems", - "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": "the central objects of study in computational complexity theory. A decision problem", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": "Decision problems", "56e190bce3433e1400422fca": "either 1 or 0", - "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": "instances whose output is yes, and the non-members are those instances", - "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": "the central objects of study in computational complexity theory. A decision problem", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": "members of the language are instances whose output is yes, and the non-members are those instances", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": "Decision problems", "56e19557e3433e1400422fee": "the following. The input is an arbitrary graph. The problem consists in deciding", - "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": ", or not. The formal language associated with this decision problem is then the set of all connected graphs", - "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": "of course, to obtain a precise definition of this language, one has to decide how graphs are encoded as binary strings", - "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": ", but the output is more complex than that of a decision", - "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": ", but the output is more complex", + "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": "the following. The input is an arbitrary graph. The problem consists in deciding", + "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": "deciding whether the given graph is connected, or not. The formal language associated with this decision problem", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": "Notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": "Notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f8": "the traveling salesman problem", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f9": "the traveling salesman problem", - "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": ", but the output is more complex", - "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": "the notion of function problems", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": "Notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem", + "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": "notion of function problems", "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f": "tri", - "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": "the difficulty", - "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": "the difficulty of solving a computational problem, one may wish to see how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem. However, the running time", - "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": "the size of the instance. This is usually taken to be the size of the input in bits", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": "bits. Complexity theory", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": "the difficulty", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": "bits. Complexity theory", "56e1a38de3433e140042305f": "bits", - "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": "the size of the instance. This is usually taken to be the size of the input in bits. Complexity theory", - "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a48": ", then the algorithm is said to be a polynomial time algorithm. Cobham's thesis", - "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": "the time taken can be expressed as a function of n", + "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": "theory", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a48": "T(n) is a polynomial in n, then the algorithm is said to be a polynomial time algorithm. Cobham's thesis", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": "T(n) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4a": "T(n) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4b": "T", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4c": "T(n) is a polynomial in n", - "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": "A Turing machine", - "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": "problem", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": "the Turing machine is the most commonly used model in complexity theory", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": "the Turing machine is the most commonly used model in complexity theory", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423097": "the Turing machine is the most commonly used model in complexity theory", - "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": "symbols", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": "the Turing machine is the most commonly used model in complexity theory", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a68": "deter", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": "deterministic Turing machine is the most basic Turing machine, which uses a fixed set of rules", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": "probabilistic Turing machine is a deterministic Turing machine with an extra supply of random bits", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6b": "non-determinism", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": "Algorithms that use random bits are called randomized algorithms", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": "deterministic", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": "A probabilistic Turing machine is a deterministic Turing machine with an extra supply of random bits. The ability to make probabilistic decisions", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6b": "non-deterministic Turing machine is a deterministic Turing machine with an added feature of non-determinism", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": "Algorithms that use random bits", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309e": "Many types of Turing machines are used to define complexity classes", - "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": ", but when resources (such as time or space) are bounded, some of these may be more powerful", - "56e1b00ce3433e14004230a1": "Many types of Turing machines are used to define complexity classes", - "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a72": "random", - "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a73": "the literature, for example random access machines. Perhaps surprisingly, each of these models can be converted to another", - "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": "memory", - "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": "the literature, for example random access machines", - "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": "non-deterministic Turing machine", - "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": ", some computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources. For example, a non-deterministic Turing machine", - "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": "a non-deterministic Turing machine", - "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": ", some computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources. For example, a non-deterministic Turing machine", - "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": "The time", - "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": "difficulty", - "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": "DT", - "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": "a given amount of time and space, a computational model such as the deterministic", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abc": "time and space are the most well-known complexity resources", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "the most well-known complexity resources", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abe": "the Blum complexity axioms", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": "Other complexity measures used in complexity theory include communication complexity", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": "complexity", + "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": "symmetric Turing machines and alternating Turing machines. They are all equally powerful in principle", + "56e1b00ce3433e14004230a1": "define complexity classes", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a72": "multi", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a73": "random access machines. Perhaps surprisingly, each of these models can be converted", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": "random access machines. Perhaps surprisingly, each of these models can be converted to another without providing any extra computational power. The time and memory", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": "random", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": "non-deterministic Turing machine is a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": "a non-deterministic Turing machine is a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": "non-deterministic Turing machine is a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": "a non-deterministic Turing machine is a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": "The time required by a deterministic Turing machine M", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": "criteria", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": "the set of problems", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": "the problem. Since complexity theory", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abc": "time and space", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "time and space are the most well-known complexity resources", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abe": "a computational resource. Complexity measures are very generally defined by the Blum complexity axioms. Other complexity measures used in complexity theory", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": "theory include communication complexity", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": "tree", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e6": "three", - "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": "The best, worst and average case complexity", - "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": "The best, worst and average case complexity refer to three", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": "three", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": "three", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e9": "three", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae0": "sorting", - "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": "the average time taken for sorting", - "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "the average time taken for sorting", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": "the most efficient algorithm", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": "analysis", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": "T(n) on the time complexity", + "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": "sorting", + "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "sorting", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": "T", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": "T", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": "T", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423107": "T", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "the field of analysis", - "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afc": "the specific details of the computational model used. For instance, if T(n) = 7n2 + 15n + 40", - "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": "the big O notation", - "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": "the specific details of the computational model used. For instance", - "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": "the big O notation", - "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2c": "classes", - "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "the following", - "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "the following", - "56e1c2eee3433e1400423134": "some concrete function f(n) often yields complexity classes", - "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": "quad", - "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": "the set of decision problems", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "T", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afc": "T(n) =", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": "T(n) = 7n2 + 15n + 40, in big O notation", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": "T(n) = 7n2 + 15n + 40", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": "T(n) = 7n2 + 15n + 40, in big O notation", + "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2c": "some complexity classes", + "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "a typical complexity class", + "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "a typical complexity class", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423134": "depend", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": "multi", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": "multi", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423137": "polynomially related", - "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": "the set of decision problems", - "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423148": "the time or space", - "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "the", - "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "Many important complexity classes", - "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": "BPP, ZPP and RP", - "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "which are defined using Boolean circuits", - "56e1c4fce3433e1400423150": "BQP and QMA, which are defined using quantum", - "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": ", which are defined using quantum Turing machines. #P is an important complexity class of counting problems", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": "the complexity class P, which is the set of decision problems", + "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423148": "the time or space used by the algorithm. Some important complexity classes", + "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "the time or space", + "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "the time or space used by the algorithm. Some important complexity classes of decision problems", + "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": "RP", + "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "Boolean circuits", + "56e1c4fce3433e1400423150": "BQP and QMA", + "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": "RP", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423152": "Classes", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": "requirements", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": "DT", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": "hierarchy", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": "hierarchy theorems because they induce a proper hierarchy", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": "more", - "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "theorems", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": "properly", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": "properly", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": "properly", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": "hierarchy", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": "properly", + "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "EXPTIME", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b75": "EXPTIME", - "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b76": "the basis for most separation results of complexity classes. For instance, the time hierarchy theorem tells us that P is strictly", - "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": "a reduction", + "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b76": "EXPTIME, and the space hierarchy theorem tells us that L is strictly", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": "the concept of a reduction", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423193": "the concept of a reduction. A reduction is a transformation", - "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": ", such as polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions", - "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": "many different types", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": "the concept of a reduction. A reduction is a transformation of one problem into another problem. It captures the informal notion of a problem being at least", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": "the concept of a reduction. A reduction is a transformation of one problem into another problem. It captures the informal notion of a problem being at least", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423196": "polynomial-time reductions", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bac": "po", - "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "polynomial-time reduction. This means that the reduction process takes polynomial time. For example, the problem of squaring", - "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bae": "polynomial-time reduction. This means that the reduction process takes polynomial time", - "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "the same input to both inputs of the multiplication algorithm", - "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bb0": "polynomial-time reduction. This means that the reduction process takes polynomial time. For example, the problem of squaring an integer", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "polynomial time. For example, the problem of squaring an integer can be reduced to the problem of multiplying two integers. This means an algorithm", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bae": "polynomial time. For example, the problem of squaring an integer can be reduced to the problem of multiplying two integers. This means an algorithm", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "polynomial-time reduction. This means that the reduction process takes polynomial time. For example, the problem", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bb0": "polynomial-time reduction. This means that the reduction process takes polynomial time. For example, the problem", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a4": "the concept of a problem being hard for a complexity class", - "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": "polynomial-time reductions", - "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": "X allows us to solve any problem in C", - "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "NP-hard problems", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": "X is hard for a class", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": "every problem in C can be reduced to X", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "the concept of a problem being hard for a complexity class", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cb": "the class of NP-complete problems", - "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": "class of NP-complete problems", - "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": "\u03a0", - "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": "the ones most likely not to be in P. Because the problem", - "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": "The complexity class P is often seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": "the class", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": "\u03a02, to another problem, \u03a0", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": "\u03a02, to another problem, \u03a0", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": "the Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcb": "the Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis", - "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": "the other hand, contains many problems that people would like to solve efficiently, but for which no efficient algorithm", - "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": "The complexity class NP", - "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": "it is easily observed that each problem in P is also member of the class NP", - "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": "the wide implications of a solution. If the answer is yes, many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions", - "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": "protein structure prediction", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": "The complexity class", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": "NP", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": "Since deterministic Turing machines are special non-deterministic Turing machines, it is easily observed that each problem", + "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": "theoretical", + "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": "protein structure prediction in biology", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d8": "1,000,000", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd4": "\u2260", - "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": "\u2260 NP then there exist problems in NP that are neither in P nor NP-complete. Such problems are called NP-intermediate problems", - "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": "the very few", - "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fc": "problem", - "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": "it is widely believed that the polynomial hierarchy", - "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": "the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level. Since it is widely believed that the polynomial hierarchy", + "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": "Ladner", + "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": "\u2260", + "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fc": "The graph isomorphism problem", + "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": "whether two finite graphs are isomorphic. An important unsolved problem in complexity theory", + "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": "the polynomial hierarchy", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231ff": "the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level. Since it is widely believed that the polynomial hierarchy", - "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "it is widely believed that the polynomial hierarchy", - "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": "problem", - "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": "the problem of deciding", + "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "the polynomial hierarchy", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": "3", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": "the prime factorization of a given integer. Phrased as a decision problem", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0c": "the RSA", - "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": "the general number field sieve, which takes time O(e(64/9)1/3", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": "3", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210": "RP", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211": "RP", - "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": "RP", - "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": "a major breakthrough", - "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": "the same lines, co-NP", - "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": "the same lines, co-NP is the class containing the complement problems (i.e. problems with the yes/no answers reversed", - "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": "the same lines, co-NP", - "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "the same lines, co-NP", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": "L", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": ", it is not known if L (the set of all problems", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": ", it is not known if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "NL", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": "RP, BPP, PP", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": "RP", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": "NP is not equal to co-NP; however, it has not yet been proven. It has been shown that if these two complexity classes", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": "the same lines, co-NP is the class containing the complement problems", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": "NP is not equal to co-NP; however, it has not yet been proven. It has been shown that if these two complexity classes", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "NP is not equal to co-NP; however, it has not yet been proven. It has been shown that if these two complexity classes", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": "L (the set of all problems", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": "the set of all problems", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": "the set of all problems", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "NL and NC, and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423226": "the two, such as NL and NC", - "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": "intractable problems", - "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": "the age of the universe. Even with a much faster computer, the program would only be useful for very small instances", - "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": "the same as P", - "56e1febfe3433e1400423236": "problem", - "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": "algorithms", - "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "knapsack problem", - "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": "less", + "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": "too long for their solutions to be useful, are known as intractable problems", + "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": "Problems that can be solved in theory (e.g., given large but finite time), but which in practice take too long", + "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": "NP", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423236": "the decision problem", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": "reasonable times", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": "less than quadratic time", "56e1febfe3433e140042323a": "instances", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c14": "the complexity of algorithmic problems", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c15": "the complexity of algorithmic problems", - "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": "1936", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": "Alan Turing in 1936", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c17": "1936", - "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": ", which turned out to be a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer", - "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": "Richard Stearns", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": "Alan Turing in 1936", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": "Richard", "56e202e9e3433e1400423241": "Richard Stearns", - "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": "the seminal paper \"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms\" by Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns (1965", - "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": "the seminal paper \"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": "Richard", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": "Richard Stearns", "56e202e9e3433e1400423244": "1965", - "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": "Myhill", - "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1f": "61", + "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": "1960", + "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1f": "Raymond Smullyan's study of rudimentary sets (1961", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c20": "Yamada", - "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c24": "proofs of complexity-theoretic theorems regularly assume some concrete choice of input encoding", - "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "the choice of encoding. This can be achieved by ensuring that different representations can be transformed into each other efficiently", - "56e20a3ae3433e140042324a": "the USSR, proved that there exist practically relevant problems that are NP-complete. In 1972, Richard Karp", - "56e20a3ae3433e140042324b": "the so-called, speed-up theorem", + "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c24": "theoretic theorems regularly assume some concrete choice of input encoding", + "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "theoretic theorems", + "56e20a3ae3433e140042324a": "1967", + "56e20a3ae3433e140042324b": "1967", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324d": "21", - "56e20a3ae3433e140042324e": "21", + "56e20a3ae3433e140042324e": "Richard", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f23": "Teachers may use a lesson plan to facilitate student learning, providing a course of study which is called the curriculum", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f24": "pedagogy", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f25": "the study of pedagogy", - "56e7477700c9c71400d76f26": "the study of pedagogy", - "56e7477700c9c71400d76f27": "the study of pedagogy", - "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37": "cultures", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f26": "Teachers may use a lesson plan to facilitate student learning, providing a course of study which is called the curriculum", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f27": "teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out at a school or other place of formal education", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37": "teacher's role may vary among cultures", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f38": "literacy", - "56e748a200c9c71400d76f39": "craftsmanship", - "56e748a200c9c71400d76f3a": ", or life skills", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f39": "Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f3a": "the arts, religion", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f51": "schooling", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f52": "schooling", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f53": "some countries, formal education can take place through home schooling", - "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f54": "transient", - "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f55": "wider", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f54": "transient or ongoing", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f55": "formal education can take place through home schooling", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f65": "Religious and spiritual teachers", - "56e74af500c9c71400d76f66": ", may teach religious texts such as the Quran, Torah", - "56e74af500c9c71400d76f67": "Bible", + "56e74af500c9c71400d76f66": "Religious and spiritual teachers", + "56e74af500c9c71400d76f67": "Religious and spiritual teachers", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f68": "Religious and spiritual teachers", - "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e33": "ing", - "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e34": "the wider community. Formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e33": "Teaching may be carried out informally, within the family, which is called homeschooling", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e34": "Formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e35": "Chartered", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e36": "Teaching may be carried out informally, within the family, which is called homeschooling", - "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e37": "the wider community. Formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals. Such professionals", - "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6e": ", and serve as supervisors for extracurricular activities. In some education systems", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e37": "par with physicians, lawyers, engineers, and accountants (Chartered", + "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6e": "Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6f": "ext", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f70": "extracurricular activities", - "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f71": "some education systems", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f76": "world", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f77": "teacher's colleges", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f78": "teacher's colleges", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f79": "teacher's colleges", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f7a": "standards", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f94": ", and private schools may also require their teachers to be college peoples. In other areas these roles may belong to the State Board of Education", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f95": ", and private schools may also require their teachers to be college peoples. In other areas these roles may belong to the State Board of Education", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f96": "teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing with the college", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f97": ", and private schools may also require their teachers to be college peoples. In other areas these roles may belong to the State Board of Education", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f98": "accrediting teacher education programs", - "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5b": ", often in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment such as outdoors. A teacher who teaches on an individual basis may be described as a tutor", + "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f71": "some education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student discipline", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f76": "Around the world many governments", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f77": "Around the world many governments", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f78": "governments", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f79": "teacher's colleges, which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f7a": "Around the world many governments", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f94": "Education", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f95": "the State Board of Education", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f96": "teachers", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f97": "the State Board of Education", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f98": "the State Board of Education", + "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5b": "tutor", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5c": "tutor", - "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5d": ", often in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment such as outdoors. A teacher who teaches on an individual basis may be described as a tutor", + "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5d": "tutor", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5e": "tutor", - "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa8": "an informal or formal approach", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa8": "the classroom", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa9": "Different ways to teach are often referred to as pedagogy", - "56e751fb00c9c71400d76faa": "outside", - "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fab": "technology, specifically the rise of the internet", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76faa": "the classroom", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fab": "the classroom", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fac": "technology", - "56e7535037bdd419002c3e6f": "the relevant authority. The teacher may interact with students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities", - "56e7535037bdd419002c3e70": "the relevant authority", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e6f": "the relevant authority", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e70": "standardized curricula", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e71": "the relevant authority. The teacher may interact with students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e72": "the relevant authority. The teacher may interact with students of different ages", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e73": "standardized curricula", - "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbc": "particular", - "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbd": "problem solving", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbc": "the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbd": "the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbe": "the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbf": "deflate the cocky", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fc0": "the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc6": "the relationship between teachers", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc7": "the week and will teach them the whole curriculum", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc8": "the week and may have ten", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc9": "the week and may have ten or more different teachers. The relationship", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fca": "the week and may have ten", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc6": "the week and will teach them the whole curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc7": "the week and will teach them the whole curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc8": "the week and will teach them the whole curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc9": "the week and will teach them the whole curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fca": "the week and will teach them the whole curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8b": "the United States as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education", - "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8c": "the United States as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education", - "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8d": "a \"platoon\" system", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8c": "referred to as a \"platoon\" system, involves placing a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to another for every subject", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8d": "the United States as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8e": "the United States as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education do exist. One of these, sometimes referred to as a \"platoon\" system", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8f": "the United States as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e95": "Co-teaching", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e96": "the classroom", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e97": "the classroom. Co-teaching focuses the student on learning", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e98": "the needs of every student in the classroom", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e96": "two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e97": "the classroom. Co-teaching", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e98": "Co-teaching", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e99": "the classroom. Co-teaching", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ea9": "history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment", - "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eaa": "the history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment", - "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eab": "the history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eaa": "history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eab": "history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eac": "history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment", - "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ead": "substitute", - "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb3": "times", - "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4": "corporal punishment", - "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5": "the United States", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ead": "history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb3": "past times", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4": "the United States following a US Supreme Court decision in 1977", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5": "1977", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb6": "1977", - "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7": "punishment", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fec": "30", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fed": "the South) have not. It is still used to a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fee": "the seat of the student's trousers", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fef": "the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76ff0": "the principal's office", - "56e759bb00c9c71400d77000": ", remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries", - "56e759bb00c9c71400d77001": ", remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment", - "56e759bb00c9c71400d77002": ", remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec7": "the most common punishments in schools", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7": "past times, corporal punishment", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fec": "30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fed": "30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fee": "30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fef": "30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76ff0": "30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others", + "56e759bb00c9c71400d77000": "Official corporal punishment", + "56e759bb00c9c71400d77001": "details", + "56e759bb00c9c71400d77002": "details", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec7": "detention is one of the most common punishments", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec8": "the most common punishments", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec9": "the most common punishments", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3eca": "the most common punishments", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ecb": "the most common punishments", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed1": "the idea of an assertive", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed2": "the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed3": "firm", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed4": "inappropriate behavior. Teachers are expected to respect their students; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed5": "respect", - "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef5": "the majority of academics, some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline", - "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef6": "the classroom they would be able to teach more efficiently. This viewpoint is supported by the educational attainment of countries\u2014in East Asia", - "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef7": "the majority of academics, some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline", - "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef8": "the majority of academics, some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline", - "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702c": "average attainment on standardized tests", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec9": "the UK, Ireland, Singapore and other countries. It requires the pupil to remain in school", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3eca": "detention, students normally have to sit in a classroom", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ecb": "detention, students normally have to sit in a classroom", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed1": "North America and Western Europe", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed2": "Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed3": "the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed4": "reasonable discipline", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed5": "the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef5": "Whilst this is the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics, some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef6": "strict discipline", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef7": "Whilst this is the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics, some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef8": "Whilst this is the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics, some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702c": "the reality of East Asian classrooms", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702d": "the reality of East Asian classrooms", - "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702e": "the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries. In Japan", - "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702f": "behavior", - "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a": "the classroom", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702e": "the reality of East Asian classrooms", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702f": "discipline and behavior is highly problematic. Although, officially, schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a": "50 students, maintaining order in the classroom", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703b": "the classroom", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703c": "ignoring", - "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703d": "concentrate their attention on motivated students", - "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703e": "the emphasis on attainment of university places, administrators and governors", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703d": "ignoring", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703e": "the emphasis on attainment of university places, administrators", "56e7611500c9c71400d77054": "dictatorial authority", - "56e7611500c9c71400d77055": "authority", - "56e7611500c9c71400d77056": "Sudbury model democratic schools claim that popularly based authority", - "56e7611500c9c71400d77057": "preservation of public order", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77055": "dictatorial authority", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77056": "dictatorial authority", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77057": "dictatorial authority for governments and schools alike. They also claim that in these schools the preservation of public order", "56e7611500c9c71400d77058": "fairly and democratically", - "56e761d037bdd419002c3f13": "the difficulties in this approach is that teachers may have repeatedly covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject", - "56e761d037bdd419002c3f14": "passion", - "56e761d037bdd419002c3f15": "the difficulties in this approach is that teachers may have repeatedly covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f13": "teachers can affect how students perceive the course materials, it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f14": "transfer their passion", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f15": "teachers", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f17": "the difficulties in this approach is that teachers may have repeatedly covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77072": "Teachers that exhibit enthusiasm", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77073": "outside of the classroom", - "56e762fe00c9c71400d77074": "enthusiasm", - "56e762fe00c9c71400d77075": "intrinsic motivation of college students", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77074": "nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77075": "Teachers that exhibit enthusiasm", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77076": "higher", "56e763e800c9c71400d77086": "Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to students becoming more self-determined", - "56e763e800c9c71400d77087": "enthusiasm may act as a \"motivational embellishment", - "56e763e800c9c71400d77088": "more intrinsically", - "56e763e800c9c71400d77089": "Teacher enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere full of energy and enthusiasm which feed student interest and excitement", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77087": "intrinsic motivation in the context of learning. Also, enthusiasm may act as a \"motivational embellishment", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77088": "Finally, the concept of emotional contagion, may also apply. Students may become more intrinsically", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77089": "Finally", "56e764e200c9c71400d7708e": "attitudes", - "56e764e200c9c71400d7708f": "relations", - "56e764e200c9c71400d77090": ", whereas academic success includes the goals he receives from his superior. A teacher must guide his student in aligning his personal goals", - "56e764e200c9c71400d77091": "ing his personal goals", - "56e764e200c9c71400d77092": "Research shows that student motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships", - "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a2": "Teachers", - "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a4": "relations", + "56e764e200c9c71400d7708f": "Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations", + "56e764e200c9c71400d77090": "Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students. Their ability to create effective learning environments that foster student achievement", + "56e764e200c9c71400d77091": "Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students. Their ability to create effective learning environments", + "56e764e200c9c71400d77092": "Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students. Their ability to create effective learning environments", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a2": "relations", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a4": "Teachers", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a5": "Teachers", - "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a6": "Effective teachers have been shown to invite student participation and decision making, allow humor into their classroom", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a6": "Teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and effective teachers", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f49": "three", - "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4a": "enthusiasm", - "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4b": "excitement", - "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4c": "the ability to be very influential", - "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4d": "three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm", - "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f53": "the courts. A study by the American Association of University Women reported that 9.6%", - "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f54": "9.6%", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4a": "three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm are enthusiasm about teaching, enthusiasm about the students, and enthusiasm", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4b": "teacher", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4c": "three", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4d": "three", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f53": "9", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f54": "9", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f55": "9", - "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f56": "the American Association of University Women reported that 9.6%", - "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f57": "the media and the courts. A study by the American Association of University Women reported that 9.6%", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f56": "9", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f57": "9", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ca": "England", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cb": "0.3%", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cd": "0.3%", - "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ce": "a list of 80,000 schools", + "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ce": "0.3%", "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f67": "Mary", "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f69": "Mary", - "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e8": "several men who enjoy teaching avoiding the profession", - "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e9": "Chris Keates", - "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ea": "the law that we are concerned about.\" This has led to outrage from child protection and parental rights groups", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e8": "the sex offenders register", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e9": "Chris Keates, the general secretary of National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ea": "Chris Keates", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770eb": "shortage", - "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ec": "the sex offenders", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f75": ", including occupational stress", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f76": "Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f77": "occupational burnout", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f78": ", including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance. Stress can be caused by organizational change", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f79": ", including occupational stress", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ec": "the sex offenders register", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f75": "Teachers", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f76": "Teachers", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f77": "Teachers", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f78": "Teachers", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f79": "Teachers", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f7f": "42%", - "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f80": "A 2000 study found that 42%", - "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f81": "2000 study found that 42%", - "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f82": "teachers", - "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f83": "double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than average workers", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710e": "the work environment, and offering promotions and bonuses, may be effective in helping to reduce occupational stress among teachers", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710f": "izational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules, providing support networks", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77110": "Individual-level interventions, including stress-management training", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77111": "teachers", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f80": "2000", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f81": "2000", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f82": "teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety, depression", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f83": "double the rate of anxiety, depression", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710e": "There are several ways to mitigate the occupational hazards of teaching", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710f": "teaching. Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules, providing support networks and mentoring", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77110": "training", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77111": "the work environment, and offering promotions and bonuses", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77112": "Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules, providing support networks and mentoring, changing the work environment", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f93": "university", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f94": "the world. In almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college. Governments may require certification", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f95": "elementary", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f96": "the world. In almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college. Governments", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f97": "the US, require that prospective teachers pass a background check and psychiatric evaluation", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f93": "almost all countries teachers are educated in a university", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f94": "the world", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f95": "elementary school", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f96": "almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college. Governments", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f97": "almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college. Governments", "56e76de800c9c71400d77122": "the responsibility of the individual states and territories", "56e76de800c9c71400d77123": "three", - "56e76de800c9c71400d77124": "three-tier model", - "56e76de800c9c71400d77125": "universities and/or TAFE colleges", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77124": "three-tier model which includes primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77125": "tertiary education (universities and/or TAFE colleges", "56e76de800c9c71400d77126": "three", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9d": "Teaching in Canada requires a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree. In most provinces a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education", - "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9e": "the option to teach for a public school which is funded by the provincial government or teaching in a private school which is funded by the private sector", - "56e76ea737bdd419002c3fa1": "the private sector", + "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9e": "Teaching in Canada requires a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree. In most provinces a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education", + "56e76ea737bdd419002c3fa1": "Teaching in Canada requires a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree. In most provinces a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712c": "Teaching Education Studies", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712d": "Teaching Education Studies", - "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712e": "elementary schools (Grundschule", - "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712f": "Bundesbesoldungsordnung", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712e": "Teaching Education Studies", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712f": "Teaching Education Studies", "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130": "higher level secondary schools (Gymnasium", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77137": "Extra", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77138": "27,814", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77139": "27,814", "56e7714a00c9c71400d7713a": "90", - "56e7721500c9c71400d77140": "the Teaching Council", + "56e7721500c9c71400d77140": "30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001, a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching post - who is not registered with the Teaching Council", "56e7721500c9c71400d77141": "Section 30", - "56e7721500c9c71400d77142": "Teaching Council Act 2001", + "56e7721500c9c71400d77142": "30", "56e7721500c9c71400d77143": "Section 30", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbb": "2006", - "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbc": "the teaching profession", - "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbe": "the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role\". Existing staff will be vetted on a phased basis", - "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbf": "the school in any capacity", + "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbc": "2006", + "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbe": "2006", + "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbf": "2006", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714a": "September", - "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714b": "20,133 to \u00a341,004 in September 2007", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714b": "41,004 in September 2007", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714c": "20", - "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714d": "least", - "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714e": "September 2007", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd5": "Many counties offer alternative licensing programs", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd6": ", especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd7": ", especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd8": "Excellent job opportunities", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714d": "41,004 in September 2007", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714e": "September", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd5": "retirements", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd6": "retirements", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd7": "retirements", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd8": "retirements", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd9": "retirements", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715c": "the General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715d": "Teaching", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715e": "seven", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715f": "the seven Scottish Universities", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d77160": "the seven Scottish Universities who offer these courses. Once successfully completed, \"Provisional Registration", - "56e7770037bdd419002c3fdf": "April 2008", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715c": "Provisional Registration", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715d": "Teaching in Scotland", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715e": "seven Scottish Universities", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715f": "ITE) at one of the seven Scottish Universities who offer these courses. Once successfully completed, \"Provisional Registration", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d77160": "Provisional Registration", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fdf": "6 years teaching, but could then go on to earn up to \u00a339,942 as they complete the modules to earn Chartered Teacher Status", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe0": "20,427", - "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe1": "20,427", - "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe2": "6", - "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe3": "the main ones being the Educational Institute of Scotland", - "56e777e500c9c71400d77176": "certain respects", - "56e777e500c9c71400d77177": "the medium of Welsh", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe1": "20,427 for a Probationer, up to \u00a332,583", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe2": "20,427 for a Probationer, up to \u00a332,583", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe3": "6 years teaching, but could then go on to earn up to \u00a339,942 as they complete the modules to earn Chartered Teacher Status", + "56e777e500c9c71400d77176": "a significant number of students all over Wales are educated either wholly or largely through the medium of Welsh: in 2008/09", + "56e777e500c9c71400d77177": "2008/09", "56e777e500c9c71400d77178": "lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16", - "56e777e500c9c71400d77179": "22 per cent", - "56e777e500c9c71400d7717a": "Welsh medium education", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77180": "Teachers in Wales can be registered members of trade unions", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77181": "the average age of teachers in Wales is falling", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77182": "between 2005 and 2010", + "56e777e500c9c71400d77179": "2008/09", + "56e777e500c9c71400d7717a": "the sole or main medium of instruction. Welsh medium education is available to all age groups through nurseries", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77180": "Teachers", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77181": "recent years", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77182": "2005 and 2010", "56e7788200c9c71400d77183": "WT", "56e7788200c9c71400d77184": "teachers in Welsh schools", - "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd": "the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools", + "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd": "three", "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffe": "ten", - "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff": "the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools", + "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff": "temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics", "56e7796637bdd419002c4000": "Many charter schools", "56e7796637bdd419002c4001": "No Child Left Behind", - "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718a": "51,009", - "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718b": "recent years", - "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718c": "51,009", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718a": "51", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718b": "51,009", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718c": "51", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718d": "elementary school teachers had the lowest median salary earning $39,259", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718e": "TeachersPayTeachers.com", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77194": "There are many forms of spiritual or religious teachers", - "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77196": "a stronger tradition of spiritual formation", + "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77196": "the latter case often a youth pastor", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77197": "Rome", - "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77198": "three", + "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77198": "three major traditions - (Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401d": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", - "56e77c6737bdd419002c401e": "the LDS Church, often a trusted friend, who may hold any office, from Elder to Bishop", - "56e77c6737bdd419002c401f": "spiritual mentorship", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c401e": "Bishop", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c401f": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "56e77c6737bdd419002c4020": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", - "56e77c6737bdd419002c4021": "Even Priesthood representatives are expected", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c4021": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a8": "a guru", - "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9": "the emphasis on spiritual mentorship", - "56e77cee00c9c71400d771aa": "lives of their disciples", + "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9": "many traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship", + "56e77cee00c9c71400d771aa": "the lives of their disciples", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771ab": "traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West", "56e77da237bdd419002c403b": "Lama", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403c": "A Lama who has through phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403d": "Tulku", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403e": "many times", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403f": ", in order to continue their Bodhisattva vow is called a Tulku", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b0": "the teaching of one of the Four Schools of Jurisprudence", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b1": "the teaching of one of the Four Schools of Jurisprudence", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b2": "the teaching of one of the Four Schools of Jurisprudence. In the more spiritual or mystical Islamic tradition of Sufism", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b3": "the Five Pillars", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403c": "Lama", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403d": "teachers of Dharma in Tibet", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403e": "Lama. A Lama who has through phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn, often many times", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403f": "Lama", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b0": "teachers", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b1": "teachers", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b2": "Jurisprudence. In the more spiritual or mystical Islamic tradition of Sufism", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b3": "teachers", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b4": "saints", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf5": "1483", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf6": "18 February 1546", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf7": "several teachings and practices", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf8": "freedom from God's punishment", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf9": "the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520", - "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727a": "Luther taught that salvation", - "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727b": "free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ", - "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727c": "the Pope", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf5": "1483 \u2013 18 February 1546", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf6": "1483 \u2013 18 February 1546", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf7": "Ninety-Five Theses of 1517", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf8": "1483 \u2013 18 February 1546", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf9": "20", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727a": "the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God and opposed sacerdotalism", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727b": "salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727c": "the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God and opposed sacerdotalism", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727d": "Bible", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727e": "holy priesthood", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17284": "vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture", - "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17285": "standard", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17285": "vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17286": "Ty", - "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17287": "Ty", - "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17288": "Katharina von Bora", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728e": "83", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728f": "83", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17290": "Eisleben", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17291": "Catholic", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17292": "eldest son, become a lawyer", - "56f7e9caaef2371900625c56": "the age of 19, he entered the University of Erfurt", - "56f7e9caaef2371900625c57": "the age of 19, he entered the University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse", - "56f7e9caaef2371900625c58": "at four", - "56f7e9caaef2371900625c59": "the age of 19, he entered the University of Erfurt", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17287": "vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17288": "Katharina", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728e": "1483", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728f": "1483", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17290": "1483 in Eisleben", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17291": "1483 in Eisleben, Saxony, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He was baptized as a Catholic", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17292": "1498. The three schools focused on the so-called \"trivium\": grammar, rhetoric, and logic", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c56": "Erfurt", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c57": "the University of Erfurt", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c58": "Erfurt", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c59": "Erfurt", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c5a": "master's degree in 1505", - "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cd": "law school", - "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172ce": "the same university that year but dropped out almost immediately, believing that law represented uncertainty", - "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cf": "theology and philosophy", - "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d0": "Trutfetter", - "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d1": "God", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d7": "terrified of death and divine judgment", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d8": "thunderstorm, a lightning bolt", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d9": "the door of the Black Cloister", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172da": "One friend", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172db": "furious over what he saw as a waste of Luther's education", - "56f7ef96aef2371900625c74": "the merits of Christ", - "56f7ef96aef2371900625c75": "the merits of Christ. He taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cd": "almost", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172ce": "theology", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cf": "theology", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d0": "Trutfetter, who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d1": "Aristotle", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d7": "Erfurt", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d8": "Erfurt", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d9": "Erfurt", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172da": "17 July 1505. One friend", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172db": "Erfurt", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c74": "Johann von Staupitz", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c75": "Johann von Staupitz", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c76": "Christ the Savior", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c77": "Johann von Staupitz, his superior, pointed Luther's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ", - "56f7ef96aef2371900625c78": "true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c78": "true repentance", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172eb": "7", - "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ec": "in 1508", - "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ed": "theology", - "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ee": "March", - "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ef": "bachelor's degree in Biblical studies", - "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb0": "19 October 1512", - "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb1": "21 October", - "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb2": "Doctor in Bible. He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg", - "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb3": "rest", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ec": "von Staupitz", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ed": "von Staupitz", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ee": "March 1508", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ef": "March 1508", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb0": "19", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb1": "21 October 1512", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb2": "19 October 1512, he was awarded his Doctor of Theology", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb3": "19 October 1512, he was awarded his Doctor of Theology", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb4": "Theology", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17367": "In 1516", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17368": "Johann Tetzel", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17369": "Roman Catholic theology", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736a": "the Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Roman Catholic theology", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736b": "the Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Roman Catholic theology", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17367": "16", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17368": "16", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17369": "St. Peter's Basilica in Rome", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736a": "St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Roman Catholic theology", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736b": "charity", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5e": "October 1517", - "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5f": "Mainz", + "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5f": "Albert of Mainz", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d60": "The Ninety-Five Theses", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d61": "Thesis 86", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d62": "Thesis 86", - "56f80143aef2371900625d68": "a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel", + "56f80143aef2371900625d68": "the soul", "56f80143aef2371900625d69": "Johann Tetzel", - "56f80143aef2371900625d6a": "Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings", - "56f80143aef2371900625d6b": "Johann Tetzel", + "56f80143aef2371900625d6a": "Johann Tetzel", + "56f80143aef2371900625d6b": "Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory (also attested as 'into heaven", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17377": ", must not slacken in following Christ", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17378": ", must not slacken in following Christ", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17379": ", must not slacken in following Christ", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17378": "forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17379": "God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737a": ", must not slacken in following Christ", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737b": "Christ", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737b": "following Christ", "56f8046faef2371900625d71": "Tetzel", - "56f8046faef2371900625d72": "the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead, his teaching on indulgences for the living was in line with Catholic dogma", + "56f8046faef2371900625d72": "Tetzel overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead", "56f8046faef2371900625d73": "Tetzel overstated the matter", - "56f8046faef2371900625d74": "the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead, his teaching on indulgences for the living was in line with Catholic dogma of the time", - "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17387": ", though it is thought that he was not in Wittenberg", - "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17388": "the story of the posting on the door, even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history, has little foundation in truth", - "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17389": "Philipp Melanchthon", + "56f8046faef2371900625d74": "Tetzel overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17387": "G\u00f6tz Trenkler", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17388": "truth", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17389": "by Philipp Melanchthon", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738a": "Philipp Melanchthon, though it is thought that he was not in Wittenberg", - "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738b": "Trenkler", - "56f8074faef2371900625d79": "January 1518", - "56f8074faef2371900625d7a": "history to be aided by the printing press", - "56f8074faef2371900625d7b": "ses", - "56f8074faef2371900625d7c": "Within two weeks", - "56f8074faef2371900625d7d": ", copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany; within two months", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738b": "G\u00f6tz Trenkler", + "56f8074faef2371900625d79": "18", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7a": "18", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7b": "18", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7c": "18", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7d": "18", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17391": "19", - "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17392": "thronged to Wittenberg", + "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17392": "19", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17393": "Three of his best-known works were published in 1520", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17394": "Three of his best-known works were published in 1520", - "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395": "Three", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739b": "the central truths of Christianity. The most important for Luther was the doctrine of justification", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739c": "the use of terms such as penance and righteousness", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739d": "the central truths", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739e": "truths", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739f": "whole Christian doctrine", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d83": "God", + "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395": "Three of his best-known works were published in 1520", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739b": "20", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739c": "20", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739d": "20", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739e": "the central truths", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739f": "chief article of the whole Christian doctrine", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d83": "God. This teaching by Luther was clearly expressed in his 1525", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d84": "25", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d85": "alone", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d86": ". He explained his concept of \"justification", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d87": "Romans 1:17) lives by faith", - "56f80e1daef2371900625d8d": "Luther", - "56f80e1daef2371900625d8e": "Luther", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d85": "On the Bondage of the Will, which was written in response to On Free Will by Desiderius Erasmus (1524", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d86": "On the Bondage of the Will, which was written in response to On Free Will by Desiderius Erasmus (1524", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d87": "Romans 1:17", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d8d": "rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d8e": "rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8f": "rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation", - "56f80e1daef2371900625d90": "two", - "56f80fdfaef2371900625d95": "Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg did not reply", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d90": "Luther's rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d95": "Theses. He had the theses checked for heresy and in December 1517", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d96": "Rome", - "56f80fdfaef2371900625d97": "off", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d97": "17", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d98": "St Peter's Church in Rome", - "56f80fdfaef2371900625d99": "December", - "56f811bdaef2371900625d9f": "X", - "56f811bdaef2371900625da0": "the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys", - "56f811bdaef2371900625da1": "October", - "56f811bdaef2371900625da2": "October", - "56f811bdaef2371900625da3": "the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys", - "56f81393aef2371900625da9": "January 1519", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d99": "17", + "56f811bdaef2371900625d9f": "Rome. The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg, where the Imperial Diet was held. There, in October 1518", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da0": "Rome. The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg, where the Imperial Diet was held. There, in October 1518", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da1": "18", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da2": "Rome. The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg, where the Imperial Diet was held. There, in October 1518", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da3": "Rome. The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg, where the Imperial Diet was held. There, in October 1518", + "56f81393aef2371900625da9": "Karl", "56f81393aef2371900625daa": "Karl", - "56f81393aef2371900625dab": "Eck", + "56f81393aef2371900625dab": "Karl", "56f81393aef2371900625dac": "Matthew 16:18", - "56f81393aef2371900625dad": ", and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible. For this, Eck branded Luther a new Jan Hus", - "56f81537aef2371900625db3": "June 1520", - "56f81537aef2371900625db4": "41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses", - "56f81537aef2371900625db5": "41", + "56f81393aef2371900625dad": "Karl", + "56f81537aef2371900625db3": "20", + "56f81537aef2371900625db4": "21", + "56f81537aef2371900625db5": "41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days", "56f81537aef2371900625db6": "Karl", "56f81537aef2371900625db7": "3 January 1521", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f1": "the ban on the 95 Theses fell to the secular authorities", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f1": "Theses fell to the secular authorities. On 18 April 1521", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f2": "18 April 1521", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f3": "Diet of Worms", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f4": "Emperor", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f3": "21", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f4": "21", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f5": "Prince Frederick III", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fb": "Johann Eck", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fc": "Archbishop", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fd": "Johann Eck", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe": ", but requested time to think about the answer to the second question. He prayed, consulted friends, and gave his response the next day", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fb": "Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fc": "Archbishop of Trier", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fd": "Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe": "Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173ff": "Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier", - "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17415": "the end of this speech, Luther raised", - "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17416": "the end of this speech, Luther raised his arm \"in the traditional salute of a knight", + "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17415": "raised his arm \"in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout.\" Michael Mullett", + "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17416": "the end of this speech, Luther raised his arm \"in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout.\" Michael Mullett", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17417": "Michael Mullett", - "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17418": "a \"world classic", - "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17427": "recant his writings. He is sometimes also quoted as saying: \"Here I stand. I can do no other", + "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17418": "Michael Mullett", + "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17427": "quoted", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17428": "sometimes", - "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17429": ", Mullett", - "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e1742a": "the more dramatic", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e17439": "the next five days, private conferences were held to determine Luther's fate. The Emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743a": "25 May 1521", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743b": "Emperor", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743c": "the next five days, private conferences were held to determine Luther's fate. The Emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743d": "kill Luther without legal consequence", - "56f82989aef2371900625e6b": "the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach", - "56f82989aef2371900625e6c": "the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach", + "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17429": "quoted", + "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e1742a": "Mullett", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e17439": "21", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743a": "21", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743b": "21", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743c": "21", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743d": "21", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6b": "III", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6c": "III", "56f82989aef2371900625e6d": "the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach", - "56f82989aef2371900625e6e": "the New Testament", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6e": "III", "56f82989aef2371900625e6f": "Mainz", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17457": "every good work designed to attract God's favor is a sin", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17458": "God's grace", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17459": "1 August 1521", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745a": "the", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745b": "the world. We will commit sins while we are here, for this life is not a place", - "56f84485aef2371900625f71": "the summer of 1521", - "56f84485aef2371900625f72": "On the Abrogation of the Private Mass, he condemned as idolatry", - "56f84485aef2371900625f73": "the Private Mass", - "56f84485aef2371900625f74": "the whole congregation. His essay On Confession, Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It rejected compulsory confession", - "56f84485aef2371900625f75": "Monastic Vows", - "56f845dba6d7ea1400e17519": "prophecy, in which he broadened the foundations of the Reformation placing them on prophetic faith", - "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751a": "the power of the Papacy. So too was the Little Horn of Daniel 7", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17457": "21", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17458": "21", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17459": "21", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745a": "21", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745b": "21", + "56f84485aef2371900625f71": "21", + "56f84485aef2371900625f72": "21", + "56f84485aef2371900625f73": "21", + "56f84485aef2371900625f74": "21", + "56f84485aef2371900625f75": "21", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e17519": "Thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the Papacy. So too was the Little Horn of Daniel 7", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751a": "Thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the Papacy. So too was the Little Horn of Daniel 7", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751b": "prophecy", - "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751c": "8", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751c": "Thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the Papacy. So too was the Little Horn of Daniel 7", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d": "Thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the Papacy. So too was the Little Horn of Daniel 7", - "56f84760aef2371900625f81": "the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas Karlstadt", - "56f84760aef2371900625f82": "Andreas Karlstadt", - "56f84760aef2371900625f83": "Insurrection and Rebellion", - "56f84760aef2371900625f84": "Insurrection and Rebellion. Wittenberg became even more volatile after Christmas when a band of visionary zealots", - "56f84760aef2371900625f85": "the town council", + "56f84760aef2371900625f81": "21", + "56f84760aef2371900625f82": "Andreas Karlstadt, supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling, embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521", + "56f84760aef2371900625f83": "21", + "56f84760aef2371900625f84": "21", + "56f84760aef2371900625f85": "21", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e1752f": "6 March", - "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17530": "the Elector: \"During my absence, Satan", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17530": "March", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17531": "eight", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17532": "eight", - "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17533": "violence", - "56f84a60aef2371900625f9d": "the way of the truth", - "56f84a60aef2371900625f9e": "Schurf", - "56f84a60aef2371900625f9f": "sixth", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17533": "eight", + "56f84a60aef2371900625f9d": "The effect of Luther's intervention was immediate. After the sixth sermon, the Wittenberg", + "56f84a60aef2371900625f9e": "The effect of Luther's intervention was immediate. After the sixth sermon, the Wittenberg", + "56f84a60aef2371900625f9f": "sixth sermon, the Wittenberg", "56f84a60aef2371900625fa0": "Dr. Martin's return spread among us! His words, through divine mercy", - "56f84a60aef2371900625fa1": "the way of the truth", - "56f84b68aef2371900625fa7": "order", - "56f84b68aef2371900625fa8": "conservative force", + "56f84a60aef2371900625fa1": "Dr. Martin's return spread among us! His words, through divine mercy", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fa7": "the authorities to restore public order", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fa8": "the authorities to restore public order", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa9": "the authorities to restore public order, he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation. After banishing the Zwickau prophets", - "56f84b68aef2371900625faa": "social unrest and violence", - "56f84b68aef2371900625fab": "the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb1": "Zwickau prophet Nicholas Storch", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb2": "the German Peasants' War", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb3": "24", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb4": "the 15th century", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb5": "upper classes", - "56f84e63aef2371900625fc1": "temporal authorities", - "56f84e63aef2371900625fc2": "Thuringia", - "56f84e63aef2371900625fc3": "Against", - "56f84e63aef2371900625fc4": "Against", - "56f84e63aef2371900625fc5": "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754b": "three", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754c": "Christ", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754d": "St. Paul", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754e": "the doctrine known as the Divine Right of Kings", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754f": "death in body and soul", - "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755d": "the Battle of Frankenhausen", - "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755e": "the Swabian League at the Battle of Frankenhausen", + "56f84b68aef2371900625faa": "violence", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fab": "the authorities", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb1": "Storch", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb2": "Thomas M\u00fcntzer helped instigate the German Peasants' War of 1524", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb3": "Thomas M\u00fcntzer helped instigate the German Peasants' War of 1524", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb4": "Thomas M\u00fcntzer helped instigate the German Peasants' War of 1524", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb5": "Thomas M\u00fcntzer helped instigate the German Peasants' War of 1524", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc1": "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, written on his return to Wittenberg", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc2": "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, written on his return to Wittenberg", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc3": "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, written on his return to Wittenberg", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc4": "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, written on his return to Wittenberg", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc5": "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, written on his return to Wittenberg", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754b": "Lastly, Luther charged the rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves \"Christian brethren", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754c": "Lastly, Luther charged the rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves \"Christian brethren", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754d": "St. Paul had written in his epistle to the Romans 13:1\u20137", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754e": "Divine Right of Kings", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754f": "Lastly, Luther charged the rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves \"Christian brethren", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755d": "the Swabian League at the Battle of Frankenhausen on 15 May 1525", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755e": "Battle of Frankenhausen", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755f": "Battle of Frankenhausen", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17560": "Battle of Frankenhausen", - "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17561": "Reformation flourished under the wing of the secular powers", - "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756d": "Katharina von Bora", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17561": "the wing of the secular powers", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756d": "Katharina von Bora, one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756e": "April 1523", - "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756f": "26", - "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17570": "41", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756f": "Katharina von Bora, one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17570": "Katharina von Bora, one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17571": "April 1523", - "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17577": "13", - "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17578": "evening", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17577": "13 June 1525", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17578": "13 June 1525", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17579": "27", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757a": "27", - "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757b": "the evening of the same day, the couple was married by Bugenhagen", - "56f855caaef2371900625ff3": "the seal of approval", - "56f855caaef2371900625ff4": ", but Luther", - "56f855caaef2371900625ff5": "grounds", - "56f855caaef2371900625ff6": "wedlock because I daily expect the death of a heretic", - "56f855caaef2371900625ff7": "Melanchthon, who called it reckless", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757b": "13 June 1525", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff3": "30 November 1524", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff4": "30 November 1524", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff5": "30 November 1524", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff6": "30 November 1524", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff7": "Melanchthon, who called it reckless. Luther had written to George Spalatin on 30 November 1524", "56f8575aaef2371900625ffd": "The Black Cloister", - "56f8575aaef2371900625ffe": "a former monastery, \"The Black Cloister", - "56f8575aaef2371900625fff": "six", - "56f8575aaef2371900626000": "August 1526", - "56f8575aaef2371900626001": "Katharina helped the couple earn a living by farming", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175af": "His Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b0": "a supervisory church body", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b1": "service", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b2": "two catechisms", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b3": "territorial church including all in a given locality", - "56f85bb8aef237190062600f": "extreme change. He also did not wish", - "56f85bb8aef2371900626010": "the church in the Electorate of Saxony", - "56f85bb8aef2371900626011": "adviser", - "56f85bb8aef2371900626012": "John", - "56f85bb8aef2371900626013": "the beginning of a questionable and originally unintended development towards a church government", - "56f85cf0aef2371900626019": "early 1526", - "56f85cf0aef237190062601a": "replacement", - "56f85cf0aef237190062601b": "the \"simple people", - "56f85cf0aef237190062601c": "everything", - "56f85cf0aef237190062601d": "freedom of ceremony", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c3": "the new order of worship during their visitation of the Electorate of Saxony, which began in 1527", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c4": "the new order of worship during their visitation of the Electorate of Saxony, which began in 1527", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c5": "standard of pastoral care and Christian education", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c6": "doctrine", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c7": "teaching", - "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cd": "the catechism", + "56f8575aaef2371900625ffe": "The Black Cloister", + "56f8575aaef2371900625fff": "The Black Cloister", + "56f8575aaef2371900626000": "The Black Cloister", + "56f8575aaef2371900626001": "The Black Cloister", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175af": "26", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b0": "catechisms", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b1": "29", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b2": "catechisms", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b3": "the direction in which he moved.\" From 1525 to 1529", + "56f85bb8aef237190062600f": "28", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626010": "28", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626011": "Parish Pastors in Electoral Saxony (1528", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626012": "28", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626013": "28", + "56f85cf0aef2371900626019": "demands for a German liturgy, Luther wrote a German Mass, which he published in early 1526", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601a": "demands for a German liturgy, Luther wrote a German Mass, which he published in early 1526", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601b": "26", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601c": "26", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601d": "trappings such as the Mass vestments, altar, and candles were made optional, allowing freedom of ceremony", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c3": "27", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c4": "27", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c5": "27", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c6": "27", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c7": "27", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cd": "29", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175ce": "29", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cf": "29", - "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d0": "Small Catechism", - "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d1": "questions", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d0": "29", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d1": "29", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d7": "The catechism", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d8": "the Bible", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d9": "none of them", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175da": "model of clear religious teaching", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db": "Bible", - "56f86966aef2371900626053": "parents", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d8": "The catechism", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d9": "The catechism", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175da": "The catechism", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db": "translation of the Bible", + "56f86966aef2371900626053": "three persons of the Trinity, each of which works in the catechumen's life. That is, Luther depicted the Trinity", "56f86966aef2371900626054": "arger Catechism was effective for pastors", - "56f86966aef2371900626055": "the German vernacular, they expressed the Apostles' Creed in simpler, more personal, Trinitarian language", - "56f86966aef2371900626056": "three", - "56f86966aef2371900626057": "the Father", - "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f5": "22", + "56f86966aef2371900626055": "three persons of the Trinity, each of which works in the catechumen's life. That is, Luther depicted the Trinity", + "56f86966aef2371900626056": "three persons of the Trinity, each of which works in the catechumen's life. That is, Luther depicted the Trinity", + "56f86966aef2371900626057": "Salvation", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f5": "34", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f6": "34", - "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f7": "translation", - "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f8": "the word \"alone\" after \"faith\" in Romans 3:28", - "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f9": "Faith", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f7": "34", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f8": "3:28", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f9": "34", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17605": "the Saxon chancellery", - "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17606": "northern", - "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17607": "the Saxon chancellery, intelligible to both northern and southern Germans", - "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17608": "the Bible accessible to everyday Germans", - "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17609": "difficulties", - "56f86e91aef2371900626067": "rising demand for German-language publications", - "56f86e91aef2371900626068": "a popular and influential Bible translation", - "56f86e91aef2371900626069": "the evolution of the German language and literature", - "56f86e91aef237190062606a": "by Lucas Cranach", - "56f86e91aef237190062606b": "Ty", - "56f87000aef2371900626071": "hy", - "56f87000aef2371900626072": "the singing of German hymns in connection with worship, school, home, and the public arena. He often accompanied the sung hymns", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17606": "the Saxon chancellery", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17607": "the Saxon chancellery", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17608": "Luther's translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17609": "the Saxon chancellery", + "56f86e91aef2371900626067": "The Luther Bible", + "56f86e91aef2371900626068": "The Luther Bible", + "56f86e91aef2371900626069": "anti-papal imagery, it played a major role in the spread of Luther's doctrine", + "56f86e91aef237190062606a": "by", + "56f86e91aef237190062606b": "The Luther Bible", + "56f87000aef2371900626071": "hymn-writer", + "56f87000aef2371900626072": "hymn-writer, authoring hymns such as \"Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott", "56f87000aef2371900626073": "a lute", "56f87000aef2371900626074": "a lute", - "56f87000aef2371900626075": "20th century", + "56f87000aef2371900626075": "20", "56f8720eaef237190062608f": "the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views, prompting Luther", - "56f8720eaef2371900626090": "the title and first line \"Flung", - "56f8720eaef2371900626091": "the execution of Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes", - "56f8720eaef2371900626092": "John C. Messenger", - "56f8720eaef2371900626093": "the Heedless Winds", - "56f87392aef2371900626099": "Wir glauben all an einen Gott", - "56f87392aef237190062609a": "Luther's 1524 creedal hymn \"Wir glauben all an einen Gott", - "56f87392aef237190062609b": "the Apostles' Creed", - "56f87392aef237190062609c": "24", + "56f8720eaef2371900626090": "Heinrich Voes", + "56f8720eaef2371900626091": "Heinrich Voes", + "56f8720eaef2371900626092": "John C. Messenger's translation by the title and first line \"Flung", + "56f8720eaef2371900626093": "the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views, prompting Luther", + "56f87392aef2371900626099": "24", + "56f87392aef237190062609a": "20", + "56f87392aef237190062609b": "three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring Luther's 1529", + "56f87392aef237190062609c": "vernacular Lutheran liturgies as early as 1525", "56f87392aef237190062609d": "20", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e1766f": "38", - "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17670": "the Lord's Prayer have adopted Luther's tune", - "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17671": "a liturgical setting of the Lord's Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions", - "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17672": "extant manuscript shows multiple revisions", - "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17673": "20th-century versifications of the Lord's Prayer have adopted Luther's tune", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17670": "38", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17671": "Lord's Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17672": "20", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17673": "20", "56f87760aef23719006260cc": "23", - "56f87760aef23719006260cd": "the theme of \"grace alone\" more fully. Because it expressed essential Reformation doctrine, this expanded version of \"Aus tiefer Not", - "56f87760aef23719006260ce": "psalm-hymns", - "56f87760aef23719006260cf": "Achtliederbuch", - "56f87760aef23719006260d0": "doctrine", - "56f879bdaef23719006260de": "the main hymn (Hauptlied", - "56f879bdaef23719006260df": "Oh God, look down from heaven", - "56f879bdaef23719006260e0": "the main hymn (Hauptlied", + "56f87760aef23719006260cd": "23", + "56f87760aef23719006260ce": "23", + "56f87760aef23719006260cf": "23", + "56f87760aef23719006260d0": "23", + "56f879bdaef23719006260de": "Te Deum as \"Herr Gott", + "56f879bdaef23719006260df": "Te Deum as \"Herr Gott", + "56f879bdaef23719006260e0": "lied", "56f879bdaef23719006260e1": "two", - "56f879bdaef23719006260e2": "It became known as the German", - "56f87e95aef237190062610a": "the structure and substance of his questions and answers concerning baptism", - "56f87e95aef237190062610b": "preexisting Johann Walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of Psalm 67", + "56f879bdaef23719006260e2": "Te Deum as \"Herr Gott", + "56f87e95aef237190062610a": "41", + "56f87e95aef237190062610b": "67", "56f87e95aef237190062610c": "67", "56f87e95aef237190062610d": "J. S. Bach", - "56f87e95aef237190062610e": "Heintz", - "56f88025aef237190062611e": "hymnals", + "56f87e95aef237190062610e": "41", + "56f88025aef237190062611e": "Erfurt", "56f88025aef237190062611f": "eight", "56f88025aef2371900626120": "18 of 26", - "56f88025aef2371900626121": "24", - "56f88025aef2371900626122": "Johann Walter, Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn, all published in 1524", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f3": "Luther's hymns inspired composers to write music. Johann Sebastian Bach", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f4": "chorale cantatas", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f5": "1707", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f6": "17", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f7": "hymns", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fd": "the views of John Calvin and Philipp Melanchthon, throughout his life Luther maintained that it was not false doctrine", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fe": "the idea of torments for the saints", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176ff": "the existence of Purgatory", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17700": "existence", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17701": "a prepared bedchamber", - "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17707": "Franz Pieper", + "56f88025aef2371900626121": "Johann Walter, Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn, all published in 1524", + "56f88025aef2371900626122": "24", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f3": "91", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f4": "91", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f5": "91", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f6": "91", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f7": "91", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fd": "the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fe": "the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176ff": "the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17700": "existence of Purgatory", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17701": "the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints", + "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17707": "Franz Pieper observed that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17708": "Johann Gerhard", - "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17709": "Johann Gerhard", - "56f884cba6d7ea1400e1770a": "17", + "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17709": "Franz Pieper observed that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard", + "56f884cba6d7ea1400e1770a": "1755", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17723": "Gottfried Fritschel", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17724": "17", - "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17725": "17", - "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17726": "Gottfried Fritschel", - "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17727": "Gottfried Fritschel pointed out in 1867", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17725": "1765", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17726": "Gottfried Fritschel pointed out in 1867", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17727": "1867", "56f88c37aef2371900626176": "October 1529", - "56f88c37aef2371900626177": "Hesse", - "56f88c37aef2371900626178": "the Marburg Colloquy, to establish doctrinal unity", + "56f88c37aef2371900626177": "October 1529", + "56f88c37aef2371900626178": "29", "56f88c37aef2371900626179": "fourteen", "56f88c37aef237190062617a": "fourteen", - "56f88eafaef2371900626194": "the significance of the words spoken by Jesus", - "56f88eafaef2371900626195": "Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ", - "56f88eafaef2371900626196": "Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ", - "56f88eafaef2371900626197": "the significance of the words spoken by Jesus at the Last Supper", - "56f88eafaef2371900626198": "the significance of the words spoken by Jesus at the Last Supper", + "56f88eafaef2371900626194": "Last Supper: \"This is my body which is for you\" and \"This cup is the new covenant in my blood\" (1 Corinthians 11", + "56f88eafaef2371900626195": "Real Presence", + "56f88eafaef2371900626196": "insisted on the Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ", + "56f88eafaef2371900626197": "Last Supper", + "56f88eafaef2371900626198": "Last Supper", "56f8907faef23719006261b2": "30", "56f8907faef23719006261b3": "30", - "56f8907faef23719006261b4": "the Schmalkaldic League", - "56f8907faef23719006261b5": "The Swiss cities", - "56f8907faef23719006261b6": "Schmalkaldic League the following year by leading Protestant nobles", + "56f8907faef23719006261b4": "30", + "56f8907faef23719006261b5": "30", + "56f8907faef23719006261b6": "30", "56f895339e9bad19000a0177": "antit", - "56f895339e9bad19000a0178": "antithetical in the sense that questions of faith could not be illuminated by reason", - "56f895339e9bad19000a0179": "Reason", - "56f895339e9bad19000a017a": "reason", + "56f895339e9bad19000a0178": "antit", + "56f895339e9bad19000a0179": "antit", + "56f895339e9bad19000a017a": "antit", "56f895339e9bad19000a017b": "antit", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5d": "23", - "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5e": "the Reformation continued, Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion", - "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5f": "more hostile toward the Jews", - "56f897059b226e1400dd0c60": "the standards of sixteenth century Europe", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5e": "43", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5f": "43", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c60": "43", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c61": "43", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a5": "the time of the Marburg Colloquy, Suleiman the Magnificent was besieging Vienna", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a6": "the idea of a Holy War, \"as though our people were an army of Christians against the Turks", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a7": "punish Christians", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a8": "the Biblical apocalypse that would destroy the antichrist", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a9": "resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses", - "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9d": "a Latin translation of the Qur'an", - "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9e": "pamphlets", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a5": "Emperor Charles V", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a6": "Emperor Charles V", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a7": "29", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a8": "Emperor Charles V", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a9": "Emperor Charles V", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9d": "42", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9e": "42", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9f": "Mohammedanism", - "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca0": ", which he called \"Mohammedanism", - "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca1": ", which he called \"Mohammedanism", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022b": "37", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022c": "the time as pastor in Luther's birthplace, Eisleben", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022d": "14", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca0": "the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called \"Mohammedanism", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca1": "the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called \"Mohammedanism", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022b": "1494\u20131566) \u2013 serving at the time as pastor in Luther's birthplace, Eisleben", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022c": "1494\u20131566) \u2013 serving at the time as pastor in Luther's birthplace, Eisleben", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022d": "1494\u20131566) \u2013 serving at the time as pastor in Luther's birthplace, Eisleben", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022e": "1494\u20131566) \u2013 serving at the time as pastor in Luther's birthplace, Eisleben", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022f": "On the Councils", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0251": "the \"second use of the law,\" that is, the law as the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0252": "the one hand, what has been called the \"second use of the law,\" that is, the law as the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0253": "the gospel. Luther", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022f": "39", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0251": "Ten", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0252": "Ten", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0253": "Ten", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0254": "Ten", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0255": "three", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025b": "the other hand, Luther also points out that the Ten", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0255": "Ten", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025b": "Ten", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025c": "Ten", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025d": "third", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025e": "the other hand, Luther also points out that the Ten", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025d": "Ten", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025e": "Ten", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025f": "Ten", - "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da7": "baptism", - "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da8": "a present foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven", - "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da9": "eschatological", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02b9": "Landgrave of Hesse", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02ba": "39, Luther became implicated in the bigamy", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bb": "ladies", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bc": "next", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bd": "lasting", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02eb": "expelled Jews", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ec": "encountered Jews", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ed": "a theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people guilty of the murder of Christ", + "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da7": "Ten", + "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da8": "Ten", + "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da9": "Ten", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02b9": "39", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02ba": "39", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bb": "39", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bc": "39", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bd": "39", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02eb": "a local community that had expelled Jews some ninety years earlier", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ec": "the Messiah. But Luther believed that all human beings who set themselves against God were equally guilty. As early as 1516", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ed": "blasphemers and liars", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ee": "liars", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ef": ", or whatever they like, while they too, and equally, do not realize who or what they are in the sight of God\". In 1523", - "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e05": "Von", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ef": "23", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e05": "43", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e06": "43", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e07": "43", - "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e08": "Von den Juden und Ihren L\u00fcgen (On the Jews and Their Lies", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e08": "43", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e09": "Robert Michael", - "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3b": "the Jews", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3b": "Martin Luther", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3c": "Martin Luther", - "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3d": "perdition", - "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3e": "Strasbourg", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3d": "Martin", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3e": "Martin Luther", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3f": "80s", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e75": "Luther", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e76": "antisemitism", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e77": "the 1930s and 1940s", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e78": "the right to justify himself by triumphantly referring to Luther", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e79": "Julius Streicher", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e75": "Third Reich contained references to and quotations from Luther. Heinrich Himmler wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the Jews in 1940", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e76": "1930", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e77": "Third Reich contained references to and quotations from Luther. Heinrich Himmler wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the Jews in 1940", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e78": "Third Reich contained references to and quotations from Luther. Heinrich Himmler wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the Jews in 1940", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e79": "Der St\u00fcrmer, on his birthday in 1937; the newspaper", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a0389": "1941", - "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038a": "seven", - "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038b": "Diarmaid MacCulloch, Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford argued that Luther's writing was a \"blueprint", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038a": "1941", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038b": "1941", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038c": "1941", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038d": "Bishop", - "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03bf": "Nazis", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03bf": "Biographer Martin Brecht points out that \"There is a world of difference between his belief in salvation", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c0": "Biographer Martin Brecht", - "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c1": "anti-Semitism and thus provided material for the modern hatred of the Jews", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c1": "anti-Semitism", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c2": "18th and 19th centuries", - "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c3": "historian", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03db": "standard Christian suspicion of Judaism", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c3": "Roland Bainton, noted church historian", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03db": "anti-Semitism as a key element of German culture and national identity", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dc": "anti-Semitism as a key element of German culture and national identity", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dd": "hysterical and demonizing mentality", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03de": "anti-Semitism as a key element of German culture and national identity", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03df": "Third Reich used Luther's hostile publications towards the Jews and their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eed": "partly the product of a declining state of mind", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eee": "the product of a declining state of mind", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eef": "effect", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef0": "deliberately", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dd": "Rose", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03de": "Third Reich used Luther's hostile publications towards the Jews and their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03df": "Third Reich used Luther's hostile publications towards the Jews and their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eed": "Mark U. Edwards", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eee": "partly the product of a declining state of mind", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eef": "Polemics 1531\u201346", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef0": "diatribes", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef1": "1983", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f35": "1980s", - "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f36": "Strommen et al.'s 1970", - "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f37": "Richard (Dick) Geary, former Professor of Modern History", + "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f36": "1970", + "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f37": "1928-1933", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f38": "1928-1933", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f45": "tinnitus, and a cataract in one eye. From 1531 to 1546, his health deteriorated further", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f46": "scandal", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f47": "kidney and bladder stones, and arthritis", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f48": "M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f49": "December 1544, he began to feel the effects of angina", - "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f61": "poor physical health", - "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f62": "poor", - "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f63": "-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments. His wife Katharina", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f45": "tinnitus, and a cataract in one eye. From 1531 to 1546", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f46": "tinnitus, and a cataract in one eye. From 1531 to 1546", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f47": "36", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f48": "tinnitus, and a cataract in one eye. From 1531 to 1546", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f49": "tinnitus, and a cataract in one eye. From 1531 to 1546", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f61": "Katharina", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f62": "Katharina", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f63": "Katharina", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f64": "Katharina", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f65": "three", - "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7d": "at Eisleben", - "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7e": "at Eisleben, his place of birth, on 15 February 1546", - "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7f": "Eisleben", - "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f80": "territory", - "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f81": ", whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory", - "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a0": "Mans", - "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a1": "the negotiations for a settlement", - "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a2": "late 1545", - "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a3": "the negotiations for a settlement, and a third visit was needed in early 1546", - "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a4": ", was taken because of his concern for his siblings' families continuing in their father Hans Luther", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c6": "17 February", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c7": "After 8 a.m., he experienced chest pains", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c8": "Ps", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c9": "Ps", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04ca": "1 a.m. he awoke with more chest pain", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e0": "apoplectic stroke deprived him of his speech, and he died shortly afterwards", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e1": "18 February", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e2": "18 February", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e3": "Eisleben", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e4": "by his friends", - "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007": "paper", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7d": "at Eisleben, his place of birth, on 15 February 1546", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7e": "46", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7f": "46", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f80": "46", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f81": "46", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a0": "third visit was needed in early 1546", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a1": "third visit was needed in early 1546", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a2": "third visit was needed in early 1546", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a3": "third visit was needed in early 1546", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a4": "third visit was needed in early 1546", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c6": "17 February 1546", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c7": "17 February 1546", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c8": "17 February 1546", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c9": "31", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04ca": "17 February 1546", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e0": "18 February 1546", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e1": "18 February 1546", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e2": "18 February 1546", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e3": "18 February 1546", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e4": "18 February 1546", + "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007": "paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in Latin", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1008": "Latin", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009": "apart from \"We are beggars,\" which was in German", - "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0514": "the 1530s and 1540s, printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size were crucial to the spread of Protestantism", - "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0515": "images of frail Catholic saints", - "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0516": "the spread of Protestantism", - "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0517": "ascetic life of the medieval religious orders", - "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0518": "the spread of Protestantism", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0514": "30", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0515": "saints", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0516": "30", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0517": "ascetic life of the medieval religious orders. Famous images from this period include the woodcuts by Hans Brosamer (1530", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0518": "30", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103d": "18 February", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103e": "18 February", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103f": "31 October", - "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1040": "England", - "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1041": "England's Calendar of Saints", - "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": "SoCal", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1040": "18 February with a commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints. In the Church of England", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1041": "18 February with a commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": "Southern California, often abbreviated SoCal", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d5": "Southern California, often abbreviated SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises California's southernmost 10 counties. The region", - "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": "Southern California is a major economic center", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": "Southern California, often abbreviated SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d7": "demographics and economic ties", - "5705e26d75f01819005e76d8": "San Luis Obispo counties", - "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "the greater Southern California Megaregion", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d8": "10", + "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "10-county definitions are not used for the greater Southern California Megaregion", "5705e33f52bb89140068964d": "11", "5705e33f52bb89140068964e": "Las Vegas, Nevada", - "5705e33f52bb89140068964f": "the United States. The megaregion's area is more expansive, extending east into Las Vegas, Nevada, and south across the Mexican border", - "5705e33f52bb891400689650": "Tijuana", - "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": "the Pacific", + "5705e33f52bb89140068964f": "11", + "5705e33f52bb891400689650": "10-county", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": "seven", "5705e3f252bb89140068966b": "seven", "5705e3f252bb89140068966c": "seven", - "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": "three are heavy populated areas", - "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": "17", - "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": "the Colorado Desert", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": "seven", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": "seven", + "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": "the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona, and the Mojave Desert", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7705": "the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona, and the Mojave Desert", - "5705e4fe75f01819005e7706": "Mojave Desert", - "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "the Mexico\u2013United States border", - "5705e63175f01819005e7720": "3,792,621", + "5705e4fe75f01819005e7706": "the Mojave Desert", + "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona, and the Mojave Desert at the border with the state of Nevada. To the south", + "5705e63175f01819005e7720": "3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. To the south", "5705e63175f01819005e7721": "3,792,621", - "5705e63175f01819005e7722": "3", - "5705e63175f01819005e7723": "San Diego", - "5705e63175f01819005e7724": "the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. To the south", + "5705e63175f01819005e7722": "3,792,621", + "5705e63175f01819005e7723": "3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. To the south", + "5705e63175f01819005e7724": "3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. To the south", "5705e99452bb891400689688": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside", "5705e99452bb891400689689": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside", - "5705e99452bb89140068968a": "counties", - "5705e99452bb89140068968b": "the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties", - "5705e99452bb89140068968c": "the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": "Hollywood, a district", + "5705e99452bb89140068968a": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside", + "5705e99452bb89140068968b": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15", + "5705e99452bb89140068968c": "the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": "district", "5705eb3375f01819005e7765": "district", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": "Walt Disney Company", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": "The Walt Disney Company (which also owns ABC), Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures", "5705eb3375f01819005e7767": "The Walt Disney Company (which also owns ABC), Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": "Universal", - "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": "the island of Oahu in terms of famous", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": "20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers. Universal, Warner Brothers", + "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": "three", "5705ec1675f01819005e776f": "Tony Hawk", "5705ec1675f01819005e7770": "Shaun White", - "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": "Oahu", - "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": "Transpacific Yacht Race, or Transpac", + "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": "famous", + "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": "Transpac, from Los Angeles to Hawaii, is one of yachting's premier events. The San Diego Yacht Club", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b8": "the desert city of Palm Springs", - "5705eccb52bb8914006896b9": "the desert city of Palm Springs", - "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": ", and the desert city", - "5705eccb52bb8914006896bb": "the desert city", - "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "exactly", + "5705eccb52bb8914006896b9": "of Palm Springs", + "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": "the desert city of Palm Springs", + "5705eccb52bb8914006896bb": "tourists", + "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "37\u00b0 9' 58.23\"", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cb": "11", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cc": "ten", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cd": "the Tehachapi Mountains", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ce": "the Tehachapi Mountains", - "5705eee952bb8914006896de": "Mexico", - "5705eee952bb8914006896df": "ta California", - "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": "Mont", - "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": "the Compromise", + "5705eee952bb8914006896de": "northern boundary of southern California, such a division", + "5705eee952bb8914006896df": "Los Angeles in the lower part of Alta California", + "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": "Monterey in the upper part and Los Angeles", + "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": "36 degrees, 30 minutes, the line of the Missouri Compromise. Instead, the passing of the Compromise of 1850", "5705eee952bb8914006896e2": "1850", - "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": "inequitable taxes and land laws", - "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": "the lightly populated \"Cow Counties", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": "three", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": "pro-slavery southerners", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a6": "three", - "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": "75%", - "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": "atham", - "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": "the Los Angeles Times", - "5705f13d52bb8914006896f1": "1900", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": "1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status separate from Northern California. The last attempt, the Pico Act of 1859", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": "Washington, D.C. with a strong advocate in Senator Milton Latham", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": "1900, the Los Angeles Times", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f1": "1900, the Los Angeles Times", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f2": "1999", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f3": "1999", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f4": "1900", "5705f36452bb891400689718": "three", - "5705f36452bb891400689719": "two AAA Auto Clubs", - "5705f36452bb89140068971a": "three", - "5705f36452bb89140068971b": "Tehachapis", + "5705f36452bb891400689719": "three", + "5705f36452bb89140068971a": "either northern or southern California, in contrast to the three-region point of view", + "5705f36452bb89140068971b": "three", "5705f36452bb89140068971c": "the southern California region", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": "third most populated megalopolis in the United States", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": "Southern California consists of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the largest urban areas in the state, along with vast areas", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": "famous for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": "highways", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0": "international metropolitan region", - "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": "Camp Pendleton", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": "third", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": "Southern California", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": "famous", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": "famous for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0": "the center of its respective metropolitan area, composed of numerous smaller cities and communities. The urban area is also host to an international metropolitan region", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": "Temecula and Murrieta have as much connection with the San Diego metropolitan area as they do with the Inland Empire", "5705fb7f52bb891400689751": "Temecula and Murrieta have as much connection with the San Diego metropolitan area as they do with the Inland Empire", "5705fb7f52bb891400689752": "United States Census Bureau", "5705fb7f52bb891400689753": "L.A. and Orange Counties", - "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "the 1980s and 1990s", - "5705fc3a52bb89140068976a": "a Mediterranean", - "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": "Southern California contains a Mediterranean climate, with infrequent rain and many sunny days", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "1980s", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976a": "70", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": "70", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976c": "90", - "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": "rare", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": "70-50's, usually all of Southern California have Mediterranean climate. But snow is very rare", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976e": "70", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": "The region", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": "the vast deserts", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7843": "The region", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": "the state and country. The region spans from Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains, through the Trans", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": "Transverse and Peninsular Ranges with their peaks, into the large and small interior valleys, to the vast deserts", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": "the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7843": "Transverse and Peninsular Ranges", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": "Transverse and Peninsular Ranges with their peaks, into the large and small interior valleys, to the vast deserts", "5705fec152bb89140068977a": "10", - "5705fec152bb89140068977b": "Only several hundred", + "5705fec152bb89140068977b": "10,000 earthquakes. Nearly all of them are so small that they are not felt. Only several hundred are greater than magnitude 3", "5705fec152bb89140068977c": "6.7", - "5705fec152bb89140068977d": "$20 billion", - "5705fec152bb89140068977e": "property damage of any earthquake in U.S. history, estimated at over $20 billion", - "5705ffde52bb891400689784": "the San Andreas Fault", - "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "the San Andreas Fault", - "5705ffde52bb891400689786": "Other faults include the San Jacinto Fault, the Puente Hills Fault, and the Elsinore Fault Zone", + "5705fec152bb89140068977d": "20 billion", + "5705fec152bb89140068977e": "6.7", + "5705ffde52bb891400689784": "the San Andreas Fault, which can produce a magnitude 8.0", + "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "6.7", + "5705ffde52bb891400689786": "the San Jacinto Fault, the Puente Hills Fault", "5705ffde52bb891400689787": "USGS", - "5705ffde52bb891400689788": "USGS", + "5705ffde52bb891400689788": "the Elsinore Fault Zone. The USGS", "570602fa52bb89140068979e": "atmosphere", "570602fa52bb89140068979f": "global", "570602fa52bb8914006897a0": "usually", - "570603c475f01819005e7882": "United States Census", + "570603c475f01819005e7882": "2010 United States Census, southern California has a population of 22,680,010", "570603c475f01819005e7883": "rates", - "570603c475f01819005e7884": "10", - "570603c475f01819005e7885": "the Bay Area", - "570603c475f01819005e7886": "the northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay Area and an emerging Greater Sacramento region", - "5706074552bb8914006897d4": "El Centro metropolitan area and San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos metropolitan area form the Southern Border Region", - "5706074552bb8914006897d5": "two", - "5706074552bb8914006897d6": "two extended metropolitan areas that exceed five million in population", - "5706074552bb8914006897d7": "the Southern Border Region", - "5706074552bb8914006897d8": "17,786,419", - "570607f575f01819005e78b4": "Los", - "570607f575f01819005e78b5": "Los", + "570603c475f01819005e7884": "10.0%", + "570603c475f01819005e7885": "northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay Area", + "570603c475f01819005e7886": "the state average of 10.0%", + "5706074552bb8914006897d4": "eight", + "5706074552bb8914006897d5": "eight", + "5706074552bb8914006897d6": "eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas, one international metropolitan area, and multiple metropolitan divisions. The region is home to two", + "5706074552bb8914006897d7": "eight", + "5706074552bb8914006897d8": "17", + "570607f575f01819005e78b4": "3", + "570607f575f01819005e78b5": "3", "570607f575f01819005e78b6": "twelve", - "570607f575f01819005e78b7": "200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000 in population", + "570607f575f01819005e78b7": "200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100", "570607f575f01819005e78b8": "San Bernardino and Riverside", - "5706094b52bb8914006897de": "heavily", - "5706094b52bb8914006897df": "Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood", - "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": "housing bubble", - "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": "diverse and one of the largest in the United States", + "5706094b52bb8914006897de": "dependent", + "5706094b52bb8914006897df": "famous for tourism and Hollywood", + "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": "2001\u20132007", + "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": "famous", "5706094b52bb8914006897e2": "2007", "57060a1175f01819005e78d2": "1920s", - "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": "the 1920s, motion pictures, petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have been major industries. In one of the richest agricultural regions", - "57060a1175f01819005e78d5": "the 1920s, motion pictures, petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have been major industries. In one of the richest agricultural regions", - "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": "the richest agricultural regions", - "57060a1175f01819005e78d6": "the U.S., cattle and citrus were major industries until farmlands were turned into suburbs. Although military spending cutbacks", - "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": "Central business districts", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": "1920s, motion pictures", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d5": "1920s", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": "1920s, motion pictures, petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have been major industries. In one of the richest agricultural regions", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d6": "1920s, motion pictures", + "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": "many major business districts. Central business districts", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f9": "Central business districts", - "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": "Downtown", + "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": "Downtown Los Angeles", "57060cc352bb89140068980e": "Downtown", - "57060cc352bb89140068980f": "the Los Angeles Area are the major business districts of Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown", - "57060cc352bb891400689810": "San Fernando Valley", - "57060cc352bb891400689811": "Los Angeles itself has many business districts", - "57060df252bb891400689820": "The San Bernardino-Riverside area maintains the business districts of Downtown", - "57060df252bb891400689821": "The San Bernardino-Riverside area maintains the business districts of Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town", - "57060df252bb891400689822": "Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town", - "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": "Orange County", - "57060eaf75f01819005e7911": "University of California", - "57060eaf75f01819005e7912": "West Irvine includes the Irvine Tech Center and Jamboree Business Parks", + "57060cc352bb89140068980f": "Downtown", + "57060cc352bb891400689810": "Warner Center in the San Fernando Valley", + "57060cc352bb891400689811": "Century", + "57060df252bb891400689820": "Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town", + "57060df252bb891400689821": "University Town", + "57060df252bb891400689822": "Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": "Downtown", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7911": "University", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7912": "West Irvine", "57060eaf75f01819005e7913": "Downtown", - "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": "the University of California, Irvine. West Irvine includes the Irvine Tech Center and Jamboree Business Parks", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": "Downtown", "57060f3e75f01819005e7922": "Downtown", - "57060f3e75f01819005e7923": "Downtown", - "57060f3e75f01819005e7924": "Sorrento Mesa, and University City. Most of these districts", + "57060f3e75f01819005e7923": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts", + "57060f3e75f01819005e7924": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts", "57060f3e75f01819005e7925": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts", - "570610b275f01819005e792a": "Los Angeles International", - "570610b275f01819005e792b": "the United States by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic) and the third by international passenger volume (see Busiest", + "570610b275f01819005e792a": "the second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic) and the third", + "570610b275f01819005e792b": "third", "570610b275f01819005e792c": "third", - "570610b275f01819005e792d": "San Diego", + "570610b275f01819005e792d": "San Diego International Airport the busiest", "570610b275f01819005e792e": "Van Nuys", - "5706111a52bb89140068984c": "Metrolink", + "5706111a52bb89140068984c": "seven", "5706111a52bb89140068984d": "seven", "5706111a52bb89140068984e": "Six", "5706111a52bb89140068984f": "the seven", "570611c475f01819005e793c": "Los Angeles", "570611c475f01819005e793d": "Long Beach", - "570611c475f01819005e793e": "the United States' busiest commercial port; the adjacent Port of Long Beach", - "5706139252bb891400689864": "The Tech Coast", + "570611c475f01819005e793e": "Long", + "5706139252bb891400689864": "12", "5706139252bb891400689865": "12", - "5706139252bb891400689866": "California Institute of Technology", + "5706139252bb891400689866": "Institute of Technology", "5706139252bb891400689867": "5", "5706139252bb891400689868": "12", "5706143575f01819005e7950": "Los Angeles Rams", - "5706143575f01819005e7951": "NBA", - "5706143575f01819005e7952": "MLB", + "5706143575f01819005e7951": "Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, San Diego Padres); NHL (Los Angeles Kings", + "5706143575f01819005e7952": "Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, San Diego Padres); NHL (Los Angeles Kings", "5706143575f01819005e7953": "Los Angeles Kings", "5706143575f01819005e7954": "LA Galaxy", "5706149552bb891400689880": "2014", - "5706149552bb891400689881": "two Major League Soccer teams in Los Angeles \u2014 the LA Galaxy", + "5706149552bb891400689881": "2014, there were two Major League Soccer teams in Los Angeles \u2014 the LA Galaxy", "5706149552bb891400689882": "2014", - "5706149552bb891400689883": "the LA Galaxy and Chivas USA \u2014 that both played at the StubHub Center", - "5706149552bb891400689884": "2018", - "570614ff52bb89140068988a": "the Pac", - "570614ff52bb89140068988b": ", and there is a longtime rivalry", - "570614ff52bb89140068988c": "Tro", - "570614ff52bb89140068988d": "the Pac", - "570614ff52bb89140068988e": "the Pac-12 Conference", + "5706149552bb891400689883": "LA Galaxy", + "5706149552bb891400689884": "2014", + "570614ff52bb89140068988a": "UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans both field teams in NCAA Division I in the Pac", + "570614ff52bb89140068988b": "UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans both field teams in NCAA Division I in the Pac-12 Conference, and there is a longtime rivalry", + "570614ff52bb89140068988c": "Trojans both field teams in NCAA Division I in the Pac", + "570614ff52bb89140068988d": "UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans both field teams in NCAA Division I in the Pac", + "570614ff52bb89140068988e": "UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans both field teams in NCAA Division I in the Pac", "5706155352bb891400689894": "Rugby", "5706155352bb891400689895": "Rugby", - "5706155352bb891400689896": "southern California", + "5706155352bb891400689896": "Rugby", "57092322efce8f15003a7db0": "1990", - "57092322efce8f15003a7db1": "BSkyB", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db1": "1990", "57092322efce8f15003a7db2": "2014", - "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": "British Sky Broadcasting Group plc", - "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": "Sky UK Limited, still trading as Sky", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": "1990", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": "1990", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc4": "2006", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc5": "2006", - "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": "six", - "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": "six Premier League packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the remaining four for \u00a31.3bn", + "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": "2006", + "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": "2006", "57094b4f9928a814004714f6": "Three", "57094b4f9928a814004714f7": "Three", - "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": "three", + "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": "three BSkyB channels were available on this platform: Sky News, Sky Three", "57094b4f9928a814004714f9": "Three", "57094b4f9928a814004714fa": "Three", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": "Sky+ PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels. This changed as from 1 July 2007", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": "2007", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd7": "September 2007", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": "monthly fee", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": "January 2010", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": "the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels. This changed as from 1 July 2007", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": "2007", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": "2007", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": "2007", "57094d489928a8140047150a": "VideoGuard", "57094d489928a8140047150b": "Cisco Systems", "57094d489928a8140047150c": "Cisco Systems", - "57094d489928a8140047150d": "BSkyB", - "57094d489928a8140047150e": "Sky", - "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": "Media", + "57094d489928a8140047150d": "SkyB has design authority over all digital satellite receivers", + "57094d489928a8140047150e": "the others. This extends to the Personal video recorder (PVR) offering (branded Sky", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": "March 2007", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dfe": "2007", - "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": "the network on 1 March 2007", - "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "the basis that their new deal offered \"substantially more value\" by including HD channels and Video On Demand", - "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": "Video On Demand content", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": "March 2007", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "price", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": "price", "570960cf200fba1400367f01": "July 2013", "570960cf200fba1400367f02": "31 July 2013", - "570960cf200fba1400367f03": "27 January 2014", - "570960cf200fba1400367f04": "27 January 2014", - "570960cf200fba1400367f05": "the term \"SkyDrive\" infringed on Sky\u2019s right to the \"Sky\" trademark. On 31 July 2013", - "570961aa200fba1400367f15": "1993", - "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "four", - "570961aa200fba1400367f17": "2001", - "570961aa200fba1400367f18": "2001", - "570961aa200fba1400367f19": "3", - "570963a5200fba1400367f33": "BSkyB", - "570963a5200fba1400367f34": "the UK's most popular digital TV service until it was overtaken by Freeview in April 2007. Its corporate headquarters are based in Isleworth", - "570963a5200fba1400367f35": "11 million customers", - "570963a5200fba1400367f36": "Freeview in April 2007", - "57096505ed30961900e84082": "Sky Q Hub", - "57096505ed30961900e84083": "Wi-Fi or Power-line connection rather than receive their own satellite feeds. This allows all set top boxes in a household", + "570960cf200fba1400367f03": "2014", + "570960cf200fba1400367f04": "2014", + "570960cf200fba1400367f05": "2014", + "570961aa200fba1400367f15": "Rupert Murdoch", + "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "Rupert Murdoch", + "570961aa200fba1400367f17": "27 September 2001", + "570961aa200fba1400367f18": "27 September 2001", + "570961aa200fba1400367f19": "1993", + "570963a5200fba1400367f33": "British Sky Broadcasting", + "570963a5200fba1400367f34": "11 million customers as of 2015. It was the UK's most popular digital TV service until it was overtaken by Freeview in April 2007", + "570963a5200fba1400367f35": "11", + "570963a5200fba1400367f36": "2007", + "57096505ed30961900e84082": "three set top boxes (Sky Q, Sky Q Silver and Sky Q Mini), a broadband router (Sky Q Hub", + "57096505ed30961900e84083": "three", "57096505ed30961900e84084": "three", "57096505ed30961900e84085": "later", "57096505ed30961900e84086": "three", - "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": "DVB-compliant MPEG-2", + "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": "Sky News", "570966e0200fba1400367f50": "the Sky Movies and Sky Box Office", - "570966e0200fba1400367f51": "the DVB-S2 standard", - "570966e0200fba1400367f52": "Open", - "570966e0200fba1400367f53": "the DVB-S2 standard", + "570966e0200fba1400367f51": "Sky News", + "570966e0200fba1400367f52": "Sky News", + "570966e0200fba1400367f53": "Sky News", "570967c4ed30961900e840ba": "1998", - "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "the 28.5\u00b0", - "570967c4ed30961900e840bc": "the 28.5\u00b0", + "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "28", + "570967c4ed30961900e840bc": "1998", "570967c4ed30961900e840bd": "hundreds", "570967c4ed30961900e840be": "28.5\u00b0E came to be used almost exclusively for channels that broadcast to the United Kingdom", "5709686c200fba1400367f77": "2006", - "5709686c200fba1400367f78": "40", - "5709686c200fba1400367f79": "Thomson", + "5709686c200fba1400367f78": "17", + "5709686c200fba1400367f79": "17", "5709686c200fba1400367f7a": "17,000 customers had yet to receive the service due to failed deliveries", - "5709686c200fba1400367f7b": "31 March 2012, Sky announced the total number of homes with Sky+HD was 4,222,000", + "5709686c200fba1400367f7b": "17", "57096b66200fba1400367fa7": "three", "57096b66200fba1400367fa8": "March", "57096b66200fba1400367fa9": "March", - "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "Media", - "57096b66200fba1400367fab": "the BSkyB portfolio", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": "a monthly subscription, and some are pay-per-view services. To view the encrypted content", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": "a monthly subscription, and some are pay-per-view services. To view the encrypted content", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "a monthly subscription, and some are pay-per-view services. To view the encrypted content a VideoGuard UK equipped receiver", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "most", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "receiver", - "57096e1ced30961900e84102": "autumn", - "57096e1ced30961900e84103": "ITV", - "57096e1ced30961900e84104": "\u00a3", + "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "March as a subscription service on the digital terrestrial platform, and on the same day that NTL's services re-branded as Virgin Media", + "57096b66200fba1400367fab": "three", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": "9.75/10.600 GHz) which is fitted at the end of the dish", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": "9.75/10.600 GHz) which is fitted at the end of the dish", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "9.75/10.600 GHz) which is fitted at the end of the dish", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "9", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "a VideoGuard UK", + "57096e1ced30961900e84102": "1991", + "57096e1ced30961900e84103": "1991", + "57096e1ced30961900e84104": "1991", "57096e1ced30961900e84105": "BBC", - "57096e1ced30961900e84106": "Premier", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": "Ofcom", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe6": "ranging from \u00a315", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": "the presence of channels on their EPG", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": "the presence of channels", + "57096e1ced30961900e84106": "1991", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": "28\u00b0", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe6": "28\u00b0", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": "28\u00b0", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": "28\u00b0", "57096f37200fba1400367fe9": "picture quality", - "57097051ed30961900e84132": "October", - "57097051ed30961900e84133": "Sky Digital", - "57097051ed30961900e84134": "Sky Active", - "57097051ed30961900e84135": "the name Sky Digital", - "57097051ed30961900e84136": "over", + "57097051ed30961900e84132": "October 1998", + "57097051ed30961900e84133": "Sky Digital, although small-scale tests were carried out before then. At this time the use of the Sky Digital brand", + "57097051ed30961900e84134": "Sky", + "57097051ed30961900e84135": "Sky", + "57097051ed30961900e84136": "1999", "57097141200fba1400367ff9": "2007", "57097141200fba1400367ffa": "2007", - "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "Video On Demand service", - "57097141200fba1400367ffc": "BBC", - "57097141200fba1400367ffd": "Channel 4", + "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "2006", + "57097141200fba1400367ffc": "30 November 2006 until 30 July 2009", + "57097141200fba1400367ffd": "2006", "57097b50200fba140036804d": "10", "57097b50200fba140036804e": "36%", "57097b50200fba140036804f": "August 2004", "57097b50200fba1400368050": "36%", - "57097b50200fba1400368051": "subscriber numbers elsewhere in Europe", - "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": "Conservative MP Alec Shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a \"Welfare Cash Card", + "57097b50200fba1400368051": "10", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": "MP Alec Shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a \"Welfare Cash Card", "57097c8fed30961900e841f3": "the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, that could be used to buy only \"essentials", "57097c8fed30961900e841f4": "claim", "57097c8fed30961900e841f5": "Sky TV", - "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": "the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants", - "57097d63ed30961900e841fc": "fixed", - "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": "Video On Demand and High Definition content", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": "checking claimants' \"Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone", + "57097d63ed30961900e841fc": "30m for the channels with both channel suppliers", + "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": "Video On Demand", "57097d63ed30961900e841fe": "both BSkyB and Virgin Media", - "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": "both BSkyB", - "57097d63ed30961900e84200": "carriage", - "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": "The economy of Victoria", - "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": "total gross state product (GSP) is ranked second in Australia", - "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3f": "fourth in terms of GSP", - "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": "Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is also described as the \"sporting capital of Australia", + "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": "both BSkyB and Virgin Media", + "57097d63ed30961900e84200": "\u00a330m for the channels with both channel suppliers", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": "theatres and is also described as the \"sporting capital of Australia", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": "Australia", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3f": "fourth in terms of GSP per capita", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": "theatres and is also described as the \"sporting capital of Australia", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c41": "The Melbourne Cricket Ground", - "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": "the world to search for gold, especially from Ireland and China. Many Chinese miners worked in Victoria, and their legacy", - "570d2556fed7b91900d45c48": "Lamb", - "570d2556fed7b91900d45c49": "Buckland Valley", - "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4a": "1,000", - "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "uns", - "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "multi", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": "1857", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c48": "Lambing Flat riots in New South Wales. However, there was a riot at Buckland Valley near Bright in 1857", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c49": "57", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4a": "1854", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "1854", + "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "eight electorates with each electorate represented by five representatives elected by Single Transferable Vote. The total number of upper house members was reduced from 44 to 40", "570d26efb3d812140066d490": "eight", - "570d26efb3d812140066d491": "five", + "570d26efb3d812140066d491": "eight electorates with each electorate represented by five", "570d26efb3d812140066d492": "40", - "570d26efb3d812140066d493": "November", - "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": "Trad", - "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4": "The Liberals", - "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": "Trad", - "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "the regional cities of Ballarat, Bendigo and Geelong. The Liberals", + "570d26efb3d812140066d493": "every", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": "2014", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4": "2014", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": "2014", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "2014", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7": "Traditionally, Labor is strongest in Melbourne's working class western and northern suburbs, and the regional cities of Ballarat", - "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bd": "61.1%", - "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": "26.7%", - "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": "Buddhism", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bd": "61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman Catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7%", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": "26", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": "Around 20%", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c0": "168,637", - "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": "Around 20%", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": "Victoria", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": "most densely populated", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "Melbourne", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": "metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne", - "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca7": "the Koori", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": "20", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": "Vic", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": "Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "Vic", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": "Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne", + "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca7": "a large number of Aboriginal peoples, collectively known as the Koori", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca8": "1788", - "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": "Victoria", + "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": "the area occurred in 1803", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45caa": "03", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45cab": "1803", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbb": "50%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbc": "50%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbd": "6", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbe": "90%", - "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbf": "270", + "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbf": "270,000 tonnes of tomatoes", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45ccf": "1975", - "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": "the 1855", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": "the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act 1855, which establishes the Parliament", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1": "Parliament", - "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": "The Victorian Constitution can be amended by the Parliament of Victoria, except for certain \"entrenched\" provisions", - "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": "1855 colonial constitution, passed by the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": "Parliament", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": "the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act 1855, which establishes the Parliament", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce3": "The Mallee and upper Wimmera are Victoria's warmest regions", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce4": "32", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce5": "chart", - "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": "World War II, of 48.8 \u00b0C (119.8 \u00b0F) was recorded in Hopetoun on 7 February 2009", - "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": "7 February 2009", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": "2009", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": "2009", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d01": "the Victoria Department of Education", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": "Department of Education", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": "tuition fees", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": "the Victoria Department of Education", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": "tuition", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d04": "parish schools run by the Roman Catholic Church", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": "comply with government-set curriculum standards", - "570d3468b3d812140066d543": "the major car brands Ford, Toyota and Holden; however, closure announcements by all three", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": "the Victoria Department of Education", + "570d3468b3d812140066d543": "2017", "570d3468b3d812140066d544": "2017", - "570d3468b3d812140066d545": "May 2013", - "570d3468b3d812140066d546": "October", - "570d3468b3d812140066d547": "Broadmeadows", + "570d3468b3d812140066d545": "2014 outlining a closure year of 2017. Holden's announcement occurred in May 2013", + "570d3468b3d812140066d546": "2017", + "570d3468b3d812140066d547": "2017", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54d": "snow-covered Victorian alpine areas", - "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": "Mount Bogong", - "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "1", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": "Mount Bogong the highest peak at 1,986 m (6,516 ft", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "Mount Bogong the highest peak", "570d35b7b3d812140066d550": "There is an extensive series of river systems", - "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "helmeted honeyeater", - "570d391fb3d812140066d575": "The Victorian Alps", - "570d391fb3d812140066d576": "the Great Dividing Range mountain system", - "570d391fb3d812140066d577": "the Great Dividing Range", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "the helmeted honeyeater", + "570d391fb3d812140066d575": "9", + "570d391fb3d812140066d576": "below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) in the highest parts of the ranges", + "570d391fb3d812140066d577": "below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) in the highest parts of the ranges", "570d391fb3d812140066d578": "below", - "570d391fb3d812140066d579": "\u221211", - "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": "government", + "570d391fb3d812140066d579": "1970", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": "Metro", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da0": "Metro", - "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": "Government", - "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": "freight services", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": "Metro Trains Melbourne which runs an extensive, electrified, passenger system throughout Melbourne and suburbs; V/Line which is now owned by the Victorian Government", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": "Pacific National", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da3": "Metro", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbd": "37", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbe": "12", - "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": "Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly", - "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": "Legislative Council", - "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1": "Linda", - "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd7": "July", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": "Parliament", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": "Parliament", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1": "37", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd7": "51", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd8": "near Ballarat", - "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": "July", - "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": "seven", - "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": "20 million ounces of gold, one third", - "570d44abb3d812140066d5fd": "1,548", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": "51", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": "July 1851", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": "20", + "570d44abb3d812140066d5fd": "1,548 public schools, 489", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fe": "489", - "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": "540,800 students were enrolled in public schools", + "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": "August 2010", "570d44abb3d812140066d600": "63", "570d44abb3d812140066d601": "61", - "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "Victoria is the centre of dairy farming in Australia. It is home to 60%", + "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "the centre of dairy farming in Australia. It is home to 60%", "570d4606b3d812140066d61a": "3", "570d4606b3d812140066d61b": "60%", "570d4606b3d812140066d61c": "thirds", "570d4606b3d812140066d61d": "Asia", - "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d": "the 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge", - "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": "1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1\u20442 in) standard", - "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": "narrow", - "570d47b8b3d812140066d630": "five", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d": "tourist", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": "west", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": "tourist", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d630": "tourist", "570d47b8b3d812140066d631": "the remnants", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e13": "88", - "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": "New South Wales", - "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15": "the administration of the colonial government in Sydney", + "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": "Sydney", + "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15": "Sydney", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e16": "Sydney", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e31": "54", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33": "54", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e32": "54", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34": "54", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35": "55", - "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": "the Legislative Assembly. The Premier is the public face of government", - "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66e": "the public face of government and, with cabinet", - "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66f": ", such as education, health and law enforcement. The current Premier of Victoria is Daniel Andrews", - "570d4e6cb3d812140066d670": "Daniel Andrews", - "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": "the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "17%", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": "Premier", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66e": "Premier", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66f": "Premier of Victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d670": "Premier of Victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": "Premier", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "2003\u201304, the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increased by 17%", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7e": "17%", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": "32", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": "around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60%", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": "around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60%", - "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": "tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism and sports tourism", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": "32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60%", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": "32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60%", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": "32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60%", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": "tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bc": "a big part in tourism", - "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd": "Most of these events are centred on Melbourne", - "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "Major events also play a big part in tourism", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd": "a big part in tourism", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "a big part in tourism", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bf": "Bell", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd699e": "southern", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "one-eighth", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": "intermittently from 1562", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": "Edict of Nantes", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "the southern and central parts of France, about one-eighth", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd699e": "by 1562", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "62", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": "series of religious conflicts followed, known as the Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": "the Edict of Nantes", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "edicts of toleration from the French crown. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the Wars of Religion", "57106185b654c5140001f8db": "the \"Confederate Party", - "57106185b654c5140001f8dd": "Geneva", + "57106185b654c5140001f8dd": "Huisgenoten", "57106185b654c5140001f8dc": "the Swiss politician Besan\u00e7on Hugues (died 1532", - "57106185b654c5140001f8de": "Reformed Church) involved in the Amboise plot of 1560", - "57106185b654c5140001f8df": "the name Hugues by way of the Dutch word Huisgenoten", - "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": "the spread of the Protestant movement", - "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": "Around", - "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": "Around 1294, a French version of the Scriptures was prepared by the Roman Catholic priest, Guyard de Moulin", - "57106644b654c5140001f8e8": "Jean de R\u00e9ly, was printed in Paris in 1487", + "57106185b654c5140001f8de": "Huisgenoten", + "57106185b654c5140001f8df": "Huisgenoten", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": "1487", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": "1487", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": "1487", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e8": "1487", "57106644b654c5140001f8e9": "1487", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8ef": "66 \"villes de s\u00fbret\u00e9\" that the Edict", - "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": "Montpellier", - "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": "Edict of 1598", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": "the Edict of Al\u00e8s (1629", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": "the Edict of Al\u00e8s (1629", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f1": "22", - "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": "the most important of the 66 \"villes de s\u00fbret\u00e9\" that the Edict of 1598 granted to the Huguenots", - "571077ecb654c5140001f909": "the arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion (Viljoen", - "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": "a settlement at what is today Cape Town", - "571077ecb654c5140001f90b": "the arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion", - "571077ecb654c5140001f90c": "Dutch East India Company post at the Cape of Good Hope", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": "the Edict of Al\u00e8s (1629", + "571077ecb654c5140001f909": "87", + "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": "87", + "571077ecb654c5140001f90b": "87", + "571077ecb654c5140001f90c": "87", "571077ecb654c5140001f90d": "1700", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ca": "24", - "57107932a58dae1900cd69cb": "Forest", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69cb": "24", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cc": "28", - "57107932a58dae1900cd69cd": "L'\u00c9glise fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 la Nouvelle-Amsterdam (the French church in New Amsterdam", - "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": "the first Europeans to live in Brooklyn", - "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "Jean Postell of Dieppe France, Alexander Pepin, Antoine Poitevin", - "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "inger", - "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e2": "town of Pons", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69cd": "28", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": "Brooklyn", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "Jean Postell of Dieppe France, Alexander Pepin, Antoine Poitevin of Orsement France, and Jacques de Bordeaux", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "Jacques de Bordeaux", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e2": "Rev. Elie Prioleau", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e0": "97", - "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": "present-day Charleston, South Carolina", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": "the strongest opponent of king Louis XIV after the French attacked the Dutch Republic in 1672. William formed the League of Augsburg", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": "King of England", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": "League of Augsburg", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": "the opposition to Louis XIV, as the most attractive country", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ec": "the strongest opponent of king Louis XIV after the French attacked the Dutch Republic in 1672. William formed the League of Augsburg", - "57107d73b654c5140001f91d": "Edict of Fontainebleau (1685", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": "Jean Postell of Dieppe France, Alexander Pepin, Antoine Poitevin of Orsement France, and Jacques de Bordeaux", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": "III", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": "III of Orange, who later became King of England", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": "III", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": "III", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ec": "III", + "57107d73b654c5140001f91d": "Fontainebleau (1685", "57107d73b654c5140001f91e": "Fontainebleau (1685", "57107d73b654c5140001f91f": "Fontainebleau (1685), which abolished all legal recognition of Protestantism", - "57107d73b654c5140001f920": "500", - "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f2": "Catholic Church", - "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": "the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre", - "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": "30", - "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "Retaliating against the French Catholics, the Huguenots", + "57107d73b654c5140001f920": "500,000 Huguenots had fled France by the early 18th century", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f2": "St", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": "St. Bartholomew's Day massacre when 5,000 to 30", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": "St. Bartholomew's Day massacre when 5,000 to 30", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "St", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f6": "St", "57108073b654c5140001f927": "three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out, mainly in southwestern France, between 1621", - "57108073b654c5140001f926": "three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions", - "57108073b654c5140001f928": "the defensive, and the government increasingly applied pressure. A series of three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out, mainly", + "57108073b654c5140001f926": "three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out, mainly in southwestern France, between 1621", + "57108073b654c5140001f928": "three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out, mainly in southwestern France, between 1621", "57108073b654c5140001f929": "XIII", - "57108073b654c5140001f925": "three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions", + "57108073b654c5140001f925": "three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out, mainly in southwestern France, between 1621", "57108198b654c5140001f937": "Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2%", - "57108198b654c5140001f938": "Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2%", + "57108198b654c5140001f938": "2%", "57108198b654c5140001f939": "Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2%", - "57108198b654c5140001f93a": "Most are concentrated in Alsace in northeast France and the C\u00e9vennes mountain region", - "57108198b654c5140001f93b": "the C\u00e9vennes mountain region", - "57108c95b654c5140001f979": "New Roc", - "57108c95b654c5140001f97a": "third", - "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": "The \"Huguenot Street Historic District", - "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": "Huguenot Street Historic District", - "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": "the south shore of Staten Island along the New York Harbor, for which the current neighborhood", - "57108d69b654c5140001f983": "the Dutch Republic", + "57108198b654c5140001f93a": "Alsace in northeast France and the C\u00e9vennes mountain region in the south", + "57108198b654c5140001f93b": "Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2%", + "57108c95b654c5140001f979": "third further upstate in New Paltz. The \"Huguenot Street", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97a": "third further upstate in New Paltz. The \"Huguenot Street", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": "third further upstate in New Paltz. The \"Huguenot Street", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": "third further upstate in New Paltz. The \"Huguenot Street", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": "third further upstate in New Paltz. The \"Huguenot Street", + "57108d69b654c5140001f983": "the entire population of the Dutch Republic amounted to ca. 2 million at that time. Around 1700, it is estimated that nearly 25%", "57108d69b654c5140001f984": "the C\u00e9vennes, for instance, the village of Fraissinet-de-Loz\u00e8re", - "57108d69b654c5140001f985": "2 million", - "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia were the first areas to provide full citizens rights to Huguenot immigrants", + "57108d69b654c5140001f985": "1700, it is estimated that nearly 25%", + "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "05", "57108d69b654c5140001f987": "the Edict of Nantes", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1a": "Tours", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1b": "Tours", @@ -3110,2834 +3110,2834 @@ "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1d": "Tours", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1e": "r\u00e9form\u00e9s", "571090abb654c5140001f995": "a block of houses in Turnagain Lane", - "571090abb654c5140001f996": "The Weavers", - "571090abb654c5140001f997": "the 19th century, reviving an earlier use.) Others refugees practised the variety of occupations", - "571090abb654c5140001f998": "the top floor, as many Huguenots worked as weavers. The Weavers", - "571090abb654c5140001f999": "a half-timbered house by the river, was the site of a weaving school", + "571090abb654c5140001f996": "The Weavers, a half-timbered house by the river, was the site of a weaving school from the late 16th century to about 1830", + "571090abb654c5140001f997": "a block of houses in Turnagain Lane", + "571090abb654c5140001f998": "a block of houses in Turnagain Lane", + "571090abb654c5140001f999": "The Weavers, a half-timbered house by the river, was the site of a weaving school", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a41": "French Church Street", - "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "the 17th and 18th centuries", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "French Church Street in Cork City; and D'Olier Street", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a42": "D'Olier Street", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43": "D'Olier Street", - "57109180a58dae1900cd6a44": "back to 1696", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a44": "96", "57109275b654c5140001f99f": "the time of the French and Indian War (the North American front of the Seven Years' War), a sizeable population of Huguenot descent", - "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "New France", - "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": "non-Catholics", - "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": "17", - "57109275b654c5140001f9a3": "59", - "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": "Henry of Navarre", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "17", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": "refusal", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": "1759", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a3": "1759", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": "98", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5d": "98", - "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": ", continued for nearly another quarter-century. The warfare was definitively quelled in 1598", - "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": "the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions", - "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "Protestantism", - "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": "education of children as Catholics", - "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": "the country of hundreds of thousands of Protestants", - "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a68": "Four thousand", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": "98", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": "98", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "Henry of Navarre, having succeeded to the French throne as Henry IV, and having recanted Protestantism", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": "hundreds of thousands of Protestants", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": "hundreds of thousands of Protestants", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a68": "hundreds of thousands of Protestants", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a69": "Catholics and were called \"new converts", - "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": "the country of hundreds of thousands of Protestants", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": "hundreds of thousands of Protestants", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a76": "the Netherlands", - "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a77": "the Netherlands.[citation needed] A group of Huguenots was part of the French colonisers who arrived in Brazil in 1555", + "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a77": "Fort Coligny", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a78": "Fort Coligny", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a79": "60", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a7a": "the Guanabara Confession of Faith", - "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": "Afrikaans-speaking, have surnames indicating their French Huguenot ancestry", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": "Ther", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a87": "Theron, Viljoen (Villion) and Visagie (Visage). The wine industry", - "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": "the Western Cape province in South Africa still bear French names", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": "Ther", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a89": "Ther", - "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": "Paul Revere", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": "Henry", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a99": "Henry Laurens", - "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9a": "Charleston, South Carolina", - "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9b": "a church that dates to 1844. The Huguenot Society of America maintains Manakin Episcopal Church", - "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": "Texas", - "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "Some Huguenots settled in Bedfordshire, one of the main centres of the British lace industry", - "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": "Bucks", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9a": "Charleston", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9b": "Henry Laurens", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": "Henry Laurens", + "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "Some Huguenots settled in Bedfordshire", + "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": "twenty-five widows who settled in Dover, and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lacemakers in Bedfordshire", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab4": "twenty-five widows who settled in Dover, and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lacemakers in Bedfordshire", - "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": "the eighteenth century", + "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": "twenty-five widows who settled in Dover, and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lacemakers in Bedfordshire", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b3": "Berlin, the Huguenots created two new neighbourhoods", - "571099b2b654c5140001f9b4": "one-fifth", - "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": "the city's population was French speaking. The Berlin Huguenots preserved the French language in their church services", - "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": "the city's population was French speaking. The Berlin Huguenots", - "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": ", such as those of Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": "Great Elector Frederick William", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": "the rugged C\u00e9vennes region", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": "the Camisards", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": "the Camisards", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b4": "1700, one-fifth", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": "1806", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": "1700", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": "1700", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": "ist", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": "1702 and 1709", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": "1702 and 1709", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": "09", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b2a": "1702 and 1709", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": "the banks of the St. Johns River in what is today Jacksonville", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": "Jean Ribault", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": "the small colony of Fort Caroline", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b33": "the leadership of Jean Ribault", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b34": "the leadership of Jean Ribault established the small colony of Fort Caroline", - "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": "of Charlesfort on Parris Island", - "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": "St. Augustine", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": "Jean Ribault established the small colony of Fort Caroline on the banks of the St. Johns River in what is today Jacksonville", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": "Jean", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": "Jean Ribault established the small colony of Fort Caroline", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b33": "Jean Ribault", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b34": "Jean Ribault established the small colony of Fort Caroline", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": "Jean", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": "Ren\u00e9 Goulaine de Laudonni\u00e8re", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa19": "Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1a": "Jean", - "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": "Parris Island, South Carolina", - "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a": "the colony of Virginia, where the English Crown had promised them land grants in Lower Norfolk County. When they arrived, colonial authorities", - "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b": "the colony of Virginia, where the English Crown had promised them land grants in Lower Norfolk County", - "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c": "the abandoned Monacan village known as Manakin Town", - "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": "390", - "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "May 1705", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": "the first years of the Dutch Revolt (1568\u20131609", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": "Some Huguenots fought in the Low Countries", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2d": "L'Oyseleur, lord of Villiers", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": "Jean Ribault led an expedition that explored Florida and the present-day Southeastern U.S., and founded the outpost of Charlesfort", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a": "20 miles above the falls of the James River, at the abandoned Monacan village known as Manakin Town", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b": "20 miles above the falls of the James River, at the abandoned Monacan village known as Manakin Town", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c": "20 miles above the falls of the James River, at the abandoned Monacan village known as Manakin Town", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": "1705, the Virginia General Assembly passed an act to naturalise the 148 Huguenots still resident at Manakintown", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "1705, the Virginia General Assembly passed an act to naturalise the 148 Huguenots still resident at Manakintown", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": "68\u20131609", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": "Some Huguenots fought in the Low Countries alongside the Dutch against Spain during the first years of the Dutch Revolt (1568\u20131609", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2d": "Pierre L'Oyseleur, lord of Villiers", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2e": "Pierre L'Oyseleur, lord of Villiers", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "William the Silent", - "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": "the 1708 passage of the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "Pierre L'Oyseleur, lord of Villiers", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": "London", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b61": "08", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b62": "50", - "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b63": "Andrew Lortie", - "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": "doctrine", - "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": "regiments fought for William of Orange", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b63": "Andrew Lortie (born Andr\u00e9 Lortie), a leading Huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in London", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": "Andrew Lortie (born Andr\u00e9 Lortie), a leading Huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in London", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": "17th and early 18th centuries", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b73": "regiments fought for William of Orange", - "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": "the late 17th and early 18th centuries, encouraged by an act of parliament", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": "Lis", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b75": "Smaller settlements, which included Killeshandra", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b76": "Smaller settlements, which included Killeshandra in County Cavan, contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa45": "present-day Saarland in 1604", - "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa46": "von Nassau-Saarbr\u00fccken", - "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": "Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbr\u00fccken", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa46": "Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbr\u00fccken to establish a Huguenot community in present-day Saarland in 1604", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": "Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbr\u00fccken to establish a Huguenot community in present-day Saarland in 1604", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa48": "1890s", - "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa49": "the founding families still living in the region", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae3": "the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "Protestant European nations", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa49": "present-day Saarland in 1604", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae3": "\u00e9migr\u00e9s relocated to Protestant European nations such as England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "\u00e9migr\u00e9s relocated to Protestant European nations such as England, Wales", "5711119cb654c5140001fae6": "\u00e9migr\u00e9s", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": "Dutch Cape Colony", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": "the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": "association with Hugues Capet", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": "hypothesis", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": "Cape Colony", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": "\u00e9migr\u00e9s", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": "hypothesis", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": "the French language. The \"Hugues hypothesis", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bce": "the French language. The \"Hugues hypothesis", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": "hypothesis", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": "the French language. The \"Hugues hypothesis", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bd0": "the French language. The \"Hugues hypothesis", - "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6": "Jacques Lefevre", - "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": "Jacques Lefevre", - "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8": "30", - "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "William Farel", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6": "1455\u20131536", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": "1455\u20131536", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8": "23", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "1455\u20131536", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda": "1455\u20131536", - "57111428b654c5140001faff": "St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 24 August \u2013 3 October", - "57111428b654c5140001fb00": "Paris", + "57111428b654c5140001faff": "3,000 and 7,000 more in the French provinces. By 17 September", + "57111428b654c5140001fb00": "3,000 and 7,000 more in the French provinces. By 17 September", "57111428b654c5140001fb01": "3,000", "57111428b654c5140001fb02": "73", - "57111429b654c5140001fb03": "almost 25,000 Protestants had been massacred in Paris alone", - "571114cfb654c5140001fb09": "the throne in 1643", - "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": "the throne in 1643", - "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "the throne in 1643", + "57111429b654c5140001fb03": "25,000 Protestants had been massacred in Paris alone", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb09": "43", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": "43", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "43", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0c": "closed Huguenot schools", - "571114cfb654c5140001fb0d": "the occupation and looting of Huguenot homes by military troops", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": "Westchester", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": "the final resting place for a wide range of the Huguenot founders, early settlers and prominent citizens dating back more than three centuries", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": "John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb0d": "the occupation and looting", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": "La Rochelle", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": "La Rochelle", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": "La Rochelle", "5711163bb654c5140001fb16": "La Rochelle", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": "third, Trinity-St. Paul's", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "a former student of Lavoisier", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "a former student of Lavoisier", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": ", especially as merchants and artisans in the late Colonial and early Federal periods. For example, E.I. du Pont", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": "descendants in many families continued to use French first names and surnames for their children well into the nineteenth century", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": "third", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "E.I. du Pont, a former student of Lavoisier", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "E.I. du Pont, a former student of Lavoisier", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": "E.I. du Pont, a former student of Lavoisier", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": "E.I. du Pont, a former student of Lavoisier", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c04": "E.I. du Pont", - "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0a": "Pierre", - "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0b": "Rot", - "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0c": "Pierre Bayle. He started teaching in Rotterdam, where he finished writing and publishing his multi-volume masterpiece, Historical and Critical Dictionary", - "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": "It became one of the 100 foundational texts of the US Library of Congress", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0a": "Rotterdam", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0b": "Rotterdam", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0c": "Pierre", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": "Pierre Bayle. He started teaching in Rotterdam, where he finished writing and publishing his multi-volume masterpiece, Historical and Critical Dictionary", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0e": "Saint Nicolas", - "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "The French Protestant Church of London", + "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "London", "57111992b654c5140001fb44": "Royal Charter in 1550", - "57111992b654c5140001fb45": "Soho Square", + "57111992b654c5140001fb45": "Royal Charter in 1550. It is now located at Soho Square", "57111992b654c5140001fb46": "Shoreditch", "57111992b654c5140001fb47": "1724", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "Reformed states in Germany and Scandinavia", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "the Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany and Scandinavia", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3e": "Edict", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": "the Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany and Scandinavia. Nearly 50,000 Huguenots established themselves in Germany, 20", - "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": "Fred", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "20", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "20", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3e": "20,000 of whom were welcomed in Brandenburg-Prussia, where they were granted special privileges (Edict", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "20", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": "20", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": "Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, invited Huguenots", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c51": "Theodor Fontane", - "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": "Lu", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": "Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, invited Huguenots", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53": "Lothar de Maizi\u00e8re", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c54": "Thomas de Maizi\u00e8re", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": "Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": "Non", "57112686b654c5140001fbd4": "the Rankine cycle", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": "the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": "the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": ", where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products", - "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": "the atmospheric engine, invented by Thomas Newcomen", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": "Non-combustion heat sources", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": "Non-combustion heat sources", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": "Non-combustion heat sources", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": "Thomas Newcomen", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb3": "Thomas Newcomen", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb4": "Thomas Newcomen around 1712", - "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": "Savery", - "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": "a piston as proposed by Papin", - "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc4": "Richard Trevithick in the United Kingdom", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": "Thomas Newcomen", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": "Thomas Newcomen", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc4": "Richard", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc5": "21 February", - "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "21 February", - "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": "Merthyr", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "Richard Trevithick in the United Kingdom and, on 21 February 1804", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": "yr", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc8": "Abercynon", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0e": "a water pump", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0f": "multi", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d10": "1850s", - "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": "lower", - "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": "lower", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": "lower-pressure boiler feed water is an injector", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": "lower-pressure boiler feed water is an injector", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d18": "three", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d19": "three", - "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": "late 19th century", - "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": "the late 19th century", - "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": "the Olympic class", - "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": "to give ideal events", - "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": "Walschaerts motions", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": "three", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": "three", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": "three", + "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": "cut-off", + "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": "off", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24": "usual compromise solution has been to provide lap by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": "crown", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "the crown of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": "the crown of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": "the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": "Except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": "crown of the boiler's firebox", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "the boiler's firebox", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": "the boiler's firebox", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": "the boiler's firebox", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": "the steam escape has little effect", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d28": "James Watt", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d29": "17", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2a": "ten", - "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2b": "1883", + "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2b": "10", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2c": "the Industrial Revolution", - "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": "the first century AD", - "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d33": "the aeolipile described by Greek mathematician Hero", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": "the properties of steam. A rudimentary steam turbine device was described by Taqi al-Din in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 1629", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d33": "the properties of steam. A rudimentary steam turbine device was described by Taqi al-Din in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 1629", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d34": "Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria", - "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d35": "Branca in 1629", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d35": "Giovanni Branca in 1629", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d36": "06", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": "Near", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc2a": "successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": "especially in shipping", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": "advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": "triple expansion engines being common, especially in shipping", - "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": "the use of steam turbines", - "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "late part of the 19th century", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": "triple", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2a": "triple", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": "triple", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": "20th century", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": "triple", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": "19th century", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "19", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5c": "several hundred", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5d": "90%", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5e": "90%", - "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": "the case of model or toy steam engines, the heat source can be an electric heating element", + "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": "various sources, most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6f": "combustion chamber", - "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": "solar energy", + "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": "combustion chamber, firebox). In some cases the heat source is a nuclear reactor", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71": "the case of model or toy steam engines, the heat source can be an electric heating element", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d80": "the steam engine indicator", - "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81": "1851", - "57114667a58dae1900cd6d82": "Richard", + "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81": "1851, but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard", + "57114667a58dae1900cd6d82": "Charles Richard", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d83": "Charles Richard", - "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84": "London Exhibition", - "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a": "90", + "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84": "Charles Richard", + "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a": "90\u00b0", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8b": "180\u00b0", - "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "90\u00b0", - "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": "reverses its direction of flow at each stroke (counter", + "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "180\u00b0, the groups being set at 90\u00b0", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": "reverses its direction of flow at each stroke (counterflow), entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same port", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3e": "two", - "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": "one rotation of the crank and two", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": "the same port", "5711488ab654c5140001fc40": "four", "5711488ab654c5140001fc41": "four", - "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": "The Quasiturbine", + "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": "The Quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas", "57114aceb654c5140001fc48": "usual", - "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": "the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction", - "57114b1a2419e31400955575": "the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves", - "57114b1a2419e31400955576": "holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting", - "57114b1a2419e31400955577": "mainly used in toys and models", + "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": "usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls", + "57114b1a2419e31400955575": "holes", + "57114b1a2419e31400955576": "holes", + "57114b1a2419e31400955577": "mainly used in toys", "57114b1a2419e31400955578": "mainly on ships", - "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53": "continuously", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53": "the atmosphere", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54": "atmosphere", - "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": "Mercury", - "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": "the atmosphere", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": "63%", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": "565 \u00b0C", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": "temperatures are typically 565 \u00b0C (the creep limit of stainless steel", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": "63%", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": "30 \u00b0C", - "57114f0050c2381900b54a65": "the Industrial Revolution", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": "the atmosphere", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": "atmosphere", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": "63", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": "63%", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": "entry temperatures are typically 565 \u00b0C (the creep limit of stainless steel", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": "63", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": "30", + "57114f0050c2381900b54a65": "the Industrial Revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving machinery in factories, mills and mines; powering pumping stations", "57114f0050c2381900b54a66": "railway locomotives, ships, steamboats", - "57114f0050c2381900b54a67": "the land available for cultivation. There have at one time or another", + "57114f0050c2381900b54a67": "the Industrial Revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving machinery in factories, mills and mines; powering pumping stations", "57114f0050c2381900b54a68": "factories", "57114f0050c2381900b54a69": "agriculture", - "571153422419e3140095557d": "the Catch Me Who Can in 1808. Only four years later, the successful twin", - "571153422419e3140095557e": "twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray", - "571153422419e3140095557f": "twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray", + "571153422419e3140095557d": "twin", + "571153422419e3140095557e": "twin", + "571153422419e3140095557f": "twin", "571153422419e31400955580": "twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray", - "571153422419e31400955581": "the Stockton and Darlington Railway", - "5711541350c2381900b54a6f": "Arthur", - "5711541350c2381900b54a70": "British engineer", - "5711541350c2381900b54a71": "efficiency", - "5711541350c2381900b54a72": "larger cylinders", + "571153422419e31400955581": "Stephenson", + "5711541350c2381900b54a6f": "Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805", + "5711541350c2381900b54a70": "1804", + "5711541350c2381900b54a71": "1804", + "5711541350c2381900b54a72": "larger", "571154c72419e31400955587": "90%", - "571154c72419e31400955588": "the 1990s about 90%", - "571154c72419e31400955589": "the late 20th century, being more efficient (and requiring far less maintenance) than reciprocating steam engines. In recent decades", - "571154c72419e3140095558a": "the 1990s about 90%", - "571154c72419e3140095558b": "reduction gearing", - "571155ae2419e31400955591": "The Rankine cycle", - "571155ae2419e31400955592": "removed in a condenser", - "571155ae2419e31400955593": "90% of all electric power used throughout the world", + "571154c72419e31400955588": "90%", + "571154c72419e31400955589": "90%", + "571154c72419e3140095558a": "90%", + "571154c72419e3140095558b": "90%", + "571155ae2419e31400955591": "90%", + "571155ae2419e31400955592": "90%", + "571155ae2419e31400955593": "1990s", "571155ae2419e31400955594": "90%", - "571155ae2419e31400955595": "Scottish polymath", + "571155ae2419e31400955595": "John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath", "571156152419e3140095559b": "duty", - "571156152419e3140095559f": "17", - "571156152419e3140095559e": "7", + "571156152419e3140095559f": "duty", + "571156152419e3140095559e": "Duty", "571156152419e3140095559d": "Duty", "571156152419e3140095559c": "duty", - "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": "the early 20th century", - "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": "the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually", - "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": "the great majority", - "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": "the early 20th century", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": "20", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": "20", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": "20", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": "20", "57115b2850c2381900b54a7f": "Thomas Savery", - "57115b2850c2381900b54a80": "a water pump, developed in 1698 by Thomas Savery", - "57115b2850c2381900b54a81": "a water pump, developed in 1698", - "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": "Bento de Moura Portugal introduced an ingenious improvement of Savery's construction \"to render it capable of working itself", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a80": "Thomas Savery", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a81": "Thomas Savery", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": "John Smeaton in the Philosophical Transactions published in 1751", "57115b2850c2381900b54a83": "John Smeaton in the Philosophical Transactions published in 1751", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": "Trevithick", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": "Oliver Evans", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": "Richard Trevithick", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": "Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8b": "Trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": "transport", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": "the adoption of the steam engine", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": "Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": "Richard Trevithick", "57115bf350c2381900b54a93": "Energiprojekt AB", - "57115bf350c2381900b54a94": "Sweden", - "57115bf350c2381900b54a95": "5", + "57115bf350c2381900b54a94": "Energiprojekt AB", + "57115bf350c2381900b54a95": "Energiprojekt AB", "57115bf350c2381900b54a96": "4 kg", - "57115bf350c2381900b54a97": "30", - "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": "ers as a cold sink. The condensers are cooled by water flow from oceans, rivers, lakes, and often by cooling towers", - "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": "radiator", - "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": "tower", + "57115bf350c2381900b54a97": "27", + "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": "towers", + "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": "towers", + "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": "towers", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa0": "towers", - "57115c7450c2381900b54aa1": "every hour", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": "17", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": "ton", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": "1788 after Watt\u2019s partner Boulton", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a8": "constant speed, such as cotton spinning", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": "1788 after Watt\u2019s partner Boulton saw one at a flour mill Boulton & Watt were building. The governor", - "57115e532419e314009555af": "1930", - "57115e532419e314009555b0": "Britain", - "57115e532419e314009555b1": "railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated", + "57115c7450c2381900b54aa1": "3600", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": "1788", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": "James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt\u2019s partner Boulton", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": "James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt\u2019s partner Boulton", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a8": "cotton spinning", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": "James Watt for use on a steam engine in 17", + "57115e532419e314009555af": "1880", + "57115e532419e314009555b0": "1930", + "57115e532419e314009555b1": "1930", "57115e532419e314009555b2": "1930", - "57115e532419e314009555b3": "railway", - "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": "shortening the admission event", - "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa8": "periods", - "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": "brief", + "57115e532419e314009555b3": "1930", + "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": "period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission", + "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa8": "period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods", + "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": "period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aaa": "fixed length", - "57115f652419e314009555b9": "Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606", + "57115f652419e314009555b9": "06", "57115f652419e314009555ba": "Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606", "57115f652419e314009555bb": "06", - "57115f652419e314009555bc": "98", + "57115f652419e314009555bc": "Thomas Savery", "57115f652419e314009555bd": "Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston, and was used in 1712", - "57115ff82419e314009555c3": "the vast majority of large electric generating stations, turbines are directly connected to generators with no reduction gearing. Typical speeds are 3600 revolutions", - "57115ff82419e314009555c4": "shaft", - "57115ff82419e314009555c5": "series of stators", - "57115ff82419e314009555c6": "the turbine casing", + "57115ff82419e314009555c3": "series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages", + "57115ff82419e314009555c4": "series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages", + "57115ff82419e314009555c5": "series", + "57115ff82419e314009555c6": "series", "57115ff82419e314009555c7": "00 revolutions per minute (RPM", - "5711607f2419e314009555cd": "lower", - "5711607f2419e314009555ce": "internal combustion engines or electric motors", - "5711607f2419e314009555cf": "most", - "5711607f2419e314009555d0": "the Advanced Steam movement", + "5711607f2419e314009555cd": "ratio", + "5711607f2419e314009555ce": "ratio", + "5711607f2419e314009555cf": "ratio", + "5711607f2419e314009555d0": "ratio", "5711607f2419e314009555d1": "Recent concerns about fuel sources and pollution", "571161092419e314009555d7": "the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear", - "571161092419e314009555d8": "the cylinders and valve gear", - "571161092419e314009555d9": "sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight", - "5711619950c2381900b54aaf": "63", - "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": "John Smeaton", - "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": "half", - "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": "John Smeaton's improved version of Newcomen's. Newcomen's and Watt's early engines were \"atmospheric", - "5711619950c2381900b54ab3": "air pressure pushing a piston", + "571161092419e314009555d8": "the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear", + "571161092419e314009555d9": "difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight", + "5711619950c2381900b54aaf": "James Watt developed (1763", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": "James Watt developed (1763", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": "John Smeaton", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": "John Smeaton", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab3": "John Smeaton's improved version of Newcomen's. Newcomen", "5711623e50c2381900b54ab9": "two independent mechanisms", "5711623e50c2381900b54aba": "a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler. One end of the lever carried a weight or spring", - "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": "The more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring", - "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": "a seal illegally is broken. This arrangement", - "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": "greater steam pressure", - "5711628a2419e314009555dd": "30%", - "5711628a2419e314009555de": "49", + "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": "the pressure", + "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": "adjustable spring-loaded valve, which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken. This arrangement", + "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": "Early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers", + "5711628a2419e314009555dd": "30% less steam, it provided more uniform speed due to variable steam cut off", + "5711628a2419e314009555de": "1849", "5711628a2419e314009555e1": "30%", "5711628a2419e314009555df": "four", - "5711628a2419e314009555e0": "the efficiency of the steam engine\". In addition to using 30%", - "571163172419e314009555e7": "the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific theory", - "571163172419e314009555e8": "Watt", - "571163172419e314009555e9": "the development of the separate condenser", - "571163172419e314009555ea": "Joseph Black", + "5711628a2419e314009555e0": "1849", + "571163172419e314009555e7": "the development of thermodynamic theory", + "571163172419e314009555e8": "the development of thermodynamic theory", + "571163172419e314009555e9": "the development of thermodynamic theory", + "571163172419e314009555ea": "Black", "571163172419e314009555eb": "latent heat, which was confirmed by the original discoverer Joseph Black", - "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": "the compression stage", - "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": "the compression stage", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": "3%", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": "the Rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage", "5711648850c2381900b54ac5": "3%", - "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": "1500 \u00b0C", - "5711651050c2381900b54acb": "pumps (such as an injector", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": "3%", + "5711651050c2381900b54acb": "pumps", "5711651050c2381900b54acc": "ers", - "5711651050c2381900b54acd": "superheaters", + "5711651050c2381900b54acd": "aters", "5711651050c2381900b54ace": "bin", - "5711651050c2381900b54acf": "a chain or screw stoking mechanism", - "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": "Land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam, as feed water was usually", - "5711658e50c2381900b54ad6": "HMS Dreadnought of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine", + "5711651050c2381900b54acf": "a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": "HMS", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad6": "HMS Dreadnought of 1905", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7": "HMS Dread", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8": "HMS Dread", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad9": "HMS Dreadnought of 1905", - "571166352419e314009555f1": "irtually all nuclear power plants", - "571166352419e314009555f2": "irtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity", - "571166352419e314009555f3": "irtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator", - "571166352419e314009555f4": "turbo-electric transmission", - "571166352419e314009555f5": "Some non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in Sweden and for express passenger work in Britain", - "5711669550c2381900b54adf": "The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred", - "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": "the condenser) are isobaric (constant pressure) processes", - "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": "the Rank", - "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": "constant temperature) processes in the theoretical", + "571166352419e314009555f1": "Elsewhere, notably in the U.S.A., more advanced designs with electric transmission", + "571166352419e314009555f2": "Elsewhere, notably in the U.S.A., more advanced designs with electric transmission", + "571166352419e314009555f3": "Elsewhere, notably in the U.S.A., more advanced designs with electric transmission", + "571166352419e314009555f4": "Elsewhere, notably in the U.S.A., more advanced designs with electric transmission", + "571166352419e314009555f5": "Elsewhere, notably in the U.S.A., more advanced designs with electric transmission", + "5711669550c2381900b54adf": "theoretical", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": "rejection", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": "the Rankine cycle and isothermal (constant temperature) processes in the theoretical", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": "theoretical", "5711669550c2381900b54ae3": "the condenser", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": "8", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "third", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fc0": "8", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": "half", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": "Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8%", - "571bb2269499d21900609ca9": "20.8%", - "571bb2269499d21900609caa": "8", - "571bb2269499d21900609cab": "8", - "571bb2269499d21900609cad": "atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend", - "571bb2269499d21900609cac": "third", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": "8", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": "8", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": "8", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": "8", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": "8", - "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94a": "photosynthesis", - "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": "sunlight", - "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": "layer", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": "symbol O and atomic number 8", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "symbol O and atomic number 8", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fc0": "symbol O and atomic number 8", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": "symbol O and atomic number 8", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": "20", + "571bb2269499d21900609ca9": "20", + "571bb2269499d21900609caa": "symbol O and atomic number 8", + "571bb2269499d21900609cab": "symbol O and atomic number 8", + "571bb2269499d21900609cad": "symbol O and atomic number 8", + "571bb2269499d21900609cac": "symbol O and atomic number 8", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": "symbol O and atomic number 8", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": "symbol O and atomic number 8", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": "symbol O and atomic number 8", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": "symbol O and atomic number 8", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": "symbol O and atomic number 8", + "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94a": "Oxygen is used in cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis", + "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": "produce oxygen", + "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": "the biosphere", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09c": "oxygen", - "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09d": "Most of the mass of living organisms", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09d": "the photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another form (allotrope) of oxygen, ozone (O\n3", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09e": "the photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another form (allotrope) of oxygen, ozone (O\n3", - "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": "the energy of sunlight", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": "the photosynthetic action of living organisms", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c0a0": "the photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another form (allotrope) of oxygen, ozone (O\n3", - "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": "Robert Boyle", - "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd6": "John Mayow", - "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": "nitroaereus", - "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": "41\u20131679", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a6": "Robert Boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion. English chemist John Mayow", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": "a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaereus", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "the late 17th century", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": "nit", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0aa": "John Mayow", - "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": "ley", - "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": "clergyman", - "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": "the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide", - "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": "a glass tube", - "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": "merc", - "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": "the meantime, on August 1, 17", - "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b2": "1775", - "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": "the meantime, on August 1, 17", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": "17th century", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd6": "John Mayow (1641\u20131679", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": "John Mayow (1641\u20131679", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": "John Mayow (1641\u20131679", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a6": "17th century", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": "John Mayow (1641\u20131679", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "John Mayow", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": "John Mayow", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0aa": "John Mayow (1641\u20131679", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": "Joseph Priestley", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": "clergyman Joseph Priestley", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": "1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": "August 1, 17", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": "1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": "1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b2": "1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": "1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b4": "longer", - "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "Leonardo da Vinci", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "centuries later", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fde": "Pneumatica", - "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": "2nd century", - "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "parts", - "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0ba": "the 2nd century", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": "Leonardo da Vinci built on Philo's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "surmised that parts", + "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0ba": "Leonardo da Vinci built on Philo's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bb": "parts", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bc": "Pneumatica", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bd": "Leonardo", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0be": "Leonardo da Vinci built on Philo's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration", - "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": "Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity; an ignition event", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": "Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a961": "Oxy", - "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a962": "a high oxidative potential, such as peroxides, chlorates, nitrates", - "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": "Oxygen", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a962": "peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dich", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": "Oxygen is the oxidant", "571cebc05efbb31900334e49": "event", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": "Oxygen is the oxidant, not the fuel, but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": "the chemical energy", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": "most of the chemical energy", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "a high oxidative potential", - "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a968": "a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule", - "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": "the design and manufacture of O\n2 systems", - "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96a": "3", - "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": "a fuel; and therefore the design and manufacture of O\n2 systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources", - "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": "ener", - "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": "the design and manufacture of O\n2 systems", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": "Oxygen is the oxidant", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": "Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": "Oxygen", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "the chemical energy released in combustion. Combustion hazards also apply to compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a968": "the Apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": "pipes", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96a": "slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 1\u20443", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": "pipes", + "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": "pipes", + "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": "pipes", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a2": "pipes", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a4": "the Apollo 1 crew", - "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": "The rest", + "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": "atmosphere", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe7": "atmosphere", - "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe5": "The Earth's mantle, of much larger mass than the crust, is largely composed of silicates of magnesium and iron", + "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe5": "atmosphere", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3e": "atmosphere", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3f": "atmosphere", - "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": "mantle", - "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": "mantle", - "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": "The rest", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "hypothesis", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": "atmosphere", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": "atmosphere", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": "atmosphere", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "John Dalton's original atomic hypothesis", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c5": "John Dalton's original atomic hypothesis", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": "HO", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": "1805, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": "8", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": "1805", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c8": "1811 Amedeo Avogadro", - "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "phlogiston", - "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": "Highly combustible materials", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "the phlogiston theory", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": "the phlogiston theory", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d0": "the phlogiston theory", - "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d1": "Indeed, one of the first clues that the phlogiston theory was incorrect was that metals", - "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d2": "most common objects", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "reasonably", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "a bond order of two", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": "sequential, low-to-high energy, or Aufbau", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "a covalent double bond", - "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2": "Uppsala, in 1773", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d1": "Indeed, one of the first clues that the phlogiston theory", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d2": "the phlogiston theory", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "\u03c0*", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "\u03c0*", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": "\u03c0*", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "\u03c0*", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "\u03c0*", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2": "1773", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e3": "1774", - "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "Wiltshire, in 1774", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "Joseph Priestley", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e5": "Antoine Lavoisier", - "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": "1777 by Antoine Lavoisier", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": "1777", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ec": "triplet oxygen.[b] The highest energy, partially filled orbitals are antibonding, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three", - "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": "triple", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": "triplet oxygen.[b] The highest energy, partially filled orbitals are antibonding, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ee": "triplet oxygen.[b] The highest energy, partially filled orbitals are antibonding, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three", - "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": "spontaneous", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": "triplet oxygen.[b] The highest energy, partially filled orbitals are antibonding, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0f0": "\u03c0", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": "part", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": "weight", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": "the weight", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f9": "Sur la combustion en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, which was published in 1777", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": "\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \"lifeless", - "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": "Tri", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": "1777", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": "1777", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": "1777", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f9": "1777", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": "1777", + "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": "Trioxygen (O\n3", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c101": "Tri", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c102": "Trioxygen (O\n3) is usually known as ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c103": "Tri", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c104": "Tri", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10a": "the Earth's atmosphere", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": "a major part of the Earth's atmosphere", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "a major part of the Earth's atmosphere", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": "the Earth's atmosphere", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": "the Earth's atmosphere", - "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114": "James Dewar", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10a": "atmosphere", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": "atmosphere", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "atmosphere", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": "atmosphere", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": "the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere", + "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114": "1891", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c115": "1891", - "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116": "producing liquid oxygen was independently developed in 1895 by German engineer Carl von Linde and British engineer William Hampson", - "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": "Later", - "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "Oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen", - "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": ", compared to an atmospheric ratio of approximately 1:4. The solubility of oxygen", + "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116": "James Dewar", + "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": "1901", + "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "0 \u00b0C than at 20", + "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": "14.6 mg\u00b7L\u22121) dissolves at 0 \u00b0C than at 20", "571c96095efbb31900334dbe": "6.04 milliliters (mL) of oxygen per liter", - "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": ", and about twice as much (14.6 mg\u00b7L\u22121) dissolves at 0 \u00b0C than at 20 \u00b0", + "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": "14.6 mg\u00b7L\u22121) dissolves at 0 \u00b0C than at 20", "571c96095efbb31900334dc0": "14", - "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": "the most abundant chemical element", - "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11f": "third", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": "20", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11f": "20", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c120": "0.9%", - "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "88.8%", - "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c122": "The O\n2 surrounding these other planets is produced solely by ultraviolet radiation", - "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": "the late 19th century", - "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": "the first time on March 29, 1883", - "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": "telegram on December 22, 1877", - "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "March 29, 1883", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen. Oxygen constitutes 49.2%", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c122": "20", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": "Raoul Pierre Pictet", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": "Raoul Pierre Pictet", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": "1877", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "83", "571caac55efbb31900334dca": "March 29, 1883", - "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": "the Sun", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": "reference values for the isotope ratios", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd1": "the Sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16", - "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": "the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed Genesis spacecraft", - "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd3": "unknown process", - "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd4": "the Earth", - "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": "Sing", - "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": "It is much more reactive towards common organic molecules", - "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": "nature", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": "the Moon, Mars, and meteorites, but were long unable to obtain reference values for the isotope ratios", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd3": "the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed Genesis spacecraft has shown that the Sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd4": "the Sun's disk of protoplanetary material prior to the coalescence of dust grains that formed the Earth", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": "higher-energy species of molecular O\n2 in which all the electron spins", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": "the troposphere", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": "the troposphere", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12b": "troposphere", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12c": "Carotenoids", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "ratio", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": "ratio", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": ", and the seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18. Marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": ", and the seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18. Marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": ", and the seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18. Marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18", - "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c": "xygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": "ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": "ratio of oxygen-18", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": "ratio of oxygen-18", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": "18", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c": "the wavelengths 687", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d": "the carbon cycle", - "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing", - "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": "the radiance coming from vegetation canopies", - "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140": "remote sensing scientists", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": "the triple", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c147": "laboratory demonstrations, a bridge of liquid oxygen", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": "moments", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": "the presence of a magnetic field, because of the spin magnetic moments", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "the wavelengths 687", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": "the wavelengths 687", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140": "the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing scientists", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": "triple", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c147": "a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": "the presence of a magnetic field, because of the spin magnetic moments", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": "triple", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c14a": "the presence of a magnetic field, because of the spin magnetic moments", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": "the dominant form of early life on Earth until O\n2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": "the atmosphere", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": "atmosphere", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": "atmosphere", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddc": "Reactive oxygen species", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": "the dominant form of early life on Earth until O\n2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": "about 2.5 billion years ago", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": "90.20 K", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": "atmosphere", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": "atmosphere", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": "90.20", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de5": "sky", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": "liquid nitrogen", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de7": "liquid nitrogen", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "a highly reactive substance and must be segregated from combustible materials", - "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "the world's water bodies. The increased solubility of O\n2", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": "54.36 K", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de7": "nitrogen", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "54.36 K", + "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "the world's water bodies. The increased solubility of O\n2 at lower temperatures", "571cc8815efbb31900334def": "lower temperatures", - "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": "the world's water bodies. The increased solubility of O\n2", - "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": "eutrophication", - "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "the water's biochemical oxygen demand", + "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": "Scientists assess this aspect of water quality", + "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": "nitrates or phosphates may stimulate growth of algae by a process called eutrophication", + "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "Scientists assess this aspect of water quality", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c150": "3", - "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": "the Paleoproterozoic", - "571cca4add7acb1400e4c152": "the first billion years, any free oxygen produced by these organisms combined with dissolved iron in the oceans to form banded iron formations", - "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "around 1.7 billion years ago", - "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": "3\u20132.7 billion years ago", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "the result of the oxygen cycle", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": "the result of the oxygen cycle", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": "the result of the oxygen cycle", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": "the result of the oxygen cycle", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": "the atmosphere", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": "3", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c152": "3", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "10% of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": "3", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "the present equilibrium, production and consumption occur at the same rate of roughly 1/2000th", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": "three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": "three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": "three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": "the result of the oxygen cycle. This biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df8": "90% to 93%", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df9": "90% to 93%", - "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "a pair", - "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": "technologies", - "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfc": "a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93%", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "Oxygen gas can also be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c165": "Oxygen gas", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": ", and are still part of standard equipment on commercial airliners", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": "A similar method is the electrocatalytic O\n2", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": "A similar method is the electrocatalytic O\n2", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": "supposed mild euphoric, has a history of recreational use in oxygen bars", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16f": "the late 1990s that offer higher than normal O\n2", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": "a \"boost\" in performance", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c172": "the late 1990s that offer higher than normal O\n2", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": "the late 1990s that offer higher than normal O\n2", - "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": "the partial pressure of O\n2 around the patient and, when needed, the medical staff. Carbon monoxide poisoning", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "pair", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": "90% to 93%", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfc": "90% to 93%", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "ratio", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c165": "ratio", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": "ratio", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": "ratio", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": "ratio", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": "xygen, as a supposed mild euphoric, has a history of recreational use in oxygen bars and in sports. Oxygen bars", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16f": "Las Vegas, Nevada since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal O\n2 exposure", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": "Las Vegas, Nevada since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal O\n2 exposure", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c172": "Las Vegas, Nevada since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal O\n2 exposure", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": "Las Vegas, Nevada since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal O\n2 exposure", + "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": "the patient and, when needed, the medical staff. Carbon monoxide poisoning, gas gangrene, and decompression sickness", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e04": "the lungs", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05": "the lungs helps to displace carbon monoxide from the heme group of hemoglobin. Oxygen gas is poisonous to the anaerobic bacteria", - "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": "Decompression sickness", + "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": "sickness", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17b": "therapy", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "the heart", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": ", but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart. Oxygen therapy", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c178": "the essential purpose of respiration", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": "the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart. Oxygen therapy", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": "almost", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": "almost all other elements", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": "FeO (w\u00fcstite", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": "thin film of oxide", - "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": "Passengers traveling in (pressurized) commercial airplanes have an emergency supply of O\n2", - "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": "Passengers traveling in (pressurized) commercial", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart. Oxygen therapy", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": "therapy", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c178": "therapy", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": "therapy", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": "the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": "the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": "the chemical formula would show. For example, the mineral FeO (w\u00fcst", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "thin film of oxide", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": "thin", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": "Pass", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": "Passengers", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18f": "the canister. A steady stream of oxygen gas is then produced by the exothermic reaction", - "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c190": "the canister. A steady stream of oxygen gas is then produced by the exothermic reaction", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c196": "xy", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": "a liquid in specially insulated tankers", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": "liquid", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c199": "smaller cylinders", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": "institutions", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": "R", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": "R", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": "R", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "R", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c190": "the exothermic reaction", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c196": "xygen storage methods include high pressure oxygen tanks, cryogenics", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": "20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F). Such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid oxygen storage containers, which stand outside hospitals", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": "bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c199": "smaller", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": "20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F). Such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid oxygen storage containers, which stand outside hospitals", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": "the most important classes", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": "the most important classes", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": "3)\n2CO) and phenol (C\n6H\n5OH) are used as feeder materials", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "three", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e10": "the most important classes", - "571cde695efbb31900334e16": "the presence of carbonyl groups in these acids and their ester residues). Oxy", + "571cde695efbb31900334e16": "Only a few common complex biomolecules, such as squalene and the carotenes, contain no oxygen", "571cde695efbb31900334e17": "Only", - "571cde695efbb31900334e18": "carbohydrates", + "571cde695efbb31900334e18": "the presence of carbonyl groups", "571cde695efbb31900334e19": "All fats, fatty acids, amino acids, and proteins", - "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": "Only", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": "the same thing can occur by breathing 100%", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": "Prolonged breathing of an air mixture with an O\n2 partial pressure more than 60 kPa can eventually lead to permanent pulmonary fibrosis", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": "Exposure", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": "seizures", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e24": "toxicity", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": "the case of spacesuits, the O\n2 partial pressure", + "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": "almost", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": "21", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": "21", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": "160", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": "21", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e24": "21", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": "30", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2b": "30", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": "30 kPa", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "Breathing pure O\n2 in space applications, such as in some modern space suits, or in early spacecraft such as Apollo, causes no damage", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "normal sea-level O\n2 partial pressure", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": "30", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "30", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "30", "571ce6655efbb31900334e34": "50", "571ce6655efbb31900334e35": "50", "571ce6655efbb31900334e36": "50", - "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": "a problem except for patients on mechanical ventilators, since gas supplied through oxygen masks in medical applications is typically composed of only 30%\u201350%", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": "50", "571ce6655efbb31900334e38": "30%\u201350% O\n2 by volume (about 30", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952d": "October", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952e": "March", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952f": "1979", - "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89530": "1973", + "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89530": "1973 oil crisis began in October 1973", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89531": "October", - "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": "Some European nations", - "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": "mult", - "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2a": "18", + "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": "relations", + "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": "the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights. By January 18, 1974, US Secretary of State", + "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2a": "18, 1974, US Secretary of State", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2b": "March", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": "August", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": "the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": "Anticipating that currency values would fluctuate unpredictably for a time, the industrialized nations increased their reserves (by expanding their money supplies", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": "1971", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": "1971", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": "1971", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4d": "1971", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": ", they would price oil in terms of a fixed amount of gold", - "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": "less than two", - "5725b92e38643c19005acbd4": "the price had also remained fairly stable versus other currencies and commodities. OPEC ministers", - "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": "the price had also remained fairly stable versus other currencies and commodities. OPEC ministers", - "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": "fairly", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": "1971", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": "1967", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd4": "1971, OPEC was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation. From 1947 to 1967", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": "1967", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": "1967", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bd": "1973", - "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "Iran", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "1973", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bf": "ten", - "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": "Iran", - "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": "the time, Iran was the world's second-largest oil exporter and a close US ally. Weeks", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "70", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "70", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": "the United States. Saudi Arabia and the other Arab oil-producing states joined the embargo on October 20, 1973", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ee": "2", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": "the United States. Saudi Arabia and the other Arab oil-producing states joined the embargo on October 20, 1973", - "57261dab38643c19005ad037": "100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades for helping spread its fundamentalist interpretation of Islam", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": "1973", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": "1973", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "70%, to $5.11", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "70%, to $5.11", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": "70%, to $5.11", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ee": "70%, to $5.11", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": "70%, to $5.11", + "57261dab38643c19005ad037": "100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades for helping spread its fundamentalist interpretation of Islam, known as Wahhabism", "57261dab38643c19005ad038": "the world, via religious charities such al-Haramain Foundation", "57261dab38643c19005ad039": "Middle East", "57261dab38643c19005ad03a": "other underdeveloped nations", - "57261dab38643c19005ad03b": "Wahhabism", + "57261dab38643c19005ad03b": "fundamentalist interpretation of Islam, known as Wahhabism", "57261f9f271a42140099d4a9": "periods of excessive inflation", - "57261f9f271a42140099d4aa": "USSR", + "57261f9f271a42140099d4aa": "1973. The possibility that the Middle East could become another superpower confrontation with the USSR", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ab": "1973", - "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": "Further, interest groups and government agencies more worried about energy were no match for Kissinger", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": "The embargo", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": "many industries, such as automobiles", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0": "Macro", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": "Arctic", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "ten years", - "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": "the Netherlands", - "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": "refused", - "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": "The UK", - "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": "Harold Wilson's government supported the Israelis", + "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": "Further", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": "Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts. The embargo left oil companies searching for new ways to increase oil supplies", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": "Macro", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0": "Macroeconomic problems", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": "Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts. The embargo left oil companies", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "ten", + "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": "1970", + "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": "1970", + "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": "1970", + "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": "1970", "5726487b5951b619008f6ee1": "1970", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": "the winter of 1973", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": "the winter of 1973", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": "winter", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": "flying, driving and boating on Sundays", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db3a": "Sweden", - "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "Price controls", - "57264cac708984140094c1b4": "newly discovered oil to be sold at a higher price", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": "1973", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": "1973", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": "series of strikes by coal miners", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": "1973", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db3a": "1973", + "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "1973", + "57264cac708984140094c1b4": "higher price", "57264cac708984140094c1b5": "Predict", - "57264cac708984140094c1b7": "arcity", + "57264cac708984140094c1b7": "scarcity. The rule also discouraged development of alternative energies. The rule had been intended to promote oil exploration. Scarcity", "57264d9edd62a815002e80fe": "William E. Simon", - "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff": "the last week of February 1974, 20%", - "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "the Federal Energy Office", + "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff": "20%", + "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "William E. Simon", "57264d9edd62a815002e8101": "20%", - "57264efddd62a815002e8134": "national", - "57264efddd62a815002e8135": "the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act", + "57264efddd62a815002e8134": "1974 a national", + "57264efddd62a815002e8135": "1974 a national", "57264efddd62a815002e8136": "November 28, 1995", - "57264efddd62a815002e8137": "November", + "57264efddd62a815002e8137": "November 28", "57264efddd62a815002e8138": "1977", "572650325951b619008f6fa9": "The energy crisis", - "572650325951b619008f6faa": "ignore market and technology realities", + "572650325951b619008f6faa": "expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions", "572650325951b619008f6fab": "repeatedly", "57265200708984140094c237": "1973", - "57265200708984140094c238": "British Prime Minister Edward Heath", - "57265200708984140094c239": "10", - "57265200708984140094c23a": "total alienation\u2019 of the Arabs", - "57265360dd62a815002e819a": "71%", - "57265360dd62a815002e819b": "71%", - "57265360dd62a815002e819c": "the Middle East in 1970. On November 7, 1973, the Saudi and Kuwaiti governments", - "57265360dd62a815002e819d": "November 22", - "57265360dd62a815002e819e": ", and threatening to reconsider its policy toward Israel if Israel refused to accept these preconditions\". By December 25", - "57265526708984140094c2bd": "USSR's invasion of Afghanistan was only one sign of insecurity in the region", - "57265526708984140094c2be": "external and internal threats", + "57265200708984140094c238": "1973", + "57265200708984140094c239": "1973", + "57265200708984140094c23a": "1973", + "57265360dd62a815002e819a": "1970", + "57265360dd62a815002e819b": "1970", + "57265360dd62a815002e819c": "1973", + "57265360dd62a815002e819d": "1973", + "57265360dd62a815002e819e": "1973", + "57265526708984140094c2bd": "1979", + "57265526708984140094c2be": "1979", "57265526708984140094c2bf": "1979", "57265526708984140094c2c0": "1979", "57265526708984140094c2c1": "November 1979", - "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": "reduced", - "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": "the Honda Accord all had four cylinder engines", - "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": "V8", - "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": "the Honda Accord all had four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical American V8 and six cylinder engines. Japanese", - "572659535951b619008f703f": "the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": "the Honda Civic", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": "the Honda Civic", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": "the Honda Civic", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": "the Honda Civic", + "572659535951b619008f703f": "the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810", "572659535951b619008f7040": "the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810", "572659535951b619008f7041": "the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810", "572659535951b619008f7042": "Inf", - "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": "the Toyota Hilux", + "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": "Mitsubishi and Isuzu had joint partnerships", "57265a58dd62a815002e8271": "the Dodge D-50", "57265a58dd62a815002e8272": "Mitsubishi and Isuzu had joint partnerships", - "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": "Later the American makers introduced their domestic replacements (Ford Ranger", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": "smaller and fuel-efficient models", + "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": "Ranger", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": "Fiesta", "57265bdfdd62a815002e829f": "Fiesta", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "17.4 miles per gallon", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": "various other luxury oriented sedans", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": "the Oldsmobile Cutlass", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "17.4 miles per gallon, compared to 13", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": "13.5 in 1970. The improvements stayed even though the price of a barrel of oil remained constant at $12 from 1974 to 1979", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": "Fiesta", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b8": "1979", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b9": "1981", - "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": "downsize\" revision of vehicle categories", + "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": "1979", "57265e11708984140094c3bb": "1981", "57265e11708984140094c3bc": "less than $10", - "57265e11708984140094c3bd": "Saudi Arabia, trying to recover market share, increased production, pushing prices down", + "57265e11708984140094c3bd": "10", "57265e11708984140094c3be": "40", - "5725b41838643c19005acb7f": "Mercury", - "5725b41838643c19005acb80": "the 1960s, which he proposed in a May 25, 1961, address to Congress. Project Mercury was followed by the two-man Project Gemini", + "5725b41838643c19005acb7f": "three", + "5725b41838643c19005acb80": "1968", "5725b41838643c19005acb81": "1968", "5725b41838643c19005acb82": "John F. Kennedy", "5725b41838643c19005acb83": "three", "5725b56589a1e219009abd20": "1961 to 1972", - "5725b56589a1e219009abd21": "Gemini", + "5725b56589a1e219009abd21": "1961", "5725b56589a1e219009abd22": "joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union", - "5725b56589a1e219009abd23": "Skylab, a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973\u201374", + "5725b56589a1e219009abd23": "1973\u201374", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd40": "1967", - "5725b64d89a1e219009abd41": "1967 Apollo 1 cabin", - "5725b64d89a1e219009abd42": "Budget cuts", - "5725b64d89a1e219009abd43": "Five", - "5725b64d89a1e219009abd44": "an oxygen tank explosion", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd41": "1967", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd42": "three", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd43": "nine", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd44": "13", "5725b77889a1e219009abd54": "8", "5725b77889a1e219009abd55": "17", "5725b77889a1e219009abd56": "8", - "5725b77889a1e219009abd57": "the foundation for NASA's current human spaceflight capability, and funded construction of its Johnson Space Center and Kennedy Space Center. Apollo also spurred advances in many", + "5725b77889a1e219009abd57": "the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while the final Apollo 17", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d453": "three", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d454": "three", - "5725b888ec44d21400f3d455": "Abe Silverstein", + "5725b888ec44d21400f3d455": "three", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d457": "three", - "5725b888ec44d21400f3d456": "early 1960", - "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7": "July 1960", - "5725ba5038643c19005acbe8": "Maxime Faget", + "5725b888ec44d21400f3d456": "three", + "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7": "three", + "5725ba5038643c19005acbe8": "three", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe9": "three", - "5725ba5038643c19005acbea": "Hugh L. Dryden", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0c7": "John F. Kennedy", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0c8": "the Soviet Union", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9": "the status of the Apollo program once he became president. He knew little about the technical details of the space program, and was put off", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca": "Webb", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0cb": "the status of the Apollo program", + "5725ba5038643c19005acbea": "three", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0c7": "1960", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0c8": "John F. Kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised American superiority over the Soviet Union", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9": "1960", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca": "1960", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0cb": "1960", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1d": "Yuri Gagarin", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1e": "Yuri Gagarin", - "5725bc7138643c19005acc1f": "the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics one day after Gagarin", + "5725bc7138643c19005acc1f": "1961", "5725bc7138643c19005acc20": "Yuri Gagarin", - "5725bd4b38643c19005acc31": "April 20, Kennedy sent a memo to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson", + "5725bd4b38643c19005acc31": "20, Kennedy sent a memo to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc32": "Lyndon B. Johnson", - "5725bd4b38643c19005acc33": "later", - "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34": "neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership.\" His memo", - "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a5": "Robert R. Gilruth", + "5725bd4b38643c19005acc33": "Lyndon B. Johnson", + "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34": "Lyndon B. Johnson", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a5": "Robert R. Gilruth's Space Task Group", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a6": "Robert R. Gilruth's Space Task Group", - "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a7": "Houston", - "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a8": "Houston", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a7": "1961", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a8": "Rice University, and Administrator Webb announced the conversion on September 19, 1961", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a9": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station launch facilities in Florida", - "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdce": "the northernmost end: LC-34 and LC-37. But an even bigger", - "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdcf": "Kurt H. Debus", - "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd0": "Director", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdce": "1961", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdcf": "1963", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd0": "Kurt H. Debus, a member of Dr. Wernher von Braun's original V-2 rocket engineering team. Debus", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd1": "1963", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd7": "three", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd8": "two vacuum chambers", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd9": "250,000 feet (76 km", - "5725c01389a1e219009abdd6": "130", - "5725c123271a42140099d131": "Mueller", + "5725c01389a1e219009abdd6": "130 million cubic foot (3.7 million cubic meter) Vertical Assembly Building", + "5725c123271a42140099d131": "George E. Mueller", "5725c123271a42140099d132": "July", - "5725c123271a42140099d133": "Deputy", - "5725c123271a42140099d134": "Mueller", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6b": "the United States Air Force, so he got Webb's permission to recruit General Samuel C. Phillips", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6c": "the United States Air Force, so he got Webb's permission to recruit General Samuel C. Phillips", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6d": "the United States Air Force, so he got Webb's permission to recruit General Samuel C. Phillips", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6e": "the first manned landing in July 1969", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6f": "General Samuel C. Phillips", - "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44": "a rendezvous \u2014let alone a docking", + "5725c123271a42140099d133": "Dr. George E. Mueller", + "5725c123271a42140099d134": "Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, to replace then Associate Administrator D. Brainerd Holmes on his retirement effective September 1. Under Webb", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6b": "the first manned landing in July 1969", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6c": "Samuel C. Phillips", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6d": "Samuel C. Phillips", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6e": "Director. Mueller agreed, and Phillips managed Apollo from January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6f": "Samuel C. Phillips", + "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44": "John Houbolt", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe45": "1961", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe46": "Robert Seamans", - "5725c604271a42140099d185": "July", - "5725c604271a42140099d186": "July", - "5725c604271a42140099d187": "the Office of Manned Space Flight, Joseph Shea, who became a champion of LOR", - "5725c604271a42140099d188": "Shea", + "5725c604271a42140099d185": "July 1961", + "5725c604271a42140099d186": "July 1961", + "5725c604271a42140099d187": "the workability of the approach. In late 1961", + "5725c604271a42140099d188": "deputy director of the Office of Manned Space Flight, Joseph Shea", "5725c604271a42140099d189": "the Office of Manned Space Flight, Joseph Shea, who became a champion of LOR. The engineers at Marshall Space Flight Center", - "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d531": "ner", + "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d531": "Wiesner", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d532": "the Moon, hired Golovin, who had left NASA, to chair his own \"Space Vehicle Panel", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d533": "the Moon, hired Golovin", - "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d534": "July", - "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a1": "Wiesner blurted out \"No, that's no good\" in front of the press", - "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a2": "Wiesner", - "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a3": "the President's involvement with the October Cuban missile crisis, and fear of Kennedy's support for Webb. NASA announced the selection of Grumman", - "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a4": "Grumman", + "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d534": "July 11", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a1": "Webb", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a2": "the press", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a3": "the press, during a presentation by von Braun. Webb", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a4": "the press, during a presentation by von Braun. Webb", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d577": "the lander spacecraft to be used as a \"lifeboat", - "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578": "the lander spacecraft to be used as a \"lifeboat", - "5725c948ec44d21400f3d579": "the command ship without electrical power. The Lunar Module provided propulsion, electrical power and life support", + "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578": "13", + "5725c948ec44d21400f3d579": "13", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d57a": "1964", - "5725ca35271a42140099d1c1": "Maxime Faget's preliminary Apollo design employed a cone-shaped", - "5725ca35271a42140099d1c2": "a Command/Service Module", - "5725ca35271a42140099d1c3": "the Lunar Excursion Module", + "5725ca35271a42140099d1c1": "Maxime", + "5725ca35271a42140099d1c2": "off", + "5725ca35271a42140099d1c3": "the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec8": "three", - "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec9": "Parachutes were carried to slow its descent to splashdown", - "5725cb4a89a1e219009abeca": "ablative heat shield", - "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecb": "Parachutes", - "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecc": "12,250 pounds (5,560 kg", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec9": "three", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abeca": "three", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecb": "three", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecc": "three", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1b": "A cylindrical Service Module", - "5725cc2038643c19005acd1c": "A high-gain S-band antenna was used for long-distance communications", - "5725cc2038643c19005acd1d": "The Service Module", - "5725cc2038643c19005acd1e": "51,300", - "5725cc2038643c19005acd1f": "a fuel cell power generation system", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1c": "12", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1d": "12", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1e": "51", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1f": "54,000 pounds (24,000 kg", "5725cda338643c19005acd3f": "North American Aviation", - "5725cda338643c19005acd40": "the Moon, and thus was oversized to about twice the thrust required for translunar flight", + "5725cda338643c19005acd40": "the CSM, and also the second stage of the Saturn V", "5725cda338643c19005acd41": "1964", "5725cda338643c19005acd42": "the Saturn V", - "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0a": "descend from lunar orbit to land two", - "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0b": "atmosphere", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0a": "33", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0b": "33", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0d": "33", - "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0e": "3 days", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0e": "3", "5725d01989a1e219009abf28": "Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket engineers", - "5725d01989a1e219009abf29": "the midst of these plans, von Braun was transferred from the Army", - "5725d01989a1e219009abf2b": "June", + "5725d01989a1e219009abf29": "von Braun", + "5725d01989a1e219009abf2b": "June 11, 1962", "5725d0e3271a42140099d235": "four", "5725d0e3271a42140099d236": "five", - "5725d0e3271a42140099d237": "three", - "5725d0e3271a42140099d238": "three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying Pegasus satellites, which verified the safety of the translunar environment", - "5725d2ef271a42140099d255": "The Saturn IB", + "5725d0e3271a42140099d237": "five", + "5725d0e3271a42140099d238": "three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying Pegasus satellites, which verified the safety", + "5725d2ef271a42140099d255": "200", "5725d2ef271a42140099d256": "200", - "5725d2ef271a42140099d257": "third", - "5725d2ef271a42140099d258": "40", - "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65b": "The three-stage Saturn V was designed", + "5725d2ef271a42140099d257": "200", + "5725d2ef271a42140099d258": "200", + "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65b": "7", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65c": "33", - "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65d": "three", + "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65d": "7", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65e": "7", - "5725d51589a1e219009abf6e": "two", - "5725d51589a1e219009abf6f": "the first two landings on Apollo 11", - "5725d51589a1e219009abf70": "ologist", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf6e": "17", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf6f": "17", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf70": "Dr. Harrison Schmitt, a geologist", "5725d51589a1e219009abf71": "17", "5725d51589a1e219009abf72": "17", "5725d61038643c19005acdd3": "the first Earth orbital test mission Apollo 7", "5725d61038643c19005acdd4": "the first Earth orbital test mission Apollo 7", - "5725d61038643c19005acdd5": "October", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd5": "1969", "5725d61038643c19005acdd6": "the first Earth orbital test mission Apollo 7", - "5725d61038643c19005acdd7": "8", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd7": "1969", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde7": "1966", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde8": "265.7", - "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9": "4,577 nautical miles", - "5725d6cb38643c19005acdea": "the Pacific ocean. These flights validated the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield", + "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9": "13", + "5725d6cb38643c19005acdea": "265.7", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf90": "206", - "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91": "a new Apollo spacesuit", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91": "AS-207", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92": "visibility", - "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93": "suit", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93": "206", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf94": "Pilot", "5725d8a3271a42140099d28f": "the Gemini and Apollo programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966", - "5725d8a3271a42140099d290": "the Gemini and Apollo programs", - "5725d8a3271a42140099d291": "January 1966", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d290": "Director of Flight Crew Operations", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d291": "the first Apollo crew in January 1966", "5725d8a3271a42140099d292": "the first Apollo crew in January 1966", - "5725d8a3271a42140099d293": "rookie Donn F. Eisele as Pilot", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d293": "27", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69b": "1966", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69c": "August 1967", - "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69d": "AS-258, planned for August 1967", - "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69e": "reassigned as the Apollo 1 backup crew", - "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ab": "Samuel Phillips", + "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69d": "258, planned for August 1967", + "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69e": "1967", + "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ab": "Administrator George Mueller to appoint program director Samuel Phillips", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ac": "tiger team", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ad": "1967", - "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ae": "the results to Mueller and Deputy Administrator Robert Seamans", - "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd": "the altitude chamber", - "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6be": "and Chaffee decided to name their flight Apollo 1", - "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf": "the Kennedy Space Center. A \"plugs-out\" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown", - "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6c0": "the altitude chamber", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace01": "the morning of January 27, 1967", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace02": "the morning of January 27, 1967", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace03": "strange odor in their spacesuits", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace04": "the cabin", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace05": "the high pressure, 100% oxygen atmosphere", - "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe2": "the accident was complex, the review board concluded that \"deficiencies existed in Command Module", - "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3": "the review board concluded that \"deficiencies existed in Command Module", - "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe4": "reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO) Manager", - "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe5": "the accident was complex, the review board concluded that \"deficiencies existed in Command Module", + "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ae": "tiger team", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd": "the Kennedy Space Center", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6be": "the Kennedy Space Center", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf": "the Kennedy Space Center. A \"plugs-out\" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown on LC-34", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6c0": "the Kennedy Space Center", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace01": "the cabin, and spread quickly in the high pressure, 100% oxygen atmosphere", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace02": "the cabin, and spread quickly in the high pressure, 100% oxygen atmosphere", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace03": "27, 1967", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace04": "the cabin, and spread quickly in the high pressure, 100% oxygen atmosphere", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace05": "the cabin, and spread quickly in the high pressure, 100% oxygen atmosphere", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe2": "the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3": "the review board concluded that \"deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe4": "Manager", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe5": "the review board concluded that \"deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control.\" At the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ed": "the most important of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ee": "flammable cabin and space suit materials", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ef": "a quick-release, outward opening door", - "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0": "a quick-release, outward opening door. NASA discontinued the manned", - "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f1": "the most important of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable cabin", - "5725df1838643c19005ace15": "September 1967", - "5725df1838643c19005ace16": "the first lunar mission, testing the LM in lunar orbit but without landing (a \"dress rehearsal", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0": "the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights. Crew members would also exclusively wear modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f1": "the fire, changes were made in the Block II", + "5725df1838643c19005ace15": "1967", + "5725df1838643c19005ace16": "1967", "5725df1838643c19005ace17": "letters", - "5725e08389a1e219009ac010": "the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967", - "5725e08389a1e219009ac011": "the Command Module's heat shield", - "5725e08389a1e219009ac012": "the atmosphere at higher than the usual Earth-orbital reentry speed. This was followed on April 4, 1968", - "5725e08389a1e219009ac013": "the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967", - "5725e152271a42140099d2cd": "the first unmanned test flight of LM in Earth orbit, launched from pad 37 on January 22, 1968", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac010": "1967", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac011": "1967", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac012": "1967", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac013": "1967", + "5725e152271a42140099d2cd": "1968", "5725e152271a42140099d2ce": "37", - "5725e152271a42140099d2cf": "the first unmanned test flight of LM in Earth orbit, launched from pad 37 on January 22, 1968", - "5725e152271a42140099d2d0": "The LM engines", - "5725e152271a42140099d2d1": "the-hole\" test", - "5725e28f38643c19005ace23": "a Saturn V", + "5725e152271a42140099d2cf": "1968", + "5725e152271a42140099d2d0": "1968", + "5725e152271a42140099d2d1": "1968", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace23": "the next mission in March 1969", "5725e28f38643c19005ace24": "September 15, 1968", - "5725e28f38643c19005ace25": "Christmas Eve", - "5725e28f38643c19005ace26": "George", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace25": "10 lunar orbits in 20 hours, transmitting television pictures of the lunar surface on Christmas Eve", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace26": "George Low suggested the bold step of sending Apollo 8 to orbit the Moon instead, deferring the D mission to the next mission in March 1969", "5725e28f38643c19005ace27": "1968", - "5725e36f89a1e219009ac038": "Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac038": "11 in July 1969", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac039": "July 1969", - "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03a": "black-and-white television back to Earth", - "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03b": "July 1969", - "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03c": "July 24", - "5725e44238643c19005ace35": "a precision landing on Apollo 12", - "5725e44238643c19005ace36": "the Surveyor 3", - "5725e44238643c19005ace37": "the Surveyor 3", - "5725e44238643c19005ace38": "it was damaged when accidentally pointed into the Sun", - "5725e547ec44d21400f3d71f": "the Saturn V", - "5725e547ec44d21400f3d720": "the Block II spacesuit", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03a": "21", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03b": "21", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03c": "21", + "5725e44238643c19005ace35": "1969", + "5725e44238643c19005ace36": "the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe, which had landed in April 1967", + "5725e44238643c19005ace37": "the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe, which had landed in April 1967", + "5725e44238643c19005ace38": "1969", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d71f": "20", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d720": "II", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d721": "eight", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d722": "three days", - "5725e547ec44d21400f3d723": "mass", - "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d729": "the LM as a \"life boat", - "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72a": "the remaining missions to be crewed with a single veteran as Commander, with two rookies", - "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b": "remainder of 1970", - "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72c": "the oxygen tank", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d723": "20", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d729": "1970", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72a": "the remaining missions to be crewed with a single veteran as Commander, with two rookies. Apollo 13", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b": "1970", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72c": "1970", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72d": "April 1970", - "5725e95f89a1e219009ac086": "the ground, replacing the original plan to construct it in orbit from several Saturn IB launches; this eliminated Apollo 20", - "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087": "the time of the first landing in 1969", - "5725e95f89a1e219009ac088": "the upcoming Space Shuttle. By 1971, the decision was made to also cancel missions 18 and 19", + "5725e95f89a1e219009ac086": "18 and 19", + "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087": "1969", + "5725e95f89a1e219009ac088": "1971, the decision was made to also cancel missions 18 and 19", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac089": "1971", - "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e": "the Moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth, as measured by radiometric dating", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e": "3", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09f": "3", - "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a0": "KREEP", - "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1": "the Genesis Rock", - "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f": "atmosphere", - "5725eb8a38643c19005ace80": "Almost", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a0": "3", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1": "3", + "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f": "micrometeoroid impact craters, which is never seen on Earth rocks, due to the thick atmosphere", + "5725eb8a38643c19005ace80": "the Moon are highly brecciated as a result of being subjected to multiple impact events", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace81": "Some of the returned samples are of impact melt", - "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f": "$170 billion", - "5725ec7538643c19005ace90": "15", - "5725ec7538643c19005ace91": "20", + "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f": "1973", + "5725ec7538643c19005ace90": "1973", + "5725ec7538643c19005ace91": "1973", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb3": "The Apollo Extension Series", - "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4": "the Apollo Applications Program", + "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4": "the Apollo Applications Program (AAP", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb5": "Venus", "5725ef6838643c19005acece": "1973", - "5725ef6838643c19005acecf": "the drawing board. Dubbed Skylab, it was constructed complete on the ground rather than in space, and launched in 1973", - "5725ef6838643c19005aced0": "1974", - "5725ef6838643c19005aced1": "an Apollo Telescope Mount", + "5725ef6838643c19005acecf": "1973", + "5725ef6838643c19005aced0": "1974, and the station itself re-entered the atmosphere in 1979", + "5725ef6838643c19005aced1": "1973", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0be": "2009", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0bf": "the Apollo 11", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0c0": "the lunar surface and return to the mission Command Module in lunar orbit; the degree to which these flags retain their original colors", - "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cc": "8", - "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd": "the Book of Genesis", - "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0ce": "the Book of Genesis, on Christmas Eve, 1968. An estimated one-quarter", - "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf": "the Earth and the Moon back to Earth, and read from the creation story in the Book of Genesis, on Christmas Eve, 1968", - "5725f239271a42140099d35d": "a special Apollo TV camera", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cc": "1968", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd": "the Earth and the Moon back to Earth, and read from the creation story in the Book of Genesis", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0ce": "1968", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf": "8", + "5725f239271a42140099d35d": "West", "5725f239271a42140099d35e": "incompatible", - "5725f239271a42140099d35f": "the following years, a magnetic tape shortage prompted NASA to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration", + "5725f239271a42140099d35f": "National Archives and Records Administration", "5725f239271a42140099d360": "National Archives and Records Administration", - "5725f239271a42140099d361": "the missing tapes", + "5725f239271a42140099d361": "National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data. Stan Lebar, who led the team", "5725f39638643c19005acef7": "the CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings made at Johnson Space Center", - "5725f39638643c19005acef8": "historical", - "5725f39638643c19005acef9": "the CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings made at Johnson Space Center", - "5725f39638643c19005acefa": "the CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings made at Johnson Space Center", - "5725f39638643c19005acefb": "the CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings made at Johnson Space Center", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5c": "three", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": "a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": "three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law. The main sources of primary law are the Treaties", + "5725f39638643c19005acef8": "11", + "5725f39638643c19005acef9": "11", + "5725f39638643c19005acefa": "11", + "5725f39638643c19005acefb": "11", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5c": "regulations", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": "regulations", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": "regulations", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5f": "regulations", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": "the European Parliament", - "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations", - "5725c28a271a42140099d14e": "Regulations", - "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": "three", - "5725c28a271a42140099d150": "the European Parliament", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": "Parliament", + "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "regulations", + "5725c28a271a42140099d14e": "regulations", + "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": "regulations", + "5725c28a271a42140099d150": "regulations", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f0": "regulations", - "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": "three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law. The main sources of primary law are the Treaties", + "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": "regulations", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f2": "Parliament", - "57268b43dd62a815002e88f3": "three", - "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": "the courts", + "57268b43dd62a815002e88f3": "regulations", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": "European Court of Justice", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d2": "Where", - "5725bbec271a42140099d0d3": "Treaty", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d3": "the Treaty", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d4": "European Court of Justice", - "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": "the Court of Justice, international law and general principles", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": "Supplementary sources of European Union law include case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d503": "European Court of Justice", - "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": "Treaty", + "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": "the Treaty", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d505": "European Court of Justice", - "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": "the Court of Justice, international law and general principles", - "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": "the courts", - "57268bf9dd62a815002e890b": "the courts of member states", + "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": "Supplementary sources of European Union law include case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles", + "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": "European Court of Justice", + "57268bf9dd62a815002e890b": "European Court of Justice", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890c": "European Court of Justice", - "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": "the Court of Justice, international law and general principles", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": "the Treaty", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": "European Commission", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": "European Parliament", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": "European Court of Justice", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": "Commissioners", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": "The TEU establishes that European Union law applies to the metropolitan territories", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "The TEU specifically excludes certain regions, for example the Faroe Islands", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": "interpret the Treaties", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": "the European Union", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": "Treaties apply as soon", - "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": "the Treaty", - "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": "territories where a member state is responsible for external relations, for example Gibraltar", - "57268d2ddd62a815002e8950": "soon", + "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": "European Court of Justice", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": "Treaty", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": "Treaty", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": "the European Parliament", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": "Treaty", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": "Treaty", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": "Treaty", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "the Faroe Islands", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": "Treaty", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": "Treaty", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": "Treaty", + "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": "Treaty", + "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": "territories where a member state is responsible for external relations", + "57268d2ddd62a815002e8950": "the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Treaties", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8951": "Court of Justice", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": "Rome", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": "Ma", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": "1985", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be": "UK, Ireland, Denmark and Norway in 1972", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": "Treaty", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": "the Treaty of Rome", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": "the Treaty of Rome 1957", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": "1979", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be": "Maastricht Treaty", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": "1985", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0": "Rome", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1": "Maastricht Treaty", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b2": "1986", - "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": "1972", + "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": "Rome", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4": "1985", - "57264865dd62a815002e8062": ", as a result of the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", - "57264865dd62a815002e8063": "Netherlands", - "57264865dd62a815002e8064": "the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force. Instead, the Lisbon Treaty was enacted. Its substance", - "57264865dd62a815002e8065": "the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force. Instead, the Lisbon Treaty", - "57264865dd62a815002e8066": "the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force. Instead, the Lisbon Treaty", - "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": "the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", - "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "the European Union and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum", - "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": "Treaty", - "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": "Europe", - "57264a8cdd62a815002e808c": "The European Commission", - "57264a8cdd62a815002e808d": "a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure, although the Council is the \"de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives\". The Parliament", - "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": "President", - "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": "the Treaty of Lisbon. This means Commissioners are, through the appointment process, the unelected subordinates of member state governments", + "57264865dd62a815002e8062": "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", + "57264865dd62a815002e8063": "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", + "57264865dd62a815002e8064": "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", + "57264865dd62a815002e8065": "Treaty", + "57264865dd62a815002e8066": "Treaty", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808c": "17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should \"promote the general interest of the Union\" while Article 17(3", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808d": "Article 17(3", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": "17", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": "17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should \"promote the general interest of the Union\" while Article 17(3", "57264a8cdd62a815002e8090": "Federica Mogherini", - "572691545951b619008f76e1": "Article 17(3", - "572691545951b619008f76e2": "President", - "572691545951b619008f76e3": "the agenda for the EU's work. Decisions", - "572691545951b619008f76e4": "Ireland refused to consent to changes in the Treaty of Lisbon 2007", - "572691545951b619008f76e5": "Commissioners", - "57264e455951b619008f6f65": "the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament", - "57264e455951b619008f6f66": "Commission v Edith Cresson where the European Court of Justice", - "57264e455951b619008f6f67": "few Commissioners", - "57264e455951b619008f6f68": "six", - "57264e455951b619008f6f69": "the purpose of managing the euro. It has a six-person board appointed by the European Council", + "572691545951b619008f76e1": "3", + "572691545951b619008f76e2": "17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should \"promote the general interest of the Union\" while Article 17(3", + "572691545951b619008f76e3": "17", + "572691545951b619008f76e4": "Treaty of Lisbon 2007", + "572691545951b619008f76e5": "Article 17(3", + "57264e455951b619008f6f65": "Parliament", + "57264e455951b619008f6f66": "Edith Cresson where the European Court of Justice", + "57264e455951b619008f6f67": "Committee of Independent Experts", + "57264e455951b619008f6f68": "the European Council, on the Council's recommendation. The President", + "57264e455951b619008f6f69": "the European Council, on the Council's recommendation. The President", "5726926a5951b619008f7709": "1999", - "5726926a5951b619008f770a": "Parliament in 1999", + "5726926a5951b619008f770a": "1999", "5726926a5951b619008f770b": "Committee of Independent Experts", "5726926a5951b619008f770c": "the European Anti-fraud Office", "5726926a5951b619008f770d": "2012 it investigated the Maltese Commissioner for Health", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee": "TFEU article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the Parliament", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef": "the Commission with one million signatures. TFEU article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the Parliament", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee": "Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef": "Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0": "TFEU article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the Parliament", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1": "ten times", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2": "TFEU", - "5726938af1498d1400e8e446": "TFEU article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the Parliament", - "5726938af1498d1400e8e447": "TFEU", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1": "TFEU article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the Parliament", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2": "ten times the voting weight in Parliament", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e446": "Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e447": "ten times the voting weight in Parliament", "5726938af1498d1400e8e448": "1979", "5726938af1498d1400e8e449": "TFEU article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the Parliament", - "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a": "TFEU article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the Parliament", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a": "Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10", "5726545f708984140094c2a5": "the EU", - "5726545f708984140094c2a6": "Donald Tusk", + "5726545f708984140094c2a6": "the EU", "5726545f708984140094c2a7": "the EU", - "5726545f708984140094c2a8": "the EU: currently this means around 74 per cent, or 260", - "5726545f708984140094c2a9": "around", - "57269424dd62a815002e8a1e": "The second main legislative body is the Council", - "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": "six months", - "57269424dd62a815002e8a20": "352", + "5726545f708984140094c2a8": "the EU", + "5726545f708984140094c2a9": "the EU", + "57269424dd62a815002e8a1e": "the EU", + "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": "the EU", + "57269424dd62a815002e8a20": "352 votes, but for most acts there must be a qualified majority vote, if not consensus. TEU article 16", "57269424dd62a815002e8a21": "the EU", - "572656e4dd62a815002e81fa": "ordinary legislative procedure\" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament", - "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": "a majority of all MEPs (not just those present) to block or suggest changes, and the Council", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fa": "three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": "three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fc": "harder", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fd": "the Treaties. TEU articles 4 and 5", - "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": "Justice", - "572695285951b619008f774b": "TFEU article 294", - "572695285951b619008f774c": "ordinary legislative procedure\" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": "Court of Justice", + "572695285951b619008f774b": "ordinary legislative procedure\" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament", + "572695285951b619008f774c": "three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament", "572695285951b619008f774d": "the Treaties. TEU articles 4 and 5", - "572695285951b619008f774e": "Where the different institutions cannot agree at any stage, a \"Conciliation Committee", - "572658435951b619008f7025": "the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Court of Justice", - "572658435951b619008f7026": "the Court of Justice", - "572658435951b619008f7027": "28", - "572658435951b619008f7028": "the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Court of Justice", - "572658435951b619008f7029": "ens", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Court of Justice", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": "the Court of Justice", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": "Tribunal", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": "three", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": "ens", - "57265e455951b619008f70bb": "TFEU", - "57265e455951b619008f70bc": "Mr Costa", + "572695285951b619008f774e": "three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament", + "572658435951b619008f7025": "3", + "572658435951b619008f7026": "3", + "572658435951b619008f7027": "Treaty on European Union article 19", + "572658435951b619008f7028": "3", + "572658435951b619008f7029": "3", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "3", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": "Treaty on European Union article 19", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": "a Civil Service Tribunal", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": "three years. Under TEU article 19(3", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": "3", + "57265e455951b619008f70bb": "Treaty of Rome, and requested a reference be made to both the Italian Constitutional Court and the Court of Justice", + "57265e455951b619008f70bc": "Mr Costa. However, in principle, Mr Costa", "57265e455951b619008f70bd": "1968", "5726975c708984140094cb1f": "the European Court of Justice", - "5726975c708984140094cb20": "Costa", - "5726975c708984140094cb21": "the Court of Justice, the national courts of member states", + "5726975c708984140094cb20": "1964", + "5726975c708984140094cb21": "Treaty of Rome, and requested a reference be made to both the Italian Constitutional Court and the Court of Justice", "572699db5951b619008f7799": "the Court of Justice", - "572699db5951b619008f779a": "Generally speaking", + "572699db5951b619008f779a": "Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice", "572699db5951b619008f779b": "the European Communities Act 1972", - "572699db5951b619008f779d": "the Court of Justice", + "572699db5951b619008f779d": "Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice", "572699db5951b619008f779c": "the Court of Justice", - "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": "administrative law", + "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": "the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states", "57269aa65951b619008f77ac": "1986", - "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "the extent to which member state courts are bound to administer EU law. All actions by EU institutions", - "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": "constitutional law concerns the European Union", - "57269bb8708984140094cb95": "Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen it was held that the provisions of the Treaties", - "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "TFEU article 30", - "57269bb8708984140094cb97": "Van Gend en Loos", - "57269bb8708984140094cb98": "the same as Treaty provisions in this sense", - "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": "Directives", - "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13": "28", - "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14": "28", + "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "the extent to which member state courts are bound to administer EU law. All actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review", + "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": "the European Union", + "57269bb8708984140094cb95": "30", + "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "30", + "57269bb8708984140094cb97": "30", + "57269bb8708984140094cb98": "30", + "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": "Treaties and Regulations", + "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13": "TFEU article 288 says Directives are addressed to the member states and usually \"leave to the national authorities", + "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14": "TFEU article 288 says Directives are addressed to the member states and usually \"leave to the national authorities", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b15": "1990s", - "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": "the Employment Equality Framework Directive", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": "Third", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517": "the Employment Equality Framework Directive", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e518": "Third", - "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "the Employment Equality Framework Directive", - "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": "the Employment Equality Framework Directive", - "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534": "the light of the wording and purpose of the directive", - "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "First Company Law Directive", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "K\u00fcc\u00fckdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG where the German Civil Code \u00a7622", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": "Mrs Foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer, British Gas plc, which made women retire at age 60", + "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534": "the Insolvency Protection Directive", + "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "11", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e536": "the Insolvency Protection Directive", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e537": "6 million Lira from the Italian government", - "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550": "European Court of Justice", - "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": "Accepted general principles of European Union Law", + "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550": "by the European Court of Justice", + "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": "European Court of Justice", "5726a09f708984140094cc39": "Proportionality is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1950s", "5726a09f708984140094cc3a": "Article 5 of the EC Treaty", - "5726a09f708984140094cc3b": "the least onerous must be adopted", + "5726a09f708984140094cc3b": "Pro", "5726a14c708984140094cc51": "European Court of Justice", - "5726a14c708984140094cc52": "It is an important general principle", - "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "proper legal basis", + "5726a14c708984140094cc52": "It is an important general principle of international law and public law, which predates European Union law. As a general principle", + "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "proper", "5726a14c708984140094cc54": "principles of legal certainty and good faith, is also a central element of the general principle of legal certainty", - "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "the general principles of European Union law. As such the European Court of Justice is bound to draw inspiration", - "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87": "Therefore", - "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": "None", - "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": "European", + "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "the European Court of Justice", + "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87": "constitutions of member states", + "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": "None of the original treaties", + "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": "1950", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba0": "1950", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1": "1950", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba2": "1999", - "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": "2007", - "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "the Charter of Fundamental Rights", - "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": "European Union", - "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": "European Court of Justice", - "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": "a chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": "6", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "2007", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": "2007", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": "2000, as adopted at Strasbourg on 12 December 2007", + "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": "The Social Chapter", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af": "The Social Chapter", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b0": "1989", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b1": "30", - "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2": "40", - "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": "11", - "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1": "The UK", - "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "the \"Social Chapter", - "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3": "1992", - "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": "the Agreement on Social Policy", - "5726a5525951b619008f78de": "the Agreement on Social Policy", - "5726a5525951b619008f78df": "the Agreement on Social Policy, the 1994 Works Council Directive", + "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2": "The Social Chapter", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": "1989", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1": "1989", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "1989", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3": "1989", + "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": "1997, the UK formally subscribed", + "5726a5525951b619008f78de": "1997", + "5726a5525951b619008f78df": "1996", "5726a5525951b619008f78e0": "1996", "5726a5525951b619008f78e1": "1994", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf6": "1951", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf7": "1951", - "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8": "Article 65 of the agreement banned", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8": "86", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9": "86", - "5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa": "the first time that competition law principles were included in a plurilateral regional agreement and established the trans-European model of competition law. In 1957", - "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": "101(1), including price fixing", - "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in Article 101(1), including price fixing", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa": "86", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": "101", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in Article 101", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656": "Articles 106", - "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": "Article 102", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": "Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in Article 101(1), including price fixing", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b55": "2007", - "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": "a \"social market economy", - "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": "prices", - "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "the specific goals of free trade are underpinned by the general aims of the treaty for improvement of people's well being", - "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": "Increasingly the Court of Justice", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": "the interests of free trade", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": "Treaty", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articles 28 to 37 establish the principle of free movement of goods in the EU, while articles 45 to 66", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": "2007, free movement and trade were central to European development since the Treaty of Rome 1957. According to the standard theory", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articles 28 to 37", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articles 28 to 37 establish the principle of free movement of goods in the EU, while articles 45 to 66", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": "TFEU article 11", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union article 34", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0": "Treaty", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": "the authorities", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union article 34", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2": "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union article 34, \u2018Quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between", - "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": "TFEU article 34", - "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9": "TFEU", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": "article 36", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9": "the market\". It would require justification under article 36", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ea": "2003", - "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": "cocoa butter", - "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "34", - "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": "article 36", - "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "prevent cut throat competition", - "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": "the radio, TV and in magazines could fall within article 34", - "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "TFEU", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": "34", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "2009", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": "trader", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "article 34", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": "trader", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "article 36", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74": "18 to 21", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75": "the European Community", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": "citizenship", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": "TFEU articles 18 to 21", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": "18 to 21", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": "Regulation articles 1 to 7", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": "famous", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": "Gaelic", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": "the Court of Justice", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa": "14", - "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": "Citizenship of the EU has increasingly been seen as a \"fundamental\" status of member state nationals", - "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": "EU", - "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": "Commission v Austria", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75": "18 to 21", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": "18 to 21", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": "21", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": "21", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": "7", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": "7", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": "7", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": "7", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa": "14 hours a week", + "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": "the EU has increasingly been seen as a \"fundamental\" status of member state nationals", + "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": "the EU", + "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": "Austria", "5726bcde708984140094cfc2": "higher education", - "5726c002708984140094d073": "the Treaty", + "5726c002708984140094d073": "56", "5726c002708984140094d074": "Treaty", - "5726c002708984140094d075": "In Reyners", + "5726c002708984140094d075": "Treaty", "5726c002708984140094d076": "Treaty", - "5726c002708984140094d077": "Commission", + "5726c002708984140094d077": "Treaty", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8a": "2006", - "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "even having a crime against shipping toxic waste", - "5726c19add62a815002e8f8c": "October", - "5726c19add62a815002e8f8d": "2005", - "5726c3da708984140094d0d9": "people", - "5726c3da708984140094d0da": "UK", - "5726c3da708984140094d0db": "narcotic drugs", - "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": "authorities", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": "TFEU article 49. This meant the Daily Mail newspaper's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the Netherlands", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": "\u00a31 of capital", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": "\u00a3", + "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "2006", + "5726c19add62a815002e8f8c": "October 2007", + "5726c19add62a815002e8f8d": "2007", + "5726c3da708984140094d0d9": "TFEU article 56", + "5726c3da708984140094d0da": "56", + "5726c3da708984140094d0db": "56", + "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": "56", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": "TFEU article 49. This meant the Daily Mail newspaper's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": "TFEU article 49. This meant the Daily Mail newspaper", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": "TFEU article 49. This meant the Daily Mail newspaper", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac7": "TFEU", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": "Similarly", - "5725b81b271a42140099d097": "the Amazon Jungle", - "5725b81b271a42140099d098": "5", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": "TFEU", + "5725b81b271a42140099d097": "English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle", + "5725b81b271a42140099d098": "English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle", "5725b81b271a42140099d099": "nine", - "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": "nine", + "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": "English", "5725b81b271a42140099d09b": "half", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": "English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": "the Amazon Jungle", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00": "60%", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": "half", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02": "16", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": "the Amazon Jungle", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": "7", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": "nine", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": "60", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": "billion", - "5725be0f271a42140099d117": "wet", - "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "Climate fluctuations", - "5725be0f271a42140099d119": "Oligocene", - "5725be0f271a42140099d11a": "a mostly inland", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": "English", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": "English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00": "English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": "English", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02": "English", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": "English", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": "English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": "English", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": "English", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": "English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle", + "5725be0f271a42140099d117": "tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent", + "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0. Climate fluctuations", + "5725be0f271a42140099d119": "tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent", + "5725be0f271a42140099d11a": "the rainforest", "5725be0f271a42140099d11b": "However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f94": "tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": "45\u00b0", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": "Climate fluctuations", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": "66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": "the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f97": "During", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. It expanded again during the Middle Miocene", - "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": "tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent", - "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": "66\u201334 Mya", - "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": "the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. During the Oligocene", - "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the dinosaurs", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": "tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66\u201334 My", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": "66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": "tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66\u201334 My", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b9": "Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions", - "5725c071271a42140099d127": "the middle", - "5725c071271a42140099d128": "the Atlantic", + "5725c071271a42140099d127": "the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle", + "5725c071271a42140099d128": "the Solim\u00f5es Basin", "5725c071271a42140099d129": "the Solim\u00f5es Basin", - "5725c071271a42140099d12a": "the last 5\u201310 million years", - "5725c071271a42140099d12b": "easterly flow toward the Atlantic", - "57283d173acd2414000df78f": "the last 5\u201310 million years", - "57283d173acd2414000df790": "the Atlantic", - "57283d173acd2414000df791": "the last 5\u201310 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic", - "57283d173acd2414000df792": "Basin", - "57283d173acd2414000df793": "a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solim\u00f5es Basin", - "5729e6313f37b319004785a9": "the mid-Eocene", + "5725c071271a42140099d12a": "5\u201310 million years", + "5725c071271a42140099d12b": "Basin", + "57283d173acd2414000df78f": "Basin", + "57283d173acd2414000df790": "easterly flow toward the Atlantic", + "57283d173acd2414000df791": "the Solim\u00f5es Basin", + "57283d173acd2414000df792": "the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west", + "57283d173acd2414000df793": "the Solim\u00f5es Basin", + "5729e6313f37b319004785a9": "the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle", "5729e6313f37b319004785aa": "middle", - "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": "the last 5\u201310 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic", - "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": "the last 5\u201310 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic", + "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": "the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west", + "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": "easterly flow toward the Atlantic", "5729e6313f37b319004785ad": "the Solim\u00f5es Basin", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50b": "Last", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": "the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": "the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin. There is debate", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": "the available data", - "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "21", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": "Last", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": "Last", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "Last", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": "Last", + "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "Last", "572841772ca10214002da1a7": "the Last", "572841772ca10214002da1a8": "lower", - "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "the LGM was lower", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "21,000 years", + "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "Last", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "21", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77a": "the LGM was lower", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": "the LGM was lower", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": "open forest and grassland", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": "proved", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": "Last", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": "refugia separated by open forest and grassland", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": "Last", "5725c63438643c19005acc9f": "27", - "5725c63438643c19005acca0": "182", - "5725c63438643c19005acca1": "1,600 miles", + "5725c63438643c19005acca0": "27", + "5725c63438643c19005acca1": "27", "5725c63438643c19005acca2": "27", - "5725c63438643c19005acca3": "132", + "5725c63438643c19005acca3": "27.7 million tons (15%)", "5728455bff5b5019007da078": "27", - "5728455bff5b5019007da079": "182", + "5728455bff5b5019007da079": "27", "5728455bff5b5019007da07a": "27", "5728455bff5b5019007da07b": "27", - "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": "43", + "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": "27", "5729ea263f37b319004785bd": "27", "5729ea263f37b319004785be": "27", - "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": "182", - "5729ea263f37b319004785c0": "1,600 miles", + "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": "27", + "5729ea263f37b319004785c0": "27", "5729ea263f37b319004785c1": "27", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": "ia", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf4": "0.2 inhabitants", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": "agriculture", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": "recent anthropological", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf7": "Some 5", - "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": "the rainforest through hunting, with agriculture needed to host a larger population. However, recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": "Betty Meggers", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf4": "Betty Meggers", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": "0.2 inhabitants", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": "0.2 inhabitants", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf7": "5", + "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": "0.2 inhabitants", "572847dd4b864d19001648bd": "Betty Meggers", - "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "0.2", + "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "Betty Meggers", "572847dd4b864d19001648bf": "Betty Meggers", - "5729eb34af94a219006aa6c9": "Betty", - "5729eb34af94a219006aa6ca": "0.2 inhabitants", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6c9": "Betty Meggers", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6ca": "Betty Meggers", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cb": "0.2 inhabitants", - "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cc": "Some 5", - "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "200", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cc": "5", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed2": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542", - "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": "the 1540s", - "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": "the 1540s. It is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases", - "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": "the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between AD 0\u20131250", - "5725cbb289a1e219009abed6": "AD 0\u20131250", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542. The BBC", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": "1970", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed6": "1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between AD 0\u20131250", "5729edd56aef051400155112": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542", "5729edd56aef051400155113": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542", - "5729edd56aef051400155114": "AD 0\u20131250", - "5729edd56aef051400155115": "Ondemar Dias", - "5729edd56aef051400155116": "11,000 years", + "5729edd56aef051400155114": "1970s", + "5729edd56aef051400155115": "1970", + "5729edd56aef051400155116": "11", "5725cf3238643c19005acd61": "Terra preta (black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest, is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management", - "5725cf3238643c19005acd62": "Terra preta (black earth", - "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": "centuries", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd62": "Terra preta (black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest, is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": "centuries of human management", "5725cf3238643c19005acd64": "2003", - "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": "the Amazon forest, is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": "centuries of human management, rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed", "5729ef266aef05140015511c": "Terra preta (black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest, is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management", - "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "the result of centuries of human management", + "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "centuries of human management, rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed", "5729ef266aef05140015511e": "2003", "5729ef266aef05140015511f": "2003", - "5729ef266aef051400155120": "roads", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61b": "2.5 million", + "5729ef266aef051400155120": "2003", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61b": "40", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61c": "five", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": "40,000", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": "200", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": "Scientists", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": "40", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": "40,000 plant species, 2,200", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": "40", "5729f0db6aef051400155126": "2.5 million", - "5729f0db6aef051400155127": "1", - "5729f0db6aef051400155128": "40,000", - "5729f0db6aef051400155129": "378", - "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": "1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region. One in five", - "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "more than 1,100 tree species", - "5726722bdd62a815002e8529": "16,000", + "5729f0db6aef051400155127": "40", + "5729f0db6aef051400155128": "40", + "5729f0db6aef051400155129": "40", + "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": "40", + "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "a quarter square kilometer (62 acres) of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species", + "5726722bdd62a815002e8529": "16", "5726722bdd62a815002e852a": "90", - "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": "tonnes per hectare", - "5726722bdd62a815002e852c": "000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region", - "5729f2646aef051400155130": "the region", - "5729f2646aef051400155131": "more than 1,100", + "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": "90,790 tonnes of living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 \u00b1 47 tonnes per hectare", + "5726722bdd62a815002e852c": "38,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region", + "5729f2646aef051400155130": "90,790 tonnes of living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 \u00b1 47 tonnes per hectare", + "5729f2646aef051400155131": "1,100", "5729f2646aef051400155132": "90", - "5729f2646aef051400155133": "356 \u00b1 47 tonnes", - "5729f2646aef051400155134": "an estimated 438,000", - "5729f3831d0469140077967b": "electric eels", - "5729f3831d0469140077967c": "the largest predatory creatures", + "5729f2646aef051400155133": "90,790 tonnes of living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 \u00b1 47 tonnes per hectare", + "5729f2646aef051400155134": "38,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region", + "5729f3831d0469140077967b": "electric eels can produce an electric shock", + "5729f3831d0469140077967c": "jaguar", "5729f3831d0469140077967d": "piranha are known to bite and injure humans", - "5729f3831d0469140077967e": "Various", - "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "the rabies virus", - "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": "a", - "5729fd56af94a219006aa730": "Prior to the early 1960s", - "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": "the slash and burn method", - "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": "a short period of time, so farmers are constantly moving to new areas and clearing more land. These farming practices led to deforestation and caused extensive environmental damage", + "5729f3831d0469140077967e": "Various species of poison dart frogs", + "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "the rabies virus. Malaria, yellow fever and Dengue fever can also be contracted in the Amazon region", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": "Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas. The main sources of deforestation in the Amazon are human settlement", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa730": "1960s", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": "the 1960s", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": "the early 1960s", "5729fd56af94a219006aa733": "outer space", - "5729feaf6aef051400155188": "587,000 square kilometres", + "5729feaf6aef051400155188": "1991", "5729feaf6aef051400155189": "1991", "5729feaf6aef05140015518a": "Seventy", - "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": "the United States. New research however, conducted by Leydimere Oliveira", - "5729feaf6aef05140015518c": "Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91%", - "572a005f1d046914007796b7": "the Amazon. The first two", - "572a005f1d046914007796b8": "the Amazon. The first two", - "572a005f1d046914007796b9": "The mean annual deforestation rate", - "572a005f1d046914007796bb": "declined", - "572a005f1d046914007796ba": "18%", - "572a020f6aef051400155198": "biodiversity", - "572a020f6aef051400155199": "biodiversity", - "572a020f6aef05140015519a": "the carbon", + "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": "Seventy", + "5729feaf6aef05140015518c": "Seventy", + "572a005f1d046914007796b7": "2000 to 2005 (22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18%", + "572a005f1d046914007796b8": "2000 to 2005 (22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18%", + "572a005f1d046914007796b9": "2000 to 2005 (22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18%", + "572a005f1d046914007796bb": "2014", + "572a005f1d046914007796ba": "2000 to 2005 (22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18%", + "572a020f6aef051400155198": "0.62 \u00b1 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare", + "572a020f6aef051400155199": "destruction of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate global warming", + "572a020f6aef05140015519a": "the carbon contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate global warming", "572a020f6aef05140015519b": "10%", - "572a020f6aef05140015519c": "1.1 \u00d7 1011 metric tonnes of carbon", - "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": "the Amazon rainforest could become unsustainable under conditions of severely reduced rainfall", + "572a020f6aef05140015519c": "0.62 \u00b1 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare", + "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": "2100", "572a03a06aef0514001551ab": "2100", "572a03a06aef0514001551ac": "2100", - "572a03a06aef0514001551ad": "21st century", - "572a03a06aef0514001551ae": ", ranging from weak increases to strong decreases. The result indicates that the rainforest could be threatened though the 21st century", - "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": "deforestation", - "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": "ethno-biology and community", - "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": "ecocide", - "572a064a3f37b31900478660": "the Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples' rainforest communities continue to disappear, while others, like the Urarina", - "572a064a3f37b31900478661": "disappear", + "572a03a06aef0514001551ad": "2100", + "572a03a06aef0514001551ae": "2100", + "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": "disappear, while others, like the Urarina continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival", + "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": "survival", + "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": "disappear, while others, like the Urarina continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival", + "572a064a3f37b31900478660": "survival", + "572a064a3f37b31900478661": "disappear, while others, like the Urarina continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival", "572a07c11d046914007796d5": "remote sensing", "572a07c11d046914007796d6": "the Trio Tribe", "572a07c11d046914007796d7": "the Trio Tribe", - "572a07c11d046914007796d8": "the Trio Tribe", - "572a07c11d046914007796d9": "the Amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests. Using handheld GPS devices", - "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": "tree growth stages", - "572a09abaf94a219006aa75c": "the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions", + "572a07c11d046914007796d8": "Earth", + "572a07c11d046914007796d9": "Google Earth", + "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": "2006", + "572a09abaf94a219006aa75c": "2006", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75d": "2006", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75e": "2006", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75f": "2006", - "572a0b101d046914007796e9": "2005", - "572a0b101d046914007796eb": "Scientists", - "572a0b101d046914007796ec": "three years of drought. Scientists at the Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research", - "572a0b101d046914007796ed": "irreversibly start to die. It concludes that the forest is on the brink of being turned into savanna or desert", - "572a0b101d046914007796ea": "Woods", - "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f": "2010", - "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": "1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) of rainforest", - "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771": "three epicenters", - "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772": "the drought", + "572a0b101d046914007796e9": "three", + "572a0b101d046914007796eb": "The Independent reported Woods Hole Research Center results showing that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought. Scientists", + "572a0b101d046914007796ec": "three", + "572a0b101d046914007796ed": "three", + "572a0b101d046914007796ea": "The Independent reported Woods Hole Research Center results showing that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought. Scientists", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f": "734,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) in 2005. The 2010 drought", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": "7", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771": "three", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772": "734,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) in 2005", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa773": "1", - "5725b9db38643c19005acbe1": "t\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0252f\u0259r\u0259/; singular ctenophore", - "5725b9db38643c19005acbe2": "t\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0252f\u0259r\u0259/; singular ctenophore", - "5725b9db38643c19005acbe3": "range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": "t\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0252f\u0259r\u0259/; singular ctenophore", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": "means", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "water flow through the body cavity", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": "1", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "Their most distinctive feature is the \u2018combs", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "t\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0252f\u0259r\u0259/; singular ctenophore", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": "1", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": "water flow through the body cavity", + "5725b9db38643c19005acbe1": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r", + "5725b9db38643c19005acbe2": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", + "5725b9db38643c19005acbe3": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", "57263eaa38643c19005ad374": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "t\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0252f\u0259r\u0259/; singular ctenophore", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "ti\u02d0n\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", "5725bae289a1e219009abd90": "ten", - "5725bae289a1e219009abd91": "100\u2013150", + "5725bae289a1e219009abd91": "100", "5725bae289a1e219009abd92": "25", - "5725c337271a42140099d163": "100\u2013150", + "5725c337271a42140099d163": "100", "5725c337271a42140099d164": "pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla (\"little tentacles\") that are covered with colloblasts", "5725c337271a42140099d165": "ten", "5725c337271a42140099d166": "asts", - "5725c337271a42140099d167": "huge", + "5725c337271a42140099d167": "huge mouths", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ee": "ten", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ef": "pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla (\"little tentacles", - "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": "huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia", - "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "asts", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": "pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla (\"little tentacles\") that are covered with colloblasts", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2": "asts", - "5725bc0338643c19005acc11": "the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times. Fertilization", + "5725bc0338643c19005acc11": "hermaphroditism", "5725bc0338643c19005acc12": "the bottom", - "5725bc0338643c19005acc13": "the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form. In at least some species", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": "Most", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f": "Some are simultaneous", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "Others", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": "platyctenids", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": "the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times. Fertilization", - "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": "the same time. Others", - "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": "simultaneous", - "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": "Others", + "5725bc0338643c19005acc13": "some species, juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape. The combination of hermaphroditism", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": "hermaphroditism", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f": "simultaneous", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "sequential", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": "platyctenids' eggs are fertilized inside", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": "hermaphroditism", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": "hermaphroditism", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": "the bottom", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": "sequential", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4": "platyctenids' eggs are fertilized inside", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5": "the beroids", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc39": "the Black Sea", - "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a": "Mnemiopsis", - "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b": "the Mnemiopsis population", - "5725c69738643c19005accb9": "the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys", + "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a": "Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae", + "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b": "Mnemiopsis", + "5725c69738643c19005accb9": "Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae", "5725c69738643c19005accba": "Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea", "5725c69738643c19005accbb": "the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae", - "5725c69738643c19005accbc": "the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers", + "5725c69738643c19005accbc": "the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places", "5726431d271a42140099d7f5": "the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places", - "5726431d271a42140099d7f6": "the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton", - "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": "Mnemiopsis", - "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": "to collapse", - "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": "the Mnemiopsis population", - "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": "event", - "5725c91e38643c19005accec": "the \"cydippids\" are not monophylet", - "5725c91e38643c19005acced": "515 million years ago", - "5725c91e38643c19005accee": "tentacles but many more comb-rows", - "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": "515 million years ago", - "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event", - "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": "let", - "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "thought", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f6": "phytoplankton", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": "the Black Sea", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": "the Black Sea", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": "the Black Sea", + "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": "66 million years ago", + "5725c91e38643c19005accec": "1980", + "5725c91e38643c19005acced": "the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago", + "5725c91e38643c19005accee": "the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago", + "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": "the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago", + "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago", + "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": "the \"cydippids\" are not monophylet", + "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago", "5725cb33271a42140099d1db": "cnidarians", - "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": "distinguished", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": "sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dd": "bilaterians", "5725cb33271a42140099d1de": "Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians", - "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": "asts", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": "Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians", "572646655951b619008f6ebf": "arians", - "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "distinguished from all other animals by having colloblasts", + "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians", "572646655951b619008f6ec1": "Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians", - "572646655951b619008f6ec2": "both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems", + "572646655951b619008f6ec2": "nervous systems", "572646655951b619008f6ec3": "bilaterians", - "572647d0708984140094c14b": "the mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores; more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer", + "572647d0708984140094c14b": "three", "572647d0708984140094c14c": "tri", "572647d0708984140094c14d": "three", - "572647d0708984140094c14e": "three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer. Hence ctenophores and cnidarians have traditionally", - "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": "the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called \"ctenes,\" stacked along the comb rows", - "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called \"ctenes", - "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": "the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called \"ctenes", - "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": "\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2", + "572647d0708984140094c14e": "three", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": "1.5 meters (4.9 ft", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "1.5 meters (4.9 ft", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": "1.5 meters (4.9 ft", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": "1.5 meters (4.9 ft", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db40": "Pleurobrachia", - "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "three", + "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "three coastal genera \u2013 Pleurobrachia", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42": "three coastal genera \u2013 Pleurobrachia", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43": "three", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a0": "gastrodermis", - "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1": "bioluminescence", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1": "the mesoglea to the most active parts of the animal: the mouth and pharynx", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a2": "pharynx", - "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": "a system of internal canals", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": "the center that acts as a stomach", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a4": "the mouth and pharynx", - "57264cfa708984140094c1c3": "bears usually eight comb rows", - "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": "plates", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c3": "eight comb rows", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": "3", "57264cfa708984140094c1c5": "9 + 3", - "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": "usually swim in the direction", - "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": "thousands of unusually long cilia, up to 2 millimeters", - "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": ", but experiments have shown that some species", - "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "the mesoglea", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": "3", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": "six times its normal speed", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": "the body cavity", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "tes in the body cavity", "57264e66dd62a815002e811c": "the body cavity", - "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": "pump this into the mesoglea to increase its bulk", - "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e": "the aboral organ", - "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": "the aboral organ", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": "tes", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e": "the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": "the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60": "the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst", - "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": "a statocyst", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": "the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc62": "the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst", - "57265746dd62a815002e8218": "the common coastal \"sea gooseberry,\" Pleurobrachia", - "57265746dd62a815002e8219": "opposite sides of the body extends a pair of long, slender tentacles", - "57265746dd62a815002e821a": "more or less rounded, sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical", - "57265746dd62a815002e821b": "a sheath", + "57265746dd62a815002e8218": "Pleurobrachia", + "57265746dd62a815002e8219": "opposite sides of the body extends a pair", + "57265746dd62a815002e821a": "the body extends a pair of long, slender tentacles, each housed in a sheath into which it can be withdrawn. Some species", + "57265746dd62a815002e821b": "opposite sides of the body extends a pair of long, slender tentacles, each housed in a sheath", "57265746dd62a815002e821c": "the common coastal \"sea gooseberry,\" Pleurobrachia", - "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": "tentilla", - "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": "thread", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": "fringed with tentilla", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": "the epidermis or in the mesoglea; and a spiral thread", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcae": "thread", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcaf": "three", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0": "three types of movement", "572659ea5951b619008f7051": "eight", "572659ea5951b619008f7052": "eight", - "572659ea5951b619008f7053": "evenly", - "572659ea5951b619008f7054": "a ciliary groove", + "572659ea5951b619008f7053": "eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth to the opposite end, and are spaced evenly", + "572659ea5951b619008f7054": "eight", "57265aaf5951b619008f706b": "pair", "57265aaf5951b619008f706c": "four auricles", "57265aaf5951b619008f706d": "four", - "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "four", - "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": "the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted grooves", + "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "four auricles", + "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": "the mouth, many species", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd36": "Members of the lobate genera Bathocyroe and Ocyropsis can escape from danger", - "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": "Members", - "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": "nerves", - "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "nerves", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50": "The Beroida", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": "The Beroida", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "narrow strips", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": "the stomach", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": "The Beroida", - "57265e97708984140094c3c3": "the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows", - "57265e97708984140094c3c6": "1", - "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows", - "57265e97708984140094c3c5": "the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": "eight comb-rows", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": "eight", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "eight comb-rows", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50": "Beroida", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": "pair", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "pair", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": "pair", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": "Beroida", + "57265e97708984140094c3c3": "pair of comb-rows", + "57265e97708984140094c3c6": "1.5 meters", + "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "pair of comb-rows", + "57265e97708984140094c3c5": "pair of comb-rows", "57265e97708984140094c3c7": "faster", - "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": "pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles", - "572681c1dd62a815002e8797": "the body surfaces of other invertebrates, and are often revealed by their long tentacles with many sidebranches", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": "pair", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8797": "pair", "572681c1dd62a815002e8798": "All but one of the known platyctenid species", - "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": "the back of the ctenophore", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": "pair", "572683075951b619008f7513": "pores", - "572683075951b619008f7514": "the same time \u2013 except that in two species of the genus Ocryopsis", - "572683075951b619008f7515": "occasionally", - "572683075951b619008f7516": "the same time \u2013 except that in two species of the genus Ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex all their lives. The gonads", - "572683075951b619008f7517": "Fertilization is external", - "572684365951b619008f753f": "the genus Beroe the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles", - "572684365951b619008f7540": "the flat, bottom-dwelling", - "572684365951b619008f7541": ", as they live among the plankton and thus occupy a different ecological niche from their parents and attain the adult form by a more radical metamorphosis", + "572683075951b619008f7514": "platyctenids use internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers", + "572683075951b619008f7515": "occasionally been seen in species of the genus Mnemiopsis", + "572683075951b619008f7516": "the same single sex", + "572683075951b619008f7517": "Fertilization", + "572684365951b619008f753f": "the genus Beroe the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths", + "572684365951b619008f7540": "the plankton and thus occupy a different ecological niche from their parents and attain the adult form by a more radical metamorphosis", + "572684365951b619008f7541": "the plankton and thus occupy a different ecological niche from their parents and attain the adult form by a more radical metamorphosis", "572684365951b619008f7542": "larvae", - "572684365951b619008f7543": "the genus", + "572684365951b619008f7543": "tentacle sheaths", "572686fc708984140094c8e5": "athyctena chuni", - "572686fc708984140094c8e6": "When some species", + "572686fc708984140094c8e6": "When some species, including Bathyctena chuni", "572686fc708984140094c8e7": "Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea vexilligera, are disturbed, they produce secretions", - "572686fc708984140094c8e8": "more brightly", - "5726887e708984140094c917": "ia", - "5726887e708984140094c918": "Haeckelia", - "5726887e708984140094c919": "Haeckelia", - "5726887e708984140094c91a": "the cydippid genus Pleurobrachia and the lobate Bolinopsis", + "572686fc708984140094c8e8": "Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea vexilligera, are disturbed, they produce secretions", + "5726887e708984140094c917": "the genus Haeckelia", + "5726887e708984140094c918": "Members of the genus Haeckelia", + "5726887e708984140094c919": "Members of the genus Haeckelia", + "5726887e708984140094c91a": "ia", "5726887e708984140094c91b": "The two-tentacled \"cydippid\" Lampea", - "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": "dead ends", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": "ists", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d": "On", - "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": "the larvae of some flatworms", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": "the Red Sea", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33f": "the Red Sea", - "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": "Some jellyfish and turtles", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": "sharp drops", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "the other hand, in the late 1980s", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": "eventually", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": "late 1980s", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": "the Red Sea", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": "blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "1980s", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": "1991 to 1993", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": "1980s", "57268c01dd62a815002e8916": "1991 to 1993", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c": "Three", - "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": "The Ediacaran Eoandromeda", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": "Three", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e": "Three", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f": "Three", - "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": "Three", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8990": "Stromatoveris, from China", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8991": "Stromatoveris, from China's Chengjiang lagerst\u00e4tte", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": "Stromatoveris was an evolutionary \"aunt\" of ctenophores", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": "ta", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": "Ediacaran period", - "57269016708984140094ca41": "Several", - "57269016708984140094ca42": "Porifera", - "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "the beroids have cydippid-like larvae", - "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "the cydippids are not monophyletic", - "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "event", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": "Three additional putative species were then found in the Burgess Shale and other Canadian rocks of similar age, about 505 million years ago", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8990": "Stromatoveris", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8991": "Stromatoveris", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": "Stromatoveris", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": "Stromatoveris", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": "ta", + "57269016708984140094ca41": "series", + "57269016708984140094ca42": "the latter two scenarios, that ctenophores are either sister to Cnidaria, Placozoa and Bilateria", + "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "larvae", + "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "2001", + "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "Richard", "572691bedd62a815002e89df": "Richard", - "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": "fifth-largest city in California", - "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": "northwest", - "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f": "tree", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": "fifth", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": "res", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f": "res", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd50": "an ash leaf", - "5725ce4d38643c19005acd51": "resno", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd51": "res", "5725cfd0271a42140099d225": "1872", - "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": "Fresno", + "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": "1872", "5725cfd0271a42140099d227": "85", "5725cfd0271a42140099d228": "47", - "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": "town", - "5725d183271a42140099d23d": "2", + "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": "1872", + "5725d183271a42140099d23d": "2.7% Asian. (Incongruously, Chinatown", "5725d183271a42140099d23e": "Chinatown", - "5725d183271a42140099d23f": "the Pinedale Assembly Center", + "5725d183271a42140099d23f": "World War II, Fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods, including Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy", "5725d183271a42140099d240": "Pinedale Assembly Center", - "5725d183271a42140099d241": "The Fresno Fairgrounds was also utilized as an assembly center", + "5725d183271a42140099d241": "World War II, Fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods, including Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d639": "September", - "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": "the other but not both). In 1976, BankAmericard", - "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b": "the other but not both). In 1976", + "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": "1976", + "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b": "1976", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63c": "1976", - "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d": "Visa", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf58": "the 1970s", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "Bob Gallion", + "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d": "1976", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf58": "1970s", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "1970s", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a": "Madera", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": "the subject of a song, \"Walking Into Fresno\", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "Lupe Mayorga", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": "1970s, the city was the subject of a song, \"Walking Into Fresno", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "1970s, the city was the subject of a song, \"Walking Into Fresno", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d687": "three", - "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": "the", - "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": "Kearney Park", - "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": "the southwest. Woodward Park, which features the Shinzen Japanese Gardens, numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails", - "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": "Kearney Park", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": "three", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": "three", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": "three", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": "three", "5725d7e438643c19005acdf9": "Between the 1880s and World War II", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfa": "Tower", - "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "the Grand 1401", + "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "1401", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfc": "the Hughes Hotel", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b3": "1964", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b4": "1964", - "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "Pierre-Auguste Renoir", - "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "the country, including the only Pierre-Auguste Renoir", - "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": "the street) to continue with the pedestrian friendly environment of the district", - "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": "Sun", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "Street", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "Street", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": "Street", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": "1950", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c6": "Kings", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c7": "1950s", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c8": "the Sunnyside Country Club", - "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c9": "William P. Bell", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c9": "Bell", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfea": "the historic Tower Theatre", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfeb": "1939", - "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": "a well-known landmark water tower", - "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": "later", - "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": "one-half mile south", - "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d7": "late 1970s", - "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": "Theatre", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": "the historic Tower Theatre", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": "the Tower District is centered around the historic Tower Theatre", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": "the Tower District is centered around the historic Tower Theatre", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d7": "1970s", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": "1970s", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d9": "1978", - "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": "native", - "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": "The Wiz at the theater", - "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "The neighborhood features restaurants, live theater and nightclubs", - "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": "few hundred feet of each other. Since renewal, the Tower District", - "5725e45689a1e219009ac04a": "the Tower District", - "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": "the Tower District", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": "the Tower Theatre", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": "the Tower Theatre", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "Tower District", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": "Tower District", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac04a": "Tower District", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": "Tower District", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04c": "Tower District", - "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": "early twentieth century", - "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": "Storybook houses designed by Fresno architects, Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": "twentieth century", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": "Taylor", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d735": "the Tower District", - "5725e748ec44d21400f3d736": "early twentieth century homes, many of which have been restored in recent decades", - "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0ae": "The section of Huntington Boulevard", - "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0af": "William", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d736": "twentieth century homes, many of which have been restored in recent decades", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0ae": "20th century", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0af": "William Stranahan for the Pacific Improvement Corporation, and was officially platted in 1911", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b0": "1914", - "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": "267", - "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "Tra", - "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f": "Southwest", - "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": "the 99 freeway", - "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "African-American community", - "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": "principally Hmong or Laotian) populations", - "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "the city. The neighborhood lies southwest of the 99 freeway (which divides it from Downtown Fresno), west of the 41 freeway", - "5725f00938643c19005aced7": "Kearney Boulevard, named after early 20th century entrepreneur and millionaire M. Theo Kearney", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": "1914", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "20th century line this boulevard in the heart of the historic Alta Vista Tract. The section of Huntington Boulevard between First Street", + "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f": "41", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": "the 99", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "41", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": "41", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "41", + "5725f00938643c19005aced7": "20 mi (32 km) west to Kerman, California. A small, two-lane rural road for most of its length, Kearney Boulevard", "5725f00938643c19005aced8": "tall palm trees", "5725f00938643c19005aced9": "The roughly half-mile stretch of Kearney Boulevard", - "5725f00938643c19005aceda": "Brookhaven", - "5725f00938643c19005acedb": "violent crime", - "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": "several public housing developments built between the 1960s and 1990s", + "5725f00938643c19005aceda": "the West Side south of Jensen and west of Elm, was given the name by the Fresno City Council", + "5725f00938643c19005acedb": "Kearney Boulevard, named after early 20th century entrepreneur and millionaire M. Theo Kearney, which extends from Fresno Street", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": "1960s and 1990s", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d770": "a modern shopping center on the corner of Fresno and B streets", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d771": "Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms", - "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "the neighborhood. The neighborhood has very little retail activity, aside from the area near Fresno Street", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "1930s or before, the neighborhood is also home to several public housing developments built between the 1960s and 1990s by the Fresno Housing Authority", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d773": "the area near Fresno Street", - "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": "Ralph", + "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": "1968", "5725f2c838643c19005aceee": "300", - "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": "2,500", - "5725f2c838643c19005acef0": "five", - "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": "April", + "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": "atre", + "5725f2c838643c19005acef0": "Lewis S. Eaton trail system will cover 22 miles (35 km", + "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": "October", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fa": "1946", - "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb": "William Smilie", - "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": "Sierra", - "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": "transportation law", - "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "there are now numerous such communities", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": "K\u00f6ppen BSh), with mild, moist winters and hot and dry summers", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb": "1946", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": "1946", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": "1946", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "1946", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": "90", "5725f5b1271a42140099d372": "July", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": "11", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": "the northwest", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": "the axis of the California Central Valley; in December, January and February", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": "July", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": "90", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": "90", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": "December, January and February", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": "17 \u00b0F (\u22128 \u00b0C), set on January 6, 1913", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1a": "17 \u00b0F (\u22128 \u00b0C), set on January 6, 1913", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "1885", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "rarity", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": "1885", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "494,665", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "17 \u00b0F (\u22128 \u00b0C), set on January 6, 1913", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "17 \u00b0F (\u22128 \u00b0C), set on January 6, 1913", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": "3", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "30.0% of the population in 2010, down from 72.6% in 1970", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf24": "30", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf25": "8", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": "30.0%", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "4,404", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": "43.3%)", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": "30", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "30.0% of the population in 2010, down from 72.6% in 1970", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": "68,511 (43.3%)", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2": "30,547 (19.3%)", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "1,388", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": "3.07", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": "3.07", - "5725fabc89a1e219009ac128": "427,652", - "5725fabc89a1e219009ac129": "149", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "69,284", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": "43.8%)", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": "30,547 (19.3%)", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac128": "97", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac129": "97", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12a": "8", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12b": "11", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12c": "97", - "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": "the Federal Communications Commission decided that Fresno", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": "1953", "5725fb8138643c19005acf40": "1953", - "5725fb8138643c19005acf41": "June 1, 1953", - "5725fb8138643c19005acf42": "SEE", - "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": "NBC", - "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": "99", - "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": "Sierra", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf41": "1953", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf42": "1953", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": "1953", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": "168, the Sierra Freeway, heads east to the city of Clovis and Huntington Lake. State Route 41", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": "168", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3af": "41", - "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "180 (Kings Canyon Freeway) comes from the west", - "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd": "Fresno", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "180", + "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd": "99", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7de": "1950s", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7df": "99", - "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": "the west side of the Central Valley, and thus bypass many of the population centers in the region, instead of upgrading what is now State Route 99", - "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": "Amtrak", - "5725ff8238643c19005acf4a": "Downtown", - "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": "both railroads", - "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": "the San Joaquin Valley Railroad also operates former Southern Pacific branchlines heading west and south", + "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": "Route 99", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": "the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad railroads cross in Fresno", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf4a": "the recently renovated historic Santa Fe Railroad Depot in Downtown", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": "the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad railroads cross in Fresno, and both railroads maintain railyards", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": "the San Joaquin Valley Railroad also operates former Southern Pacific branchlines heading west and south out of the city. The city of Fresno", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4d": "Fresno", - "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": "Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", - "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": "1950s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", - "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": "Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", - "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": "the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) (NPL) in the late 1960s. Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching", - "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": "Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", - "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": "the late 1950s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": "1950s", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": "1950s", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": "1950s", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": "the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom", + "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": "1950s", + "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": "1950s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc31": "Donald Davies", - "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": "switching", - "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": "a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable services, such as cellular communication services, circuit switching", + "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": "circuit switching", + "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": "Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf7a": "Packet switching", - "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": "another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching", - "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": "switching", + "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": "circuit switching", + "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": "circuit switching", "572634a789a1e219009ac56e": "Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching", "572634a789a1e219009ac56f": "Packet switching", "5726219489a1e219009ac2ce": "a multiple access scheme", - "5726219489a1e219009ac2cf": "intermediate network nodes asynchronously", - "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": "a multiple access scheme", + "5726219489a1e219009ac2cf": "a multiple access scheme", + "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": "scheme", "5726356938643c19005ad2ff": "a multiple access scheme", - "5726356938643c19005ad300": "intermediate network nodes asynchronously", - "5726356938643c19005ad301": "a multiple access scheme", - "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "the RAND Corporation", - "5726249538643c19005ad080": "the RAND Corporation for the US Air Force", - "5726249538643c19005ad081": "the RAND", - "5726249538643c19005ad082": "delivery of these messages by store and forward switching", - "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": "RAND report P-2626", - "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": "the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", - "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": "the RAND Corporation", - "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": "the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", - "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": "the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching", - "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": "the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching", - "572629c6271a42140099d6a5": "the UK", - "572629c6271a42140099d6a6": "the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching", - "5726378238643c19005ad313": "the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching", - "5726378238643c19005ad314": "the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching", - "5726378238643c19005ad315": "Roberts", - "5726385e271a42140099d797": "information", + "5726356938643c19005ad300": "a multiple access scheme", + "5726356938643c19005ad301": "scheme", + "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", + "5726249538643c19005ad080": "1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", + "5726249538643c19005ad081": "1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", + "5726249538643c19005ad082": "1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": "1962, and finally in report RM 3420 in 1964. Report P-2626", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": "1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": "1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": "1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": "Roger Scantlebury", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": "Donald Davies", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a5": "Donald Davies", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a6": "Roger Scantlebury", + "5726378238643c19005ad313": "Roger Scantlebury", + "5726378238643c19005ad314": "Donald Davies", + "5726378238643c19005ad315": "Roger Scantlebury) met Lawrence Roberts", + "5726385e271a42140099d797": "the correct order", "5726385e271a42140099d798": "individually", - "5726385e271a42140099d799": "Each", - "5726385e271a42140099d79a": "the correct order, based on the packet sequence number", - "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": "a table. The packet header", + "5726385e271a42140099d799": "Each packet", + "5726385e271a42140099d79a": "mode", + "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": "the connection set-up phase, when the route to the destination is discovered and an entry is added to the switching table", "5726398589a1e219009ac58a": "the connection id in a table", - "5726398589a1e219009ac589": "the parameters of communication. The packets include a connection identifier", - "5726398589a1e219009ac588": "transmission", - "57263b1638643c19005ad333": "Another major difference between X.25 and Frame Relay is that X.25 requires a handshake", - "57263b1638643c19005ad335": "procedures", - "57263b1638643c19005ad334": "procedures", - "57263b1638643c19005ad336": "the network layer, and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and or versions of Multi-Protocol Label Switching", + "5726398589a1e219009ac589": "the connection set-up phase, when the route to the destination is discovered and an entry is added to the switching table", + "5726398589a1e219009ac588": "the connection set-up phase, when the route to the destination is discovered and an entry is added to the switching table", + "57263b1638643c19005ad333": "1991", + "57263b1638643c19005ad335": "1991", + "57263b1638643c19005ad334": "1991", + "57263b1638643c19005ad336": "1991", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7b": "1969", - "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c": "the datagram model. The X.25 protocol", + "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c": "1969", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7d": "The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is an example of a datagram protocol", - "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7e": "the datagram model. The X.25 protocol suite", - "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d": "the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 90s. AppleTalk", - "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8e": "a proprietary suite of networking protocols", + "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7e": "1973", + "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d": "the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 90", + "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8e": "1985", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8f": "addresses", - "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc90": "the 1980s and 90s. AppleTalk", - "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a2": "Louis", - "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a3": "CYCLADES", - "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a4": "CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin", - "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a5": "the network itself, using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms. Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET", - "57263ea0271a42140099d7c3": "the 1980s. Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven", - "57263ea0271a42140099d7c4": "1975", - "57263ea0271a42140099d7c5": "a seven", - "57263ea0271a42140099d7c6": "the 1980s. Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven", - "57263fd138643c19005ad37b": "Warner Sinback", - "57263fd138643c19005ad37c": "four computer sales and service centers", - "57263fd138643c19005ad37d": "the instigation of Warner Sinback, a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four", - "57263fd138643c19005ad37e": "a data network", + "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc90": "AppleTalk", + "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a2": "1973", + "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a3": "1973", + "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a4": "1973", + "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a5": "1973", + "57263ea0271a42140099d7c3": "seven", + "57263ea0271a42140099d7c4": "three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven", + "57263ea0271a42140099d7c5": "three layers, it later (1982", + "57263ea0271a42140099d7c6": "seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol. The DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II", + "57263fd138643c19005ad37b": "Warner", + "57263fd138643c19005ad37c": "four computer sales and service centers (Schenectady, Phoenix, Chicago", + "57263fd138643c19005ad37d": "Warner Sinback, a data network", + "57263fd138643c19005ad37e": "Warner", "5726414e271a42140099d7e5": "1966", "5726414e271a42140099d7e6": "three", "5726414e271a42140099d7e7": "three", - "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf5": "the United States. It was founded by former ARPA IPTO director Larry Roberts", - "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf6": "Roberts", - "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf7": "the United States. It was founded by former ARPA IPTO director Larry Roberts", - "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf8": "X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf5": "1973", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf6": "1973", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf7": "1973", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf8": "1973", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf9": "1979", - "5726431aec44d21400f3dd13": "the U.S. and internationally via X.25/X.75 gateways", - "5726431aec44d21400f3dd14": "the U.S. and internationally via X.25/X.75 gateways", - "5726431aec44d21400f3dd15": "the U.S. and internationally via X.25/X.75 gateways", - "5726431aec44d21400f3dd16": "government agencies", - "5726431aec44d21400f3dd17": "gateways", - "572643de5951261400b5195a": "kinds", - "572643de5951261400b5195b": "DATAPAC", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd13": "X.25/X.75 gateways", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd14": "X.25/X.75 gateways", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd15": "X.25/X.75 gateways", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd16": "X.25/X.75 gateways", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd17": "X.25/X.75 gateways", + "572643de5951261400b5195a": "TELENET", + "572643de5951261400b5195b": "TELENET and TYMNET were modified to provide a X.25 host interface in addition to older host connection schemes. DATAPAC", "572643de5951261400b5195c": "Northern Telecom", - "5726446a89cfff1900a8404d": "the early 1980s, AUSTPAC was Australia's first public packet-switched", - "5726446a89cfff1900a8404e": "applications such as on-line betting", - "5726446a89cfff1900a8404f": "Telstra", - "57264586f1498d1400e8dac6": "Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines (using the X.121 DNIC 2041", - "57264586f1498d1400e8dac7": "Strictly speaking Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines (using the X.121 DNIC 2041", + "5726446a89cfff1900a8404d": "Telstra. Started by Telecom Australia", + "5726446a89cfff1900a8404e": "Telstra. Started by Telecom Australia", + "5726446a89cfff1900a8404f": "Telstra. Started by Telecom Australia", + "57264586f1498d1400e8dac6": "41", + "57264586f1498d1400e8dac7": "Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines (using the X.121 DNIC 2041", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac8": "Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines (using the X.121 DNIC 2041", - "57264586f1498d1400e8dac9": "Strictly speaking Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines (using the X.121 DNIC 2041", - "5726462b708984140094c117": "the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) that began operation in 1981", - "5726462b708984140094c118": "the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) that began operation in 1981", + "57264586f1498d1400e8dac9": "41", + "5726462b708984140094c117": "1981", + "5726462b708984140094c118": "1981", "5726462b708984140094c119": "1981", - "5726472bdd62a815002e8042": "3 Communications", - "5726472bdd62a815002e8043": "Level 3 Communications", - "5726472bdd62a815002e8044": "Abilene, in 1998", - "5726472bdd62a815002e8045": "Level 3 Communications", - "5726472bdd62a815002e8046": "October", - "572647e2dd62a815002e805c": "the United States. NSFNET", - "572647e2dd62a815002e805d": "the National Science Foundation (NSF) beginning in 1985", - "572647e2dd62a815002e805e": "the name given to several nationwide backbone networks", - "572648d1708984140094c15d": "the NSF. By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence", - "572648d1708984140094c15e": "the NSF. By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence", - "572648d1708984140094c15f": "MCI Telecommunications", - "572648d1708984140094c160": "more than 100", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8042": "100 Gbit/s. In October, 2007", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8043": "100 Gbit/s. In October, 2007", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8044": "1998", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8045": "100 Gbit/s. In October, 2007", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8046": "October, 2007", + "572647e2dd62a815002e805c": "56 kbit/s, 1.5 Mbit/s (T1), and 45 Mbit/s (T3", + "572647e2dd62a815002e805d": "56 kbit/s, 1.5 Mbit/s (T1), and 45 Mbit/s (T3", + "572647e2dd62a815002e805e": "56 kbit/s, 1.5 Mbit/s (T1), and 45 Mbit/s (T3", + "572648d1708984140094c15d": "1999", + "572648d1708984140094c15e": "1999", + "572648d1708984140094c15f": "1999", + "572648d1708984140094c160": "100", "572648d1708984140094c161": "February 1999", - "57264684708984140094c123": "arid plains of Central Asia", - "57264684708984140094c124": "the Mediterranean and Europe, the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30\u201360%", + "57264684708984140094c123": "14th century", + "57264684708984140094c124": "14th century", "57264684708984140094c125": "30\u201360%", - "57264684708984140094c126": "17th century", - "57264684708984140094c127": "the 14th century", - "572647935951b619008f6ec9": "commonly", - "572647935951b619008f6eca": "38", - "572647935951b619008f6ecb": "China", - "572647935951b619008f6ecc": "31", - "572647935951b619008f6ecd": "25 million", - "57264845f1498d1400e8db0a": "the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347", - "57264845f1498d1400e8db0b": "the Mongol army under Jani Beg", - "57264845f1498d1400e8db0c": "corpses", - "57264845f1498d1400e8db0d": "Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347", - "57264845f1498d1400e8db0e": "the south of Europe, whence it spread north. Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate, it is clear that several", - "572648ed5951b619008f6f03": "northwest across Europe", - "572648ed5951b619008f6f04": "England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia", - "572648ed5951b619008f6f05": "the Netherlands, and isolated alpine villages", - "572648ed5951b619008f6f06": "east", + "57264684708984140094c126": "14th century. The world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels until the 17th century", + "57264684708984140094c127": "14th century", + "572647935951b619008f6ec9": "1347", + "572647935951b619008f6eca": "1338\u201339", + "572647935951b619008f6ecb": "1347", + "572647935951b619008f6ecc": "14th century. In the 1330s a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine, starting in 1331", + "572647935951b619008f6ecd": "1347", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0a": "1347", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0b": "1347", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0c": "1347", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0d": "1347", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0e": "1347", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f03": "51", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f04": "51", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f05": "51", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f06": "51", "572648ed5951b619008f6f07": "49", - "57264991f1498d1400e8db2e": "the Middle East during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures", - "57264991f1498d1400e8db2f": "autumn", - "57264991f1498d1400e8db30": "autumn", - "57264991f1498d1400e8db31": "north", - "57264a74708984140094c18b": "modern times", - "57264a74708984140094c18c": "ra mors (Black Death) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times", - "57264a74708984140094c18d": "England", + "57264991f1498d1400e8db2e": "1348\u201349", + "57264991f1498d1400e8db2f": "autumn 1347", + "57264991f1498d1400e8db30": "autumn 1347", + "57264991f1498d1400e8db31": "1348\u201349", + "57264a74708984140094c18b": "1908", + "57264a74708984140094c18c": "14th-century epidemic as a proper name. In England, it was not until 1823", + "57264a74708984140094c18d": "14th-century epidemic as a proper name. In England, it was not until 1823", "57264a74708984140094c18e": "1823", - "57264a74708984140094c18f": "The name spread through Scandinavia and then Germany", - "57264b3edd62a815002e80aa": "a conjunction of three planets", - "57264b3edd62a815002e80ab": "the medical faculty in Paris", - "57264b3edd62a815002e80ac": "the Miasma theory", - "57264b3edd62a815002e80ad": "Today, this is known as the Miasma theory", + "57264a74708984140094c18f": "14th-century epidemic as a proper name. In England", + "57264b3edd62a815002e80aa": "the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris", + "57264b3edd62a815002e80ab": "the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris", + "57264b3edd62a815002e80ac": "Today, this is known as the Miasma theory", + "57264b3edd62a815002e80ad": "theory", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c6": "the plague theory", - "57264c42dd62a815002e80c7": "1894", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80c7": "the plague theory", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c8": "Alexandre", - "57264c42dd62a815002e80c9": "Paul-Louis Simond", - "57264c42dd62a815002e80ca": "mechanism", - "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e4": "Francis Aidan Gasquet", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80c9": "theory", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80ca": "theory", + "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e4": "Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e5": "Francis Aidan Gasquet", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e6": "1908", - "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e7": "rats", - "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e8": "the 'Great Pestilence", + "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e7": "Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893", + "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e8": "rats", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7a": "30\u201375%", - "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7b": "three forms, with a mortality rate near 100%.", + "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7b": "30\u201375%", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7c": "80", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7d": "30\u201375%", - "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7e": "purple skin patches", + "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7e": "30\u201375%", "57264e2f708984140094c1e1": "October", - "57264e2f708984140094c1e2": "October", - "57264e2f708984140094c1e3": "Reaction", - "57264e2f708984140094c1e4": "the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt", - "57264e2f708984140094c1e5": "PLoS Pathogens", - "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbae": "the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves", - "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbaf": "medieval mass graves", - "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb0": "the country in three epidemics. Surveys", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e2": "Drancourt", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e3": "Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e4": "Drancourt", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e5": "Drancourt", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbae": "1350", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbaf": "Bergen op Zoom showed the Y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the Low Countries from 1350", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb0": "1350", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb1": "around November 1347", - "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb2": "spring", - "57264fe65951b619008f6fa1": "The results of the Haens", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb2": "England in the spring of 1349", + "57264fe65951b619008f6fa1": "East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 \"that the Black Death in medieval Europe", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa2": "East Smithfield burial site in England", - "57264fe65951b619008f6fa3": "the Black Death in medieval Europe", + "57264fe65951b619008f6fa3": "East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 \"that the Black Death in medieval Europe", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa4": "October 2011", - "5726509bdd62a815002e815a": "J. F. D. Shrewsbury", - "5726509bdd62a815002e815b": "British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury", - "5726509bdd62a815002e815c": "J. F. D. Shrewsbury", + "5726509bdd62a815002e815a": "J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970", + "5726509bdd62a815002e815b": "1970", + "5726509bdd62a815002e815c": "1970", "5726509bdd62a815002e815d": "1984 zoologist Graham Twigg", "5726509bdd62a815002e815e": "1984", - "5726516a708984140094c223": "the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms", - "5726516a708984140094c224": "the lack of reliable statistics", - "5726516a708984140094c225": "%", - "5726516a708984140094c226": "the year 1377. Estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures from the clergy", - "5726516a708984140094c227": "the Domesday Book and the year 1377", - "57265285708984140094c25b": "northern Europe", - "57265285708984140094c25c": "northern Europe", - "57265285708984140094c25d": "northern Europe", - "57265285708984140094c25e": "northern Europe", - "57265285708984140094c25f": "5 to 15 years", - "5726534d708984140094c26d": "A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg", + "5726516a708984140094c223": "symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period", + "5726516a708984140094c224": "the Domesday Book and the year 13", + "5726516a708984140094c225": "England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100%", + "5726516a708984140094c226": "England", + "5726516a708984140094c227": "1377", + "57265285708984140094c25b": "14th and 17th centuries", + "57265285708984140094c25c": "14th and 17th centuries", + "57265285708984140094c25d": "14th and 17th centuries", + "57265285708984140094c25e": "14th and 17th centuries", + "57265285708984140094c25f": "14th and 17th centuries", + "5726534d708984140094c26d": "Twigg", "5726534d708984140094c26e": "Norman Cantor (2001", - "5726534d708984140094c26f": "the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms. In 2014, scientists with Public Health England", - "5726534d708984140094c270": "septicemic (a type of \"blood poisoning", - "5726534d708984140094c271": "25", + "5726534d708984140094c26f": "England", + "5726534d708984140094c270": "England", + "5726534d708984140094c271": "2014, scientists with Public Health England", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc28": "third", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc29": "Half", - "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2a": "Central London", - "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b": "third", - "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2c": "the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate of about a third", - "572654e2708984140094c2b7": "the 14th to 17th centuries", - "572654e2708984140094c2b8": "Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe", - "572654e2708984140094c2b9": "almost a million", - "5726559edd62a815002e81c8": "England", + "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2a": "50%", + "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b": "50%", + "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2c": "third", + "572654e2708984140094c2b7": "14th to 17th centuries. According to Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671", + "572654e2708984140094c2b8": "1346 and 1671", + "572654e2708984140094c2b9": "28", + "5726559edd62a815002e81c8": "1479\u201380 could have been as high as 20%.", "5726559edd62a815002e81c9": "By the end of 1350", - "5726559edd62a815002e81ca": "1471 took as much as 10\u201315%", + "5726559edd62a815002e81ca": "1471", "5726559edd62a815002e81cb": "London", - "57265642f1498d1400e8dc68": "1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris", - "57265642f1498d1400e8dc69": "three years before it continued on into Russia", - "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6b": "29", - "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6c": "54", - "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6a": "22", - "57265700dd62a815002e820e": "1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14%", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc68": "1466", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc69": "1466", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6b": "14", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6c": "1466", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6a": "14", + "57265700dd62a815002e820e": "14%", "57265700dd62a815002e820f": "half", "57265700dd62a815002e8210": "half", "57265700dd62a815002e8211": "1709", "57265700dd62a815002e8212": "1720", "5726577f708984140094c301": "1850", - "5726577f708984140094c302": "Algiers lost 30 to 50 thousand", - "5726577f708984140094c303": "a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century", - "5726577f708984140094c304": "severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds", - "572657d9dd62a815002e8230": "melt (magma and/or lava), it is an igneous rock", + "5726577f708984140094c302": "50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620\u201321", + "5726577f708984140094c303": "1850", + "5726577f708984140094c304": "1850", + "572657d9dd62a815002e8230": "three", "572657d9dd62a815002e8231": "three", - "572657d9dd62a815002e8232": "three", + "572657d9dd62a815002e8232": "three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle", "572657d9dd62a815002e8233": "three", - "572657d9dd62a815002e8234": "the mineral content", - "57265d08708984140094c397": "the surface of the Earth and the convecting mantle is called plate tectonics", - "57265d08708984140094c398": "crust", - "57265d08708984140094c399": "a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which is called the asthenosphere", - "57265d08708984140094c39a": "the convecting mantle", - "57265d08708984140094c39b": "the most important of which was seafloor spreading", + "572657d9dd62a815002e8234": "three", + "57265d08708984140094c397": "the same direction, because the oceanic lithosphere", + "57265d08708984140094c398": "the same direction, because the oceanic lithosphere", + "57265d08708984140094c399": "the same direction, because the oceanic lithosphere", + "57265d08708984140094c39a": "the surface of the Earth", + "57265d08708984140094c39b": "1960s", "57265f605951b619008f70db": "Mid-ocean", - "57265f605951b619008f70dc": "plate", - "57265f605951b619008f70dd": "San Andreas fault system", - "57265f605951b619008f70de": "Alfred Wegener", - "57265f605951b619008f70df": "a single theory", - "57266193dd62a815002e832a": "the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust and lithosphere", - "57266193dd62a815002e832b": "the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust and lithosphere", - "57266193dd62a815002e832d": "at 410 and 660 kilometers", - "57266193dd62a815002e832e": "More recently, seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds", - "57266193dd62a815002e832c": "the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust and lithosphere", - "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf2": "the third timeline", - "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4": "the fourth scale", - "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf5": "Pleistocene", - "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf6": "Pleistocene (P) epoch", - "572665ff708984140094c4c3": "the formation of faults and the age of the sequences", - "572665ff708984140094c4c4": "the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks", - "572665ff708984140094c4c5": "the", - "572665ff708984140094c4c6": "the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks", - "572667e2f1498d1400e8de90": "it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer. A similar situation with igneous rocks", - "572667e2f1498d1400e8de91": "These foreign bodies are picked up as magma", + "57265f605951b619008f70dc": "a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained", + "57265f605951b619008f70dd": "San", + "57265f605951b619008f70de": "Alfred Wegener's theory", + "57265f605951b619008f70df": "theory of plate tectonics lies in its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory", + "57266193dd62a815002e832a": "the Earth", + "57266193dd62a815002e832b": "the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust and lithosphere on top, the mantle below", + "57266193dd62a815002e832d": "below (separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers", + "57266193dd62a815002e832e": "More recently, seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth", + "57266193dd62a815002e832c": "the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust and lithosphere on top, the mantle below", + "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf2": "third", + "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4": "third", + "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf5": "third", + "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf6": "third", + "572665ff708984140094c4c3": "principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger", + "572665ff708984140094c4c4": "principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger", + "572665ff708984140094c4c5": "principle", + "572665ff708984140094c4c6": "principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger", + "572667e2f1498d1400e8de90": "principle", + "572667e2f1498d1400e8de91": "older", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de92": "principle", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de93": "principle", - "572667e2f1498d1400e8de94": "gravel", + "572667e2f1498d1400e8de94": "principle", "572669a9dd62a815002e8416": "principle of faunal succession", "572669a9dd62a815002e8417": "William Smith", - "572669a9dd62a815002e8418": "succession", - "572669a9dd62a815002e8419": "sometimes", + "572669a9dd62a815002e8418": "principle of faunal succession", + "572669a9dd62a815002e8419": "principle of faunal succession", "572669a9dd62a815002e841a": "Charles Darwin", - "57266c015951b619008f7237": "the beginning of the 20th century", - "57266c015951b619008f7238": "stratigraphic correlation", - "57266c015951b619008f7239": "absolute ages", + "57266c015951b619008f7237": "20th century", + "57266c015951b619008f7238": "20th century", + "57266c015951b619008f7239": "20", "57266c015951b619008f723a": "sections of rock relative to one another", - "57266c015951b619008f723b": "the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates", - "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8c": "Thermochemical techniques", - "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8d": "the point at which", - "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8e": "These", - "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8f": "absolute age data", + "57266c015951b619008f723b": "20th century", + "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8c": "Thermochemical techniques can be used to determine temperature profiles within the crust, the uplift of mountain ranges, and paleotopography", + "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8d": "ratios", + "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8e": "ratios", + "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8f": "ratios", "5726701add62a815002e84c8": "thicker", - "5726701add62a815002e84c9": "the shallow crust, where brittle deformation can occur, thrust faults", - "5726701add62a815002e84ca": "downwards", + "5726701add62a815002e84c9": "the center of the fold buckles upwards", + "5726701add62a815002e84ca": "upwards", "5726701add62a815002e84cb": "upwards", "5726701add62a815002e84cc": "respectively", - "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe4": "Extension", - "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe5": "boudins", - "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe6": "a length of less", - "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe7": "metamorphosed. These stretched rocks can also pinch into lenses, known as boudins", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe4": "Extension causes the rock units as a whole", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe5": "the French word for \"sausage", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe6": "less than a meter", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe7": "thinner", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe8": "whole", - "572673f5708984140094c69b": "the surface, and igneous intrusions enter from below. Dikes", - "572673f5708984140094c69c": "below. Dikes, long, planar igneous intrusions, enter along cracks, and therefore often form in large numbers", - "572673f5708984140094c69d": "the creation of topographic gradients", - "572673f5708984140094c69e": "Contin", + "572673f5708984140094c69b": "below. Dikes", + "572673f5708984140094c69c": "the surface, and igneous intrusions enter from below", + "572673f5708984140094c69d": "Continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient", + "572673f5708984140094c69e": "Continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient", "572673f5708984140094c69f": "the movement of sediment, and continues to create accommodation space for the material to deposit. Deformational events", - "57267640f1498d1400e8e074": "The Hawaiian Islands, for example, consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows", - "57267640f1498d1400e8e075": "the world", - "57267640f1498d1400e8e076": "the southwestern United States being a very visible example, the lower rock units", - "57267640f1498d1400e8e077": "Cambrian", - "57267640f1498d1400e8e078": "the point where their origin is undiscernable without laboratory analysis. In addition, these processes can occur in stages. In many places", - "572677e7708984140094c723": "rology", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e074": "The Hawaiian Islands", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e075": "the geological history", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e076": "the Grand Canyon", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e077": "the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since Cambrian", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e078": "the geological history", + "572677e7708984140094c723": "petrology", "572677e7708984140094c724": "stratigraphy (the study of sedimentary layers", "572677e7708984140094c725": "structural geology (the study of positions of rock units", - "572677e7708984140094c726": "soils", - "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec": "the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory. Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks", - "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ed": "properties", - "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ee": "the geochemical evolution", - "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ef": "the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory", - "57267947f1498d1400e8e0f0": "the primary methods for identifying rocks", - "57267b3c5951b619008f7423": "experiments", - "57267b3c5951b619008f7424": "experiments", - "57267b3c5951b619008f7425": "the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks", - "57267d52708984140094c7d9": "Struct", - "57267d52708984140094c7da": "the history of rock deformation in the area. In addition, they perform analog and numerical experiments of rock deformation", - "57267d52708984140094c7db": "plot and combine measurements of geological structures", - "57267d52708984140094c7dc": "the history of rock deformation in the area. In addition, they perform analog and numerical experiments of rock deformation", - "57267ebfdd62a815002e872c": "the most well-known experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges", - "57267ebfdd62a815002e872d": "involving", - "57267ebfdd62a815002e872e": "the analog versions of these experiments", - "57267ebfdd62a815002e872f": "critically", - "57267ebfdd62a815002e8730": "the same way as these analog models, though they are often more sophisticated", + "572677e7708984140094c726": "the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec": "the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ed": "a conoscopic lens", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ee": "Stable and radioactive isotope studies", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ef": "the laboratory", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0f0": "the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections", + "57267b3c5951b619008f7423": "temperatures", + "57267b3c5951b619008f7424": "the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases", + "57267b3c5951b619008f7425": "metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks. This work can also help to explain processes that occur within the Earth", + "57267d52708984140094c7d9": "the crystalline structure", + "57267d52708984140094c7da": "microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections", + "57267d52708984140094c7db": "plot and combine measurements of geological structures in order to better understand the orientations of faults and folds in order to reconstruct the history", + "57267d52708984140094c7dc": "the orientations of faults and folds", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e872c": "the most well-known experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges, which are zones in which mountains", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e872d": "the mountain range", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e872e": "the analog versions", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e872f": "red", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e8730": "the mountain range", "57268066708984140094c821": "stratigraphers", - "57268066708984140094c822": "the locations of stratigraphic units", - "57268066708984140094c823": "the locations of stratigraphic units", - "57268066708984140094c824": "three dimensions", - "57268066708984140094c825": "the Earth, interpret past environments, and locate areas for water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction", - "57268220f1498d1400e8e218": "Geochronologists", + "57268066708984140094c822": "Stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units", + "57268066708984140094c823": "three dimensions. Stratigraphers", + "57268066708984140094c824": "three dimensions. Stratigraphers", + "57268066708984140094c825": "three dimensions. Stratigraphers", + "57268220f1498d1400e8e218": "precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in order to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition. Magnetic stratigraphers", "57268220f1498d1400e8e216": "hers", "57268220f1498d1400e8e219": "Magnetic stratigraphers", - "57268220f1498d1400e8e217": "Geochronologists", + "57268220f1498d1400e8e217": "precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in order to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition. Magnetic stratigraphers", "572683f95951b619008f7525": "Persia", - "572683f95951b619008f7526": "Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni", - "572683f95951b619008f7527": "Shen Kuo", + "572683f95951b619008f7526": "973\u20131048", + "572683f95951b619008f7527": "Shen", "572683f95951b619008f7528": "Ibn Sina", - "572683f95951b619008f7529": "the process of land formation: based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds", + "572683f95951b619008f7529": "Shen", "57268527708984140094c8bf": "James", "57268527708984140094c8c0": "Theory", "57268527708984140094c8c1": "1795", "57268527708984140094c8c2": "Theory", "572686ac5951b619008f75a9": "together", - "572686ac5951b619008f75aa": "09", - "572686ac5951b619008f75ab": "07", + "572686ac5951b619008f75aa": "together", + "572686ac5951b619008f75ab": "William Maclure. In 1807", "572686ac5951b619008f75ad": "together", "572686ac5951b619008f75ac": "together", - "57268882f1498d1400e8e306": "Principles", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e306": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles", "57268882f1498d1400e8e307": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830", - "57268882f1498d1400e8e308": "the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory", - "57268882f1498d1400e8e309": "catastrophism", - "57268882f1498d1400e8e30a": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e308": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e309": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e30a": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830", "5726642f5951b619008f7157": "103", - "5726642f5951b619008f7158": "8.5 mi (13.7 km", + "5726642f5951b619008f7158": "8", "5726642f5951b619008f7159": "the Eurocities", - "5726642f5951b619008f715a": "Northumberland until 1400, when it became a county itself, a status it retained until becoming part of Tyne and Wear in 1974", - "5726642f5951b619008f715b": "Geordie", + "5726642f5951b619008f715a": "1400, when it became a county itself, a status it retained until becoming part of Tyne and Wear in 1974", + "5726642f5951b619008f715b": "the North Sea. Newcastle is the most populous city in the North East and Tyneside the eighth most populous conurbation in the United Kingdom", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de30": "the castle built in 1080", - "5726651ff1498d1400e8de31": "centre for the wool trade", - "5726651ff1498d1400e8de32": "a major coal mining", + "5726651ff1498d1400e8de31": "14th century", + "5726651ff1498d1400e8de32": "14th century", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de33": "16th century", - "5726651ff1498d1400e8de34": "the world's most popular half marathon, the Great North Run", + "5726651ff1498d1400e8de34": "the Great North Run, since it began in 1981", "5726660d5951b619008f71b1": "Pons Aelius", "5726660d5951b619008f71b2": "a Roman fort and bridge across the River Ty", - "5726660d5951b619008f71b3": "period", - "5726660d5951b619008f71b4": "Hadrian's Wall are still visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road", - "5726660d5951b619008f71b5": "Pictish tribes", - "572666d9dd62a815002e83b4": "England", - "572666d9dd62a815002e83b5": "a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589", - "572666d9dd62a815002e83b6": "25", - "572666d9dd62a815002e83b7": "the 13th century, to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots king William the Lion", - "572666d9dd62a815002e83b8": "three", + "5726660d5951b619008f71b3": "2,000", + "5726660d5951b619008f71b4": "the West Road", + "5726660d5951b619008f71b5": "the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b4": "1400", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b5": "89", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b6": "25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b7": "1400", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b8": "three times during the 14th century, and was created a county corporate with its own sheriff by Henry IV in 1400", "57266783f1498d1400e8de86": "30", - "57266783f1498d1400e8de87": "the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as the Hostmen", - "57266783f1498d1400e8de88": "a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase taking coals to Newcastle was first recorded contextually in 1538", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de87": "30", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de88": "38", "57266783f1498d1400e8de89": "18th century American Timothy Dexter, an entrepreneur, widely regarded as an eccentric", - "57266783f1498d1400e8de8a": "merchants", - "57266a15f1498d1400e8def6": "the Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen", - "57266a15f1498d1400e8def7": "the population. Specifically within the year 1636, it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the Society of Antiquaries that 47%", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de8a": "30", + "57266a15f1498d1400e8def6": "47%", + "57266a15f1498d1400e8def7": "47%", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def8": "7", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def9": "47%", - "57266a15f1498d1400e8defa": "%", + "57266a15f1498d1400e8defa": "47%", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8434": "King", - "57266ab3dd62a815002e8435": "the English Civil War, the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots", + "57266ab3dd62a815002e8435": "the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8436": "a siege. In 1644", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8437": "motto", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8438": "Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646\u20137", - "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df53": "Mosley Street", - "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df54": "1817 the Maling company", - "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df55": "Street", - "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df52": "the city's prosperity", - "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df56": "the steam turbine", - "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df78": "Narrow alleys", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df53": "Victoria Tunnelling, built in 1842, which provided underground wagon ways to the staithes. On 3 February 1879, Mosley Street", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df54": "3 February 1879, Mosley Street", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df55": "1879, Mosley Street", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df52": "Victoria Tunnelling, built in 1842, which provided underground wagon ways to the staithes. On 3 February 1879, Mosley Street", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df56": "Charles Parsons", + "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df78": "medieval street layout. Narrow alleys", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df79": "Narrow alleys", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7a": "Stairs", - "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7b": "Derwentwater House and \"House of Tides\", a restaurant situated at a Grade I-listed", + "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7b": "Grade I-listed", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7c": "Grade I-listed", - "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a0": "the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson", - "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a1": "John Dobson", + "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a0": "England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner, describes Grey Street", + "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a1": "Richard Grainger and John Dobson", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a2": "Grey Street", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a3": "1960s", - "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a4": "the Eldon Square Shopping Centre", - "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa4": "the Town Moor", - "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa5": "the city", - "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa7": "The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe, is held here annually in June", - "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa8": "June", + "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a4": "England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner, describes Grey Street", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa4": "the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa5": "the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa7": "the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa8": "the Royal Shakespeare Company. The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe, is held here annually in June", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa6": "Bob Geldof", - "57267076708984140094c601": "a", + "57267076708984140094c601": "the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council", "57267076708984140094c602": "the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council", - "57267076708984140094c603": "Norman Foster", + "57267076708984140094c603": "Norman Foster-designed The Sage Gateshead music centre", "57267076708984140094c604": "NewcastleGateshead", - "57267076708984140094c605": "ten", - "572671165951b619008f72b7": "the Grainger Town", + "57267076708984140094c605": "2008", + "572671165951b619008f72b7": "Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger Street", "572671165951b619008f72b8": "Richard Grainger", - "572671165951b619008f72b9": "the city centre including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger Street", + "572671165951b619008f72b9": "Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger Street", "572671165951b619008f72ba": "244 are listed, of which 29", "572671e55951b619008f72d7": "1808", "572671e55951b619008f72d8": "1835", - "572671e55951b619008f72d9": "2000", - "572671e55951b619008f72da": "a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event", - "572671e55951b619008f72db": "English Heritage", - "57267383dd62a815002e8552": "the warming influence of the Gulf Stream", + "572671e55951b619008f72d9": "1835", + "572671e55951b619008f72da": "1835", + "572671e55951b619008f72db": "1954 by English Heritage", + "57267383dd62a815002e8552": "the Gulf Stream, such as inland Scandinavia, Newcastle has milder winters", "57267383dd62a815002e8553": "the Gulf Stream, such as inland Scandinavia, Newcastle has milder winters", "57267383dd62a815002e8554": "a similar latitude, due to the warming influence of the Gulf Stream (via the North Atlantic Drift). Being in the rain shadow", - "57267383dd62a815002e8555": "\u221212.6 \u00b0C (9.3 \u00b0F) during January 1982", - "57267383dd62a815002e8556": "the Gulf Stream, such as inland Scandinavia", + "57267383dd62a815002e8555": "Temperature extremes recorded at Newcastle Weather Centre", + "57267383dd62a815002e8556": "the Gulf Stream, such as inland Scandinavia, Newcastle has milder winters and cooler summers, similar to the remainder of the British", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03a": "ninth", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03b": "the Eldon Square Shopping Centre", - "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03c": "the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. It incorporates a flagship Debenhams", - "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03d": "Bainbridge\u2019s official ledgers reported revenue by department, giving birth to the name department store", + "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03c": "John Lewis", + "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03d": "John Lewis", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03e": "March 2007", "5726769c708984140094c711": "Grainger Street", "5726769c708984140094c712": "Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas", - "5726769c708984140094c713": "Tesco store in the United Kingdom", - "5726769c708984140094c714": "the MetroCentre", - "5726769c708984140094c715": "re", + "5726769c708984140094c713": "The largest Tesco store in the United Kingdom is located in Kingston", + "5726769c708984140094c714": "the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe", + "5726769c708984140094c715": "the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ac": "The Tyneside flat", - "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ad": "terraces", - "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ae": "the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula", + "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ad": "The Tyneside flat", + "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ae": "the Tyne. Tyneside flats", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0af": "Robert Sakula", - "5726778df1498d1400e8e0b0": "the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density", + "5726778df1498d1400e8e0b0": "the Tyne. Tyneside flats", "572678c0dd62a815002e863e": "7", - "572678c0dd62a815002e863f": "proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%,", + "572678c0dd62a815002e863f": "5.9%,", "572678c0dd62a815002e8640": "5.9%,", - "572678c0dd62a815002e8641": "handful", - "572678c0dd62a815002e8642": "Har", - "572679c35951b619008f73db": "the city", - "572679c35951b619008f73dc": "the metropolitan borough of Newcastle", - "572679c35951b619008f73dd": "282,442", - "572679c35951b619008f73de": "the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863", - "572679c35951b619008f73df": "a large student population with Newcastle and Northumbria Universities in the local area. Areas with predominant student populations", + "572678c0dd62a815002e8641": "Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath, inner London, Hastings, Brighton", + "572678c0dd62a815002e8642": "Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath", + "572679c35951b619008f73db": "the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863", + "572679c35951b619008f73dc": "259", + "572679c35951b619008f73dd": "259", + "572679c35951b619008f73de": "259", + "572679c35951b619008f73df": "Areas with predominant student populations include Jesmond and Heaton", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e122": "37", - "57267a94f1498d1400e8e123": "Many people in the city have Scottish or Irish ancestors", - "57267a94f1498d1400e8e124": "a strong presence of Border Reiver surnames", - "57267a94f1498d1400e8e125": "500 and 2,000 Bolivians in Newcastle, forming up to 1%", + "57267a94f1498d1400e8e123": "37.8 (the national average being 38.6). Many people in the city have Scottish or Irish", + "57267a94f1498d1400e8e124": "37.8 (the national average being 38.6). Many people in the city have Scottish or Irish ancestors. There is a strong presence", + "57267a94f1498d1400e8e125": "1%", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e126": "1%", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a6": "Geordie", - "57267b65dd62a815002e86a7": "Anglo-Saxon populations who migrated", + "57267b65dd62a815002e86a7": "England", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a8": "elements", - "57267b65dd62a815002e86a9": "the forerunner of Modern English; but while the dialects of other English regions", - "57267b65dd62a815002e86aa": "the Anglo-Saxon language. Other Geordie words with Anglo-Saxon origins", - "57267c63dd62a815002e86d6": "ia", + "57267b65dd62a815002e86a9": "strang", + "57267b65dd62a815002e86aa": "the Anglo-Saxon language. Other Geordie words with Anglo-Saxon origins include: \"larn", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86d6": "hyem\", meaning \"child\" and \"home\", respectively, are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d7": "the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom", - "57267c63dd62a815002e86d8": "the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom", - "57267c63dd62a815002e86d9": "Many", - "57267c63dd62a815002e86da": "the Dutch", - "57267ce7708984140094c7c9": "a report", - "57267ce7708984140094c7ca": "the University College London, and Widex, a Danish hearing aid manufacturer, Newcastle was named as the noisiest", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86d8": "pretty\"), \"howay\" (\"come on\"), \"stot\" (\"bounce\") and \"hadaway", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86d9": "ty", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86da": "ty", + "57267ce7708984140094c7c9": "2007", + "57267ce7708984140094c7ca": "80", "57267ce7708984140094c7cb": "80", - "57267ce7708984140094c7cc": "the city's residents", - "57267ce7708984140094c7cd": "arbitrarily selected locations", - "57267de1f1498d1400e8e194": "Street", - "57267de1f1498d1400e8e195": "a new indoor complex", + "57267ce7708984140094c7cc": "80", + "57267ce7708984140094c7cd": "a motorway underpass", + "57267de1f1498d1400e8e194": "Collingwood Street", + "57267de1f1498d1400e8e195": "The Gate\" has opened in the city centre, a new indoor complex", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e196": "12", - "57267de1f1498d1400e8e197": "The Pink Triangle", - "57267de1f1498d1400e8e198": "the Times Square area near the Centre for Life and has a range of bars, caf\u00e9s and clubs", - "57267f695951b619008f74bd": "theatre", - "57267f695951b619008f74be": "Stephen Kemble of the famous Kemble family successfully managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years (1791", - "57267f695951b619008f74bf": "Stephen Kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons", - "57267f695951b619008f74c0": "21 January 1788", - "57267f695951b619008f74c1": "Street", + "57267de1f1498d1400e8e197": "the city centre. There are many bars on the Bigg Market, and other popular areas for nightlife are Collingwood Street", + "57267de1f1498d1400e8e198": "The Pink Triangle' - is centred on the Times Square area near the Centre for Life and has a range of bars, caf\u00e9s and clubs", + "57267f695951b619008f74bd": "21 January 1788 and was located on Mosley Street", + "57267f695951b619008f74be": "Stephen Kemble of the famous Kemble family successfully managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years (1791\u20131806", + "57267f695951b619008f74bf": "91\u20131806", + "57267f695951b619008f74c0": "21 January 1788 and was located on Mosley Street", + "57267f695951b619008f74c1": "1788 and was located on Mosley Street. It was demolished to make way for Grey Street", "5726800add62a815002e8750": "res", - "5726800add62a815002e8751": "the Theatre Royal", + "5726800add62a815002e8751": "the Theatre Royal on Grey Street", "5726800add62a815002e8752": "Royal Shakespeare Company", - "5726800add62a815002e8753": "the Royal Shakespeare Company for over 25 years, as well as touring productions of West End musicals. The Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre", - "5726800add62a815002e8754": "the arts capital of the UK", - "572680865951b619008f74e7": "150,000 books", - "572680865951b619008f74e8": "8000", + "5726800add62a815002e8753": "the Theatre Royal on Grey Street", + "5726800add62a815002e8754": "2006", + "572680865951b619008f74e7": "150", + "572680865951b619008f74e8": "150,000 books. Its music library", "572680865951b619008f74e9": "John and Benjamin Green", - "572680865951b619008f74ea": "theatre", - "572680865951b619008f74eb": "theatre", - "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fa": "The Newcastle Beer Festival", + "572680865951b619008f74ea": "1880", + "572680865951b619008f74eb": "20 October 1880", + "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fa": "April", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fb": "May", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fc": "biennial AV Festival of international electronic art, featuring exhibitions, concerts, conferences and film screenings, is held in March", - "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fd": "a festival of food and drink, runs for 2 weeks each year in mid June", - "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fe": "mid June", - "57268341f1498d1400e8e23c": "reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe", - "57268341f1498d1400e8e23d": "the", - "57268341f1498d1400e8e23e": "the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s", - "57268341f1498d1400e8e23f": "The Northern Rock Cyclone, a cycling festival", + "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fd": "AT! NewcastleGateshead, a festival of food and drink, runs for 2 weeks each year in mid June", + "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fe": "AT! NewcastleGateshead, a festival of food and drink, runs for 2 weeks each year in mid June", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e23c": "the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e23d": "the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e23e": "Temperance Movement", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e23f": "The Northern Rock Cyclone", "57268341f1498d1400e8e240": "The Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in Leazes Park and in the city's Gay Community in mid July", - "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24c": "New", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24c": "Newcastle", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24e": "September", - "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24f": "The SAMA Festival", - "572683e6f1498d1400e8e250": "early October", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24f": "The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e250": "The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24d": "September", - "5726847f708984140094c8ab": "the", + "5726847f708984140094c8ab": "the Tyne\" (1971", "5726847f708984140094c8ac": "1971", - "5726847f708984140094c8ad": "Sky", - "5726847f708984140094c8ae": "Skyclad", - "5726847f708984140094c8af": "Duran Duran", + "5726847f708984140094c8ad": "the Tyne\" (1971), was covered by Geordie ex-footballer Paul Gascoigne in 1990. Venom, reckoned", + "5726847f708984140094c8ae": "the Ty", + "5726847f708984140094c8af": "1961", "57268525dd62a815002e8806": "2006", - "57268525dd62a815002e8807": "Old Town Hall", + "57268525dd62a815002e8807": "2006", "57268525dd62a815002e8808": "three", - "57268525dd62a815002e8809": "the restored Classic", - "57268525dd62a815002e880a": "the Old Town Hall, Gateshead. In May 2008 the Tyneside Cinema", - "57268692dd62a815002e8826": "Centre for Life with its Science Village", - "57268692dd62a815002e8827": "Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage", - "57268692dd62a815002e8828": "Discovery Museum a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage", + "57268525dd62a815002e8809": "three cinemas, including the restored Classic", + "57268525dd62a815002e880a": "three cinemas, including the restored Classic", + "57268692dd62a815002e8826": "the Centre for Life with its Science Village", + "57268692dd62a815002e8827": "the Discovery Museum", + "57268692dd62a815002e8828": "Seven Stories a museum dedicated to children's books, the Side Gallery historical and contemporary photography from around the world and Northern England", "57268692dd62a815002e8829": "2009", "57268692dd62a815002e882a": "Seven Stories", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e2": "1939", - "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e3": "The 1971", - "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e4": "Storm", - "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e5": "Stormy Monday, directed by Mike Figgis", - "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e6": "Tommy Lee Jones, Melanie Griffith, Sting", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e3": "1939", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e4": "Stormy Monday, directed by Mike Figgis and starring Tommy Lee Jones", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e5": "1988", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e6": "1988 film noir thriller Stormy Monday, directed by Mike Figgis and starring Tommy Lee Jones", "572687e1dd62a815002e8852": "at Gosforth Park", "572687e1dd62a815002e8853": "the Newcastle Eagles", - "572687e1dd62a815002e8854": "Newcastle Diamonds", - "572687e1dd62a815002e8855": "a venue", - "572687e1dd62a815002e8856": "Another", - "57268885dd62a815002e886a": "6 miles", - "57268885dd62a815002e886b": "Newcastle", - "57268885dd62a815002e886c": "20", - "57268885dd62a815002e886d": "five", + "572687e1dd62a815002e8854": "The city's speedway team Newcastle Diamonds are based at Brough Park", + "572687e1dd62a815002e8855": "greyhound racing", + "572687e1dd62a815002e8856": "Blaydon Race", + "57268885dd62a815002e886a": "6", + "57268885dd62a815002e886b": "6 miles (9.7 km", + "57268885dd62a815002e886c": "6 miles (9.7 km", + "57268885dd62a815002e886d": "6 miles (9.7 km", "57268885dd62a815002e886e": "90", "572689385951b619008f761b": "2014", "572689385951b619008f761c": "six", - "572689385951b619008f761d": "1850 by Queen Victoria", - "572689385951b619008f761e": "Stephenson", - "572689385951b619008f761f": "the North Eastern Railway company. The city's other mainline station, Manors", - "572689b6dd62a815002e8890": "half-hourly frequency of trains to London King's Cross, with a journey time of about three", + "572689385951b619008f761d": "1850", + "572689385951b619008f761e": "1850", + "572689385951b619008f761f": "1850", + "572689b6dd62a815002e8890": "half-hourly frequency of trains to London", "572689b6dd62a815002e8891": "three", "572689b6dd62a815002e8892": "Edinburgh", - "572689b6dd62a815002e8893": "CrossCountry trains serve destinations", - "572689b6dd62a815002e8894": "Northern Rail", + "572689b6dd62a815002e8893": "London", + "572689b6dd62a815002e8894": "London", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88ce": "the Tyne and Wear Metro", - "57268a8fdd62a815002e88cf": "the Tyne and Wear Metro, a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of Tyne and Wear. It was opened in five", - "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d0": "deep-level tunnels", - "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d1": "Queen Elizabeth II", - "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d2": "37", - "57268bb25951b619008f7645": "period of refurbishment and modernization, entitled 'Metro: All Change", - "57268bb25951b619008f7646": "smart ticketing", - "57268bb25951b619008f7647": "most stations are undergoing improvement works", - "57268bb25951b619008f7648": "routes", - "57268bb25951b619008f7649": "trams", - "57268d1b708984140094c9cd": "the A1 (Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass), stretching north to Edinburgh and south", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88cf": "1984", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d0": "1991 and 2002. It was developed from a combination of existing and newly built tracks and stations, with deep-level tunnels", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d1": "1981", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d2": "the Tyne and Wear Metro", + "57268bb25951b619008f7645": "period of refurbishment and modernization, entitled 'Metro: All Change.' The programme has replaced all ticket machines", + "57268bb25951b619008f7646": "ticket gates at the busiest stations - part of the transition to smart ticketing", + "57268bb25951b619008f7647": "most stations", + "57268bb25951b619008f7648": "Longer term plans include the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system. Proposed routes", + "57268bb25951b619008f7649": "the Metrocentre", + "57268d1b708984140094c9cd": "the A1 (Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass), stretching north to Edinburgh and south to London; the A19", "57268d1b708984140094c9ce": "the A69", "57268d1b708984140094c9cf": "the A167, the old \"Great North Road\", heading south", - "57268d1b708984140094c9d0": "the new line of the A1, the roads", - "57268d1b708984140094c9d1": "Tyne Tunnel", - "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e6": "3", - "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e7": "two", - "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e8": "Stagecoach", + "57268d1b708984140094c9d0": "the A1 (Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass), stretching north to Edinburgh and south to London; the A19", + "57268d1b708984140094c9d1": "2011", + "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e6": "3 main bus companies providing services in the city; Arriva North East, Go North East", + "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e7": "3 main bus companies providing services in the city; Arriva North East, Go North East", + "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e8": "3 main bus companies providing services in the city; Arriva North East, Go North East", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e9": "the surrounding boroughs part of the Tyne and Wear area are coordinated by Nexus", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3ea": "3 main bus companies providing services in the city; Arriva North East, Go North East", "57269120708984140094ca59": "1998", - "57269120708984140094ca5a": "the usage of cycling", + "57269120708984140094ca5a": "the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy", "57269120708984140094ca5b": "the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy", - "57269120708984140094ca5c": "streets", - "57269120708984140094ca5d": "national networks", - "5726934f5951b619008f771d": "to", + "57269120708984140094ca5c": "safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets", + "57269120708984140094ca5d": "national", + "5726934f5951b619008f771d": "2006", "5726934f5951b619008f771e": "2006", "5726934f5951b619008f771f": "2006", - "5726934f5951b619008f7720": "Bergen and Stavanger, Norway was terminated late 2008", - "5726934f5951b619008f7721": "summer 2007", - "57269526dd62a815002e8a4e": "eleven", + "5726934f5951b619008f7720": "2006", + "5726934f5951b619008f7721": "2007", + "57269526dd62a815002e8a4e": "seven", "57269526dd62a815002e8a4f": "seven", "57269526dd62a815002e8a50": "seven", - "57269526dd62a815002e8a51": "Newcastle College", + "57269526dd62a815002e8a51": "seven", "57269526dd62a815002e8a52": "St Cuthbert's High School", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6c": "two", - "57269698dd62a815002e8a6d": "the School", - "57269698dd62a815002e8a6e": "Times", - "57269698dd62a815002e8a6f": "UK-wide process in which polytechnics", - "57269698dd62a815002e8a70": "the UK", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a6d": "1834 and became independent from Durham University on 1 August 1963", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a6e": "2000", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a6f": "1992", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a70": "the Year award in 2000", "572699b55951b619008f778f": "three", "572699b55951b619008f7790": "1474", - "572699b55951b619008f7791": "the Coptic Cathedral", + "572699b55951b619008f7791": "three", "572699b55951b619008f7792": "St Thomas the Martyr", "572699b55951b619008f7793": "three", "57269b165951b619008f77b3": "The Parish Church of St Andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town", "57269b165951b619008f77b4": "1726", - "57269b165951b619008f77b5": "apart from the vestries, was the main porch", - "57269b165951b619008f77b6": "by the last of the ancient churchyards", + "57269b165951b619008f77b5": "1726", + "57269b165951b619008f77b6": "Parish Church of St Andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town", "57269b165951b619008f77b7": "tower", - "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ca": "City Road", - "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cb": "The", - "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cc": "5", - "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cd": "Barrack Road", - "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ce": "BBC Radio Newcastle", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ca": "ITV Tyne Tees was based at City Road", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cb": "ITV Tyne Tees was based at City Road", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cc": "Tyne Tees was based at City Road", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cd": "north of the city on Barrack Road", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ce": "Tyne Tees was based at City Road", "57269d745951b619008f77d7": "2007", - "57269d745951b619008f77d8": "the first full-time community radio station in the area. Newcastle Student Radio", - "57269d745951b619008f77d9": "1951", + "57269d745951b619008f77d8": "2007", + "57269d745951b619008f77d9": "2007", "57269d745951b619008f77da": "Radio", - "57269d745951b619008f77db": "University", + "57269d745951b619008f77db": "2007", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e520": "1770", - "57269e80f1498d1400e8e521": "Archbishop of Westminster", + "57269e80f1498d1400e8e521": "1923", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e522": "Stephenson", - "57269e80f1498d1400e8e523": "Sir Charles Parsons, inventor of the incandescent light bulb", - "57269e80f1498d1400e8e524": "Thailand", - "57269fab5951b619008f7807": "Bruce Welch were both former pupils of Rutherford Grammar School", - "57269fab5951b619008f7808": "Michael Carrick and Alan Shearer", - "57269fab5951b619008f7809": "Nobel Prize winning physicist", - "57269fab5951b619008f780a": "the most characteristic musical instrument in the region", + "57269e80f1498d1400e8e523": "Sir Charles Parsons", + "57269e80f1498d1400e8e524": "Sir Charles Parsons", + "57269fab5951b619008f7807": "Bruce Welch", + "57269fab5951b619008f7808": "Alan Shearer", + "57269fab5951b619008f7809": "Peter", + "57269fab5951b619008f780a": "John Dunn, inventor of keyed Northumbrian smallpipes, the most characteristic musical instrument in the region", "57269fab5951b619008f780b": "Peter Higgs, and former WWE NXT champion Neville", - "5726710b708984140094c61d": "the Brompton", - "5726710b708984140094c61e": "4", + "5726710b708984140094c61d": "The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A), London", + "5726710b708984140094c61e": "The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A), London", "5726710b708984140094c61f": "1852", - "5726710b708984140094c620": "Queen Victoria", + "5726710b708984140094c620": "The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A), London", "572680ac708984140094c83d": "the Brompton district", "572680ac708984140094c83e": "1852", - "572680ac708984140094c83f": "Queen Victoria", - "572680ac708984140094c840": "Department", + "572680ac708984140094c83f": "1852", + "572680ac708984140094c840": "The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A), London", "572680ac708984140094c841": "2001", "57268294708984140094c877": "12", - "57268294708984140094c878": "145", - "57268294708984140094c879": "5,000", - "57268294708984140094c87a": "the present day, from the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia", - "57268294708984140094c87b": "post", + "57268294708984140094c878": "12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries", + "57268294708984140094c879": "12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries", + "57268294708984140094c87a": "12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries", + "57268294708984140094c87b": "12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries", "572685cd5951b619008f7573": "the Great Exhibition of 1851", "572685cd5951b619008f7574": "Henry", - "572685cd5951b619008f7575": "the Museum of Manufactures", - "572685cd5951b619008f7576": "Marlborough House, but by September had been transferred to Somerset", - "572685cd5951b619008f7577": "1855", - "57268d02f1498d1400e8e378": "Queen Victoria was on 22 June 1857", - "57268d02f1498d1400e8e379": "57", + "572685cd5951b619008f7575": "Henry Cole, the museum's first director, was involved in planning; initially it was known as the Museum of Manufactures", + "572685cd5951b619008f7576": "Henry Cole, the museum's first director, was involved in planning; initially it was known as the Museum of Manufactures", + "572685cd5951b619008f7577": "55", + "57268d02f1498d1400e8e378": "1857", + "57268d02f1498d1400e8e379": "1857", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37a": "George Wallis", - "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37b": "late night openings", + "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37b": "1857", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37c": "1949", "57268f2c708984140094ca25": "September and November 1946", - "57268f2c708984140094ca26": "the Britain Can Make It exhibition was held between September and November 1946, attracting nearly a million and a half visitors", - "57268f2c708984140094ca27": "the return of the collections after the war, the Britain Can Make It exhibition was held between September and November 1946", - "57268f2c708984140094ca28": "Festival of Britain", + "57268f2c708984140094ca26": "September and November 1946", + "57268f2c708984140094ca27": "September and November 1946", + "57268f2c708984140094ca28": "the Festival of Britain", "57268f2c708984140094ca29": "1948", - "572691d7708984140094ca6d": "the first museum in Britain to present a rock concert", - "572691d7708984140094ca6e": "Gry", - "572691d7708984140094ca6f": "Roy Strong", - "572691d7708984140094ca70": "British", + "572691d7708984140094ca6d": "July 1973", + "572691d7708984140094ca6e": "the V&A became the first museum in Britain to present a rock concert. The V&A presented a combined concert/lecture", + "572691d7708984140094ca6f": "1973", + "572691d7708984140094ca70": "1973", "57269656708984140094cafd": "The V&A Dundee will be on the city's waterfront and is intended to focus on fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography", - "57269656708984140094cafe": "\u00a3", + "57269656708984140094cafe": "The V&A Dundee will be on the city's waterfront and is intended to focus on fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography", "57269656708984140094caff": "The V&A Dundee will be on the city's waterfront and is intended to focus on fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography", "57269656708984140094cb00": "The V&A Dundee will be on the city's waterfront and is intended to focus on fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography", - "57269656708984140094cb01": "five years", - "572698d7dd62a815002e8a98": "the present site. This area of London", - "572698d7dd62a815002e8a99": "1857", + "57269656708984140094cb01": "The V&A Dundee will be on the city's waterfront and is intended to focus on fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography", + "572698d7dd62a815002e8a98": "1857", + "572698d7dd62a815002e8a99": "the Sheepshanks Gallery in 1857", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9a": "the present site. This area of London", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9b": "June 1862", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9c": "Secretariat Wing, also built in 1862 this houses the offices", - "57269c06708984140094cba1": "Owen Jones", - "57269c06708984140094cba2": "Italian Renaissance", - "57269c06708984140094cba3": "six", + "57269c06708984140094cba1": "the work of another designer Owen Jones", + "57269c06708984140094cba2": "1864\u201369", + "57269c06708984140094cba3": "six panels depicting: Humphry Davy (chemistry); Isaac Newton", "57269c06708984140094cba4": "six panels depicting: Humphry Davy (chemistry); Isaac Newton", "57269c06708984140094cba5": "six panels depicting: Humphry Davy (chemistry); Isaac Newton", - "57269d68708984140094cbd7": "three", - "57269d68708984140094cbd8": "Edward Burne-Jones", - "57269d68708984140094cbd9": "Edward Burne-Jones", + "57269d68708984140094cbd7": "Sir", + "57269d68708984140094cbd8": "Sir", + "57269d68708984140094cbd9": "The Centre Refreshment Room 1865\u201377", "57269d68708984140094cbda": "Alfred Stevens", - "57269d68708984140094cbdb": "Sir Edward Poynter", - "5726a0205951b619008f781b": "Henry Young Darracott Scott", - "5726a0205951b619008f781c": "the north west of the garden the five-storey School", - "5726a0205951b619008f781d": "J.W. Wild", - "5726a0205951b619008f781e": "the V&A (prints, drawings, paintings and photographs) and Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA Drawings and Archives Collections", + "57269d68708984140094cbdb": "Sir", + "5726a0205951b619008f781b": "Henry", + "5726a0205951b619008f781c": "the Royal Engineers. He designed to the north west of the garden the five-storey School", + "5726a0205951b619008f781d": "1867\u201372. Scott's assistant J.W. Wild", + "5726a0205951b619008f781e": "Captain Francis Fowke, Royal Engineers the next architect to work at the museum was Colonel (later Major General) Henry Young Darracott Scott", "5726a0205951b619008f781f": "2008", - "5726a2445951b619008f7861": "F. W. Moody", - "5726a2445951b619008f7862": "1885", - "5726a2445951b619008f7863": "southeast", - "5726a2445951b619008f7864": "gallery", - "5726a2445951b619008f7865": "Reuben Townroe who also designed the plaster work in the library", - "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5fe": "Aston Webb", - "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5ff": "red brick and Portland stone", - "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e600": "720 feet", - "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e601": "a statue of fame, a feature of late Gothic architecture and a feature common in Scotland", - "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e602": "Classical. The main windows to the galleries are also mullioned and transomed, again a Gothic feature, the top row of windows", + "5726a2445951b619008f7861": "Sir John Taylor", + "5726a2445951b619008f7862": "Sir John Taylor", + "5726a2445951b619008f7863": "Sir John Taylor", + "5726a2445951b619008f7864": "Sir John Taylor", + "5726a2445951b619008f7865": "Sir John Taylor", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5fe": "1891 to extend the museum. Construction took place between 1899 and 1909", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5ff": "1891 to extend the museum. Construction took place between 1899 and 1909", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e600": "1891 to extend the museum. Construction took place between 1899 and 1909", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e601": "1891 to extend the museum. Construction took place between 1899 and 1909", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e602": "1891 to extend the museum. Construction took place between 1899 and 1909", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4b": "Alfred Drury", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4c": "four", - "5726a9ff708984140094cd4d": "Alfred Drury. These fa\u00e7ades surround four levels of galleries. Other areas designed by Webb include the Entrance Hall and Rotunda", - "5726a9ff708984140094cd4e": "marble", + "5726a9ff708984140094cd4d": "Alfred Drury", + "5726a9ff708984140094cd4e": "the main arch above the twin entrances, Queen Victoria", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4f": "Queen Victoria", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9e": "1966", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9f": "1974", - "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca0": "the Royal College of Science. In order to adapt the building as galleries, all the Victorian interiors except for the staircase", - "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca1": "Christopher Hay", - "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca2": "the Royal College of Art. These are set in the columned screen wall designed by Aston Webb", - "5726afeb708984140094cdd7": "Members' Room", + "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca0": "the creation of new storage space for books in the Art Library", + "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca1": "the first major work was the creation of new storage space for books in the Art Library", + "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca2": "the creation of new storage space for books in the Art Library", + "5726afeb708984140094cdd7": "2006", "5726afeb708984140094cdd8": "2006 renovation", "5726afeb708984140094cdd9": "Members' Room", - "5726afeb708984140094cdda": "the subway", + "5726afeb708984140094cdda": "Members' Room", "5726afeb708984140094cddb": "Members' Room", - "5726b12f5951b619008f7aaf": "Kim Wilkie", - "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab0": "John Madejski Garden", - "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab1": "ellipt", - "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab2": "an elliptical water feature lined in stone with steps around the edge which may be drained to use the area for receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7aaf": "John Madejski Garden, on 5 July 2005", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab0": "John Madejski Garden, on 5 July", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab1": "the John Madejski Garden, on 5 July 2005", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab2": "stone", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab3": "an American Sweetgum tree", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e4": "2004", - "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e5": "Royal Institute of British Architects", + "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e5": "2004", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e7": "600", - "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e6": "the UK", + "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e6": "2004", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e8": "700", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b99": "Andrea Palladio", - "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9a": "the last four hundred years represented, but many European (especially Italian) and American architects' drawings are held in the collection. The RI", + "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9a": "Sir George Gilbert Scott, John Loughborough Pearson, George Edmund Street, Richard Norman Shaw, Alfred Waterhouse, Sir Edwin Lutyens", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9b": "330", - "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9c": "Andrea", - "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9d": "Andrea Palladio", - "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6a": "B", - "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6b": "the Great Fire of London", + "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9c": "Sir George Gilbert Scott, John Loughborough Pearson, George Edmund Street, Richard Norman Shaw, Alfred Waterhouse, Sir Edwin Lutyens", + "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9d": "Sir George Gilbert Scott, John Loughborough Pearson, George Edmund Street, Richard Norman Shaw, Alfred Waterhouse, Sir Edwin Lutyens", + "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6a": "Sir Paul Pindar's house dated c1600", + "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6b": "Sir Paul Pindar", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6c": "Sir Paul Pindar's house dated c1600", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6d": "a dormer window", - "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6e": "a column", - "5726bc505951b619008f7c79": "19", + "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6e": "pillars", + "5726bc505951b619008f7c79": "The V&A holds over 19,000 items from the Islamic world, ranging from the early Islamic period (the 7th century", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7a": "2006", - "5726bc505951b619008f7c7b": "the Ardabil Carpet", - "5726bc505951b619008f7c7c": "the Middle East, Central Asia and Afghanistan", + "5726bc505951b619008f7c7b": "2006", + "5726bc505951b619008f7c7c": "The Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art, opened in 2006", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7d": "1909", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c0": "60", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c1": "10", - "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c2": "6000", + "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c2": "60,000 objects, including about 10", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c4": "1991", - "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c3": "Jawaharlal Nehru", + "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c3": "1991", "5726bf325951b619008f7cfd": "70", "5726bf325951b619008f7cfe": "70,000 works of art from the countries of East Asia", - "5726bf325951b619008f7cff": "T. T. Tsui", + "5726bf325951b619008f7cff": "T. T. Tsui Gallery of Chinese art opened in 1991", "5726bf325951b619008f7d00": "1991", - "5726bf325951b619008f7d01": "Though", - "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd8": "Toshiba", - "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd9": "December 1986", + "5726bf325951b619008f7d01": "70,000 works of art from the countries of East Asia: China, Japan and Korea. The T. T. Tsui Gallery", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd8": "1986", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd9": "1986", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fda": "13th-century", - "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdb": "The Toshiba gallery of Japanese art opened in December 1986. The majority of exhibits date from 1550", - "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdc": "finest objects displayed is Suzuki Chokichi's bronze incense burner", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdb": "1986. The majority of exhibits date from 1550", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdc": "1875", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de7": "14th to the 19th century", - "5726c80c5951b619008f7de8": "the 14th to the 19th century", + "5726c80c5951b619008f7de8": "14th to the 19th century", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de9": "14th- and 15th-century", - "5726c80c5951b619008f7dea": "gleaming boxes inlaid with mother-of-pearl", + "5726c80c5951b619008f7dea": "gleaming boxes", "5726c80c5951b619008f7deb": "ivory", - "5726c9a4708984140094d16f": "three", + "5726c9a4708984140094d16f": "three parchment-bound manuscripts, Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III", "5726c9a4708984140094d170": "three parchment-bound manuscripts, Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III", "5726c9a4708984140094d171": "14,000 books to the museum in 1869", "5726c9a4708984140094d172": "14,000 books to the museum in 1869", "5726c9a4708984140094d173": "1876", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9086": "Charles Dickens", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9087": "Charles Dickens", - "5726cc11dd62a815002e9088": "12th", + "5726cc11dd62a815002e9088": "Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter. Illuminated manuscripts in the library dating from the 12th to 16th centuries", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9089": "Rouen", - "5726cc11dd62a815002e908a": "Lucas Horenbout, London", - "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc4": "the 1990s, but those electronic files were not available to the library users. All of the archival material at the National Art Library", - "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc5": "ES", - "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc6": "Encoded Archival Description", - "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc8": "the collection", - "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc7": "a feature on the Victoria and Albert Museum web-site called \"Search the Collections", + "5726cc11dd62a815002e908a": "London", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc4": "the National Art Library", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc5": "1980s", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc6": "the National Art Library", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc8": "Victoria and Albert Museum web-site", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc7": "site called \"Search the Collections", "5726cfa3708984140094d209": "2007", - "5726cfa3708984140094d20a": "the Factory Project", - "5726cfa3708984140094d20b": "Andy Warhol", - "5726cfa3708984140094d20c": "15", - "5726cfa3708984140094d20d": "the world, to digitize their collection. A large scale digitization project began in 2007", - "5726d4a45951b619008f7f69": "Sir James Thornhill, William Kent, Robert Adam, Josiah Wedgwood, Matthew Boulton", - "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6a": "Asia", + "5726cfa3708984140094d20a": "2007", + "5726cfa3708984140094d20b": "2007", + "5726cfa3708984140094d20c": "2007", + "5726cfa3708984140094d20d": "2007", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f69": "Sir", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6a": "Sir", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6b": "Sir", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6c": "Sir", - "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6d": "por", - "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdb": "tea paraphernalia", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6d": "Sir", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdb": "the V&A. In the later 19th century, the increasing backlash against industrialization, led by John Rus", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecda": "wider trends in British culture", - "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecde": "John Rus", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecde": "the V&A. In the later 19th century, the increasing backlash against industrialization, led by John Rus", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdc": "Wedgwood, Matthew Boulton", - "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdd": "the Arts and Crafts movement", - "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed16": "a full-scale replica of Trajan's Column", - "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed17": "half", - "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed18": "Michelangelo's David", - "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed19": "hundreds", - "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed1a": "a glass case", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdd": "John Rus", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed16": "the Cast Courts", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed17": "a full-scale replica of Trajan's Column, cut in half", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed18": "the Cast Courts", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed19": "the Cast Courts", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed1a": "the Cast Courts", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e4": "1731", - "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e5": "1762", + "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e5": "1731 and the M\u00f6llendorff Dinner Service, designed in 1762", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e6": "1762", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e7": "1909", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e8": "1909", - "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd8": "Josiah Wed", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd8": "Wed", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd9": "Britain", - "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edda": "st", - "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddb": "stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries", - "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddc": "stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries, made in Germany", - "5726de7a5951b619008f80ab": "4000", - "5726de7a5951b619008f80ac": "6000 items from Africa, Britain, Europe, America and Asia", - "5726de7a5951b619008f80ad": "earliest glassware on display comes from Ancient Egypt", - "5726de7a5951b619008f80af": "Ren", - "5726de7a5951b619008f80ae": "Louis Comfort Tiffany", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edda": "series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddb": "centuries", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddc": "17th centuries", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80ab": "Art Nouveau glass by Louis Comfort Tiffany", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80ac": "Art Nouveau glass by Louis Comfort Tiffany", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80ad": "Art Nouveau glass by Louis Comfort Tiffany", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80af": "Art Nouveau glass by Louis Comfort Tiffany", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80ae": "Art Nouveau glass by Louis Comfort Tiffany", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee52": "1994", - "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee53": "Danny Lane", + "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee53": "1994", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee54": "2004", - "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee55": "by Dale Chihuly", + "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee55": "the chandelier", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee56": "13", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c4": "10", - "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c5": "2", + "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c5": "Sir Samuel Luke Fildes and Aubrey Beardsley", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c6": "10", - "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c7": "Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres", - "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c8": "Thomas Girtin, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres", + "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c7": "10", + "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c8": "Sir Samuel Luke Fildes and Aubrey Beardsley", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed8": "14", - "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed9": "the Word and Image department", - "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eeda": "the collection is dominated by fashionable clothes made for special occasions", + "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed9": "14,000 outfits plus accessories, mainly dating from 1600 to the present. Costume sketches", + "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eeda": "14,000 outfits", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedb": "1913", - "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedc": "Harrods", + "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedc": "1913", "5726e4eedd62a815002e9438": "2002", - "5726e4eedd62a815002e9439": "Vivienne Westwood", - "5726e4eedd62a815002e943a": "178", - "5726e4eedd62a815002e943b": "Viv", - "5726e4eedd62a815002e943c": "modern fashion", - "5726e680dd62a815002e946e": "1859", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e9439": "2002", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e943a": "2002", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e943b": "Mary Quant, Christian Lacroix", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e943c": "Mary Quant, Christian Lacroix", + "5726e680dd62a815002e946e": "1859 and 1865, and includes several cassone. The John Jones", "5726e680dd62a815002e946f": "1859", - "5726e680dd62a815002e9470": "The John Jones Collection", + "5726e680dd62a815002e9470": "Sir George Donaldson", "5726e680dd62a815002e9471": "1882", "5726e680dd62a815002e9472": "1882", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a4": "dated 1580", - "5726e834dd62a815002e94a5": "Hans", - "5726e834dd62a815002e94a6": "1750", - "5726e834dd62a815002e94a7": "Germany", - "5726e834dd62a815002e94a8": "the late 19th-century and early 20th-century examples in the collection. The work of modernists in the collection include Le Corbusier", - "5726e9c65951b619008f8247": "6000", - "5726e9c65951b619008f8248": "Ancient Egypt", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a5": "Antwerp City Hall", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a6": "50", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a7": "1750", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a8": "Antwerp City Hall", + "5726e9c65951b619008f8247": "Dame Joan Evans' 1977 gift of more than 800 jewels dating from the Middle Ages to the early 19th century. A new jewellery gallery", + "5726e9c65951b619008f8248": "Middle Ages", "5726e9c65951b619008f8249": "1869", "5726e9c65951b619008f824a": "1869", - "5726e9c65951b619008f824b": "William and Judith Bollinger", + "5726e9c65951b619008f824b": "2008", "5726ee28708984140094d656": "10,000 objects made from silver or gold in the collection, the display (about 15%", "5726ee28708984140094d657": "1496\u201397", - "5726ee28708984140094d658": "Hereford Screen, weighing nearly 8 tonnes", + "5726ee28708984140094d658": "Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1862 for the chancel in Hereford Cathedral, from which it was removed in 1967", "5726ee28708984140094d659": "Sir George Gilbert Scott", - "5726ee28708984140094d655": "10", - "5726ef12dd62a815002e959e": "10", - "5726ef12dd62a815002e959f": "the 58 cm high Gloucester Candlestick, dated to c1110, made from gilt bronze", + "5726ee28708984140094d655": "10,000 objects made from silver or gold in the collection, the display (about 15%", + "5726ef12dd62a815002e959e": "the 58 cm high Gloucester Candlestick, dated to c1110", + "5726ef12dd62a815002e959f": "the 58 cm high Gloucester Candlestick, dated to c1110", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a0": "St Thomas Becket, made from gilt copper", - "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a1": "1180", + "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a1": "the Becket Casket dated c1180", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a2": "St Thomas Becket, made from gilt copper", - "5726f1ec708984140094d6aa": "5,100", - "5726f1ec708984140094d6ad": "Bryan Davies", - "5726f1ec708984140094d6ab": "the Horniman Museum and other institutions", - "5726f1ec708984140094d6ac": "35", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6aa": "2010", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6ad": "The Musical Instruments gallery closed 25 February 2010", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6ab": "the Horniman Museum", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6ac": "Parliament", "5726f1ec708984140094d6a9": "2010", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bc": "1130", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bd": "1130", - "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0be": "6800", - "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bf": "the Queen Elizabeth II", - "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0c0": "St", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0be": "6800 British watercolours", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bf": "Sistine Chapel, of the lives of Peter", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0c0": "St George, c. 1400", "5726f4a0708984140094d6e9": "1857", - "5726f4a0708984140094d6ea": "233", + "5726f4a0708984140094d6ea": "1857", "5726f4a0708984140094d6eb": "1857", - "5726f4a0708984140094d6ec": "1821", - "5726f4a0708984140094d6ed": "233", - "5726f755708984140094d737": "the works were French, for example Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child) that formed part of the Jones bequest of 1882", - "5726f755708984140094d738": "Madame", - "5726f755708984140094d739": "Carlo Crivelli", + "5726f4a0708984140094d6ec": "1888, including the large number of sketches in oil, the most significant being the 1821", + "5726f4a0708984140094d6ed": "57", + "5726f755708984140094d737": "1882", + "5726f755708984140094d738": "1882", + "5726f755708984140094d739": "1882", "5726f755708984140094d73a": "Fran\u00e7ois Clouet", "5726f90b708984140094d75d": "Eadweard Muybridge's photographs of Animal Locomotion of 1887", "5726f90b708984140094d75e": "1887", - "5726f90b708984140094d75f": "7", + "5726f90b708984140094d75f": "Eadweard Muybridge's photographs of Animal Locomotion of 1887", "5726f90b708984140094d760": "Eadweard Muybridge's photographs of Animal Locomotion of 1887", - "5726f90b708984140094d761": "600", - "5726fb18dd62a815002e96ce": "the world. There are approximately 22,000 objects in the collection that cover the period from about 400 AD", - "5726fb18dd62a815002e96cf": "22", - "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d0": "the world. There are approximately 22,000 objects in the collection that cover the period from about 400 AD to 1914", - "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d1": "All", - "5726fc63dd62a815002e9706": "National Galleries of Scotland", + "5726f90b708984140094d761": "London", + "5726fb18dd62a815002e96ce": "1914", + "5726fb18dd62a815002e96cf": "1914", + "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d0": "1914", + "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d1": "1914", + "5726fc63dd62a815002e9706": "The Three Graces, which the museum jointly owns with National Galleries of Scotland", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9707": "Neptune and Triton c. 1622\u20133", - "5726fc63dd62a815002e9708": "There are several small scale bronzes by Donatello, Alessandro Vittoria", - "5726fc63dd62a815002e9709": "the Chancel Chapel from Santa Chiara Florence dated 14", + "5726fc63dd62a815002e9708": "The Three", + "5726fc63dd62a815002e9709": "The Three", "5726fc63dd62a815002e970a": "14", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9732": "20", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9733": "1914", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9734": "1914", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9735": "1914", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9736": "1914", - "572700c8dd62a815002e976a": "Sir Henry Cheere, Agostino Carlini, Thomas Banks, Joseph Nollekens, Joseph Wilton, John Flaxman", - "572700c8dd62a815002e976b": "Sir Henry Cheere, Agostino Carlini, Thomas Banks, Joseph Nollekens, Joseph Wilton, John Flaxman", - "572700c8dd62a815002e976c": "Sir Henry Cheere, Agostino Carlini, Thomas Banks, Joseph Nollekens, Joseph Wilton, John Flaxman", - "572700c8dd62a815002e976d": "Sir Henry Cheere, Agostino Carlini, Thomas Banks, Joseph Nollekens, Joseph Wilton, John Flaxman", - "572702a3dd62a815002e9790": "Dorothy", - "572702a3dd62a815002e9791": "1950", - "572702a3dd62a815002e9792": "These", - "572702a3dd62a815002e9793": "Henry", - "572702a3dd62a815002e9794": "Tate Britain", - "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23c": "53", - "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23d": "53,000 examples, mainly western European though all populated continents", - "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23e": "53,000 examples, mainly western European though all populated continents are represented, dating from the 1st century AD", - "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23f": "Near East", - "572703fdf1498d1400e8f240": "technique", - "57270541dd62a815002e97c8": "a fragment", - "57270541dd62a815002e97c9": "century tapestries, woven in the Netherlands", - "57270541dd62a815002e97ca": "four Devonshire Hunting Tapestries, very rare 15th-century tapestries, woven in the Netherlands", - "57270541dd62a815002e97cb": "four Devonshire Hunting Tapestries, very rare 15th-century tapestries, woven in the Netherlands", - "57270541dd62a815002e97cc": "John Vanderbank's workshop", + "572700c8dd62a815002e976a": "Sir", + "572700c8dd62a815002e976b": "Sir", + "572700c8dd62a815002e976c": "Sir", + "572700c8dd62a815002e976d": "Sir", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9790": "2006", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9791": "2006 it was decided to extend the chronology of the works on display up to 1950", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9792": "1950", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9793": "2006", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9794": "2006 it was decided to extend the chronology of the works on display up to 1950; this has involved loans by other museums, including Tate Britain", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23c": "technique, countries of origin and date of production", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23d": "technique, countries of origin and date of production", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23e": "technique, countries of origin and date of production", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23f": "technique, countries of origin and date of production", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f240": "technique, countries of origin and date of production", + "57270541dd62a815002e97c8": "St Gereon, the oldest known surviving European tapestry. A highlight of the collection is the four Devonshire Hunting Tapestries", + "57270541dd62a815002e97c9": "century", + "57270541dd62a815002e97ca": "John Vanderbank's workshop", + "57270541dd62a815002e97cb": "four Devonshire Hunting Tapestries", + "57270541dd62a815002e97cc": "John Vanderbank's workshop which was the leading English tapestry manufactory", "57270676dd62a815002e97f0": "14th-century", "57270676dd62a815002e97f1": "1887", "57270676dd62a815002e97f2": "1887", "57270676dd62a815002e97f3": "William Morris", "57270676dd62a815002e97f4": "William Morris", - "57270817708984140094d8c7": "Theatre Museum", - "57270817708984140094d8c8": "March 2009", - "57270817708984140094d8c9": "the UK's biggest national collection of material about live performance in the UK since Shakespeare's day, covering drama, dance, musical theatre", - "57270817708984140094d8ca": "Shakespeare's day", - "57270817708984140094d8cb": "the V&A, and are available for research, exhibitions and other shows. They hold the UK", + "57270817708984140094d8c7": "Theatre Museum, opened in March 2009", + "57270817708984140094d8c8": "2009", + "57270817708984140094d8c9": "Theatre & Performance galleries, formerly the Theatre Museum, opened in March 2009", + "57270817708984140094d8ca": "Theatre Museum, opened in March 2009", + "57270817708984140094d8cb": "Theatre Museum, opened in March 2009", "57270ab9708984140094d8f7": "Conservation", - "57270ab9708984140094d8f8": "the museum environment", - "57270ab9708984140094d8f9": "Interventive treatment", - "57270ab9708984140094d8fa": "the collections", - "57270ab9708984140094d8fb": "assessments", - "57267b755951b619008f7433": "Disney\u2013ABC Television Group, a subsidiary of Disney", + "57270ab9708984140094d8f8": "temperature and light) and preventing pests (primarily insects", + "57270ab9708984140094d8f9": "interventive\" conservation", + "57270ab9708984140094d8fa": "the long-term preservation of the collections, and covers all the collections", + "57270ab9708984140094d8fb": "surveys, assessments and providing advice", + "57267b755951b619008f7433": "1957", "57267b755951b619008f7434": "1957", - "57267b755951b619008f7435": "Manhattan", + "57267b755951b619008f7435": "Three television networks. The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan", "57267b755951b619008f7436": "Manhattan", - "57267b755951b619008f7437": "Disney Media Networks", - "57267ca75951b619008f7469": "October 12, 1943", + "57267b755951b619008f7437": "The Walt Disney", + "57267ca75951b619008f7469": "1943", "57267ca75951b619008f746a": "1943", - "57267ca75951b619008f746b": "1948", - "57267ca75951b619008f746c": "80% interest in cable sports channel ESPN", - "57267ca75951b619008f746d": "Theatres", - "57267f1cdd62a815002e8740": "232", - "57267f1cdd62a815002e8741": "Citadel Broadcasting", + "57267ca75951b619008f746b": "1943", + "57267ca75951b619008f746c": "ESPN", + "57267ca75951b619008f746d": "1996", + "57267f1cdd62a815002e8740": "eight", + "57267f1cdd62a815002e8741": "2007", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8742": "eight", - "57267f1cdd62a815002e8743": "most ABC programs are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission", + "57267f1cdd62a815002e8743": "regulations", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8744": "Citadel Broadcasting", - "5726808bdd62a815002e8776": "Radio", - "5726808bdd62a815002e8777": "Radio Corporation of America", + "5726808bdd62a815002e8776": "1927", + "5726808bdd62a815002e8777": "two radio networks that each ran different varieties of programming, NBC Blue and NBC Red. The NBC Blue Network was created in 1927", "5726808bdd62a815002e8778": "1927", "5726808bdd62a815002e8779": "1927", "5726808bdd62a815002e877a": "1927", - "572681ab708984140094c85d": "the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)", + "572681ab708984140094c85d": "1934, Mutual filed a complaint", "572681ab708984140094c85e": "1938", "572681ab708984140094c85f": "1940", - "572681ab708984140094c860": "Red", - "572681ab708984140094c861": "the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue", - "572684f5dd62a815002e87fc": "Mark Woods", - "572684f5dd62a815002e87fd": "RCA converted the NBC Blue Network", - "572684f5dd62a815002e87fe": ", and gave the mandate to do so to Mark Woods", - "572684f5dd62a815002e87ff": "Mark Woods", - "572684f5dd62a815002e8800": "7", - "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29e": "Life Savers", - "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29f": "October 12, 1943", - "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a0": "George B. Storer", - "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a1": "the board before leaving ABC altogether on June 30, 1951", + "572681ab708984140094c860": "regulation", + "572681ab708984140094c861": "Red", + "572684f5dd62a815002e87fc": "1941, and gave the mandate to do so to Mark Woods", + "572684f5dd62a815002e87fd": "1941", + "572684f5dd62a815002e87fe": "1941", + "572684f5dd62a815002e87ff": "1941, and gave the mandate to do so to Mark Woods", + "572684f5dd62a815002e8800": "1941", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29e": "Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29f": "1943", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a0": "1944", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a1": "1951", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a2": "1951", - "57268739708984140094c8ed": "the Magnetophon tape recorder", + "57268739708984140094c8ed": "Sherlock Holmes", "57268739708984140094c8ee": "Paul Whiteman", - "57268739708984140094c8ef": "suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes", + "57268739708984140094c8ef": "Sherlock Holmes", "57268739708984140094c8f0": "Bing Crosby", - "57268739708984140094c8f1": "symphony performances", + "57268739708984140094c8f1": "symphony performances conducted by Paul Whiteman, performances from the Metropolitan Opera", "57269260dd62a815002e89ea": "33% stake in European sports channel Eurosport for $155 million in June 2000", - "57269260dd62a815002e89eb": "September 27 of that year, ABC announced the launch of ABC1", - "57269260dd62a815002e89ec": "September 8, 2007", - "57269260dd62a815002e89ed": "October", - "57269260dd62a815002e89ee": "United States", - "57269344f1498d1400e8e43e": "1959", - "57269344f1498d1400e8e43f": "the 1970s", - "57269344f1498d1400e8e440": "the 1970s", - "57269344f1498d1400e8e441": "the 1970s", + "57269260dd62a815002e89eb": "September 27", + "57269260dd62a815002e89ec": "2007", + "57269260dd62a815002e89ed": "September 8, 2007", + "57269260dd62a815002e89ee": "the ABC Group. However, on September 8, 2007", + "57269344f1498d1400e8e43e": "1959, this rerun activity was completed with program syndication, with ABC Films", + "57269344f1498d1400e8e43f": "1970s", + "57269344f1498d1400e8e440": "1970s", + "57269344f1498d1400e8e441": "1970s", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5c": "1953", - "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5d": "the mid-1960s", - "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5e": "5% stake in two new domestic networks, the Mainichi Broadcasting System in 1951 and Nihon Educational Television", + "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5d": "Leonard Goldenson, following the United Paramount Theatres", + "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5e": "1951 and Nihon Educational Television in 1957", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5f": "1953", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb60": "1953", "5726e5ac708984140094d51b": "2000", "5726e5ac708984140094d51c": "all four major networks on a year-to-year basis", - "5726e5ac708984140094d51d": "CBS", - "5726e5ac708984140094d51e": "the Academy Awards, Emmy Awards (which are rotated across all four major networks on a year-to-year basis), American Music Awards", - "5726e5ac708984140094d51f": "A Charlie Brown Christmas", + "5726e5ac708984140094d51d": "1965", + "5726e5ac708984140094d51e": "Country Music Association Awards", + "5726e5ac708984140094d51f": "2000", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef30": "1974", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef31": "Ryan", - "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef32": "2011", - "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef33": "Times Square", - "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef34": "TLC", - "5726e671dd62a815002e9464": "General Hospital", - "5726e671dd62a815002e9465": "Good Morning America and has done so since 1975", - "5726e671dd62a815002e9466": "nine", - "5726e671dd62a815002e9467": "The View", + "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef32": "1954", + "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef33": "1974", + "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef34": "2006", + "5726e671dd62a815002e9464": "1963", + "5726e671dd62a815002e9465": "1975", + "5726e671dd62a815002e9466": "1963", + "5726e671dd62a815002e9467": "The View and The Chew, and the soap opera General Hospital", "5726e671dd62a815002e9468": "1963", - "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6e": "various X Games", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6e": "2006", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6c": "2006", - "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6b": "the regular season, and shows Christmas Day games, regularly between 2\u20137 PM ET", - "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6a": "NBA games on Sundays", - "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6d": "ESPN-produced", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6b": "2006", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6a": "2006", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6d": "Wimbledon tennis tournaments", "5726e860708984140094d579": "Frank Marx", "5726e860708984140094d57a": "7", - "5726e860708984140094d57b": "1947", + "5726e860708984140094d57b": "7", "5726e860708984140094d57c": "7", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa0": "108", - "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa1": "two", - "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa2": "the DuMont Television Network", - "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa3": "fall of 1949, ABC found itself in the position of an outsider, with less coverage than two of its competing networks, CBS and NBC", - "5726ea06dd62a815002e950a": "United Paramount Theatres (UPT) was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court", - "5726ea06dd62a815002e950b": "U.S. Supreme Court to become an independent entity, separating itself from Paramount Pictures", + "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa1": "Boston", + "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa2": "fall of 1949, ABC found itself in the position of an outsider, with less coverage than two of its competing networks, CBS and NBC", + "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa3": "fall", + "5726ea06dd62a815002e950a": "U.S. Supreme Court", + "5726ea06dd62a815002e950b": "U.S. Supreme Court", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950c": "nine", - "5726ea06dd62a815002e950d": "the network would be sold to CBS", - "5726ea06dd62a815002e950e": "Prudential Insurance Company", + "5726ea06dd62a815002e950d": "1951", + "5726ea06dd62a815002e950e": "Prudential Insurance", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff2": "ard Goldenson", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff3": "William S. Paley", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff4": "6", - "5726ed12708984140094d645": "Theatres", - "5726ed12708984140094d646": "Theatres", - "5726ed12708984140094d647": "Theatres", - "5726ed12708984140094d648": "Theatres, Inc. and headquartered in the Paramount Building", + "5726ed12708984140094d645": "1953", + "5726ed12708984140094d646": "1953", + "5726ed12708984140094d647": "1953", + "5726ed12708984140094d648": "1953", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f024": "August 10", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f025": "October", - "5726edeff1498d1400e8f026": "Mount", - "5726edeff1498d1400e8f027": "The Prospect Studios", + "5726edeff1498d1400e8f026": "20 acres (80,937 m2) of land in Hollywood into what would become The Prospect Studios, and construct a transmitter", + "5726edeff1498d1400e8f027": "20", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c6": "September 30, 1960", - "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c7": "the network's gradual", + "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c7": "The Flintstones, another example of counterprogramming", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c8": "The Flintstones, another example of counterprogramming", - "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c9": ", but it also allowed the network to begin filling the hole opened by the conclusion of the Disney partnership by carrying family-oriented programming from other producers", - "5726f0865951b619008f82e5": "Walt Disney Productions", - "5726f0865951b619008f82e6": "NBC", + "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c9": "producers", + "5726f0865951b619008f82e5": "1959, Walt Disney Productions", + "5726f0865951b619008f82e6": "1961", "5726f0865951b619008f82e7": "1961", "5726f0865951b619008f82e8": "1985", - "572734af708984140094dae3": "around its circle logo", + "572734af708984140094dae3": "2000", "572734af708984140094dae4": "the Troika Design Group", "572734af708984140094dae5": "yellow", - "572734af708984140094dae6": "the bottom-right corner", - "572735a15951b619008f86bf": "Pittard Sullivan", - "572735a15951b619008f86c0": "the 1998\u201399 season remain in use during the production company vanity cards shown following the closing credits of most programs). In the fall of 2015", - "572735a15951b619008f86c1": "TV", + "572734af708984140094dae6": "2000", + "572735a15951b619008f86bf": "yellow", + "572735a15951b619008f86c0": "theme tune was introduced alongside the package, based around the network's \"We Love TV", + "572735a15951b619008f86c1": "theme tune was introduced alongside the package, based around the network's \"We Love TV", "572735a15951b619008f86c2": "the 1998\u201399", "572736625951b619008f86d1": "1993", - "572736625951b619008f86d2": "the 1993\u201394 season, appearing initially only for 60 seconds at the beginning of an act or segment, before appearing throughout", + "572736625951b619008f86d2": "1993", "572736625951b619008f86d3": "1983", - "572736625951b619008f86d4": "slogan", + "572736625951b619008f86d4": "1983", "572736fc5951b619008f86d9": "three-dimensional appearance", - "572736fc5951b619008f86da": "black", - "572736fc5951b619008f86db": "a 1977", - "57273799f1498d1400e8f4be": "Paul Rand", - "57273799f1498d1400e8f4bf": "Bauhaus", + "572736fc5951b619008f86da": "a black", + "572736fc5951b619008f86db": "1977", + "57273799f1498d1400e8f4be": "1962", + "57273799f1498d1400e8f4bf": "Herbert Bayer", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c0": "Herbert Bayer", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c1": "1962", - "5727387b5951b619008f86e9": "Radio", - "5727387b5951b619008f86ea": "October", + "5727387b5951b619008f86e9": "May and September 2005, rumors circulated that Disney\u2013ABC was considering a sale of ABC Radio", + "5727387b5951b619008f86ea": "October 19", "5727387b5951b619008f86eb": "six", - "57273954708984140094db05": "ten", - "57273954708984140094db06": "Grey's Anatomy as well as reality series Dancing with the Stars", - "57273954708984140094db07": "Anne Sweeney being named president of ABC parent Disney\u2013ABC Television Group", + "57273954708984140094db05": "NBC, CBS and Fox (by the following year, the combined season-ending average audience share of ABC, NBC and CBS represented only 32%", + "57273954708984140094db06": "Grey's Anatomy", + "57273954708984140094db07": "Disney\u2013ABC Television Group", "57273954708984140094db08": "NASCAR", "57273a0d708984140094db0d": "2002", - "57273a0d708984140094db0e": "Eisner", + "57273a0d708984140094db0e": "Michael Eisner", "57273a0d708984140094db0f": "The Bachelor", - "57273a0d708984140094db10": "Bachelorette", - "57273abef1498d1400e8f4da": "Time", - "57273abef1498d1400e8f4db": "ABC", - "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dc": "the afternoon of May 2. ABC ended the 2000\u201301 season as the most-watched network, ahead of NBC", - "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dd": "the afternoon of May 2", + "57273a0d708984140094db10": "The Bachelorette", + "57273abef1498d1400e8f4da": "Time Warner Cable", + "57273abef1498d1400e8f4db": "2000", + "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dc": "2000", + "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dd": "2000", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d6": "2000", - "57273b69dd62a815002e99d7": "September 2000", - "57273b69dd62a815002e99d8": "Family Matters and Step by Step to CBS", - "57273c195951b619008f8721": "August 1999", - "57273c195951b619008f8722": "Regis Philbin", + "57273b69dd62a815002e99d7": "The WB in September 2000", + "57273b69dd62a815002e99d8": "Family Matters", + "57273c195951b619008f8721": "1999", + "57273c195951b619008f8722": "1999", "57273c195951b619008f8723": "September", - "57273c195951b619008f8724": "Meredith Vieira", - "57273d19708984140094db3d": "July", - "57273d19708984140094db3e": "ABC Inc", - "57273d19708984140094db3f": "Knight Ridder", - "57273d19708984140094db40": "Robert Iger taking his place as president and CEO", - "57273d19708984140094db41": "Sports Night", + "57273c195951b619008f8724": "September", + "57273d19708984140094db3d": "The Walt Disney Company announced an agreement to merge with Capital Cities/ABC for $19 billion", + "57273d19708984140094db3e": "The Walt Disney Company announced an agreement to merge with Capital Cities/ABC for $19 billion", + "57273d19708984140094db3f": "Knight", + "57273d19708984140094db40": "Thomas S. Murphy left ABC with Robert Iger taking his place as president and CEO", + "57273d19708984140094db41": "2000", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f508": "66", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f509": "third", - "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f50a": "Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise", + "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f50a": "1991 book \"Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise", "57273ef15951b619008f8751": "1953", "57273ef15951b619008f8752": "7", - "57273ef15951b619008f8753": "reassigned to the then-ABC affiliate in Baltimore in 1959", - "57273f9d708984140094db51": "Robert Kintner", - "57273f9d708984140094db52": "the DuMont Television Network", - "57273f9d708984140094db53": "the promise of non-interference between ABC and UPT, Goldenson", - "57273f9d708984140094db54": "5 million", - "5727403af1498d1400e8f526": "Paramount Pictures", + "57273ef15951b619008f8753": "1959", + "57273f9d708984140094db51": "Robert", + "57273f9d708984140094db52": "1954", + "57273f9d708984140094db53": "1954", + "57273f9d708984140094db54": "1954", + "5727403af1498d1400e8f526": "53", "5727403af1498d1400e8f527": "The Lone Ranger", "5727403af1498d1400e8f528": "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, the latter of which (at 13", - "57274118dd62a815002e9a1c": "Che", + "57274118dd62a815002e9a1c": "Cheyenne (adapted from the 1947", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1d": "1954", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1e": "Walt Disney", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1f": "Warner Bros. Presents", - "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53e": "Roy", - "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53f": "500,000", - "572741aaf1498d1400e8f540": "Around 1954", + "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53e": "1954", + "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53f": "1954", + "572741aaf1498d1400e8f540": "1954", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f541": "1954", - "572742daf1498d1400e8f550": "July 1968, ABC Radio launched a special programming project for its FM stations, which was spearheaded by Allen Shaw", + "572742daf1498d1400e8f550": "July", "572742daf1498d1400e8f551": "Harold", - "572742daf1498d1400e8f552": "LOVE Radio", + "572742daf1498d1400e8f552": "1968", "572742daf1498d1400e8f553": "seven", "5727436af1498d1400e8f558": "September 1969", - "5727436af1498d1400e8f559": "an average budget of", + "5727436af1498d1400e8f559": "September 1969", "5727436af1498d1400e8f55a": "1971", - "5727436af1498d1400e8f55b": "produced on an average budget of $400,000", + "5727436af1498d1400e8f55b": "September 1969", "572743fb708984140094db93": "1970s", - "572743fb708984140094db94": "ratings", - "572743fb708984140094db95": "to use behavioral and demographic", + "572743fb708984140094db94": "three", + "572743fb708984140094db95": "three", "5727448b5951b619008f87a1": "1970", - "5727448b5951b619008f87a2": "2006", - "5727448b5951b619008f87a3": "2006", - "5727448b5951b619008f87a4": "%", + "5727448b5951b619008f87a2": "1970", + "5727448b5951b619008f87a3": "1970", + "5727448b5951b619008f87a4": "1970", "57274633dd62a815002e9a4e": "1970", - "57274633dd62a815002e9a4f": "1972", - "57274633dd62a815002e9a50": "the company's decision to split ABC Films into two separate companies: the existing Worldvision Enterprises", - "572746d3dd62a815002e9a66": "1970, Congress passed the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act which banned cigarette advertising", + "57274633dd62a815002e9a4f": "1970", + "57274633dd62a815002e9a50": "1972", + "572746d3dd62a815002e9a66": "1970", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a67": "1971", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a68": "Henry Plitt", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a69": "1972", "572747dd5951b619008f87a9": "1966", - "572747dd5951b619008f87aa": "Happy Days", - "572747dd5951b619008f87ab": "however", - "572747dd5951b619008f87ac": "Pictures", - "572748745951b619008f87b1": "Fred Silverman to become the first president and director of programming", + "572747dd5951b619008f87aa": "Happy", + "572747dd5951b619008f87ab": "Michael Eisner, who joined ABC in 1966", + "572747dd5951b619008f87ac": "1976 to become president of Paramount Pictures", + "572748745951b619008f87b1": "Fred Silverman", "572748745951b619008f87b2": "Fred Silverman", - "572748745951b619008f87b3": "S", - "572748745951b619008f87b4": "November", - "5727492f708984140094dbb5": "NBC", + "572748745951b619008f87b3": "S.W.A.T. That same year, the network made the decision to compete with NBC's morning news-talk program Today", + "572748745951b619008f87b4": "Good Morning America", + "5727492f708984140094dbb5": "1978", "5727492f708984140094dbb6": "Laverne & Shirley, which debuted in 1976", "5727492f708984140094dbb7": "Three's Company (which debuted in 1977", - "572749d7dd62a815002e9a90": "Roots", - "572749d7dd62a815002e9a91": "Aaron Spelling", + "572749d7dd62a815002e9a90": "Alex Haley", + "572749d7dd62a815002e9a91": "The Love Boat allowed the network to take first place in the ratings for the first time in the 1976\u201377", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a92": "nine", - "572749d7dd62a815002e9a93": "1976\u201377", - "572749d7dd62a815002e9a94": "September 13, 1977", - "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b4": "Roone Arledge", - "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b5": "Roone Arledge was named president of the new ABC News in addition to being president of ABC Sports", - "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b6": "7", - "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b7": "June 1979", - "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dc": "June 1978", - "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dd": "Downs", + "572749d7dd62a815002e9a93": "The Love Boat allowed the network to take first place in the ratings for the first time in the 1976\u201377", + "572749d7dd62a815002e9a94": "The Love Boat allowed the network to take first place in the ratings for the first time in the 1976\u201377 season. On September 13, 1977", + "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b4": "30 West 67th Street, was transformed into an impressive 15-story building. Both buildings were completed in June 1979", + "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b5": "1977, Roone Arledge was named president of the new ABC News in addition to being president of ABC Sports", + "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b6": "10", + "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b7": "10", + "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dc": "1978", + "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dd": "1978", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5de": "Barbara Walters", - "57274baff1498d1400e8f5df": "February", + "57274baff1498d1400e8f5df": "Barbara Walters). In February 1979", "57274cac708984140094dbdd": "24-hour news channel called ABC Cable News", - "57274cac708984140094dbde": "July 2004 with the launch of ABC News Now", + "57274cac708984140094dbde": "July", "57274cac708984140094dbdf": "August 29", - "57274cac708984140094dbe0": "August 29", - "57274d905951b619008f87e1": "Writers Guild of America", - "57274d905951b619008f87e2": "the game show Duel, which premiered in December 2007", - "57274d905951b619008f87e3": "Disney", - "57274e6a5951b619008f87f1": "ABC Entertainment Group", - "57274e6a5951b619008f87f2": "ABC Entertainment Group", + "57274cac708984140094dbe0": "1970) from SJL Broadcast Management", + "57274d905951b619008f87e1": "2007", + "57274d905951b619008f87e2": "2007", + "57274d905951b619008f87e3": "Boston Legal", + "57274e6a5951b619008f87f1": "early 2009", + "57274e6a5951b619008f87f2": "2009", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f3": "April 2, 2009, Citadel Communications announced that it would rebrand ABC Radio as Citadel Media", - "57274e6a5951b619008f87f4": "Apple Inc. to make individual episodes of ABC and Disney Channel programs available for purchase on iTunes", - "57274f07708984140094dbed": "sixth and final season of Lost", - "57274f07708984140094dbee": "2004", + "57274e6a5951b619008f87f4": "partnership", + "57274f07708984140094dbed": "sixth", + "57274f07708984140094dbee": "sixth and final season of Lost became the drama's lowest-rated season since its debut in 2004", "57274f07708984140094dbef": "Wednesdays", "57274f07708984140094dbf0": "Wednesdays", "5727504b5951b619008f881d": "1970", - "5727504b5951b619008f881e": "Worldvision Enterprises", - "5727504b5951b619008f881f": "Films", - "5727504b5951b619008f8820": "Turner", - "57275273dd62a815002e9b16": "Buena Vista Television", + "5727504b5951b619008f881e": "1970", + "5727504b5951b619008f881f": "1970", + "5727504b5951b619008f8820": "Turner Broadcasting System in 1990", + "57275273dd62a815002e9b16": "Disney\u2013ABC Domestic Television", "57275273dd62a815002e9b17": "Buena Vista Television", - "57275273dd62a815002e9b18": "Buena Vista International Television", + "57275273dd62a815002e9b18": "Buena Vista Television) handles domestic television distribution, while Disney\u2013ABC International Television", "57275273dd62a815002e9b19": "Selmur Productions", - "57275339dd62a815002e9b28": "WA", + "57275339dd62a815002e9b28": "WABC", "57275339dd62a815002e9b29": "eight", "57275339dd62a815002e9b2a": "235", "57275339dd62a815002e9b2b": "96.26%", @@ -5945,894 +5945,894 @@ "572754b5dd62a815002e9b45": "1953", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b46": "1957", "57275573708984140094dc45": "2011", - "57275573708984140094dc46": "Supernanny, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition became the only remaining program on the network's schedule", - "57275573708984140094dc47": "HD", - "57275573708984140094dc48": "September 2011", - "57275650708984140094dc5f": "720", - "57275650708984140094dc60": "most", + "57275573708984140094dc46": ": Home Edition became the only remaining program on the network's schedule that was broadcast in 4:3", + "57275573708984140094dc47": "Extreme Makeover: Home Edition became the only remaining program on the network's schedule that was broadcast in 4:3", + "57275573708984140094dc48": "2011", + "57275650708984140094dc5f": "The Walt Disney Company's U.S. television properties. However, most of Hearst Television's 16", + "57275650708984140094dc60": "most of Hearst Television's 16", "57275650708984140094dc61": "11", - "57275650708984140094dc62": "The", - "57275743f1498d1400e8f680": "midseason forensic investigation drama Body of Proof", - "57275743f1498d1400e8f681": "Happy", - "57275743f1498d1400e8f682": "NBC", - "57275743f1498d1400e8f683": "Brothers & Sisters led to its cancellation, and the previous year's only drama renewal, V, also failed to earn another season after a low-rated", - "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b6": "April 14", - "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b7": "Prospect Park", + "57275650708984140094dc62": "The Walt Disney Company's U.S. television properties", + "57275743f1498d1400e8f680": "midseason forensic investigation drama", + "57275743f1498d1400e8f681": "only late-season premiere Happy", + "57275743f1498d1400e8f682": "third", + "57275743f1498d1400e8f683": "Brothers & Sisters", + "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b6": "14", + "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b7": "2011", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b8": "2013", - "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b9": "The Revolution", + "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b9": "One Life to Live, The Revolution", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6ba": "18\u201349 demographic", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6ca": "2004", - "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cb": "first place in the 18\u201349 demographic for the first time since 2004, and in second place in total viewership behind long-dominant CBS", + "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cb": "Last Man Standing and Shark Tank) and Suburgatory. NBC", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cc": "three", - "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cd": "Friday", + "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cd": "Last Man Standing and Shark Tank", "57275a505951b619008f889f": "The Middle", "57275a505951b619008f88a0": "Dragon's Den reality format) also became a midseason sleeper hit on Sundays", "57275a505951b619008f88a1": "Sundays", "57275a505951b619008f88a2": "Last", "57275bfb708984140094dc97": "February", "57275bfb708984140094dc98": "Thomas Murphy", - "57275bfb708984140094dc99": "NYPD Blue", - "57275bfb708984140094dc9a": "the debut of NYPD Blue", + "57275bfb708984140094dc99": "September", + "57275bfb708984140094dc9a": "September", "57275bfb708984140094dc9b": "ten", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6da": "1993", - "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6db": "DIC Entertainment", - "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dc": "Time", - "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dd": "23.63%", + "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6db": "1993", + "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dc": "Time Warner", + "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dd": "23", "57275e125951b619008f88d7": "May 1960", "57275e125951b619008f88d8": "9", "57275e125951b619008f88d9": "John Bassett", "57275e125951b619008f88da": "Toronto", - "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f4": "Wide", - "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f5": "the network's market share. On April 29, 1961, ABC debuted Wide World of Sports", - "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f6": "the network's market share. On April 29, 1961", - "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f7": "Sports Programs, Inc", + "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f4": "1961", + "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f5": "1961", + "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f6": "1961", + "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f7": "1961", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f706": "Theatres", - "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f707": "The Dating", - "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f708": "three", + "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f707": "The Dating Game, a pioneer series in its genre, which was a reworking of the blind date concept in which a suitor selected one of three", + "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f708": "The Newlywed Game, featuring three", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f709": "7 West 66th Street", "57276166dd62a815002e9bd8": "90%", "57276166dd62a815002e9bd9": "Dynasty", "57276166dd62a815002e9bda": "Happy Days", "57276166dd62a815002e9bdb": "TS", - "5727623a5951b619008f8921": "KXYZ to the Infinity Broadcasting Corporation", - "5727623a5951b619008f8922": "% (or between $25 million and $30 million) of Getty Oil", - "5727623a5951b619008f8923": "RCA to merge ARTS and competing arts service, The Entertainment", - "5727623a5951b619008f8924": "RCA to merge ARTS and competing arts service, The Entertainment Channel, into a single cable channel called Arts & Entertainment Television", - "572763a8708984140094dcd9": "Thomas S. Murphy delegated his position as president to Daniel B. Burke", - "572763a8708984140094dcda": "Thomas S. Murphy delegated his position as president to Daniel B. Burke while remaining ABC's chairman and CEO", - "572763a8708984140094dcdb": "$465 million", - "572763a8708984140094dcdc": "America's Funniest Home Videos", - "572763a8708984140094dcdd": "September 1991, the network premiered Home Improvement", + "5727623a5951b619008f8921": "1983", + "5727623a5951b619008f8922": "1984, The New York Times reported that ABC, through its subsidiary ABC Video Enterprises, had exercised its option to purchase up to 15%", + "5727623a5951b619008f8923": "1983", + "5727623a5951b619008f8924": "The Entertainment Channel", + "572763a8708984140094dcd9": "Thomas S. Murphy delegated his position as president to Daniel B. Burke while remaining ABC's chairman and CEO", + "572763a8708984140094dcda": "1990", + "572763a8708984140094dcdb": "1990", + "572763a8708984140094dcdc": "America's", + "572763a8708984140094dcdd": "1991", "572764855951b619008f8951": "General Hospital", - "572764855951b619008f8952": "The View", + "572764855951b619008f8952": "The View and The Chew and the soap opera General Hospital. ABC News programming includes Good Morning America", "572764855951b619008f8953": "7", "572764855951b619008f8954": "Jimmy", - "57276576dd62a815002e9c18": "New Jersey, Rhode Island", - "57276576dd62a815002e9c19": "WBMA", + "57276576dd62a815002e9c18": "New York City O&O WABC-TV", + "57276576dd62a815002e9c19": "Birmingham", "57276576dd62a815002e9c1a": "WBND", - "57276576dd62a815002e9c1b": "WLQP-LP", - "57276690708984140094dd01": "a result, television series were produced by ABC Circle Films", + "57276576dd62a815002e9c1b": "Lima", + "57276690708984140094dd01": "Touchstone Television", "57276690708984140094dd02": "Touchstone was reorganized as ABC Studios in February 2007", - "57276690708984140094dd03": "the ABC Television Center", - "57276690708984140094dd04": "the ABC Television Center, East", + "57276690708984140094dd03": "The Prospect Studios) on Prospect Avenue in Hollywood, California, shared with the operations of KABC-TV until 1999", + "57276690708984140094dd04": "1950s", "5727678e5951b619008f8973": "Times Square Studios", - "5727678e5951b619008f8974": "Good Morning America", + "5727678e5951b619008f8974": "Times Square Studios", "5727678e5951b619008f8975": "Peter Jennings Way in 2006", - "5727678e5951b619008f8976": "Peter Jennings Way in 2006 in honor of the recently deceased longtime ABC News chief anchor and anchor of World News Tonight", - "572768d9708984140094dd13": "ABC on Demand", - "572768d9708984140094dd14": "The Walt Disney Company is also a part-owner of Hulu", + "5727678e5951b619008f8976": "Peter Jennings Way in 2006", + "572768d9708984140094dd13": "called ABC on Demand", + "572768d9708984140094dd14": "27", "572768d9708984140094dd15": "July 6, 2009", "572768d9708984140094dd16": "27", - "572769e85951b619008f8985": "the day after their original broadcast. In addition, ABC on Demand", - "572769e85951b619008f8986": "2014 restrict streaming of the most recent episode of any ABC program on Hulu and WATCH ABC until eight", - "572769e85951b619008f8987": "fast forwarding of accessed content", + "572769e85951b619008f8985": "2014", + "572769e85951b619008f8986": "2014", + "572769e85951b619008f8987": "2014", "572769e85951b619008f8988": "2014", - "57276a8f5951b619008f8995": "the 2013\u201314 season during the network's upfront presentation on May 14, 2013, and officially introduced on-air on June 17", - "57276a8f5951b619008f8996": "four", - "57276a8f5951b619008f8997": "Modern", + "57276a8f5951b619008f8995": "the 2013\u201314 season during the network's upfront presentation on May 14, 2013", + "57276a8f5951b619008f8996": "grey", + "57276a8f5951b619008f8997": "the 2013\u201314 season during the network's upfront presentation on May 14, 2013", "57276a8f5951b619008f8998": "red", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b2": "14", - "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b3": "14 primary affiliates compared to the 74", - "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b4": "Act", + "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b3": "14", + "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b4": "three", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b5": "1961", - "57276d7f708984140094dd3f": "exception", + "57276d7f708984140094dd3f": "both of the existing stations, usually via off-hours clearances (a notable exception", "57276d7f708984140094dd40": "five", "57276d7f708984140094dd41": "2000s", "57276d7f708984140094dd42": "1980s", - "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd0": "Walt", - "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd1": "Desilu Productions", + "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd0": "September", + "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd1": "The", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd2": "The Untouchables to CBS; after that network", - "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd3": "April", - "5727705f5951b619008f89f3": "the ABC Sunday Night Movie", - "5727705f5951b619008f89f4": "15", - "5727705f5951b619008f89f5": "Hanna", + "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd3": "The", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f3": "33%", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f4": "33%", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f5": "33%", "5727705f5951b619008f89f6": "The Jetsons", - "5727705f5951b619008f89f7": "April 1, 1963", - "572771a5f1498d1400e8f840": "ITT", - "572771a5f1498d1400e8f841": "United States Department of Justice", - "572771a5f1498d1400e8f842": "Justice", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f7": "1963", + "572771a5f1498d1400e8f840": "7", + "572771a5f1498d1400e8f841": "Donald F. Turner, head antitrust regulator for the United States Department of Justice", + "572771a5f1498d1400e8f842": "July", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f843": "1968", - "57277373dd62a815002e9d24": "December 1984, Thomas S. Murphy, chief executive officer of Capital Cities Communications", - "57277373dd62a815002e9d25": "3", - "57277373dd62a815002e9d26": "Warren Buffett", + "57277373dd62a815002e9d24": "1984", + "57277373dd62a815002e9d25": "1984", + "57277373dd62a815002e9d26": "500 million was loaned by Warren Buffett", "57277373dd62a815002e9d27": "E. W. Scripps Company", "57277373dd62a815002e9d28": "12", "572774cf5951b619008f8a51": "September", - "572774cf5951b619008f8a52": "Inc", - "572774cf5951b619008f8a53": "president of ABC's broadcasting division", + "572774cf5951b619008f8a52": "1986", + "572774cf5951b619008f8a53": "Frederick S. Pierce", "572774cf5951b619008f8a54": "Michael P. Millardi became vice president of ABC Broadcasting", - "572774cf5951b619008f8a55": "Roone Arledge became president of ABC News", - "57277585708984140094de2b": "Laverne & Shirley ended its run in 1983, Happy", - "57277585708984140094de2c": "Happy Days", - "57277585708984140094de2d": "NBC", - "57277585708984140094de2e": "The Love Boat", + "572774cf5951b619008f8a55": "president of ABC News", + "57277585708984140094de2b": "Laverne & Shirley ended its run in 1983, Happy Days and Three's Company ended in 1984", + "57277585708984140094de2c": "1984 (with the latter producing a short-lived spinoff that year), while The Love Boat ended its run in 1986", + "57277585708984140094de2d": "1984", + "57277585708984140094de2e": "1986", "57277585708984140094de2f": "Rose", - "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c4": "the late 1980s, culminating in the 1989 debut of the \"TGIF\" block (which promotions referenced stood for \"Thank Goodness It's Funny", - "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c5": "the late 1980s, culminating in the 1989 debut of the \"TGIF\" block (which promotions referenced stood for \"Thank Goodness It's Funny", - "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c6": "Miller-Boyett Productions", + "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c4": "Warner Bros.-based studio that briefly programmed the entire Friday lineup during the 1990\u201391 season (with Going Places joining Family Matters", + "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c5": "1989", + "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c6": "Warner Bros.-based studio that briefly programmed the entire Friday lineup during the 1990\u201391 season (with Going Places joining Family Matters", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c7": "Warner", - "572776e85951b619008f8a7f": "seven", - "572776e85951b619008f8a80": "Charly", - "572776e85951b619008f8a81": "Ralph", + "572776e85951b619008f8a7f": "1968", + "572776e85951b619008f8a80": "1968", + "572776e85951b619008f8a81": "1979", "572776e85951b619008f8a82": "1985", - "572776e85951b619008f8a83": "Redwood City", - "5727780a5951b619008f8a9d": "the expectations of the public, such as westerns and detective series", + "572776e85951b619008f8a83": "July 1968", + "5727780a5951b619008f8a9d": "10% and 18%", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9e": "500%", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9f": "10% and 18%", - "5727780a5951b619008f8aa0": "Ollie Treiz", - "5727780a5951b619008f8aa1": "Dick Clark", - "57277944f1498d1400e8f90a": "the \"philosophy of counterprogramming", - "57277944f1498d1400e8f90b": "fall of 1957", - "57277944f1498d1400e8f90c": "Life", - "57277944f1498d1400e8f90d": "the fall of 1957", - "57277af2708984140094dec3": "WATCH ABC", - "57277af2708984140094dec4": "New", + "5727780a5951b619008f8aa0": "10% and 18%", + "5727780a5951b619008f8aa1": "Dick", + "57277944f1498d1400e8f90a": "1957", + "57277944f1498d1400e8f90b": "1957", + "57277944f1498d1400e8f90c": "1961", + "57277944f1498d1400e8f90d": "1957", + "57277af2708984140094dec3": "May 2013", + "57277af2708984140094dec4": "2013", "57277af2708984140094dec5": "Hearst Television", - "57277af2708984140094dec6": "Disney", + "57277af2708984140094dec6": "sister network ESPN's WatchESPN service (which originated the \"WATCH\" brand used by the streaming services of Disney", "57277bfc708984140094ded9": "28", - "57277bfc708984140094deda": "the Birmingham", - "57277bfc708984140094dedb": "The E. W. Scripps Company", + "57277bfc708984140094deda": "28", + "57277bfc708984140094dedb": "28", "57277bfc708984140094dedc": "28", - "57277bfc708984140094dedd": "15", - "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e76": "June 16, 2007, ABC began to phase in a new imaging campaign for the upcoming 2007\u201308 season, \"Start Here", - "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e77": "Troika", + "57277bfc708984140094dedd": "28", + "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e76": "2007", + "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e77": "2007", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e78": "Red ribbons were used to represent the entertainment division, while blue ribbons were used for ABC News", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e79": "Red ribbons were used to represent the entertainment division, while blue ribbons were used for ABC News", - "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea4": "the unusual distinction of having separately owned and operated affiliates which serve the same market in Tampa, Florida (WFTS", - "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea5": "the unusual distinction of having separately owned and operated affiliates which serve the same market in Tampa", - "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea6": "ZZ", + "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea4": "Tampa, Florida (WFTS", + "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea5": "Tampa", + "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea6": "Tampa", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea7": "WTSP", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f5": "the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f6": "tribes", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f7": "wholesale massacres of the civilian populations", - "57269e8a5951b619008f77f8": "the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia", - "57269e8a5951b619008f77f9": "the conquest of most of Eurasia", - "5726a00d708984140094cc25": "Khan", + "57269e8a5951b619008f77f8": "the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia", + "57269e8a5951b619008f77f9": "the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia", + "5726a00d708984140094cc25": "27", "5726a00d708984140094cc26": "27", "5726a00d708984140094cc27": "27", - "5726a00d708984140094cc28": "Khan", - "5726a00d708984140094cc29": "somewhere", - "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e578": "the current capital Ulaanbaatar. The Secret History of the Mongols reports that Tem\u00fcjin", - "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e579": "the second-oldest son of his father Yes\u00fcgei", - "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57a": "in 1162", + "5726a00d708984140094cc28": "27", + "5726a00d708984140094cc29": "27", + "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e578": "Tem\u00fcjin", + "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e579": "Tem\u00fcjin", + "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57a": "Tem\u00fcjin was probably born in 1162", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57b": "Tem\u00fcjin", - "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbc": "Tem\u00fclen", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbc": "three", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbd": "three", - "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbe": "te", - "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbf": "Khongirad", - "5726a340dd62a815002e8bc0": "Dai", - "5726a4a9708984140094ccb7": "Begter", - "5726a4a9708984140094ccb8": "the power of the eldest male in the family and eventually Temujin's mother Hoelun", - "5726a4a9708984140094ccb9": "Tem\u00fcjin and his brother Khasar killed their half-brother Begter", - "5726a4a9708984140094ccba": "Tem\u00fcjin and his brother Khasar killed their half-brother Begter", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbe": "three", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbf": "three", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bc0": "three", + "5726a4a9708984140094ccb7": "Tem\u00fcjin and his brothers. Begter", + "5726a4a9708984140094ccb8": "Tem\u00fcjin and his brothers. Begter", + "5726a4a9708984140094ccb9": "brother Begter", + "5726a4a9708984140094ccba": "brother Begter", "5726a5f65951b619008f7903": "around 1177", - "5726a5f65951b619008f7904": "the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice", - "5726a5f65951b619008f7905": "Chilaun", - "5726a5f65951b619008f7906": "Genghis Khan", - "5726a5f65951b619008f7907": "a river crevice", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7904": "around 1177", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7905": "Genghis Khan's future generals, joined forces with him. Tem\u00fcjin", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7906": "around 1177", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7907": "around 1177", "5726a784708984140094ccff": "arranged marriages", - "5726a784708984140094cd00": "Tem\u00fcjin's mother Hoelun", - "5726a784708984140094cd01": "thievery, raids, corruption, and continual acts of revenge carried out between the various confederations, all compounded by interference", - "5726a784708984140094cd02": "Tem\u00fcjin's mother Hoelun", + "5726a784708984140094cd00": "Tem\u00fcjin", + "5726a784708984140094cd01": "thievery", + "5726a784708984140094cd02": "thievery", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c34": "B\u00f6rte of the Onggirat tribe", - "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c35": "the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan", - "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c36": "Toghrul Khan", - "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c37": "Jochi", + "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c35": "Khan", + "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c36": "Tem\u00fcjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan", + "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c37": "Jochi (1185\u20131226", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c38": "nine months later", - "5726a9ed5951b619008f7969": "three", - "5726a9ed5951b619008f796a": "three", + "5726a9ed5951b619008f7969": "three more sons, Chagatai (1187\u20141241", + "5726a9ed5951b619008f796a": "three more sons, Chagatai (1187\u20141241", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796b": "three more sons, Chagatai (1187\u20141241", - "5726a9ed5951b619008f796c": "three", + "5726a9ed5951b619008f796c": "three more sons, Chagatai (1187\u20141241", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796d": "six", - "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a2": "brother", - "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a3": "Toghrul offered his vassal 20,000 of his Keraite warriors and suggested that he also involve his childhood friend Jamukha", - "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a4": "Khan (ruler) of his own tribe, the Jadaran", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a2": "Toghrul", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a3": "1197", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a4": "Khan (ruler", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a5": "20", - "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a6": "20,000 of his Keraite warriors and suggested that he also involve his childhood friend Jamukha", - "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca": "the next ten", - "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cb": "the shaman Kokochu", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a6": "20,000 of his Keraite warriors and suggested that he also involve his childhood friend Jamukha, who had himself become Khan (ruler", + "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca": "87", + "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cb": "the Eternal Blue Sky had set aside the world for Tem\u00fcjin, Tem\u00fcjin began rising to power. In 1186", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cc": "86", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cd": "87", - "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ce": "Toghrul, as Tem\u00fcjin's patron, was exiled to the Qara Khitai", - "5726ae32708984140094cdab": "Yassa code", - "5726ae32708984140094cdac": "wealth", + "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ce": "Toghrul", + "5726ae32708984140094cdab": "Yassa code, Tem\u00fcjin", + "5726ae32708984140094cdac": "Tem\u00fcjin", "5726ae32708984140094cdad": "orphans", - "5726ae32708984140094cdae": "Tem\u00fcjin promised civilians and soldiers wealth", - "5726af765951b619008f7a51": "Toghrul's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to Jochi", - "5726af765951b619008f7a52": "the split between both factions and was a prelude to war. Toghrul allied himself with Jamukha", - "5726af765951b619008f7a53": "Jamukha", + "5726ae32708984140094cdae": "Tem\u00fcjin", + "5726af765951b619008f7a51": "Toghrul's refusal", + "5726af765951b619008f7a52": "Toghrul", + "5726af765951b619008f7a53": "Toghrul's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to Jochi, the eldest son of Tem\u00fcjin", "5726af765951b619008f7a54": "the Keraite tribe", - "5726b0985951b619008f7a91": "the rulers of the Qara Khitai", + "5726b0985951b619008f7a91": "06", "5726b0985951b619008f7a92": "01", - "5726b0985951b619008f7a93": "ruler", - "5726b0985951b619008f7a94": "several", + "5726b0985951b619008f7a93": "01", + "5726b0985951b619008f7a94": "06", "5726b0985951b619008f7a95": "06", - "5726b1d95951b619008f7acd": "Tem\u00fcjin", - "5726b1d95951b619008f7ace": "Tem\u00fcjin had killed the men", + "5726b1d95951b619008f7acd": "Tem\u00fcjin had killed the men who betrayed Jamukha", + "5726b1d95951b619008f7ace": "Tem\u00fcjin", "5726b1d95951b619008f7acf": "Tem\u00fcjin", - "5726b1d95951b619008f7ad0": "the fact that in the past Jamukha", + "5726b1d95951b619008f7ad0": "Tem\u00fcjin", "5726b879708984140094cf01": "Chinese", - "5726b879708984140094cf02": "Jamukha", + "5726b879708984140094cf02": "ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan", "5726b879708984140094cf03": "problems", - "5726b879708984140094cf04": "the motivations of his rivals, exemplified by his extensive spy network", - "5726b879708984140094cf05": "Khan", + "5726b879708984140094cf04": "Khan", + "5726b879708984140094cf05": "Wang Khan", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf1": "06", - "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf2": "a Khuruldai", - "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf3": "Khagan was not conferred on Genghis until after his death, when his son and successor, \u00d6gedei", - "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf4": "Khagan", - "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf5": "Tem\u00fcjin had managed to unite or subdue the Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Keraites, Tatars", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf2": "06", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf3": "06", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf4": "06", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf5": "06", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3b": "11", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3c": "Tan", - "5726bb645951b619008f7c3d": "the other side of the pass. At this engagement fought at Badger Pass the Mongols massacred hundreds of thousands of Jin troops. In 1215", - "5726bb645951b619008f7c3e": "Emperor Xuanzong", - "5726bb645951b619008f7c3f": "third", - "5726bd655951b619008f7c9f": "Kuchlug, the deposed Khan of the Naiman confederation that Tem\u00fcjin defeated and folded into his Mongol Empire, fled west", - "5726bd655951b619008f7ca0": "remnants", + "5726bb645951b619008f7c3d": "11", + "5726bb645951b619008f7c3e": "Emperor Xuanzong to move his capital south to Kaifeng", + "5726bb645951b619008f7c3f": "third son, \u00d6gedei Khan. The Jin dynasty collapsed in 1234", + "5726bd655951b619008f7c9f": "Tem\u00fcjin defeated and folded into his Mongol Empire, fled west and usurped the khanate of Qara Khitai", + "5726bd655951b619008f7ca0": "Qara Khitai", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca1": "20", - "5726bd655951b619008f7ca2": "younger", - "5726bd655951b619008f7ca3": "younger general, Jebe, known as \"The Arrow", - "5726bf135951b619008f7ce9": "Jebe's army and executed. By 1218", - "5726bf135951b619008f7cea": "west", - "5726bf135951b619008f7ceb": "a result of defeat of Qara Khitai, the Mongol Empire and its control extended as far west", - "5726bf135951b619008f7cec": "the Khwarezmia", - "5726bf135951b619008f7ced": "Khwarezmia", - "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f76": "Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad", + "5726bd655951b619008f7ca2": "20", + "5726bd655951b619008f7ca3": "Jebe, known as \"The Arrow", + "5726bf135951b619008f7ce9": "18", + "5726bf135951b619008f7cea": "west of Kashgar. Kuchlug fled again, but was soon hunted down by Jebe's army and executed. By 1218", + "5726bf135951b619008f7ceb": "18", + "5726bf135951b619008f7cec": "west of Kashgar. Kuchlug fled again, but was soon hunted down by Jebe's army and executed. By 1218", + "5726bf135951b619008f7ced": "18", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f76": "500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire. However, Inalchuq", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f77": "500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire. However, Inalchuq", - "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f78": "three", - "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f79": "around", - "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f7a": "Road", - "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa6": "Tien Shan", - "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa7": "three groups. His son Jochi", - "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa8": "Jebe", - "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa9": "third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui", - "5726c20fdd62a815002e8faa": "southeast", - "5726c3b3708984140094d0cf": "although exhausted from the long journey", - "5726c3b3708984140094d0d0": "wholesale massacre of many of the civilians", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f78": "three ambassadors (two Mongols and a Muslim) to meet the Shah himself instead of the governor Inalchuq", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f79": "500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire. However, Inalchuq", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f7a": "500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire. However, Inalchuq", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa6": "third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa7": "third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa8": "third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa9": "third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8faa": "third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0cf": "the long journey", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0d0": "wholesale massacre of many of the civilians, enslaved the rest of the population and executed Inalchuq", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d1": "pouring molten silver", - "5726c3b3708984140094d0d2": "the town of Otrar", - "5726c3b3708984140094d0d3": "the end of the battle the Shah fled rather than surrender. Genghis Khan ordered Subutai", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0d2": "the population and executed Inalchuq", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0d3": "20", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f5": "Samarkand fell, the capital was moved to Bukhara", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f6": "Bukhara", - "5726c4c8708984140094d0f7": "a river", - "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae2": "captured enemies", - "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae3": "reneged", - "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae4": "pyramids of severed heads raised as a symbol of victory", - "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddd": "a single wall, and the citadel typical of Khwarezmi cities. The city leaders", - "5726c7a85951b619008f7dde": "a unit of Turkish defenders", - "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddf": "artisans and craftsmen", - "5726c7a85951b619008f7de0": "declared that he was the flail of God", - "5726c7a85951b619008f7de1": "young men", + "5726c4c8708984140094d0f7": "a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace", + "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae2": "enemies", + "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae3": "pyramids of severed heads raised as a symbol of victory", + "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae4": "pyramids", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddd": "the city to the ground. Genghis Khan", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7dde": "twelve days. Survivors", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddf": "Survivors from the citadel were executed, artisans and craftsmen", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7de0": "the ground. Genghis Khan had the city's surviving population assemble in the main mosque of the town, where he declared", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7de1": "the city to the ground. Genghis Khan", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9046": "20", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9047": "Six", - "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9048": "generals Jebe and Subutai", + "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9048": "23", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9049": "III", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e904a": "III", - "57272bcb5951b619008f8683": "40", - "57272bcb5951b619008f8684": "Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' in 1237", - "57272bcb5951b619008f8685": "Persia", - "57272bcb5951b619008f8686": "25", - "57272bcb5951b619008f8687": "Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8683": "37, concluding the campaign in 1240", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8684": "37, concluding the campaign in 1240", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8685": "37", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8686": "37", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8687": "37, concluding the campaign in 1240", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43a": "26", - "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43b": "autumn", - "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43c": "near", - "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43d": "Yellow River", - "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43e": "sky", - "57272dd55951b619008f8697": "Ning Hia", - "57272dd55951b619008f8698": "Ma Jianlong", - "57272dd55951b619008f8699": "Ma Jianlong", - "57272dd55951b619008f869a": "Liupanshan", - "57272dd55951b619008f869b": "Liupanshan", - "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44e": "the later years of his reign, as he reached old age. The long running paternity discussion about Genghis' oldest son Jochi", - "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44f": "Chagatai", - "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f450": "The Secret History of the Mongols, just before the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire by Genghis Khan, Chagatai declared", - "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f451": "the Mongols, just before the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire by Genghis Khan", - "57272ff2708984140094dabd": "the situation between his brothers", - "57272ff2708984140094dabe": "Chagatai was considered unstable", - "57272ff2708984140094dabf": "youngest son, was not to be his successor because he was the youngest", - "57272ff2708984140094dac0": "dependable in character", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43b": "26", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43c": "near Helan Mountains", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43d": "Yellow", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43e": "a line of five stars arranged in the sky", + "57272dd55951b619008f8697": "27", + "57272dd55951b619008f8698": "27", + "57272dd55951b619008f8699": "27", + "57272dd55951b619008f869a": "27", + "57272dd55951b619008f869b": "27", + "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44e": "later years of his reign, as he reached old age. The long running paternity discussion about Genghis' oldest son Jochi", + "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44f": "Chagatai declared before his father and brothers", + "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f450": "Chagatai", + "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f451": "later years of his reign, as he reached old age. The long running paternity discussion about Genghis' oldest son Jochi", + "57272ff2708984140094dabd": "throne to \u00d6gedei", + "57272ff2708984140094dabe": "throne to \u00d6gedei", + "57272ff2708984140094dabf": "youngest son, was not to be his successor", + "57272ff2708984140094dac0": "throne to \u00d6gedei", "5727311d5951b619008f86ab": "26", - "5727311d5951b619008f86ac": "Khorasan", - "5727311d5951b619008f86ad": "Urgench", - "5727311d5951b619008f86ae": "Jochi died in 1226", - "5727311d5951b619008f86af": "alliance with Sultan Muhammad, brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the Muslims", - "57273249f1498d1400e8f46a": "August 1227", - "57273249f1498d1400e8f46b": "The Secret History of the Mongols Genghis Khan fell from his horse while hunting", - "57273249f1498d1400e8f46c": "Marco Polo", - "57273249f1498d1400e8f46d": "Later Mongol chronicles connect Genghis' death with a Western Xia princess taken as war booty", - "57273249f1498d1400e8f46e": "the early 17th century even relates the legend that the princess hid a small dagger and stabbed him, though some Mongol authors have doubted", - "572732f8f1498d1400e8f474": "tribe", - "572732f8f1498d1400e8f475": "somewhere", + "5727311d5951b619008f86ac": "26", + "5727311d5951b619008f86ad": "26", + "5727311d5951b619008f86ae": "26", + "5727311d5951b619008f86af": "26", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46a": "27", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46b": "27", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46c": "27", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46d": "27", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46e": "27", + "572732f8f1498d1400e8f474": "customs", + "572732f8f1498d1400e8f475": "birthplace", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f476": "somewhere", - "572732f8f1498d1400e8f477": "The Genghis Khan Mausoleum", - "57273455f1498d1400e8f48c": "Mongolian: Edsen Khoroo", - "57273455f1498d1400e8f48d": "ten years. In 1949, as Communist troops advanced, the Nationalist soldiers moved it another 200 km farther west", + "572732f8f1498d1400e8f477": "Mausoleum", + "57273455f1498d1400e8f48c": "1939", + "57273455f1498d1400e8f48d": "1939", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48e": "1949", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48f": "1954", "57273455f1498d1400e8f490": "1968", - "57273581708984140094daeb": "October 6, 2004", - "57273581708984140094daec": "a river", - "57273581708984140094daed": "the Sumerian King Gilgamesh", - "57273581708984140094daee": "many horses", + "57273581708984140094daeb": "2004", + "57273581708984140094daec": "Folklore says that a river", + "57273581708984140094daed": "King", + "57273581708984140094daee": "horses", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b5": "Genghis Khan", - "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b4": "the Yassa", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b4": "Genghis Khan", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b6": "Genghis Khan", - "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b7": "Genghis Khan", - "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b8": "Khans of various ethnicities as part of the Mongol Empire such as Muhammad Khan", - "57273887dd62a815002e99a2": "exemptions", - "57273887dd62a815002e99a3": "Sometime before the rise of Genghis Khan, Ong Khan, his mentor and eventual rival, had converted to Nestorian Christianity", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b7": "Genghis Khan. The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b8": "Genghis Khan", + "57273887dd62a815002e99a2": "exemptions for religious figures and, to some extent, teachers and doctors. The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance", + "57273887dd62a815002e99a3": "tolerance", "57273887dd62a815002e99a4": "tolerance", - "57273887dd62a815002e99a5": "Various", - "572739a75951b619008f86f7": "T\u00f6regene Khatun", - "572739a75951b619008f86f8": "Pax", + "57273887dd62a815002e99a5": "Various Mongol tribes were Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian. Religious tolerance", + "572739a75951b619008f86f7": "T\u00f6regene Khatun was briefly in charge of the Mongol Empire when next male Khagan was being chosen. Modern scholars", + "572739a75951b619008f86f8": "the Pax", "572739a75951b619008f86f9": "Chinese", - "572739a75951b619008f86fa": "equality", + "572739a75951b619008f86fa": "towards the end of his life, Genghis Khan attempted to create a civil state under the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality", "57273b1a5951b619008f8709": "Chu'Tsai", - "57273b1a5951b619008f870a": "nomads", + "57273b1a5951b619008f870a": "nomads and thus had no experience governing cities. For this purpose Genghis Khan invited a Khitan prince, Chu'Tsai", "57273b1a5951b619008f870b": "the Jin dynasty", - "57273b1a5951b619008f870c": "avenged Chu'Tsai", - "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e2": "normally reserved", - "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e3": "Karakorum", + "57273b1a5951b619008f870c": "revenge", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e2": "Muqali, Jebe and Subutai", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e3": "Kar", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e4": "Muqali", - "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e5": "Subutai and Jebe were allowed to pursue the Great Raid", - "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e6": "unwavering loyalty", - "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f6": "diverting certain rivers", - "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f7": "engines", - "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f8": "feigned retreat", - "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f9": "enemy prisoners", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e5": "Raid", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e6": "loyalty", + "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f6": "ting certain rivers", + "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f7": "techniques", + "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f8": "the Mongol military was the commonly practiced feigned retreat", + "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f9": "prisoners", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fa": "27", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fb": "27", - "57273dccdd62a815002e99fc": "Khan", + "57273dccdd62a815002e99fc": "27", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fd": "79", - "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51e": "the Silk Road", - "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51f": "Turkey", + "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51e": "the West, Middle East and Asia, thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas. Some historians", + "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51f": "the horizons of all three cultural areas. Some historians", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f520": "tolerant", - "57273eecf1498d1400e8f521": "the West, Middle East and Asia, thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas. Some historians have noted that Genghis Khan", - "5727404b708984140094db59": "the early 1990", - "5727404b708984140094db5a": "the early 1990s the memory of Genghis Khan with the Mongolian national", - "5727404b708984140094db5b": "the central figures of the national identity. He is looked upon positively by Mongolians for his role in uniting warring tribes", - "5727404b708984140094db5c": "the historical records written by non-Mongolians are unfairly biased against Genghis Khan and that his butchery", - "5727404b708984140094db5d": "the historical records", - "57274126dd62a815002e9a24": "t\u00f6gr\u00f6g (\u20ae", - "57274126dd62a815002e9a25": "t\u00f6gr\u00f6g (\u20ae). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar", + "57273eecf1498d1400e8f521": "the West, Middle East and Asia, thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas. Some historians", + "5727404b708984140094db59": "1990s", + "5727404b708984140094db5a": "the early 1990s the memory of Genghis Khan", + "5727404b708984140094db5b": "the national identity. He is looked upon positively by Mongolians for his role in uniting warring tribes", + "5727404b708984140094db5c": "unfairly biased against Genghis Khan and that his butchery", + "5727404b708984140094db5d": "records", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a24": "20,000 Mongolian t\u00f6gr\u00f6g (\u20ae). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a25": "20,000 Mongolian t\u00f6gr\u00f6g (\u20ae). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar", "57274126dd62a815002e9a26": "named Chinggis Khaan International Airport", - "57274126dd62a815002e9a27": "regulating", - "57274126dd62a815002e9a28": "Chinggis Khaan International Airport. Major Genghis Khan statues have been erected before the parliament and near Ulaanbaatar", - "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a": "the Ikh Zasag", - "5727515af1498d1400e8f63b": "Ikh Zasag law adopted during Genghis Khan\u2019s time in Mongolia had points to punish illegal matters related to corruption", - "5727515af1498d1400e8f63c": "the introduction of the traditional Mongolian script and the creation of the Ikh Zasag (Great Administration", - "5727515af1498d1400e8f63d": "the traditional Mongolian script", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a27": "\u00f6gr\u00f6g (\u20ae). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a28": "\u00f6gr\u00f6g (\u20ae). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar", + "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a": "President Elbegdorj sees Genghis Khan", + "5727515af1498d1400e8f63b": "Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj noted. President", + "5727515af1498d1400e8f63c": "President Elbegdorj sees Genghis Khan", + "5727515af1498d1400e8f63d": "President Elbegdorj sees Genghis Khan", "57275250708984140094dc25": "the Inner Mongolia region", - "57275250708984140094dc26": "around 5 million", - "57275250708984140094dc27": "Kublai Khan", - "57275250708984140094dc28": "re-uniting", - "57275250708984140094dc29": "Khan", - "572753af708984140094dc2f": "almost", + "57275250708984140094dc26": "the Inner Mongolia region", + "57275250708984140094dc27": "the Inner Mongolia region", + "57275250708984140094dc28": "Genghis Khan", + "57275250708984140094dc29": "the Inner Mongolia region", + "572753af708984140094dc2f": "the Middle East, and particularly in Iran, Genghis Khan", "572753af708984140094dc30": "three-fourths", "572753af708984140094dc31": "three-fourths", - "572754cd5951b619008f8863": "Hulagu Khan destroyed much of Iran's northern part and sacked Baghdad", - "572754cd5951b619008f8864": "Mamluks of Egypt", - "572754cd5951b619008f8865": "Ghazan Khan", + "572754cd5951b619008f8863": "70,000 people in Merv and more than 190,000 in Nishapur. In 1237", + "572754cd5951b619008f8864": "70,000 people in Merv and more than 190,000 in Nishapur. In 1237", + "572754cd5951b619008f8865": "70,000 people in Merv and more than 190,000 in Nishapur. In 1237", "572754cd5951b619008f8866": "37", - "572754cd5951b619008f8867": "Novgorod", - "572756715951b619008f8877": "the names of other distinguished personalities particularly among the Muslim populations of South Asia", - "572756715951b619008f8878": "the legacies of Genghis Khan and Timur", - "572756715951b619008f8879": "Nishapur", - "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69a": "ten", - "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69b": "ten", + "572754cd5951b619008f8867": "70,000 people in Merv and more than 190,000 in Nishapur. In 1237", + "572756715951b619008f8877": "the legacies of Genghis Khan", + "572756715951b619008f8878": "the legacies of Genghis Khan", + "572756715951b619008f8879": "Attar of Nishapur", + "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69a": "Ten", + "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69b": "Ten", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69c": "ten", - "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69d": "Jenggis", - "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69e": "century", + "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69d": "ten", + "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69e": "13th century", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b78": "Ch", - "572758c3dd62a815002e9b79": "\u00c7\u0131\u00f1\u011f\u0131z Xan, Chengez Khan, Chinggis Khan", - "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7a": "Ti", - "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7b": "English", - "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7c": "Ch\u00e9ngj\u00eds\u012b H\u00e1n", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b79": "Chinggis Khan", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7a": "Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz, Chinghis", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7b": "Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Ch", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7c": "Chinggis Khaan, English", "5726d8bd708984140094d35b": "pharmacy", - "5726d8bd708984140094d35c": "the 15th\u201317th centuries. However, the original Greek roots from pharmakos", - "5726d8bd708984140094d35d": "However, the original Greek roots from pharmakos", - "5726d8bd708984140094d35e": "English", - "5726d8bd708984140094d35f": "the 15th\u201317th centuries. However, the original Greek roots from pharmakos", - "5726d9935951b619008f7fed": "healthcare", - "5726d9935951b619008f7fee": "ensure optimal health outcomes", - "5726d9935951b619008f7fef": "the human body in great detail, they play an important role in optimisation", - "5726d9935951b619008f7ff0": "various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes", - "5726d9935951b619008f7ff1": "training", - "5726da89dd62a815002e92b2": "A Pharmacy Technician", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35c": "pharmacy", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35d": "pharmacy", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35e": "pharmacy", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35f": "pharmacy", + "5726d9935951b619008f7fed": "the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy", + "5726d9935951b619008f7fee": "the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy", + "5726d9935951b619008f7fef": "the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy", + "5726d9935951b619008f7ff0": "the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy", + "5726d9935951b619008f7ff1": "the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b2": "Technician", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b3": "the General Pharmaceutical Council", - "5726da89dd62a815002e92b4": "register", - "5726da89dd62a815002e92b5": "the direct supervision of a pharmacist (if employed in a hospital pharmacy) but instead is supervised and managed by other senior pharmacy technicians", - "5726da89dd62a815002e92b6": "the direct supervision of a pharmacist (if employed in a hospital pharmacy) but instead is supervised and managed by other senior pharmacy technicians", - "5726db5add62a815002e92d5": "a five volume book", - "5726db5add62a815002e92d6": "De Materia Medica", - "5726db5add62a815002e92d7": "title", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b4": "register as a professional on the General Pharmaceutical Council", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b5": "A Pharmacy Technician", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b6": "a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist (if employed in a hospital pharmacy", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d5": "famous", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d6": "1st century AD", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d7": "the medicinal properties of plants. He wrote several treatises on the topic. The Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides", "5726db5add62a815002e92d4": "Diocles of Carystus (4th century BC", "5726db5add62a815002e92d8": "middle eastern scientists", - "5726dcbddd62a815002e9320": "highly respected", - "5726dcbddd62a815002e9321": "Taih\u014d Code (701", - "5726dcbddd62a815002e9322": "the end of the Asuka period (538\u2013710) and the early Nara period (710\u2013794", - "5726dcbddd62a815002e9323": "the end of the Asuka period (538\u2013710) and the early Nara period (710\u2013794", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9320": "710\u2013794), the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9321": "718", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9322": "718). Ranked positions in the pre-Heian Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the Meiji Restoration (1868", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9323": "718", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9324": "two", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee04": "The Canon of Medicine", - "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee05": "Ibn al-Wafid (1008\u20131074), both of which were printed in Latin more than fifty times, appearing as De Medicinis", - "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee06": "it provides the reader with recipes", - "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee08": "He also describes the distillation of sea-water for drinking", - "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee07": "Ibn al-Wafid", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee05": "The Canon of Medicine", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee06": "The Canon of Medicine", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee08": "The Canon of Medicine", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee07": "The Canon of Medicine", "5726deed5951b619008f80c5": "1422. The oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221", - "5726deed5951b619008f80c6": "21", + "5726deed5951b619008f80c6": "1422. The oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221", "5726deed5951b619008f80c7": "Ll\u00edvia, a Catalan enclave close to Puigcerd\u00e0, also now a museum", - "5726deed5951b619008f80c8": "Ll\u00edvia", - "5726deed5951b619008f80c9": "1221", - "5726e08e5951b619008f810f": "pharmacy legislation", - "5726e08e5951b619008f8110": "the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications, there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians", - "5726e08e5951b619008f8111": "automation", - "5726e08e5951b619008f8112": "the use of trained pharmacy technicians", + "5726deed5951b619008f80c8": "Ll\u00edvia, a Catalan enclave close to Puigcerd\u00e0, also now a museum", + "5726deed5951b619008f80c9": "1422. The oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221", + "5726e08e5951b619008f810f": "the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation", + "5726e08e5951b619008f8110": "pharmacy technicians", + "5726e08e5951b619008f8111": "pharmacy technicians", + "5726e08e5951b619008f8112": "pharmacy technicians", "5726e08e5951b619008f8113": "the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation", - "5726e179dd62a815002e93ae": "training", + "5726e179dd62a815002e93ae": "pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists", "5726e179dd62a815002e93af": "a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists", - "5726e179dd62a815002e93b0": "the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of medications (i.e., drug interactions) and patient compliance issues", - "5726e179dd62a815002e93b1": "the hospital and at home) many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency", - "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb2": "the potential impact of medications and pharmacy services on patient-care outcomes and patient safety, make it imperative that hospital pharmacies", - "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb3": "a single dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists", - "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb4": "Several", - "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb5": "the potential impact of medications and pharmacy services on patient-care outcomes and patient safety, make it imperative that hospital pharmacies", - "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb6": "the potential impact of medications and pharmacy services on patient-care outcomes and patient safety, make it imperative that hospital pharmacies", + "5726e179dd62a815002e93b0": "a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists", + "5726e179dd62a815002e93b1": "a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb2": "the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb3": "the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb4": "Several hospital pharmacies have decided to outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb5": "pharmacies", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb6": "the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9404": "the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention", - "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405": ", and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings, but the clinical pharmacy movement", - "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9406": "the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention", + "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405": "hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists", + "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9406": "hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9407": "the interdisciplinary approach to patient care. They often participate in patient care rounds drug product selection", - "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9408": "the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention", - "5726e5c95951b619008f81cb": "a comprehensive drug therapy", - "5726e5c95951b619008f81cc": "reviewing", + "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9408": "hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists", + "5726e5c95951b619008f81cb": "therapy", + "5726e5c95951b619008f81cc": "therapy", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cd": "a comprehensive drug therapy", - "5726e5c95951b619008f81ce": "reactions", - "5726e985dd62a815002e94da": "the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing", - "5726e985dd62a815002e94db": "North Carolina", + "5726e5c95951b619008f81ce": "therapy", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94da": "2011 the board of Pharmaceutical Specialties", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94db": "North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority. In 2011 the board of Pharmaceutical Specialties", "5726e985dd62a815002e94dc": "2011", - "5726e985dd62a815002e94dd": "Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist", - "5726e985dd62a815002e94de": "U.S. federal health care system", - "5726ea985951b619008f8261": "cognitive services", - "5726ea985951b619008f8262": "in nursing homes", - "5726ea985951b619008f8263": "several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94dd": "2011", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94de": "U.S. federal health care system (including the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH) ambulatory care pharmacists", + "5726ea985951b619008f8261": "the United States many now work for several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare", + "5726ea985951b619008f8262": "the United States many now work for several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare", + "5726ea985951b619008f8263": "pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare", "5726ea985951b619008f8264": "the United States many now work for several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare", - "5726ea985951b619008f8265": "Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services", + "5726ea985951b619008f8265": "the United States many now work for several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826b": "2000", - "5726eb4b5951b619008f826c": "a growing number of Internet pharmacies", - "5726eb4b5951b619008f826d": "also known as online pharmacies", - "5726eb4b5951b619008f826e": "the year 2000, a growing number of Internet pharmacies", - "5726eb4b5951b619008f826f": ", many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies", - "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00c": "Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826c": "2000", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826d": "2000", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826e": "2000", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826f": "2000, a growing number of Internet pharmacies", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00c": "the \"inconvenience\" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe. However, this practice", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00d": "the \"inconvenience\" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe. However, this practice", - "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00e": ", this practice has been criticized as potentially dangerous", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00e": "some Internet pharmacies", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00f": "some Internet pharmacies", - "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f010": ", and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication. There also have been reports of such pharmacies", - "5726edecdd62a815002e957e": "the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship. The filling pharmacy", - "5726edecdd62a815002e957f": "a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship. The filling pharmacy", - "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05e": "the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship. The filling pharmacy", - "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05f": "the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship. The filling pharmacy", - "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f060": "the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship. The filling pharmacy", - "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f061": "the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship. The filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid. Often, individual state laws", - "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f062": "the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship. The filling pharmacy", - "5726f0e35951b619008f82f7": "the United States", - "5726f0e35951b619008f82f8": "the United States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f010": "some Internet pharmacies", + "5726edecdd62a815002e957e": "Vic", + "5726edecdd62a815002e957f": "the Internet", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05e": "Vic", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05f": "the Internet", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f060": "pharmacy", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f061": "Vic", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f062": "Vic", + "5726f0e35951b619008f82f7": "prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers", + "5726f0e35951b619008f82f8": "prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f9": "prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations", "5726f0e35951b619008f82fa": "authorities", - "5726f0e35951b619008f82fb": "the United States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs", - "5726f2375951b619008f830f": "the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals. Pharmacists", - "5726f2375951b619008f8310": "the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals. Pharmacists", - "5726f2375951b619008f8311": "the needs of major national and international patient information projects", - "5726f2375951b619008f8312": "Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy", - "5726f2375951b619008f8313": "the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals. Pharmacists", - "5726f36cdd62a815002e95fe": "19", + "5726f0e35951b619008f82fb": "prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers", + "5726f2375951b619008f830f": "Pharmacy", + "5726f2375951b619008f8310": "Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy", + "5726f2375951b619008f8311": "pharmacy", + "5726f2375951b619008f8312": "the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists", + "5726f2375951b619008f8313": "pharmacy", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e95fe": "ty pharmacies", "5726f36cdd62a815002e95ff": "19", - "5726f36cdd62a815002e9600": "the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013", - "5726f36cdd62a815002e9601": "the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013", - "5726f36cdd62a815002e9602": "the fastest growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013", - "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da": "separately", - "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0db": "only pharmacists", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e9600": "ty pharmacies", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e9601": "ty pharmacies", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e9602": "ty pharmacies", + "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da": "separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships", + "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0db": "the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dc": "the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dd": "10", - "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0de": "the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists", - "5726f635dd62a815002e9657": "the United Kingdom, there are dispensing physicians who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines", - "5726f635dd62a815002e9656": "the United Kingdom, there are dispensing physicians who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines", + "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0de": "the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships", + "5726f635dd62a815002e9657": "1.6 kilometres) between a patient's home and the nearest retail pharmacy", + "5726f635dd62a815002e9656": "1.6 kilometres) between a patient's home and the nearest retail pharmacy", "5726f635dd62a815002e9658": "1.6 kilometres", "5726f635dd62a815002e9659": "1.6 kilometres", - "5726f7715951b619008f838d": "the U.S. and many other governments", + "5726f7715951b619008f838d": "the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects", "5726f7715951b619008f838e": "the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects", "5726f7715951b619008f838f": "the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects", "5726f7715951b619008f8391": "the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects", - "5726f7715951b619008f8390": "the U.S. and many other governments.[citation needed", - "5726f868dd62a815002e9684": "the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system", - "5726f868dd62a815002e9685": "to be compensated for their patient care skills. In particular, Medication Therapy Management", + "5726f7715951b619008f8390": "the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects", + "5726f868dd62a815002e9684": "Medication Therapy Management", + "5726f868dd62a815002e9685": "Medication Therapy Management", "5726f868dd62a815002e9686": "Therapy Management", "5726f868dd62a815002e9687": "Medication Therapy Management", "5726f868dd62a815002e9688": "Therapy Management", - "5726f96ddd62a815002e9698": "British Columbia) or are remunerated by their provincial government for expanded services such as medications reviews (Medschecks", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e9698": "remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews", "5726f96ddd62a815002e9699": "remuneration from the Australian Government", - "5726f96ddd62a815002e969a": "the government", - "5726f96ddd62a815002e969b": "the government for medicine use reviews", - "5726f96ddd62a815002e969c": "Doctor of Pharmacy", - "5726fa525951b619008f83f7": "the \u211e", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e969a": "remuneration from the Australian Government", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e969b": "remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e969c": "remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews", + "5726fa525951b619008f83f7": "\u211e", "5726fa525951b619008f83f8": "20th century", - "5726fa525951b619008f83f9": "the Netherlands", + "5726fa525951b619008f83f9": "20th century. Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as the Bowl of Hygieia", "5726fa525951b619008f83fa": "Germany", - "5726fa525951b619008f83fb": "France", - "5726e65e708984140094d53d": "The immune system", - "5726e65e708984140094d53e": "a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease", - "5726e65e708984140094d53f": "the immune system", + "5726fa525951b619008f83fb": "\u211e", + "5726e65e708984140094d53d": "the blood\u2013brain barrier", + "5726e65e708984140094d53e": "a system of many biological structures", + "5726e65e708984140094d53f": "classified", "5726e65e708984140094d540": "neuroimmune system", - "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efda": "The immune system", - "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdb": "a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease", - "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdc": "the immune system", - "5728eff82ca10214002daadc": "disease", - "5728eff82ca10214002daadd": "wide variety of agents, known as pathogens", - "5728eff82ca10214002daade": "neuroimmune system", + "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efda": "the blood\u2013brain barrier", + "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdb": "a system of many biological structures", + "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdc": "classified", + "5728eff82ca10214002daadc": "The immune system", + "5728eff82ca10214002daadd": "detect a wide variety of agents", + "5728eff82ca10214002daade": "neuroimmune system which protects the brain", "5728eff82ca10214002daadf": "the blood\u2013brain barrier", - "572a14af3f37b319004786c1": "a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly", - "572a14af3f37b319004786c3": ", and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species", - "572a14af3f37b319004786c2": ", such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity", + "572a14af3f37b319004786c1": "detect a wide variety of agents", + "572a14af3f37b319004786c3": "innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity. In humans, the blood\u2013brain barrier", + "572a14af3f37b319004786c2": "The immune system", "572a14af3f37b319004786c4": "the brain", - "5726eb785951b619008f8275": "the immune system", - "5726eb785951b619008f8276": "Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria", - "5726eb785951b619008f8277": "eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and invertebrates. These mechanisms include phagocytosis", - "5726eb785951b619008f8278": "the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity", + "5726eb785951b619008f8275": "phagocytosis", + "5726eb785951b619008f8276": "phagocytosis", + "5726eb785951b619008f8277": "phagocytosis", + "5726eb785951b619008f8278": "phagocytosis", "572a135daf94a219006aa79f": "Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria", - "572a135daf94a219006aa7a0": "ins", - "572a135daf94a219006aa7a1": "basis of vaccination", - "572a135daf94a219006aa7a2": "the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity", + "572a135daf94a219006aa7a0": "ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and invertebrates. These mechanisms include phagocytosis", + "572a135daf94a219006aa7a1": "phagocytosis", + "572a135daf94a219006aa7a2": "the ability to adapt over time", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe2": "Disorders of the immune system", - "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe3": "Immunodeficiency occurs", - "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe4": "Immunodeficiency occurs", - "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe5": "Immun", + "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe3": "the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system", + "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe4": "the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system", + "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe5": "Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe6": "rheumatoid arthritis", - "5728f2e26aef051400154896": "Immun", + "5728f2e26aef051400154896": "Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system", "5728f2e26aef051400154897": "autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system", - "5728f2e26aef051400154898": "Immunology", - "5728f2e26aef051400154899": "HIV/AIDS", + "5728f2e26aef051400154898": "rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology", + "5728f2e26aef051400154899": "acquired", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f166": "Athens in 430 BC", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f167": "Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis", - "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f168": "Louis Pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease", - "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f169": "Walter Reed", - "5728f3724b864d1900165116": "Robert", - "5728f3724b864d1900165117": "1891 proofs, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905, that micro", + "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f168": "Louis Pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory", + "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f169": "1901", + "5728f3724b864d1900165116": "Louis Pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory", + "5728f3724b864d1900165117": "1891 proofs, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905", "5728f3724b864d1900165118": "1901", - "5728f3724b864d1900165119": "the causes of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC", - "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e": "a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system, which is activated by the innate response. Here, the immune system", - "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16f": "a second layer of protection", - "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f170": "a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system", - "5728f6446aef0514001548e4": "Innate immune systems", - "5728f6446aef0514001548e5": "the form of an immunological memory, and allows the adaptive immune system", - "5728f6446aef0514001548e6": "the form of an immunological memory, and allows the adaptive immune system", - "5728f6446aef0514001548e7": "physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria", - "5728f7774b864d190016512e": "the ability of the immune system", + "5728f3724b864d1900165119": "Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis", + "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e": "adaptive immune system", + "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16f": "The immune system", + "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f170": "a second layer of protection", + "5728f6446aef0514001548e4": "Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals. If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection", + "5728f6446aef0514001548e5": "adaptive immune system", + "5728f6446aef0514001548e6": "faster", + "5728f6446aef0514001548e7": "The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria", + "5728f7774b864d190016512e": "Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system", "5728f7774b864d190016512f": "the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, self molecules", "5728f7774b864d1900165130": "non", "5728f7774b864d1900165131": "antigens", "5728f7774b864d1900165132": "receptors", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5a": "usually", - "5728f9882ca10214002dab5b": "The innate immune system", - "5728f9882ca10214002dab5c": "receptors, which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms", - "5728f9882ca10214002dab5d": "non-specific, meaning these systems respond to pathogens", + "5728f9882ca10214002dab5b": "innate immune system", + "5728f9882ca10214002dab5c": "usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors", + "5728f9882ca10214002dab5d": "non-specific, meaning these systems respond to pathogens in a generic way. This system does not confer long-lasting immunity", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6a": "exoskeleton of insects", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6b": "the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin are examples of mechanical barriers", - "5728fb002ca10214002dab6c": "coughing", + "5728fb002ca10214002dab6c": "coughing and sneezing mechanically", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6d": "the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract", - "5728fb002ca10214002dab6e": "the respiratory tract", + "5728fb002ca10214002dab6e": "tract", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec7": "\u03b2-defensins", - "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec8": "En", - "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec9": "ins", - "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9eca": "gastric acid and proteases", - "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ecb": "menarche", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec8": "\u03b2-defensins", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec9": "\u03b2", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9eca": "\u03b2-defensins", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ecb": "Vaginal secretions", "5728fd206aef05140015494c": "flora", - "5728fd206aef05140015494d": "non-specifically target bacteria and do not affect fungi", - "5728fd206aef05140015494e": "the lactobacilli", - "5728fd206aef05140015494f": "some cases", + "5728fd206aef05140015494d": "non-specifically target bacteria", + "5728fd206aef05140015494e": "re-introduction of probiotic flora", + "5728fd206aef05140015494f": "the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora", "572900f73f37b31900477f69": "Inflammation", - "572900f73f37b31900477f6a": "the first responses of the immune system to infection. The symptoms of inflammation are redness, swelling", - "572900f73f37b31900477f6b": "Inf", - "572900f73f37b31900477f6c": "prostaglandins", + "572900f73f37b31900477f6a": "the immune system to infection. The symptoms of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue", + "572900f73f37b31900477f6b": "Inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines", + "572900f73f37b31900477f6c": "prostaglandins that produce fever", "572900f73f37b31900477f6d": "interleukins", "572905ce1d04691400778f83": "Phagocytosis", - "572905ce1d04691400778f84": "ines", + "572905ce1d04691400778f84": "Phagocytosis", "572905ce1d04691400778f85": "intracellular vesicle called a phagosome", - "572905ce1d04691400778f86": "ome", - "572905ce1d04691400778f87": "nutrients", - "5729081d3f37b31900477fab": "Neutrophils", - "5729081d3f37b31900477fac": "Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60%", + "572905ce1d04691400778f86": "intracellular vesicle called a phagosome, which subsequently fuses with another vesicle called a lysosome", + "572905ce1d04691400778f87": "Phagocytosis", + "5729081d3f37b31900477fab": "50% to 60%", + "5729081d3f37b31900477fac": "50% to 60%", "5729081d3f37b31900477fad": "50% to 60%", - "5729081d3f37b31900477fae": "chemotaxis", + "5729081d3f37b31900477fae": "site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis", "5729081d3f37b31900477faf": "1", - "572908c13f37b31900477fbd": "Leukocytes (white blood cells", + "572908c13f37b31900477fbd": "the activation of the adaptive immune system", "572908c13f37b31900477fbe": "Leukocytes (white blood cells) act like independent, single-celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system", - "572908c13f37b31900477fbf": "adaptive immune system", + "572908c13f37b31900477fbf": "Innate cells are also important mediators in the activation of the adaptive immune system", "572908c13f37b31900477fc0": "phagocytes", - "5729efab3f37b319004785cf": "tissues", - "5729efab3f37b319004785d0": "neuronal dendrites", - "5729efab3f37b319004785d1": "T", - "5729efab3f37b319004785d2": "T cells", - "5729f06f1d04691400779674": "missing self", - "5729f06f1d04691400779673": "the innate immune system", - "5729f06f1d04691400779675": "term", - "5729f06f1d04691400779676": "killer cell immunoglobulin receptors", - "5729f12e3f37b319004785e1": "early vertebrates", - "5729f12e3f37b319004785e2": "antigen presentation", + "5729efab3f37b319004785cf": "nose", + "5729efab3f37b319004785d0": "nose, lungs, stomach, and intestines. They are named for their resemblance to neuronal dendrites", + "5729efab3f37b319004785d1": "nose", + "5729efab3f37b319004785d2": "nose", + "5729f06f1d04691400779674": "the surface of those cells is altered and the NK cells become activated through recognition of \"missing self", + "5729f06f1d04691400779673": "Rather", + "5729f06f1d04691400779675": "term describes cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called MHC I (major histocompatibility complex", + "5729f06f1d04691400779676": "killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR", + "5729f12e3f37b319004785e1": "early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory", + "5729f12e3f37b319004785e2": "recognition of specific \"non-self\" antigens during a process called antigen presentation", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e3": "Antigen specificity", - "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d3": ", while helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class II MHC molecules", - "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4": "regulatory", - "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d5": "Killer", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d3": "Class I MHC molecules, while helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class II", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4": "Class II", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d5": "Class I MHC molecules, while helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class II", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d6": "Killer", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d7": "\u03b3\u03b4", - "5729f39a6aef05140015514c": "iller", - "5729f39a6aef05140015514e": "8", - "5729f39a6aef05140015514d": "receptor", - "5729f39a6aef051400155150": "another toxin called granulysin (a protease) induces the target cell to undergo apoptosis", - "5729f39a6aef05140015514f": "the body", - "5729f4b41d0469140077968b": "CD4", + "5729f39a6aef05140015514c": "below", + "5729f39a6aef05140015514e": "a co-receptor on the T cell, called CD8", + "5729f39a6aef05140015514d": "Class", + "5729f39a6aef051400155150": "below", + "5729f39a6aef05140015514f": "below", + "5729f4b41d0469140077968b": "200\u2013300", "5729f4b41d0469140077968c": "200\u2013300", "5729f4b41d0469140077968d": "200", - "5729f4b41d0469140077968e": "The activation of a resting helper T cell causes it to release cytokines", - "5729f4b41d0469140077968f": "molecules expressed on the T cell's surface, such as CD40", - "5729f5a03f37b31900478605": "helper T cells", - "5729f5a03f37b31900478606": "R", - "5729f5a03f37b31900478607": "the other hand, the various subsets are also part of the innate immune system", - "5729f5a03f37b31900478608": "rearrange TCR genes", - "5729f5a03f37b31900478609": "the innate immune system, as restricted TCR or NK receptors may be used as pattern recognition receptors. For example, large numbers", - "5729f69caf94a219006aa6f9": "A B cell", + "5729f4b41d0469140077968e": "200\u2013300", + "5729f4b41d0469140077968f": "200\u2013300", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478605": "\u03b3", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478606": "\u03b3", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478607": "delta T cells (\u03b3\u03b4", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478608": "\u03b3", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478609": "delta T cells (\u03b3\u03b4", + "5729f69caf94a219006aa6f9": "A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fa": "sis", - "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fb": ", which releases lymphokines", + "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fb": "helper T cell, which releases lymphokines", "5729f799af94a219006aa707": "memory cells", - "5729f799af94a219006aa708": "the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response", - "5729f799af94a219006aa709": "the form of either passive short-term memory", + "5729f799af94a219006aa708": "the form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory", + "5729f799af94a219006aa709": "the form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory", "5729f799af94a219006aa70a": "the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen", - "5729f8516aef05140015516c": "exposure to microbes", - "5729f8516aef05140015516d": "particular type of antibody, called IgG", + "5729f8516aef05140015516c": "Newborn infants", + "5729f8516aef05140015516d": "the placenta, so human babies have high levels of antibodies even at birth", "5729f8516aef05140015516e": "Breast milk or colostrum", - "5729f8516aef05140015516f": "usually", + "5729f8516aef05140015516f": "few days up to several months", "5729f9953f37b3190047861f": "immunomodulators", - "5729f9953f37b31900478620": "both", - "5729f9953f37b31900478621": "l", + "5729f9953f37b31900478620": "female sex hormones are known immunostimulators", + "5729f9953f37b31900478621": "preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty", "5729f9953f37b31900478622": "testosterone", "5729fa40af94a219006aa70f": "3", - "5729fa40af94a219006aa710": "disruptions can lead to an increase in chronic conditions such as heart disease", - "5729fa40af94a219006aa711": "suffering from sleep deprivation", - "5729fb003f37b31900478627": "It is conjectured that a progressive decline in hormone levels with age is partially responsible for weakened immune responses", - "5729fb003f37b31900478628": "less adept at producing vitamin D", + "5729fa40af94a219006aa710": "3", + "5729fa40af94a219006aa711": "lower antibody production", + "5729fb003f37b31900478627": "It is conjectured", + "5729fb003f37b31900478628": "less cholecalciferol via UVB radiation", "5729fb003f37b31900478629": "thyroid", - "5729fb003f37b3190047862a": "less", - "5729fc3d1d0469140077969d": "the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper T cells", + "5729fb003f37b3190047862a": "less cholecalciferol via UVB radiation", + "5729fc3d1d0469140077969d": "killer", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969e": "fewer MHC class I molecules on their surface than normal; this is a common phenomenon", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969f": "Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules", - "5729fc3d1d046914007796a0": "antibodies", - "5729fd111d046914007796a5": "phagocytic cells", - "5729fd111d046914007796a6": "Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs", + "5729fc3d1d046914007796a0": "Sometimes antibodies are generated against tumor cells allowing for their destruction by the complement system", + "5729fd111d046914007796a5": "the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis", + "5729fd111d046914007796a6": "Pathogen-associated molecular patterns", "5729fd111d046914007796a7": "osis", - "5729fd111d046914007796a8": "Systemic acquired resistance", + "5729fd111d046914007796a8": "resistance", "5729fd111d046914007796a9": "RNA silencing mechanisms", - "5729fe5c3f37b3190047862f": "the functions of specialized cells (located in the thymus and bone marrow", + "5729fe5c3f37b3190047862f": "the body and to eliminate those cells that recognize self-antigens, preventing autoimmunity", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478630": "properly", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478631": "thymus and bone marrow", - "5729fe5c3f37b31900478632": "normal circumstances", + "5729fe5c3f37b31900478632": "the body and to eliminate those cells that recognize self-antigens, preventing autoimmunity", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa739": "Immunodeficiencies", - "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73a": "the young and the elderly", - "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73b": "50 years of age", - "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73c": "poor immune function. However, malnutrition is the most common cause of immunodeficiency", + "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73a": "50 years of age", + "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73b": "50", + "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73c": "poor immune function. However, malnutrition", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73d": "malnutrition", - "5729ffda1d046914007796af": "-term active memory is acquired following infection by activation of B and T cells. Active immunity can also be generated artificially, through vaccination", - "5729ffda1d046914007796b0": "principle behind vaccination (also called immunization", - "5729ffda1d046914007796b1": "antigen", - "5729ffda1d046914007796b2": "the leading causes of death in the human population, vaccination", - "572a019f3f37b31900478643": "enzymes that digest the barrier, for example, by using a type II secretion system", + "5729ffda1d046914007796af": "principle", + "5729ffda1d046914007796b0": "principle", + "5729ffda1d046914007796b1": "principle", + "5729ffda1d046914007796b2": "principle", + "572a019f3f37b31900478643": "III", "572a019f3f37b31900478644": "III", - "572a019f3f37b31900478645": "tube", - "572a019f3f37b31900478646": "depends", - "572a02483f37b3190047864b": "the clonal selection theory (CST", - "572a02483f37b3190047864c": "the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction", - "572a02483f37b3190047864d": "histocompatibility", - "572a02483f37b3190047864e": "Ni", - "572a03086aef0514001551a2": "Gl", - "572a03086aef0514001551a3": "Lower doses of anti-inflammatory drugs are often used in conjunction", + "572a019f3f37b31900478645": "III", + "572a019f3f37b31900478646": "III", + "572a02483f37b3190047864b": "Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST", + "572a02483f37b3190047864c": "Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST", + "572a02483f37b3190047864d": "Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST", + "572a02483f37b3190047864e": "Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST", + "572a03086aef0514001551a2": "methotrexate or azathioprine", + "572a03086aef0514001551a3": "Lower", "572a03086aef0514001551a4": "methotrexate or azathioprine", - "572a03086aef0514001551a5": "cyclosporin", - "572a04d51d046914007796cd": "the presence of melatonin during sleep times", - "572a04d51d046914007796ce": "cortisol", - "572a04d51d046914007796cf": "melatonin", - "572a04d51d046914007796d0": "the presence of melatonin during sleep times could actively counteract free radical", - "572a058aaf94a219006aa751": "a vitamin D receptor", - "572a058aaf94a219006aa752": "the steroid hormone", - "572a058aaf94a219006aa753": ", but the T-cell expresses the gene CYP27", + "572a03086aef0514001551a5": "trans", + "572a04d51d046914007796cd": "the presence of melatonin during sleep times could actively counteract free radical production", + "572a04d51d046914007796ce": "anti-inflammatory molecules, such as cortisol", + "572a04d51d046914007796cf": "anti-inflammatory molecules, such as cortisol and catecholamines, peak. There are two theories", + "572a04d51d046914007796d0": "Inflammation causes a great deal of oxidative stress and the presence of melatonin during sleep times could actively counteract free radical production", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa751": "27", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa752": "27", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa753": "27", "572a058aaf94a219006aa754": "27", "572a058aaf94a219006aa755": "27", "572a06af3f37b31900478667": "Pattern recognition receptors", "572a06af3f37b31900478668": "Antimicrobial peptides called defensins", - "572a06af3f37b31900478669": "phagocytic cells", - "572a06af3f37b3190047866a": "Rib", - "572a07fc6aef0514001551dc": "e.g., immunoglobulins", + "572a06af3f37b31900478669": "the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity. The complement system and phagocytic cells", + "572a06af3f37b3190047866a": "Ribonucleases and the RNA interference pathway are conserved across all eukaryotes, and are thought", + "572a07fc6aef0514001551dc": "the lamprey and hagfish. These animals possess a large array of molecules called Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs", "572a07fc6aef0514001551dd": "the lamprey", - "572a07fc6aef0514001551de": "Rs", - "572a07fc6aef0514001551df": "the adaptive immune system", + "572a07fc6aef0514001551de": "the lamprey and hagfish. These animals possess a large array of molecules called Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs", + "572a07fc6aef0514001551df": "ancestor", "572a096e6aef0514001551e4": "lymph", - "572a096e6aef0514001551e5": "the restriction modification system", - "572a096e6aef0514001551e6": "bacteria using a unique defense mechanism", + "572a096e6aef0514001551e5": "the past, which allows them to block virus replication", + "572a096e6aef0514001551e6": "bacteria", "572a096e6aef0514001551e7": "CRISPR", - "572a0a686aef0514001551ec": "the 20th century saw a battle between \"cellular\" and \"humoral\" theories", - "572a0a686aef0514001551ed": "Elie Metchnikoff", - "572a0a686aef0514001551ee": "Elie Metchnikoff", - "572a0a686aef0514001551ef": "Robert Koch and Emil von Behring", - "572a0a686aef0514001551f0": "molecules", - "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f6": "the immune system and go on to become cancers", - "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f7": "MHC class I molecules", - "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f8": "TGF-\u03b2", + "572a0a686aef0514001551ec": "20th century saw a battle between \"cellular\" and \"humoral\" theories", + "572a0a686aef0514001551ed": "20", + "572a0a686aef0514001551ee": "Metchnikoff", + "572a0a686aef0514001551ef": "Robert Koch", + "572a0a686aef0514001551f0": "20", + "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f6": "\u03b2, which suppresses the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes. In addition, immunological tolerance", + "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f7": "reduced number", + "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f8": "\u03b2", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f9": "\u03b2", - "572a0bf96aef051400155204": "Hypersensitivity", - "572a0bf96aef051400155205": "four", - "572a0bf96aef051400155206": "Type", - "572a0bf96aef051400155207": "Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by Ig", - "572a0bf96aef051400155208": "antibody-dependent (or cytotoxic) hypersensitivity", + "572a0bf96aef051400155204": "III hypersensitivity reactions", + "572a0bf96aef051400155205": "III", + "572a0bf96aef051400155206": "III", + "572a0bf96aef051400155207": "III", + "572a0bf96aef051400155208": "III", "572a0ce11d046914007796fd": "intracellular pathogenesis", "572a0ce11d046914007796fe": "Salmonella", "572a0ce11d046914007796ff": "malaria", - "572a0ce11d04691400779700": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", - "572a0ce11d04691400779701": "Staphylococcus aureus (protein A", - "572a0e4b6aef051400155214": "the pathogen", + "572a0ce11d04691400779700": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis, live inside a protective capsule", + "572a0ce11d04691400779701": "Streptococcus (protein G), Staphylococcus aureus (protein A", + "572a0e4b6aef051400155214": "the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation", "572a0e4b6aef051400155215": "variation", - "572a0e4b6aef051400155216": "Try", + "572a0e4b6aef051400155216": "variation", "572a0e4b6aef051400155217": "the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation", - "572a0f073f37b3190047867f": "the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors. This is called immune surveillance", - "572a0f073f37b31900478680": "human papillomavirus", - "572a0f073f37b31900478681": "tyrosinase", - "572a0f073f37b31900478682": "tyrosinase that, when expressed at high levels, transforms certain skin cells (e.g. melanocytes) into tumors called melanomas", - "572a0f073f37b31900478683": "tyrosinase that, when expressed at high levels, transforms certain skin cells (e.g. melanocytes) into tumors called melanomas", - "572a10cd6aef051400155222": "Larger drugs (>500 Da", + "572a0f073f37b3190047867f": "ty", + "572a0f073f37b31900478680": "ty", + "572a0f073f37b31900478681": "ty", + "572a0f073f37b31900478682": "ty", + "572a0f073f37b31900478683": "ty", + "572a10cd6aef051400155222": "Larger drugs (>500 Da) can provoke a neutralizing immune response, particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly", "572a10cd6aef051400155223": "regions", - "572a10cd6aef051400155224": "Immunoproteomics", - "572a10cd6aef051400155225": "the cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by B cells", + "572a10cd6aef051400155224": "the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins (which are typically larger than 6000 Da", + "572a10cd6aef051400155225": "database", "572a10cd6aef051400155226": "the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins (which are typically larger than 6000 Da", - "572a12386aef051400155234": "the early slow-wave-sleep stage, a sudden", + "572a12386aef051400155234": "sudden drop in blood levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine induce increased blood levels of the hormones leptin, pituitary", "572a12386aef051400155235": "ptin", - "572a12386aef051400155236": "Th1", + "572a12386aef051400155236": "Th1/Th", "572a12386aef051400155237": "Th1", "572a142e3f37b319004786b9": "the production of peptides that attract immune cells, increase vascular permeability, and opsonize (coat) the surface of a pathogen", - "572a142e3f37b319004786bc": "the production of peptides that attract immune cells, increase vascular permeability, and opsonize (coat) the surface of a pathogen", - "572a142e3f37b319004786ba": "signal amplification", - "572a142e3f37b319004786bb": "catalytic cascade", + "572a142e3f37b319004786bc": "the production", + "572a142e3f37b319004786ba": "the response is a result of signal amplification", + "572a142e3f37b319004786bb": "the production", "57271c235951b619008f860b": "disobedience", - "57271c235951b619008f860c": "apartheid", - "57271c235951b619008f860d": "Singing Revolution", - "57271c235951b619008f860e": "the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union, recently with the 2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2004 Orange Revolution", - "57271c235951b619008f860f": "Georgia", - "5728d4c03acd2414000dff9f": "the 1919", - "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa0": "the 1919 Revolution", - "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa1": "the fight against apartheid, in the American Civil Rights Movement, in the Singing Revolution", - "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa2": "the fight against apartheid, in the American Civil Rights Movement, in the Singing Revolution", - "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa3": "the American Civil Rights Movement", + "57271c235951b619008f860c": "the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union, recently with the 2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2004 Orange Revolution", + "57271c235951b619008f860d": "Singing Revolution to bring independence to the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union", + "57271c235951b619008f860e": "2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2004 Orange Revolution", + "57271c235951b619008f860f": "2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dff9f": "the 1919 Revolution. Civil disobedience", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa0": "hi", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa1": "the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union, recently with the 2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2004 Orange Revolution", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa2": "the American Civil Rights Movement", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa3": "disobedience", "57271f125951b619008f8635": "Antigone", - "57271f125951b619008f8636": "the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus", - "57271f125951b619008f8637": "Antigone, in which Antigone, one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon", - "57271f125951b619008f8638": "Ant", - "57271f125951b619008f8639": "the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies", + "57271f125951b619008f8636": "Antigone, in which Antigone, one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus", + "57271f125951b619008f8637": "Antigone", + "57271f125951b619008f8638": "the oldest depictions of civil disobedience", + "57271f125951b619008f8639": "Antigone", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb3": "Ant", - "5728d5793acd2414000dffb4": "Sophocles", + "5728d5793acd2414000dffb4": "the daughters of former King of Thebes", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb5": "Antigone", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb6": "Antigone", - "5728d5793acd2414000dffb7": "disobedience", + "5728d5793acd2414000dffb7": "the oldest depictions of civil disobedience", "5727213c708984140094da35": "1819", - "5727213c708984140094da36": "principle of nonviolent protest", + "5727213c708984140094da36": "Percy Shelley wrote the political poem The Mask of Anarchy", "5727213c708984140094da38": "Satyagraha", - "5727213c708984140094da39": "Satyagraha", - "5727213c708984140094da37": "poet Percy Shelley", - "5728d63c4b864d1900164f18": "Percy Shelley", - "5728d63c4b864d1900164f19": "Percy Shelley wrote the political poem The Mask of Anarchy later that year, that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority", + "5727213c708984140094da39": "Satyagraha. Gandhi's Satyagraha", + "5727213c708984140094da37": "Percy Shelley", + "5728d63c4b864d1900164f18": "Percy Shelley wrote the political poem The Mask of Anarchy", + "5728d63c4b864d1900164f19": "The Mask of Anarchy", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1a": "The Mask of Anarchy", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1c": "The Mask of Anarchy", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1b": "Henry David Thoreau", - "572726c9708984140094da7b": "code-word describing the activities of muggers", + "572726c9708984140094da7b": "Indeed, for Vice President Agnew it has become a code-word describing the activities of muggers, arsonists", "572726c9708984140094da7e": "the activities of muggers, arsonists", - "572726c9708984140094da7c": "ambiguity", - "572726c9708984140094da7d": "the federal courts", + "572726c9708984140094da7c": "term \"civil disobedience\" has always suffered from ambiguity", + "572726c9708984140094da7d": "modern times", "5728d6f02ca10214002da90e": "the activities of muggers, arsonists", "5728d6f02ca10214002da90f": "the activities of muggers, arsonists", "5728d6f02ca10214002da910": "the activities of muggers, arsonists", "5728d6f02ca10214002da911": "the activities of muggers, arsonists", "5728d6f02ca10214002da912": "the activities of muggers, arsonists", "572807802ca10214002d9bf8": "impossible", - "572807802ca10214002d9bf9": "impossible", - "572807802ca10214002d9bfa": "a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible", + "572807802ca10214002d9bf9": "Alice in Wonderland", + "572807802ca10214002d9bfa": "Alice", "572807802ca10214002d9bfb": "Alice in Wonderland", - "572807802ca10214002d9bfc": "Alice", + "572807802ca10214002d9bfc": "Alice in Wonderland", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4c": "the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible. In reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience", - "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4d": "the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible. In reviewing the voluminous literature", - "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4e": "the subject, the student of civil disobedience", - "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4f": "the subject, the student of civil disobedience", - "5728d7c54b864d1900164f50": ", and violent civil disobedience", - "57280f974b864d1900164370": "instance", - "57280f974b864d1900164371": "constitutional", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4d": "the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible. In reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4e": "the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible. In reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4f": "the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible. In reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f50": "the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible. In reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience", + "57280f974b864d1900164370": "refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court, it would not be civil disobedience", + "57280f974b864d1900164371": "usually", "57280f974b864d1900164372": "relation to the state and its laws", "57280f974b864d1900164373": "disobedience", "57280f974b864d1900164374": "a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government", "5728d9403acd2414000e001b": "disobedience", - "5728d9403acd2414000e001c": ", as distinguished", + "5728d9403acd2414000e001c": "disobedience", "5728d9403acd2414000e001d": "disobedience", - "5728d9403acd2414000e001e": "the state and its laws, as distinguished", - "5728d9403acd2414000e001f": ", as distinguished", - "572812e74b864d19001643ce": "Thoreau's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective", - "572812e74b864d19001643cf": "the form of a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood. Before Thoreau\u2019s imprisonment", - "572812e74b864d19001643d0": "elite politicians", - "572812e74b864d19001643d1": "Resign", - "572812e74b864d19001643d2": "the government", - "5728dafe3acd2414000e005d": "the final judge", - "5728dafe3acd2414000e005e": "the government", + "5728d9403acd2414000e001e": "disobedience", + "5728d9403acd2414000e001f": "disobedience", + "572812e74b864d19001643ce": "Thoreau's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective. The individual is the final judge", + "572812e74b864d19001643cf": "Thoreau\u2019s imprisonment, when a confused taxman had wondered aloud about how to handle his refusal to pay, Thoreau", + "572812e74b864d19001643d0": "The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right. What, then, is the proper relationship between the individual and the government", + "572812e74b864d19001643d1": "Thoreau", + "572812e74b864d19001643d2": "Thoreau\u2019s imprisonment, when a confused taxman had wondered aloud about how to handle his refusal to pay, Thoreau", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e005d": "Thoreau's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective. The individual is the final judge", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e005e": "Thoreau's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective. The individual is the final judge", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005f": "Thoreau", - "5728dafe3acd2414000e0060": "Thoreau had advised, \u201cResign", - "5728dafe3acd2414000e0061": "the government", - "5728151b4b864d1900164428": "non-governmental agencies", - "5728151b4b864d1900164429": "non-governmental agencies", - "5728151b4b864d190016442a": "the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken\". The same principle", - "5728151b4b864d190016442b": "the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken\". The same principle, she argues, applies to breaches of law", - "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0080": "the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken\". The same principle", - "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0081": "the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken\". The same principle", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e0060": "Thoreau", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e0061": "Thoreau's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective. The individual is the final judge", + "5728151b4b864d1900164428": "theories", + "5728151b4b864d1900164429": "theories", + "5728151b4b864d190016442a": "theories", + "5728151b4b864d190016442b": "theories", + "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0080": "theories", + "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0081": "theories", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e007f": "theories", - "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0083": "the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities", - "572818f54b864d190016446c": "disobedience", + "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0083": "theories", + "572818f54b864d190016446c": "usually recognized that lawbreaking, if it is not done publicly, at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience", "572818f54b864d190016446d": "disobedience", - "572818f54b864d190016446e": "Hitler", - "572818f54b864d190016446f": "Book of Exodus", + "572818f54b864d190016446e": "Stephen Eilmann", + "572818f54b864d190016446f": "Stephen", "572818f54b864d1900164470": "Exodus 1: 15-19", - "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d2": "the form of public civil disobedience", - "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d3": "the form of public civil disobedience", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d2": "civil disobedience", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d3": "civil disobedience", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d4": "the form of public civil disobedience", - "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d5": "the form of public civil disobedience", - "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d6": "the form of public civil disobedience", - "57281c594b864d19001644a2": "non-violence", - "57281c594b864d19001644a3": "Black's Law Dictionary", - "57281c594b864d19001644a4": "rebellion", - "57281c594b864d19001644a5": "tolerance", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d5": "Exodus 1: 15-19", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d6": "Exodus 1: 15-19", + "57281c594b864d19001644a2": "non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience. Christian", + "57281c594b864d19001644a3": "non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience", + "57281c594b864d19001644a4": "rebellion is much more destructive; therefore, the defects justifying rebellion must be much more serious than those justifying disobedience, and if one cannot justify civil rebellion", + "57281c594b864d19001644a5": "society", "57281c594b864d19001644a6": "non-violence", - "5728df634b864d1900164fe2": ", then one cannot justify a civil disobedients' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest. Civil disobedients", - "5728df634b864d1900164fe3": ", then one cannot justify a civil disobedients", - "5728df634b864d1900164fe4": ", then one cannot justify a civil disobedients' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest. Civil disobedients", + "5728df634b864d1900164fe2": "non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience", + "5728df634b864d1900164fe3": "non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience", + "5728df634b864d1900164fe4": "non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience", "5728df634b864d1900164fe6": "non-violence", "5728202c4b864d19001644ec": "Revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government", - "5728202c4b864d19001644ed": "revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian government", - "5728202c4b864d19001644ee": "Ferenc De\u00e1k", - "5728202c4b864d19001644ef": "Gandhi", - "5728202c4b864d19001644f0": "the grounds that they are judged \"wrong\" by an individual conscience", + "5728202c4b864d19001644ed": "revolutionary civil disobedience. It has been claimed that the Hungarians under Ferenc De\u00e1k directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian government", + "5728202c4b864d19001644ee": "revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian government", + "5728202c4b864d19001644ef": "Thoreau", + "5728202c4b864d19001644f0": "ary", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00e9": "ary", - "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ea": "the grounds that they are judged \"wrong\" by an individual conscience", - "5728e07e3acd2414000e00eb": "the grounds that they are judged \"wrong\" by an individual conscience", + "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ea": "ary", + "5728e07e3acd2414000e00eb": "ary", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ec": "Revolutionary", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ed": "revolutionary", - "572822233acd2414000df555": "collective", - "572822233acd2414000df556": "the Roman Empire[citation needed]. Unarmed Jews gathered in the streets", - "572822233acd2414000df557": "Thoreau, at the time of his arrest, was not yet a well-known author, and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers", + "572822233acd2414000df555": "collective civil disobedience", + "572822233acd2414000df556": "collective civil disobedience", + "572822233acd2414000df557": "Thoreau", "572822233acd2414000df558": "the days, weeks and months after it happened. The tax collector", - "572822233acd2414000df559": "the days, weeks and months after it happened. The tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office, and Thoreau", - "5728e3c33acd2414000e0131": "collective", - "5728e3c33acd2414000e0132": "collective civil disobedience took place during the Roman Empire[citation needed]. Unarmed Jews gathered in the streets", + "572822233acd2414000df559": "collective civil disobedience", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0131": "collective civil disobedience", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0132": "collective civil disobedience", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0133": "modern times, some activists who commit civil disobedience", - "5728e3c33acd2414000e0134": "activists who commit civil disobedience", - "5728e3c33acd2414000e0135": "the days, weeks and months", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0134": "collective civil disobedience", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0135": "Thoreau", "572825a92ca10214002d9efe": "ients", - "572825a92ca10214002d9eff": "the charge of ineffectiveness and absurdity.\" Bedau also notes, though, that the very harm", - "572825a92ca10214002d9f00": "Wilderness", + "572825a92ca10214002d9eff": "Bedau also notes, though", + "572825a92ca10214002d9f00": "U.S. Government, directly achieve a desired social goal (such as the provision of medication to the sick) while openly breaking the law", "572825a92ca10214002d9f01": "738 days", "572825a92ca10214002d9f02": "738 days", "5728e5224b864d1900165032": "the name of civil disobedience", @@ -6840,276 +6840,276 @@ "5728e5224b864d1900165034": "a variety of different illegal acts. Bedau writes, \"There is a whole class of acts, undertaken in the name of civil disobedience", "5728e5224b864d1900165035": "the name of civil disobedience", "5728e5224b864d1900165036": "738 days", - "5728284e3acd2414000df5cd": "the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies. For example, Joseph Haas was arrested for allegedly sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire", + "5728284e3acd2414000df5cd": "Threatening government officials is another classic way of expressing defiance toward the government", "5728284e3acd2414000df5ce": "arrested", "5728284e3acd2414000df5cf": "the government", - "5728284e3acd2414000df5d0": "the 1978", - "5728284e3acd2414000df5d1": "the government", - "5728e5f43acd2414000e0171": "the government", - "5728e5f43acd2414000e0172": "the government", - "5728e5f43acd2414000e0173": "the government", + "5728284e3acd2414000df5d0": "1978", + "5728284e3acd2414000df5d1": "1978 Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation. Threatening government officials is another classic way of expressing defiance toward the government", + "5728e5f43acd2414000e0171": "disobedience", + "5728e5f43acd2414000e0172": "disobedience", + "5728e5f43acd2414000e0173": "disobedience", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0174": "the government", "57282dfb4b864d1900164668": "more difficult for a system", "57282dfb4b864d1900164669": "Plowshares", - "57282dfb4b864d190016466a": "the table.\" The Plowshares organization temporarily closed GCSB Waihopai by padlocking the gates", - "57282dfb4b864d190016466b": "nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion", + "57282dfb4b864d190016466a": "the table.\" The Plowshares", + "57282dfb4b864d190016466b": "Brownlee notes that \"although civil disobedients", "57282dfb4b864d190016466c": "disobedience", - "5728e715ff5b5019007da914": ", they might be considered coercive. Brownlee notes that \"although civil disobedients", + "5728e715ff5b5019007da914": "the table.\" The Plowshares", "5728e715ff5b5019007da916": "the table.\" The Plowshares", "5728e715ff5b5019007da917": "the table.\" The Plowshares", "5728e715ff5b5019007da918": "the table.\" The Plowshares", - "5728e8212ca10214002daa6c": "the same decisions and principles that apply in other criminal investigations and arrests arise also in civil disobedience cases", - "5728e8212ca10214002daa6d": "the same decisions and principles that apply in other criminal investigations and arrests arise also in civil disobedience cases", - "5728e8212ca10214002daa6e": "the same decisions and principles that apply in other criminal investigations and arrests arise also in civil disobedience cases", - "5728e8212ca10214002daa6f": "the government", - "5728e8212ca10214002daa70": "the government", - "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c5": "punishment", - "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c6": ", and therefore see no need to accept punishment", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa6c": "Thoreau wrote, \"My civil neighbor, the tax-gatherer", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa6d": "Thoreau wrote, \"My civil neighbor, the tax-gatherer", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa6e": "the same decisions and principles", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa6f": "some civil disobedients", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa70": "Thoreau wrote, \"My civil neighbor, the tax-gatherer", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c5": "Some civil disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c6": "Some civil disobedients", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c7": "the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted. And still other civil disobedients", - "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c8": "the legitimacy of their particular government, or don't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted. And still other civil disobedients", - "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c9": "other civil disobedients", - "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01d9": "whether", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c8": "the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted. And still other civil disobedients", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c9": "the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted. And still other civil disobedients", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01d9": "court", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01da": "duty", - "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01db": "the possibility of changing the unjust law. It has also been argued that either choice is compatible with the spirit of civil disobedience", - "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dc": "the possibility of changing the unjust law. It has also been argued that either choice is compatible with the spirit of civil disobedience", - "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dd": "a \"creative plea", - "5728ec6a4b864d19001650aa": "the Camp Mercury nuclear test site near Las Vegas, Nevada, 13", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01db": "court", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dc": "court", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dd": "usually be interpreted as a plea of not guilty", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650aa": "1957", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ab": "Committee for Non-Violent Action sponsored a protest in August 1957", - "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ac": "Committee for Non-Violent Action sponsored a protest in August 1957, at the Camp Mercury nuclear test site near Las Vegas, Nevada, 13", - "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ad": "the Peace, that afternoon. A well known civil rights attorney, Francis Heisler, had volunteered to defend the arrested persons", - "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ae": "suspended sentences", - "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97c": "many times when protesters choose to go to jail", - "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97d": "many times when protesters choose to go to jail", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ac": "the Committee for Non-Violent Action sponsored a protest in August 1957", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ad": "Francis Heisler, had volunteered to defend the arrested persons", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ae": "1957", + "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97c": "protesters choose to go to jail", + "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97d": "protesters choose to go to jail", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97e": "the notion that they must go to jail as part of a rule connected with civil disobedience", - "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97f": "the notion that they must go to jail as part of a rule connected with civil disobedience", - "5728eef92ca10214002daab0": "prosecution", - "5728eef92ca10214002daab1": "the same plea bargain for everyone. But some activists", - "5728eef92ca10214002daab2": "mass arrest situations, the activists decide to use solidarity tactics", - "5728eef92ca10214002daab3": "the same plea bargain for everyone. But some activists", + "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97f": "protesters choose to go to jail", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab0": "Sometimes the prosecution", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab1": "Mohandas Gandhi", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab2": "mass arrest situations", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab3": "Mohandas Gandhi", "5728eef92ca10214002daab4": "Mohandas Gandhi", - "5728f50baf94a219006a9e55": "the First Circuit", - "5728f50baf94a219006a9e56": "the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit", - "5728f50baf94a219006a9e57": "the First Circuit", - "5728f50baf94a219006a9e58": "the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit", - "5728f50baf94a219006a9e59": "the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit", - "5728facd4b864d1900165170": "the right to a jury trial but do not excuse lawbreaking for political purposes, some civil disobedients", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e55": "speeches", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e56": "the court in allocution", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e57": "defiant speech", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e58": "the court in allocution", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e59": "disobedience defendants", + "5728facd4b864d1900165170": "the law via civil disobedience", "5728facd4b864d1900165171": "the law via civil disobedience", "5728facd4b864d1900165172": "the right to a jury trial but do not excuse lawbreaking for political purposes, some civil disobedients", "5728facd4b864d1900165173": "the right to a jury trial but do not excuse lawbreaking for political purposes, some civil disobedients", "5728facd4b864d1900165174": "a jury trial", - "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef5": "the case of a homosexual or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law, is not civil disobedience", - "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef6": "the case of a homosexual or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law, is not civil disobedience", - "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef7": "the case of a homosexual or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law, is not civil disobedience", - "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef8": "the case of a homosexual or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law, is not civil disobedience", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef5": "the law by encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit. Therefore, conscientious lawbreakers must be punished. Michael Bayles argues", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef6": "the constitutionality of a law, and then wins his case, then that act did not constitute civil disobedience", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef7": "the constitutionality of a law, and then wins his case, then that act did not constitute civil disobedience", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef8": "the constitutionality of a law, and then wins his case, then that act did not constitute civil disobedience", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef9": "punishment", - "5728fc9e1d04691400778f11": "Indirect civil disobedience", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f11": "Courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience: \"Indirect civil disobedience", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f12": "Courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience", - "5728fc9e1d04691400778f13": "Courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f13": "Courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience: \"Indirect civil disobedience", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f14": "Courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience", - "5728fc9e1d04691400778f15": "activists", - "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2b": "a major goal of criminal punishment", - "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2d": "the threat of punishment and not the moral reasons to follow this law.\" Leonard Hubert Hoffmann", - "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2e": "the threat of punishment and not the moral reasons to follow this law.\" Leonard Hubert Hoffmann", - "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2f": "achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment", - "57273a465951b619008f86ff": "Construction", - "57273a465951b619008f8700": "manufacturing", - "57273a465951b619008f8701": "six to nine percent", - "57273a465951b619008f8702": "the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f15": "Courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience", + "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2b": "the offender his \"just deserts\", achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment", + "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2d": "the offender his \"just deserts", + "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2e": "the offender his \"just deserts\", achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment", + "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2f": "the offender his \"just deserts\", achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment", + "57273a465951b619008f86ff": "the process of constructing a building or infrastructure", + "57273a465951b619008f8700": "manufacturing typically involves mass production", + "57273a465951b619008f8701": "six to nine", + "57273a465951b619008f8702": "six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries", "57273a465951b619008f8703": "client", - "57273cca708984140094db33": "An architect normally manages the job, and a construction manager", - "57273cca708984140094db34": "a construction manager", - "57273cca708984140094db35": "effective planning", + "57273cca708984140094db33": "manages the job, and a construction manager", + "57273cca708984140094db34": "normally manages the job, and a construction manager", + "57273cca708984140094db35": "the successful execution of a project, effective planning", "57273cca708984140094db36": "megaprojects", - "57273cca708984140094db37": "Those involved", + "57273cca708984140094db37": "the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential. Those", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4fe": "three", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4ff": "usually", - "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f500": "heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering", - "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f501": "Infrastructure", - "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f502": "Industrial", - "57273e50dd62a815002e9a02": "the United States (Top-40) and also a list the largest global firms (Top-250", - "57273e50dd62a815002e9a03": "the size of design and construction companies", - "57273e50dd62a815002e9a04": "2014", - "57273e50dd62a815002e9a05": "transportation, sewer", + "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f500": "Infrastructure", + "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f501": "three", + "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f502": "three", + "57273e50dd62a815002e9a02": "2014, ENR compiled the data in nine", + "57273e50dd62a815002e9a03": "2014, ENR compiled the data in nine", + "57273e50dd62a815002e9a04": "2014, ENR compiled the data in nine", + "57273e50dd62a815002e9a05": "2014, ENR compiled the data in nine", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0a": "three", - "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0b": "the differences of companies in this sector, it is divided into three", - "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0c": "The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System", - "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0d": ", and specialty trade contractors. There are also categories for construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers", - "57274046dd62a815002e9a12": "Building construction", - "57274046dd62a815002e9a13": "small renovations", - "57274046dd62a815002e9a14": "the owner", + "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0b": "three", + "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0c": "three", + "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0d": "specialty trade contractors. There are also categories for construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers", + "57274046dd62a815002e9a12": "the process of adding structure to real property", + "57274046dd62a815002e9a13": "a bathroom", + "57274046dd62a815002e9a14": "the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster", "57274046dd62a815002e9a15": "undesirable end results", "57274046dd62a815002e9a16": "the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome", - "572742bd5951b619008f8785": "regulations", + "572742bd5951b619008f8785": "Residential construction practices, technologies, and resources must conform to local building authority regulations", "572742bd5951b619008f8786": "Materials", "572742bd5951b619008f8787": "waste", - "572742bd5951b619008f8788": "Cost of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) basis for houses can vary dramatically", - "572744aff1498d1400e8f588": "3D printing technology", - "572744aff1498d1400e8f589": "around 20", + "572742bd5951b619008f8788": "Cost of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) basis for houses can vary dramatically based on site conditions, local regulations", + "572744aff1498d1400e8f588": "3.5 metres (11 ft) per hour, sufficient to complete a building in a week. Dutch architect Janjaap Ruijssenaars", + "572744aff1498d1400e8f589": "20", "572744aff1498d1400e8f58a": "2014", - "572744aff1498d1400e8f58b": "2", - "572745c6708984140094db9a": "the modern industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. A formal design team", - "572745c6708984140094db99": "translation of designs into reality", + "572744aff1498d1400e8f58b": "3.5 metres (11 ft) per hour, sufficient to complete a building in a week. Dutch architect Janjaap Ruijssenaars", + "572745c6708984140094db9a": "the modern industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs", + "572745c6708984140094db99": "translation of designs", "572745c6708984140094db9b": "the property owner", - "572745c6708984140094db9c": "drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity surveyor", + "572745c6708984140094db9c": "drawings and a bill of quantities", "572745c6708984140094db9d": "the most cost efficient bidder", "57274e0d708984140094dbe5": "ties", - "57274e0d708984140094dbe6": "entirely separate companies", + "57274e0d708984140094dbe6": "past", "57274e0d708984140094dbe7": "each such firm may offer itself as \"one-stop shopping", - "57274e0d708984140094dbe8": "a \"design build\" contract where the contractor is given a performance specification", - "57274e975951b619008f87f9": "the services of architects, interior designers", + "57274e0d708984140094dbe8": "the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers", + "57274e975951b619008f87f9": "the services of architects, interior designers, engineers", "57274e975951b619008f87fa": "each of these project structures allows the owner to integrate the services of architects, interior designers", "57274e975951b619008f87fb": "relationships", - "57274f67708984140094dbf5": "problems", - "57274f67708984140094dbf6": "too little", + "57274f67708984140094dbf5": "suffer from preventable financial problems", + "57274f67708984140094dbf6": "too little money to complete the project. Cash flow problems", "57274f67708984140094dbf7": "Cash flow problems", - "57274f67708984140094dbf8": "the construction field", - "5727502f708984140094dc07": "Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers", - "5727502f708984140094dc08": "ortgage bankers", + "57274f67708984140094dbf8": "the construction field. Financial planning", + "5727502f708984140094dc07": "Mortgage bankers", + "5727502f708984140094dc08": "ortgage bankers, accountants", "5727502f708984140094dc09": "Accountants", - "5727502f708984140094dc0b": "the most obvious source of funding for a building project. Accountants", - "5727502f708984140094dc0a": "the process. Cost engineers and estimators", - "572750e8dd62a815002e9af0": "requirements", - "572750e8dd62a815002e9af1": "the owner", - "572750e8dd62a815002e9af2": "a matter of custom", - "572750e8dd62a815002e9af3": "a matter of custom or expectation", - "572750e8dd62a815002e9af4": "the building will be built, either by arguing", - "572751b4708984140094dc1b": "A construction project", - "572751b4708984140094dc1c": "A contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties", - "572751b4708984140094dc1d": "The time element in construction means that a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks", - "572751b4708984140094dc1e": ", the contracts", - "572751b4708984140094dc1f": "poorly drafted contracts", - "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0e": "relationship contracting", - "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0f": "-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders within a construction project. New forms include partnering such as Public-Private Partnering", - "5727526cdd62a815002e9b10": "Partnering", + "5727502f708984140094dc0b": "Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers", + "5727502f708984140094dc0a": "Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af0": "custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af1": "custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af2": "indisputably bad \u2013 bridge collapses or explosions. Other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations, or things that are a matter of custom", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af3": "custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af4": "custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district", + "572751b4708984140094dc1b": "complex net of contracts and other legal obligations, each of which all parties", + "572751b4708984140094dc1c": "exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties", + "572751b4708984140094dc1d": "a set of obligations between two or more parties", + "572751b4708984140094dc1e": "ensure", + "572751b4708984140094dc1f": "a set of obligations between two or more parties", + "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0e": "There is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship", + "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0f": "the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship", + "5727526cdd62a815002e9b10": "Partnering (PPPs", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b11": "operation", - "572753335951b619008f8853": "the most common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized. In this arrangement", + "572753335951b619008f8853": "the most common method of construction procurement", "572753335951b619008f8854": "His", - "572753335951b619008f8855": "client", - "572753335951b619008f8856": "main contractor", - "572753335951b619008f8857": "the building is ready to occupy", - "57275411dd62a815002e9b30": "The owner produces a list of requirements for a project, giving an overall view of the project's goals. Several", + "572753335951b619008f8855": "links", + "572753335951b619008f8856": "Any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor", + "572753335951b619008f8857": "completion", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b30": "The owner produces", "57275411dd62a815002e9b31": "Several D&B contractors", - "57275411dd62a815002e9b32": "best", - "57275411dd62a815002e9b33": "the project. As they build phase 1, they design phase 2. This is in contrast to a design-bid-build contract", - "57275411dd62a815002e9b34": "the project. As they build phase 1", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b32": "the project's goals. Several D&B contractors", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b33": "the project's goals. Several D&B contractors", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b34": "the first phase of the project. As they build phase 1", "572754fff1498d1400e8f660": "the construction of a building, the municipal building inspector", - "572754fff1498d1400e8f661": "lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages", + "572754fff1498d1400e8f661": "the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages", "572754fff1498d1400e8f662": "the construction of a building, the municipal building inspector", "572754fff1498d1400e8f663": "inspector", - "572754fff1498d1400e8f664": "permit", - "572755b7708984140094dc4d": "around $960 billion", - "572755b7708984140094dc4e": "billion", - "572755b7708984140094dc4f": "667,000", + "572754fff1498d1400e8f664": "inspection", + "572755b7708984140094dc4d": "13.2%", + "572755b7708984140094dc4e": "13.2%", + "572755b7708984140094dc4f": "6", "572755b7708984140094dc50": "10", - "572755b7708984140094dc51": "828,000 women were employed in the construction industry", - "5727565ef1498d1400e8f674": "\u00a342,090", - "5727565ef1498d1400e8f675": "\u00a342,090", - "5727565ef1498d1400e8f676": "Some construction workers in the US/Canada", - "572756fe708984140094dc71": "Construction", - "572756fe708984140094dc72": "the world, incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the United States and in the European Union", - "572756fe708984140094dc73": "elect", - "572756fe708984140094dc74": "Proper safety equipment", - "572746addd62a815002e9a5e": "independent schools, non-governmental, or nonstate schools", - "572746addd62a815002e9a5f": "some private schools students may be able to get a scholarship, which makes the cost cheaper", + "572755b7708984140094dc51": "828,000 women were employed in the construction industry as of 2011", + "5727565ef1498d1400e8f674": "43", + "5727565ef1498d1400e8f675": "43", + "5727565ef1498d1400e8f676": "43,389 per annum, compared to \u00a340,000 in the UK. Some construction workers in the US/Canada", + "572756fe708984140094dc71": "three times that for all workers. Falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers. Proper safety equipment", + "572756fe708984140094dc72": "three times that for all workers. Falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers. Proper safety equipment", + "572756fe708984140094dc73": "three times that for all workers. Falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers. Proper safety equipment", + "572756fe708984140094dc74": "three times that for all workers. Falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers. Proper safety equipment", + "572746addd62a815002e9a5e": "cheaper", + "572746addd62a815002e9a5f": "cheaper", "572746addd62a815002e9a60": "tuition", - "572746addd62a815002e9a61": ", which makes the cost cheaper", - "57274712708984140094dbad": "more than $45,000", - "57274712708984140094dbae": "nothing", - "57274712708984140094dbaf": "the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries", + "572746addd62a815002e9a61": "the right to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition", + "57274712708984140094dbad": "tuition fees at K-12 schools range from nothing at so called 'tuition-free' schools to more than $45,000", + "57274712708984140094dbae": "pre-school", + "57274712708984140094dbaf": "the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels; it is almost never used of universities and other tertiary institutions. Private education", "57274712708984140094dbb0": "United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries", - "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59a": "year twelve", - "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59b": "upper sixth", - "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59c": "university-preparatory schools or \"prep schools", - "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59d": "Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to school and depends", - "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59e": "the school's financial endowment. High tuition, schools claim, is used to pay higher salaries for the best teachers", - "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a4": "Roman", - "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a5": "the K-12 private education sector", - "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a6": "education", - "5727490bdd62a815002e9a82": "discipline", - "5727490bdd62a815002e9a83": "blazer", - "5727490bdd62a815002e9a84": "more expensive", - "57274971708984140094dbbb": "the best known independent schools also belong to the large, long-established religious foundations, such as the Anglican Church, Uniting Church", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59a": "lower sixth) and year 13", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59b": "13", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59c": "lower sixth) and year 13", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59d": "lower sixth) and year 13", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59e": "13", + "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a4": "Roman Catholic schools. Other religious groups represented in the K-12 private education sector include Protestants", + "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a5": "Protestants", + "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a6": "Religiously affiliated and denominational schools form a subcategory of private schools. Some such schools teach religious education", + "5727490bdd62a815002e9a82": "stricter discipline", + "5727490bdd62a815002e9a83": "stricter and more formal than in government schools - for example, a compulsory blazer", + "5727490bdd62a815002e9a84": "better quality physical infrastructure and more facilities (e.g. playing fields, swimming pools", + "57274971708984140094dbbb": "St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview, St Gregory's College, Campbelltown", "57274971708984140094dbbc": "St Joseph's College", "57274971708984140094dbbd": "St Aloysius' College", - "57274971708984140094dbbe": "Loreto Normanhurst", + "57274971708984140094dbbe": "St Ursula's College and Loreto Normanhurst", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9a": "7", - "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9b": "second Gleichschaltung or similar event in the future", - "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9c": "%.", + "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9b": "Article 7", + "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9c": "11.1%.", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9d": "11.1%.", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9e": "6.1%", - "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bc": "forbids segregation of pupils according to the means of their parents (the so-called Sonderungsverbot", - "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bd": "Private Schools", - "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5be": "tuition fees", + "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bc": "Article 7", + "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bd": "Article 7", + "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5be": "Article 7", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d4": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", - "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d5": "Erg\u00e4nzungss", - "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d6": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen have the freedom to operate outside of government regulation and are funded in whole", - "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d7": "religious groups", - "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e4": "the government, it can be an aided or an unaided school. So, in a strict sense", - "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e5": "Prominent Examination Boards that are present in multiple states are the CBSE", + "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d5": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", + "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d6": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", + "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d7": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", + "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e4": "30", + "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e5": "30 different Examination Boards or academic authorities that conduct examinations for school leaving certificates. Prominent", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e6": "30", - "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e7": "union government", + "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e7": "30", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa4": "societies", - "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa5": "population", + "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa5": "societies", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa6": "The Annual Status of Education Report", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa7": "The Annual Status of Education Report", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa8": "English", - "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aae": "ach", - "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aaf": "the world", - "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab0": "5", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aae": "the requirement that the state ensure that children receive a certain minimum education; Irish private schools must still work towards the Junior Certificate and the Leaving Certificate", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aaf": "a certain number of teacher's salaries are paid by the State", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab0": "the requirement that the state ensure that children receive a certain minimum education; Irish private schools must still work towards the Junior Certificate and the Leaving Certificate", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab1": "usually run by a religious order, i.e., the Society of Jesus or Congregation of Christian Brothers", - "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab2": "25,000", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab2": "25", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f6": "1957", - "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f7": "Chinese", + "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f7": "English", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f8": "English", - "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f9": "National School system", + "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f9": "1957", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5fa": "60", "57274e145951b619008f87e7": "accept government funds are called 'aided' schools", - "57274e145951b619008f87e8": "accept government funds are called 'aided' schools. The private 'un-aided' schools", - "57274e145951b619008f87e9": "the Galaxy Public School", + "57274e145951b619008f87e8": "accept government funds are called 'aided' schools. The private 'un-aided' schools are fully funded by private parties", + "57274e145951b619008f87e9": "the Galaxy", "57274e145951b619008f87ea": "English", - "57274e145951b619008f87eb": "subject", - "57274eca5951b619008f87ff": "88", + "57274e145951b619008f87eb": "English, but as a compulsory subject", + "57274eca5951b619008f87ff": "3.7%", "57274eca5951b619008f8800": "3.7%", "57274eca5951b619008f8801": "3.7%", "57274eca5951b619008f8802": "1984", - "57274eca5951b619008f8803": "uckland", - "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61e": "Diocesan School for Girls", - "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61f": "Wellington", + "57274eca5951b619008f8803": "3.7%", + "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61e": "St Paul's Collegiate School", + "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61f": "Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f620": "Saint Kentigern College", - "57274f49f1498d1400e8f621": "Christchurch", + "57274f49f1498d1400e8f621": "Rangi Ruru Girls' School in Christ", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f622": "three", "5727500f708984140094dbfd": "7.5%", "5727500f708984140094dbfe": "7.5%", - "5727500f708984140094dbff": "80%", + "5727500f708984140094dbff": "7.5% of primary enrollment, 32% of secondary enrollment and about 80%", "5727500f708984140094dc00": "August 1992", "5727500f708984140094dc01": "third and fourth years with English, mathematics and natural science", "572750df5951b619008f882f": "Education Service Contracting scheme of the government", - "572750df5951b619008f8830": "Tu", - "572750df5951b619008f8831": "The Private Education Student Financial Assistance", + "572750df5951b619008f8830": "Tuition Fee Supplement", + "572750df5951b619008f8831": "Private Education Student Financial Assistance is made available to underprivileged, but deserving high school graduates", "5727515f708984140094dc11": "1996", "5727515f708984140094dc12": "1996", "5727515f708984140094dc13": "1996", - "5727515f708984140094dc14": "the early nineteenth century. The private sector has grown ever since. After the abolition of apartheid, the laws governing private education", - "5727515f708984140094dc15": "private church schools that were established by missionaries in the early nineteenth century", - "57275409708984140094dc35": "the final years of the apartheid era", - "57275409708984140094dc36": "better academic results", - "57275409708984140094dc37": "higher", + "5727515f708984140094dc14": "the abolition of apartheid, the laws governing private education in South Africa changed significantly. The South African Schools", + "5727515f708984140094dc15": "century", + "57275409708984140094dc35": "Model", + "57275409708984140094dc36": "Model", + "57275409708984140094dc37": "formerly model C schools tend to set much higher", "572754dd708984140094dc3b": "10%", "572754dd708984140094dc3c": "30", - "572754dd708984140094dc3d": "700", - "572754dd708984140094dc3e": "chain", - "572754dd708984140094dc3f": "internationally known for this innovative school voucher model", + "572754dd708984140094dc3d": "30", + "572754dd708984140094dc3e": "30", + "572754dd708984140094dc3f": "10%", "572756265951b619008f886d": "13", - "572756265951b619008f886e": "in the UK", - "572756265951b619008f886f": "9 per cent", - "572756265951b619008f8870": "13 per cent", + "572756265951b619008f886e": "13", + "572756265951b619008f886f": "9", + "572756265951b619008f8870": "13", "572756265951b619008f8871": "27", - "572757bef1498d1400e8f690": "the landmark court case Brown v. Board of Education", - "572757bef1498d1400e8f691": "segregation", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f690": "1954", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f691": "1954", "572757bef1498d1400e8f692": "the U.S. South", - "572757bef1498d1400e8f693": "the United States, after the 1954 decision in the landmark court case Brown v. Board of Education", - "572757bef1498d1400e8f694": "the landmark court case Brown v. Board of Education", - "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6ae": "the courts' interpretation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment or individual state Blaine Amendments", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f693": "1954", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f694": "1954", + "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6ae": "forbidden", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6af": "forbidden", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b0": "forbidden", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b1": "charter status", @@ -7118,2156 +7118,2156 @@ "572759665951b619008f8885": "1972", "572759665951b619008f8886": "268 U.S. 510 (1925", "572759665951b619008f8887": "1976", - "572759dbdd62a815002e9b94": "40,000 annually for day schools in New York City", - "572759dbdd62a815002e9b95": "the United States charged substantial tuition, close to $40,000 annually for day schools in New York City, and nearly $50", + "572759dbdd62a815002e9b94": "40", + "572759dbdd62a815002e9b95": "50,000 for boarding schools. However, tuition did not cover operating expenses, particularly at boarding schools. The leading schools such as the Groton School", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b96": "the Groton School", - "572759dbdd62a815002e9b97": "the Groton School", + "572759dbdd62a815002e9b97": "50,000 for boarding schools. However, tuition did not cover operating expenses, particularly at boarding schools. The leading schools such as the Groton School", "5727aa413acd2414000de921": "John Harvard", - "5727aa413acd2414000de922": "1977", + "5727aa413acd2414000de922": "John Harvard", "5727aa413acd2414000de923": "James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression", - "5727aa413acd2414000de924": "Association", - "5727aa413acd2414000de925": "Charles W. Eliot's long tenure (1869\u20131909", - "5727aeac3acd2414000de987": "79", + "5727aa413acd2414000de924": "John Harvard", + "5727aa413acd2414000de925": "President Charles W. Eliot's long tenure (1869\u20131909", + "5727aeac3acd2414000de987": "the Harvard Library", "5727aeac3acd2414000de988": "79", "5727aeac3acd2414000de989": "79", "5727aeac3acd2414000de98a": "eight", "5727aeac3acd2414000de98b": "150", "5727aec03acd2414000de991": "Cambridge", "5727aec03acd2414000de992": "37.6 billion", - "5727aec03acd2414000de993": "across the Charles River", + "5727aec03acd2414000de993": "3 miles (5 km) northwest of Boston; the business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River", "5727aec03acd2414000de994": "eleven", - "5727aec03acd2414000de995": "Harvard Yard", + "5727aec03acd2414000de995": "209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c2": "36", - "5727afa82ca10214002d93c3": "Harvard was formed in 1636", + "5727afa82ca10214002d93c3": "36", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c4": "38", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c5": "39", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c6": "50", - "5727b0892ca10214002d93e8": "the early years the College trained many Puritan ministers", - "5727b0892ca10214002d93e9": "English university", - "5727b0892ca10214002d93ea": "never affiliated with any particular denomination", + "5727b0892ca10214002d93e8": "43", + "5727b0892ca10214002d93e9": "43", + "5727b0892ca10214002d93ea": "43", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea99": "04", - "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9a": "ber", - "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9b": "05", - "5727c0402ca10214002d9564": "Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College", - "5727c0402ca10214002d9565": "intuition", + "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9a": "03", + "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9b": "03", + "5727c0402ca10214002d9564": "Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart", + "5727c0402ca10214002d9565": "Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart", "5727c0402ca10214002d9566": "Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart", - "5727c3b02ca10214002d95ba": "Charles W. Eliot", - "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bb": "Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions", + "5727c3b02ca10214002d95ba": "Charles W. Eliot, president 1869\u20131909", + "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bb": "Charles W. Eliot, president 1869\u20131909", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bc": "Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions. Derived from William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson", - "5727c55bff5b5019007d94ce": "scholarship", - "5727c55bff5b5019007d94cf": "the 20th century", - "5727c55bff5b5019007d94d0": "a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary as well as the college level. The resulting Report, published in 1945", - "5727c69d3acd2414000dec13": "the proportion", + "5727c55bff5b5019007d94ce": "1933", + "5727c55bff5b5019007d94cf": "1933\u20131953", + "5727c55bff5b5019007d94d0": "1943", + "5727c69d3acd2414000dec13": "1977", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec14": "1977", - "5727c69d3acd2414000dec15": "proportion", + "5727c69d3acd2414000dec15": "1977", "5727c8863acd2414000dec49": "3 miles (5 km", - "5727c8863acd2414000dec4a": "twelve", - "5727c8863acd2414000dec4b": "nine", + "5727c8863acd2414000dec4a": "the university, academic buildings including Sever Hall and University Hall, Memorial Church, and the majority of the freshman dormitories", + "5727c8863acd2414000dec4b": "twelve residential Houses, nine", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4c": "half a mile northwest", - "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9576": "Harvard Stadium", + "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9576": "3", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9577": "John W. Weeks Bridge is a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River", - "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9578": "Harvard School of Dental Medicine", + "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9578": "21", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d72": "fifty", - "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d73": "a shuttle service and/or a tram", - "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d74": "the Allston campus. The institution", - "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f0": "2,400", + "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d73": "the Charles River from Cambridge, with the intent of major expansion southward. The university now owns approximately fifty percent more land in Allston", + "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d74": "the Charles River from Cambridge, with the intent of major expansion southward. The university now owns approximately fifty percent more land in Allston", + "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f0": "2,400 professors, lecturers", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f1": "7", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f2": "14", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f3": "1875", - "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f4": "1875 vote of the student body, although the association with some form of red can be traced back to 1858", - "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c4": "$32 billion in 2011", + "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f4": "1875", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c4": "50%", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c5": "30", - "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c6": "the $1.2 billion Allston Science Complex", - "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c7": "4.093 million", - "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c8": "159", - "5727d0f73acd2414000ded13": "the late 1980s", - "5727d0f73acd2414000ded14": "activists erected a symbolic \"shantytown\" on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech given by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown", - "5727d0f73acd2414000ded15": "230 million", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c6": "50%", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c7": "50%", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c8": "50%", + "5727d0f73acd2414000ded13": "1980s", + "5727d0f73acd2414000ded14": "1980s, student activists", + "5727d0f73acd2414000ded15": "eventually reduce its South African holdings by $230 million", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded3f": "5.3%", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded40": "2007", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded41": "2007", - "5727d1c93acd2414000ded42": "2007 as the program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities, yet for the class of 2016", - "5727d3843acd2414000ded69": "seven", + "5727d1c93acd2414000ded42": "2007", + "5727d3843acd2414000ded69": "1978 and 2008, entering students were required to complete a core curriculum of seven", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6a": "eight", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6b": "The New York Times", - "5727d4922ca10214002d977c": "semester calendar beginning in early September", + "5727d4922ca10214002d977c": "September", "5727d4922ca10214002d977d": "four", "5727d4922ca10214002d977e": "Students graduating in the top 4\u20135%", - "5727d4922ca10214002d977f": "60%", - "5727d6154b864d1900163e34": "$38", - "5727d6154b864d1900163e35": "$57", - "5727d6154b864d1900163e36": "nothing", - "5727d6154b864d1900163e37": "$414 million", - "5727d6154b864d1900163e38": "88%", + "5727d4922ca10214002d977f": "90% in 2004 to 60%", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e34": "38", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e35": "57", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e36": "2007", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e37": "2009", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e38": "88% of Harvard's aid for undergraduate students, with aid also provided by loans (8%)", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969a": "Widener Library", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969c": "three", - "5727d6faff5b5019007d969d": "Pusey Library", + "5727d6faff5b5019007d969d": "oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases both old and new is stored in Pusey Library", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969b": "18", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5e": "three", - "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5f": "the Fogg Museum of Art", + "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5f": "three", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e60": "Peabody Museum of Archaeology", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee17": "2003", - "5727d9c43acd2414000dee18": "THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011", - "5727d9c43acd2414000dee19": "The", + "5727d9c43acd2414000dee18": "2011", + "5727d9c43acd2414000dee19": "The Princeton Review", "5727da564b864d1900163e8e": "42", - "5727da564b864d1900163e8f": "the NCAA Division I Ivy League. Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry", - "5727da564b864d1900163e90": "every two", + "5727da564b864d1900163e8f": "rivalry", + "5727da564b864d1900163e90": "every", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fc": "1875", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fd": "1903", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fe": "1906", - "5727db85ff5b5019007d96ff": "the Yale", - "5727dc473acd2414000dee43": "The Malkin Athletic Center", + "5727db85ff5b5019007d96ff": "Walter Camp", + "5727dc473acd2414000dee43": "three", "5727dc473acd2414000dee44": "The Malkin Athletic Center", "5727dc473acd2414000dee45": "three", - "5727dd2e4b864d1900163eba": "23", + "5727dd2e4b864d1900163eba": "23 years, the Harvard-Yale Regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebb": "June", - "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebc": "Cornell", + "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebc": "Harvard-Yale Regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebd": "2003", - "5727de862ca10214002d9860": "Ban Ki-moon", - "5727de862ca10214002d9861": "John Hancock, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Theodore Roosevelt", - "5727de862ca10214002d9862": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Figueres", - "5727de862ca10214002d9863": "Benjamin Netanyahu", + "5727de862ca10214002d9860": "Secretary General", + "5727de862ca10214002d9861": "Roosevelt", + "5727de862ca10214002d9862": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda", + "5727de862ca10214002d9863": "Roosevelt", "5727e0474b864d1900163f08": "comedian, television show host and writer Conan O'Brien", "5727e0474b864d1900163f09": "Leonard Bernstein", - "5727e0474b864d1900163f0a": "Yo Yo Ma", - "5727e0474b864d1900163f0b": "W. E. B. Du Bois", - "5727e21e4b864d1900163f34": "Shing-Tung Yau", - "5727e21e4b864d1900163f35": "Alan Dershowitz", + "5727e0474b864d1900163f0a": "Leonard Bernstein", + "5727e0474b864d1900163f0b": "Ralph Waldo Emerson", + "5727e21e4b864d1900163f34": "biologist", + "5727e21e4b864d1900163f35": "Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f36": "Stephen", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954a": "53", - "5727c94bff5b5019007d954b": "1,345,596", - "5727c94bff5b5019007d954c": "12th most populous", - "5727c94bff5b5019007d954d": "the county seat of Duval County", + "5727c94bff5b5019007d954b": "2014", + "5727c94bff5b5019007d954c": "53", + "5727c94bff5b5019007d954d": "53", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954e": "1968", - "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9676": "the First Coast region of northeast Florida and is centered on the banks of the St. Johns River", - "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9677": "the St. Johns River, about 25 miles (40 km) south of the Georgia state line and about 340 miles", + "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9676": "the St. Johns River, about 25 miles (40 km", + "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9677": "the St. Johns River, about 25 miles (40 km) south of the Georgia state line and about 340 miles (550 km", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9678": "Fort Caroline", - "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9679": "the Timucua people", + "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9679": "the Timucua people, and in 1564", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d967a": "Andrew Jackson", - "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958e": "the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay", - "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958f": "the United States. Significant factors in the local economy include services such as banking, insurance, healthcare and logistics. As with much of Florida, tourism", + "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958e": "the Jacksonville area, particularly tourism related to golf. People from Jacksonville may be called \"Jacksonvillians", + "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958f": "the Jacksonville area, particularly tourism related to golf. People from Jacksonville may be called \"Jacksonvillians", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9590": "two", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9591": "People from Jacksonville may be called \"Jacksonvillians", - "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bec": "thousands", - "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bed": "the oldest remnants of pottery in the United States, dating to 2500 BC", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bec": "the modern city of Jacksonville", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bed": "BC", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bee": "BC", - "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bef": "the historical era", - "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bf0": "a village called", - "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c26": "Jean Ribault", - "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c27": "a stone column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bef": "century", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bf0": "a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c26": "Jean", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c27": "Jean", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c28": "September", - "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c29": "Spanish", - "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c2a": "the St. Johns River in 1964", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c29": "Jean Ribault", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c2a": "Jean Ribault", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d06": "21", - "572810ec2ca10214002d9d07": "the Cow Ford continued to grow. After Spain ceded the Florida Territory to the United States in 1821", + "572810ec2ca10214002d9d07": "21", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d08": "a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British", - "572810ec2ca10214002d9d09": "Spain", - "572810ec2ca10214002d9d0a": "February 9, 1832", + "572810ec2ca10214002d9d09": "the American Revolutionary War, and the settlement at the Cow Ford continued to grow. After Spain ceded the Florida Territory to the United States in 1821", + "572810ec2ca10214002d9d0a": "9, 1832", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c76": "cattle", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c77": "The Skirmish of the Brick Church in 1862", - "5728128cff5b5019007d9c78": "Cedar Creek", + "5728128cff5b5019007d9c78": "retreated to Jacksonville and held the city for the remainder of the war. In March 1864", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c79": "the war. In March 1864", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c7a": "March 1864", - "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbc": "During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbc": "St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbd": "Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbe": "yellow", - "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbf": "the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks. In addition, extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south drew visitors", - "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cc0": "Visitors arrived by steamboat", - "5728170d3acd2414000df443": "a fire that started as a kitchen fire. Spanish moss at a nearby mattress factory", - "5728170d3acd2414000df444": "2", - "5728170d3acd2414000df445": "the only landmarks to survive the fire. Governor Jennings declare martial law and sent the state militia to maintain order. On May 17", - "5728170d3acd2414000df446": "the \"Great Fire of 1901", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbf": "St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cc0": "St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous", + "5728170d3acd2414000df443": "1901", + "5728170d3acd2414000df444": "1901", + "5728170d3acd2414000df445": "1901", + "5728170d3acd2414000df446": "1901", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d44": "30", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d45": "30", - "57281940ff5b5019007d9d46": "30 silent film studios were established, earning Jacksonville the title of \"Winter Film Capital", + "57281940ff5b5019007d9d46": "30", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d47": "30", - "57281ab63acd2414000df493": "suburbs", - "57281ab63acd2414000df494": "55.1%", - "57281ab63acd2414000df495": "white flight", - "57281ab63acd2414000df496": "the city of Jacksonville began to increase spending to fund new public building projects in the boom that occurred after the war. Mayor W. Haydon Burns", + "57281ab63acd2414000df493": "the suburbs", + "57281ab63acd2414000df494": "1970", + "57281ab63acd2414000df495": "1970", + "57281ab63acd2414000df496": "1970", "57281ab63acd2414000df497": "World War II", - "57281bb84b864d190016449a": "education", - "57281bb84b864d190016449b": "unincorporated suburbs", + "57281bb84b864d190016449a": "1958", + "57281bb84b864d190016449b": "1958", "57281bb84b864d190016449c": "1958", - "57281bb84b864d190016449d": "six", - "57281d494b864d19001644be": "the city's officials, who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network", + "57281bb84b864d190016449d": "six referendums between 1960", + "57281d494b864d19001644be": "the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government", "57281d494b864d19001644bf": "11", - "57281d494b864d19001644c0": "the central city. In 1964 all 15 of Duval County", - "57281d494b864d19001644c1": "the suburbs, who wanted more services and more control over the central city. In 1964 all 15 of Duval County", + "57281d494b864d19001644c0": "the mid-1960s", + "57281d494b864d19001644c1": "the mid-1960s", "57281edd3acd2414000df4eb": "1967", - "57281edd3acd2414000df4ec": "Hans", - "57281edd3acd2414000df4ed": "the Consolidated City", - "57281edd3acd2414000df4ee": "Better Jacksonville Plan, promoted as a blueprint for Jacksonville's future and approved by Jacksonville voters in 2000", - "57281edd3acd2414000df4ef": "Better Jacksonville Plan, promoted as a blueprint for Jacksonville's future and approved by Jacksonville voters in 2000", - "572820512ca10214002d9e72": "3", - "572820512ca10214002d9e73": "St", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4ec": "1967", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4ed": "1968", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4ee": "2000", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4ef": "2000", + "572820512ca10214002d9e72": "86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land and ; 13.34%", + "572820512ca10214002d9e73": "The St. Johns River", "572820512ca10214002d9e74": "The Trout River", "572820512ca10214002d9e75": "13.34%", - "572820512ca10214002d9e76": "town of Baldwin", - "572821274b864d1900164510": "the Barnett Center. It has a height of 617 ft (188 m) and includes 42", - "572821274b864d1900164511": "the Barnett Center", - "572821274b864d1900164512": "617", - "572821274b864d1900164513": "the Independent Life and Accident Insurance Company, and the 28 floor Riverplace Tower", + "572820512ca10214002d9e76": "86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land and ; 13.34%", + "572821274b864d1900164510": "1990", + "572821274b864d1900164511": "1990", + "572821274b864d1900164512": "1990", + "572821274b864d1900164513": "28 floor Riverplace Tower", "572821274b864d1900164514": "37", - "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc4": "subtropical climate", - "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc5": "May", - "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc6": "the south Atlantic region of the United States, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfa), with mild weather during winters", + "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc4": "thunder", + "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc5": "May through September", + "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc6": "thunder", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc7": "latitude and coastal location, the city sees very little cold weather", - "57282358ff5b5019007d9dde": "July", - "57282358ff5b5019007d9ddf": "thunderstorms", - "57282358ff5b5019007d9de0": "thunderstorms", + "57282358ff5b5019007d9dde": "1879", + "57282358ff5b5019007d9ddf": "53 F in January to 82 F in July. High temperatures", + "57282358ff5b5019007d9de0": "thunder", "57282358ff5b5019007d9de1": "53 F in January to 82 F in July", - "572824f13acd2414000df58f": "a dozen times", - "572824f13acd2414000df590": "the only recorded storm to hit the First Coast with sustained hurricane-force winds. The eye crossed St. Augustine", - "572824f13acd2414000df591": "Beryl", - "572824f13acd2414000df592": "the Saffir-Simpson Scale", + "572824f13acd2414000df58f": "1871", + "572824f13acd2414000df590": "1871", + "572824f13acd2414000df591": "70", + "572824f13acd2414000df592": "1871", "572824f13acd2414000df593": "2008", "572826634b864d19001645be": "tenth", - "572826634b864d19001645bf": "033", + "572826634b864d19001645bf": "366,273", "572826634b864d19001645c0": "25,033", "572826634b864d19001645c1": "25,033", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bb": "11", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bc": "11", - "572827fc3acd2414000df5bd": "11", - "572827fc3acd2414000df5be": "the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples, 15.2%", + "572827fc3acd2414000df5bd": "43.8% were married couples, 15.2%", + "572827fc3acd2414000df5be": "11", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ee": "40%", - "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ef": "3.5 billion", - "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f0": "the bottom 50%", - "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f1": "the bottom 50%", - "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f2": "the bottom 50%", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ef": "50%", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f0": "50%", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f1": "50%", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f2": "50%", "5729d36b1d04691400779607": "40%", - "5729d36b1d04691400779608": "three richest people in the world possess more financial assets", - "5729d36b1d04691400779609": "trillion", - "5729d36b1d0469140077960a": "the wealthiest 1 percent will own more than half", - "5729d36b1d0469140077960b": "the bottom 50%", - "5727e8424b864d1900163fc0": "the top 400 richest Americans \"have more wealth than half of all Americans", + "5729d36b1d04691400779608": "three", + "5729d36b1d04691400779609": "41 trillion", + "5729d36b1d0469140077960a": "half of the global wealth by 2016. An October 2014 study by Credit Suisse also claims that the top 1%", + "5729d36b1d0469140077960b": "50%", + "5727e8424b864d1900163fc0": "2014", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc1": "New York Times", - "5727e8424b864d1900163fc2": ", according to the Institute for Policy Studies", - "5727e8424b864d1900163fc3": "the top 400 richest Americans", - "5729d44b1d04691400779611": "more wealth", - "5729d44b1d04691400779612": "the \"ric", - "5729d44b1d04691400779613": "ited wealth", + "5727e8424b864d1900163fc2": "2014", + "5727e8424b864d1900163fc3": "2014", + "5729d44b1d04691400779611": "half of all Americans", + "5729d44b1d04691400779612": "2014", + "5729d44b1d04691400779613": "2014", "5729d44b1d04691400779614": "60", - "5729d44b1d04691400779615": "Institute for Policy Studies", - "5727e9523acd2414000def95": "-paid professions and lower-paid professions.", - "5727e9523acd2414000def96": "the distribution", - "5727e9523acd2414000def97": "classifications of workers", - "5727e9523acd2414000def98": "the distribution of income", - "5727e9523acd2414000def99": "classifications", + "5729d44b1d04691400779615": "September 2012, according to the Institute for Policy Studies", + "5727e9523acd2414000def95": "different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor", + "5727e9523acd2414000def96": "different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor", + "5727e9523acd2414000def97": "different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor", + "5727e9523acd2414000def98": "different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor", + "5727e9523acd2414000def99": "different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor", "5729d51d3f37b3190047858f": "inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences", "5729d51d3f37b31900478590": "different classifications of workers", - "5729d51d3f37b31900478591": "each economic actor", - "5729d51d3f37b31900478592": "each economic actor", - "5729d51d3f37b31900478593": "inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap", - "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986e": ", resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class", - "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986f": "a downward pressure on wages. The substitution of capital equipment for labor (mechanization and automation", + "5729d51d3f37b31900478591": "wages and profits", + "5729d51d3f37b31900478592": "different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor", + "5729d51d3f37b31900478593": "inequality", + "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986e": "the long-term, this trend", + "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986f": "the long-term, this trend", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9870": "the long-term, this trend increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment", - "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9871": "mechanization and automation", + "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9871": "the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant", "5729d609af94a219006aa661": "the long-term, this trend", - "5729d609af94a219006aa662": "the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class", + "5729d609af94a219006aa662": "capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits", "5729d609af94a219006aa663": "Over the long-term, this trend", "5729d609af94a219006aa664": "productivity", - "5729d609af94a219006aa665": "stagnant", + "5729d609af94a219006aa665": "the long-term, this trend", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b6": "purely capitalist mode of production", - "5727ec062ca10214002d99b7": "supply", - "5727ec062ca10214002d99b8": "the other hand, markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers and consumers.\" \"Markets", - "5727ec062ca10214002d99b9": "the other hand, markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers and consumers.\" \"Markets", - "5727ec062ca10214002d99ba": "the other hand, markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers and consumers.\" \"Markets", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99b7": "purely capitalist mode of production", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99b8": "purely capitalist mode of production", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99b9": "purely capitalist mode of production", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99ba": "purely capitalist mode of production", "5729d878af94a219006aa66b": "purely capitalist mode of production", "5729d878af94a219006aa66c": "prices", - "5729d878af94a219006aa66d": "wages", - "5729d878af94a219006aa66e": "workers and consumers.\" \"Markets", + "5729d878af94a219006aa66d": "purely capitalist mode of production", + "5729d878af94a219006aa66e": "the supply of the skilled worker. \"On the other hand, markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society", "5729d878af94a219006aa66f": "inequality", - "5727ed2e3acd2414000df001": "a low wage for that job. This is because competition between workers drives down the wage. An example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing", - "5727ed2e3acd2414000df002": "there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply", - "5727ed2e3acd2414000df003": "a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand", - "5727ed2e3acd2414000df004": "a low wage for that job. This is because competition between workers drives down the wage. An example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df001": "the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df002": "A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df003": "demand", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df004": "the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df005": "the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply", - "5729da0faf94a219006aa675": "there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply", - "5729da0faf94a219006aa676": "a large amount of time (high supply", - "5729da0faf94a219006aa677": "there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa675": "A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa676": "relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa677": "relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply", "5729da0faf94a219006aa678": "the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply", - "5729da0faf94a219006aa679": "few able or willing workers (low supply), but a large need for the positions (high demand", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa679": "few able or willing workers (low supply", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ec": "higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", - "5727ee372ca10214002d99ed": "Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter", + "5727ee372ca10214002d99ed": "survival needs such as income for food and shelter", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ee": "survival needs such as income for food and shelter", - "5727ee372ca10214002d99ef": "employment", - "5727ee372ca10214002d99f0": "the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", + "5727ee372ca10214002d99ef": "rates", + "5727ee372ca10214002d99f0": "higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", "5729de24af94a219006aa689": "higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", "5729de24af94a219006aa68a": "higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", "5729de24af94a219006aa68b": "Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter", - "5729de24af94a219006aa68c": "the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", + "5729de24af94a219006aa68c": "higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", "5729de24af94a219006aa68d": "the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", - "5727ef664b864d1900164060": "A progressive", - "5727ef664b864d1900164061": "the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society", - "5727ef664b864d1900164062": "the level of inequality", - "5727ef664b864d1900164063": "the level of inequality within a society", + "5727ef664b864d1900164060": "the level of inequality within a society", + "5727ef664b864d1900164061": "society", + "5727ef664b864d1900164062": "the level of inequality within a society", + "5727ef664b864d1900164063": "society", "5729e02f1d04691400779639": "rate", "5729e02f1d0469140077963a": "the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society", - "5729e02f1d0469140077963b": "a more equal distribution of income", - "5729e02f1d0469140077963c": "a more equal distribution of income across the board. The difference", - "5727f05b4b864d1900164068": ", and thus lower aggregate savings", + "5729e02f1d0469140077963b": "inequality within a society", + "5729e02f1d0469140077963c": "steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board. The difference", + "5727f05b4b864d1900164068": "the creation of inequality", "5727f05b4b864d1900164069": "the creation of inequality", "5727f05b4b864d190016406a": "the creation of inequality", "5727f05b4b864d190016406b": "poor", - "5727f05b4b864d190016406c": ", and thus lower aggregate savings", - "5729e1101d04691400779641": "variation", - "5729e1101d04691400779642": "wages", - "5729e1101d04691400779643": "lower wages", + "5727f05b4b864d190016406c": "lower wages. The justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate savings", + "5729e1101d04691400779641": "variation in individuals' access to education", + "5729e1101d04691400779642": "inequality is variation in individuals' access to education. Education, especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers, creates high wages", + "5729e1101d04691400779643": "lower", "5729e1101d04691400779644": "lower incomes", "5729e1101d04691400779645": "poor", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05b": "2014", - "5727f16c3acd2414000df05c": "billion", - "5727f16c3acd2414000df05d": "the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009", - "5727f16c3acd2414000df05e": "the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation", + "5727f16c3acd2414000df05c": "2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's", + "5727f16c3acd2414000df05d": "2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's", + "5727f16c3acd2414000df05e": "2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's", "5729e1e36aef0514001550ba": "2014", - "5729e1e36aef0514001550bb": "slowed its recovery", - "5729e1e36aef0514001550bc": "education", - "5729e1e36aef0514001550bd": "billion", - "5729e1e36aef0514001550be": "the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550bb": "2014", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550bc": "2014", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550bd": "105 billion", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550be": "2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's", "5727f2714b864d1900164072": "1910\u20131940", - "5727f2714b864d1900164073": "there was an increase in skilled workers", - "5727f2714b864d1900164074": "there was an increase in skilled workers", + "5727f2714b864d1900164073": "1910\u20131940", + "5727f2714b864d1900164074": "1910\u20131940", "5727f2714b864d1900164075": "gender inequality in education", - "5727f2714b864d1900164076": "a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees. This decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers", + "5727f2714b864d1900164076": "1910\u20131940", "5729e2b76aef0514001550ce": "1910\u20131940", - "5729e2b76aef0514001550cf": "an increase in skilled workers", - "5729e2b76aef0514001550d0": "the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work. In fact, it differs from the present high school education", - "5729e2b76aef0514001550d1": "Education is very important for the growth of the economy", - "5729e2b76aef0514001550d2": "gender inequality in education", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550cf": "1910\u20131940", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550d0": "1910\u20131940", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550d1": "gender inequality in education", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550d2": "gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth, and continued gender inequality in education, thus creating a poverty trap", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e7": "decline of union membership", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e8": "lower level of economic mobility", - "5727f6723acd2414000df0ea": "the causes of economic inequality", + "5727f6723acd2414000df0ea": "decline of union membership", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e9": "decline of union membership", - "5729e38daf94a219006aa69d": "inequality", - "5729e38daf94a219006aa69e": "exclusion", - "5729e38daf94a219006aa69f": "the CEPR", - "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a0": "U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes", - "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a1": "lower level of economic mobility", - "5727f7523acd2414000df10d": "nations with high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia", - "5727f7523acd2414000df10e": "inequality", - "5727f7523acd2414000df10f": "the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa69d": "decline of union membership", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa69e": "associated with substantial levels of social exclusion, including high levels of income inequality", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa69f": "Ben Zipperer", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a0": "the decline of union membership", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a1": "2006) of the CEPR point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership", + "5727f7523acd2414000df10d": "rates of unionization", + "5727f7523acd2414000df10e": "decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap", + "5727f7523acd2414000df10f": "decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap", "5727f7523acd2414000df110": "the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization", - "5729e4291d04691400779651": "University of Washington", - "5729e4291d04691400779652": "University of Washington", - "5729e4291d04691400779653": "the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap", - "5729e4291d04691400779654": "nations", + "5729e4291d04691400779651": "Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington", + "5729e4291d04691400779652": "Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington", + "5729e4291d04691400779653": "Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington", + "5729e4291d04691400779654": "rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia", "5729e4291d04691400779655": "the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap", - "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a18": "When rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled workers", - "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a19": "the United States. He attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production", - "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1a": "the United States. He attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production", - "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1b": "technological innovation and automation", + "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a18": "rising inequality in the United States. He attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production", + "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a19": "rising inequality in the United States. He attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production", + "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1a": "rising inequality in the United States. He attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production", + "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1b": "rising inequality", "5729f1283f37b319004785d7": "global", - "5729f1283f37b319004785d8": "When rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled workers", - "5729f1283f37b319004785d9": "economist", - "5729f1283f37b319004785da": "minor", - "5729f1283f37b319004785db": "Robert Lawrence", + "5729f1283f37b319004785d8": "international trade on the distribution of incomes. Lawrence Katz estimates that trade has only accounted for 5-15%", + "5729f1283f37b319004785d9": "Paul Krugman estimates that trade liberalisation", + "5729f1283f37b319004785da": "technological innovation, a view shared by other experts", + "5729f1283f37b319004785db": "the effects of international trade on the distribution of incomes. Lawrence Katz estimates that trade has only accounted for 5-15%", "5727fd123acd2414000df185": "53%", - "5727fd123acd2414000df186": "-40%", - "5727fd123acd2414000df187": "a difference in earnings between women and men. The income gap in other countries ranges from 53%", - "5727fd123acd2414000df188": "the labor market", + "5727fd123acd2414000df186": "53% in Botswana to -40", + "5727fd123acd2414000df187": "53%", + "5727fd123acd2414000df188": "53%", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e7": "53%", - "5729f1c13f37b319004785e8": "the labor market", - "5729f1c13f37b319004785e9": "women", + "5729f1c13f37b319004785e8": "53%", + "5729f1c13f37b319004785e9": "53%", "5729f1c13f37b319004785ea": "Thomas Sowell", - "5729f1c13f37b319004785eb": "a difference", + "5729f1c13f37b319004785eb": "53%", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ab": "social welfare programs", - "5727ff083acd2414000df1ac": ", which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality. Eventually, through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs", - "5727ff083acd2414000df1ad": ", which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality", - "5727ff083acd2414000df1ae": "the result of stages of development. According to Kuznets", - "5729f24baf94a219006aa6dd": "Economist Simon Kuznets", - "5729f24baf94a219006aa6de": "inequality", + "5727ff083acd2414000df1ac": "Eventually", + "5727ff083acd2414000df1ad": "Eventually", + "5727ff083acd2414000df1ae": "Eventually", + "5729f24baf94a219006aa6dd": "Simon Kuznets", + "5729f24baf94a219006aa6de": "Simon Kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6df": "capital", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e0": "more wealth and income", - "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e1": "various possible redistribution mechanisms", - "57287b322ca10214002da3be": "the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s", + "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e1": "social welfare programs", + "57287b322ca10214002da3be": "the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory", "57287b322ca10214002da3bf": "1970s", - "57287b322ca10214002da3c0": "the level of income inequality", - "57287b322ca10214002da3c1": "the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s", - "5729f3883f37b319004785f1": "the relationship between level of income and inequality", + "57287b322ca10214002da3c0": "the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory", + "57287b322ca10214002da3c1": "the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f1": "the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory", "5729f3883f37b319004785f2": "the Kuznets curve", - "5729f3883f37b319004785f3": "-sectional data. However, more recent testing of this theory", - "5729f3883f37b319004785f4": "eventually", - "5729f3883f37b319004785f5": "effect", - "57287c2bff5b5019007da26c": "Wealth concentration", - "57287c2bff5b5019007da26d": "the persistence of inequality", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f3": "the Kuznets curve. Kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data. However, more recent testing of this theory", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f4": "the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f5": "the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory", + "57287c2bff5b5019007da26c": "society", + "57287c2bff5b5019007da26d": "society", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26e": "society", - "57287c2bff5b5019007da26f": "the persistence of inequality", - "5729f4273f37b319004785fb": "the persistence of inequality", - "5729f4273f37b319004785fc": "the persistence of inequality", + "57287c2bff5b5019007da26f": "society", + "5729f4273f37b319004785fb": "society", + "5729f4273f37b319004785fc": "society", "5729f4273f37b319004785fd": "society", "5729f4273f37b319004785fe": "Thomas Piketty", - "5729f4273f37b319004785ff": "returns", - "5729f4e46aef051400155157": "market forces", - "5729f4e46aef051400155156": "Economist Joseph Stiglitz", - "5729f4e46aef051400155158": ", which may better be explained by the non-market force known as \"rent-seeking\". While the market will bid up compensation", - "5729f4e46aef051400155159": "shape government policies", - "5729f4e46aef05140015515a": "rent-seeking", - "5729f60caf94a219006aa6ef": "inequality", - "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f0": "lower level of economic growth", - "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f1": "life expectancy", - "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f2": "lower rates of social goods", - "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f3": "A similar relationship exists among US states", - "572a05eb3f37b31900478653": "iller", - "572a05eb3f37b31900478654": "rising inequality", - "572a05eb3f37b31900478655": "the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem. Increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment", - "572a05eb3f37b31900478656": "erodes self-esteem", - "572a05eb3f37b31900478657": "Policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth", - "572a06866aef0514001551be": "British", - "572a06866aef0514001551bf": "higher rates of health and social problems", - "572a06866aef0514001551c0": "lower", - "572a06866aef0514001551c2": "23", - "572a06866aef0514001551c1": "Japan", - "572a070c6aef0514001551c8": "better", - "572a070c6aef0514001551c9": "poorer countries", + "5729f4273f37b319004785ff": "society", + "5729f4e46aef051400155157": "Stiglitz", + "5729f4e46aef051400155156": "Stiglitz", + "5729f4e46aef051400155158": "Stiglitz", + "5729f4e46aef051400155159": "growing inequality", + "5729f4e46aef05140015515a": "Stiglitz", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6ef": "higher rates of health and social problems", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f0": "the top 21 industrialised countries, counting each person equally, life expectancy", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f1": "lower in more unequal countries (r = -.907", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f2": "lower rates", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f3": "lower in more unequal countries (r = -.907", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478653": "rising inequality", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478654": "rising", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478655": "rising inequality", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478656": "rising inequality", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478657": "rising inequality", + "572a06866aef0514001551be": "British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", + "572a06866aef0514001551bf": "Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", + "572a06866aef0514001551c0": "lower rates of social goods (life expectancy", + "572a06866aef0514001551c2": "Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", + "572a06866aef0514001551c1": "higher inequality. Using statistics from 23 developed countries and the 50 states of the US, they found social/health problems lower in countries like Japan", + "572a070c6aef0514001551c8": "77", + "572a070c6aef0514001551c9": "77", "572a070c6aef0514001551ca": "poorer countries, where life expectancy", - "572a070c6aef0514001551cb": "Americans", - "572a070c6aef0514001551cc": "more equally", - "572a07a86aef0514001551d2": "inequality", + "572a070c6aef0514001551cb": "77", + "572a070c6aef0514001551cc": "80", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d2": "Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", "572a07a86aef0514001551d3": "Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", - "572a07a86aef0514001551d4": "nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", - "572a07a86aef0514001551d5": "an index of \"Health and Social Problems", - "572a07a86aef0514001551d6": "income inequality", - "572a0a391d046914007796df": "inequality in society", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d4": "Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d5": "Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d6": "Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", + "572a0a391d046914007796df": "society", "572a0a391d046914007796e0": "homicides", "572a0a391d046914007796e1": "fifty", - "572a0a391d046914007796e3": "half of all variation in homicide rates can be accounted for by differences in the amount of inequality", - "572a0a391d046914007796e2": "half", - "572a0bafaf94a219006aa765": "the greatest good", + "572a0a391d046914007796e3": "half", + "572a0a391d046914007796e2": "society", + "572a0bafaf94a219006aa765": "society", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa766": "society", - "572a0bafaf94a219006aa767": "things", + "572a0bafaf94a219006aa767": "richer", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa768": "richer", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa769": "society", - "572a0c541d046914007796f3": "inequality, and inequality of consumption", + "572a0c541d046914007796f3": "the Poor", "572a0c541d046914007796f4": "Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato Institute", - "572a0c541d046914007796f5": "2001", - "572a0c541d046914007796f6": "journalist", - "572a0c541d046914007796f7": "Thomas B. Edsall", - "572a0d21af94a219006aa783": "Central Banking economist", - "572a0d21af94a219006aa784": "inequalities", - "572a0d21af94a219006aa785": "the Financial crisis of 2007", - "572a0d21af94a219006aa786": "easier credit", - "572a0d21af94a219006aa787": "the past\" \u2013 the Financial crisis of 2007\u201308", + "572a0c541d046914007796f5": "2001 than it was in 1986. The debate is summarized in \"The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor", + "572a0c541d046914007796f6": "Thomas", + "572a0c541d046914007796f7": "Thomas", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa783": "Raghuram Rajan", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa784": "2007", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa785": "2007", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa786": "easier credit to the lower and middle income earners \u2013 particularly to buy homes \u2013 and easier credit in general to keep unemployment rates", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa787": "the American economy a tendency", "572a0e0e1d04691400779707": "inequality", "572a0e0e1d04691400779708": "not just economic prosperity", "572a0e0e1d04691400779709": "declines", - "572a0e0e1d0469140077970a": "higher GDP", - "572a0e0e1d0469140077970b": "poor", - "572a0ecb1d04691400779717": "economists David Castells-Quintana", - "572a0ecb1d04691400779718": "harms economic growth", - "572a0ecb1d04691400779719": "inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth", - "572a0ecb1d0469140077971a": ", and erodes self-esteem", - "572a0ecb1d0469140077971b": "inequality", + "572a0e0e1d0469140077970a": "bottom 20 percent (the poor", + "572a0e0e1d0469140077970b": "bottom 20 percent (the poor", + "572a0ecb1d04691400779717": "David Castells-Quintana", + "572a0ecb1d04691400779718": "redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty", + "572a0ecb1d04691400779719": "persistent unemployment", + "572a0ecb1d0469140077971a": "redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty", + "572a0ecb1d0469140077971b": "Policies aiming at controlling unemployment", "572a1046af94a219006aa78d": "Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009", - "572a1046af94a219006aa78e": "both global inequality and inequality", - "572a1046af94a219006aa78f": "the increasing importance of human capital in development. When physical capital mattered most, savings", + "572a1046af94a219006aa78e": "Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009", + "572a1046af94a219006aa78f": "Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009", "572a1046af94a219006aa790": "Branko Milanovic", - "572a1046af94a219006aa791": "the poor and invest it in physical capital. But now that human capital is scarcer than machines, widespread education", - "572a11663f37b31900478693": "1993, Galor and Zeira", - "572a11663f37b31900478694": "the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development", - "572a11663f37b31900478695": "the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti", + "572a1046af94a219006aa791": "Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009", + "572a11663f37b31900478693": "1993", + "572a11663f37b31900478694": "1993", + "572a11663f37b31900478695": "societies", "572a11663f37b31900478696": "lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, and apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility", "572a11663f37b31900478697": "societies", - "572a12381d0469140077972d": "inequality", - "572a12381d0469140077972e": "inequality", - "572a12381d0469140077972c": "relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment", - "572a12381d0469140077972b": "Harvard economist", + "572a12381d0469140077972d": "1999", + "572a12381d0469140077972e": "1999", + "572a12381d0469140077972c": "Robert Barro, found that there is \"little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment\". According to work by Barro in 1999", + "572a12381d0469140077972b": "1999", "572a12381d0469140077972f": "2000", "572a13841d0469140077973b": "the Kuznets curve hypothesis", - "572a13841d0469140077973c": "the Kuznets curve hypothesis", + "572a13841d0469140077973c": "1914", "572a13841d0469140077973d": "Thomas Piketty", - "572a13841d0469140077973e": "Economist", - "572a13841d0469140077973f": "wars", + "572a13841d0469140077973e": "Thomas Piketty", + "572a13841d0469140077973f": "1914", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7df": "1970s", - "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e0": "reduced consumer demand", + "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e0": "1970s", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e1": "risen with increased income inequality", - "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e2": "the 1950s to 2011 incorrectly stated that inequality had a positive effect on economic development. Analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly", - "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e3": "er growth spells", + "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e2": "1950s to 2011 incorrectly stated that inequality had a positive effect on economic development. Analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates", + "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e3": "1950s to 2011 incorrectly stated that inequality", "572a1a5c6aef051400155284": "poorer sections of society", - "572a1a5c6aef051400155285": "poverty", + "572a1a5c6aef051400155285": "poorer sections of society", "572a1a5c6aef051400155286": "60 years", - "572a1a5c6aef051400155287": "United Nations", + "572a1a5c6aef051400155287": "Secretary General of the United Nations", "572a1a5c6aef051400155288": "reducing poverty", - "572a1ba46aef05140015528e": "land and housing", - "572a1ba46aef05140015528f": "various associations and other arrangements", + "572a1ba46aef05140015528e": "extra", + "572a1ba46aef05140015528f": "extra-legal ownership", "572a1ba46aef051400155290": "extra", "572a1ba46aef051400155291": "200 steps and up to 14 years", - "572a1ba46aef051400155292": "excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building, In some countries", - "572a1c943f37b319004786e1": "a shortage of affordable housing", + "572a1ba46aef051400155292": "14", + "572a1c943f37b319004786e1": "shortage of affordable housing \u2013 at least in the US \u2013 is caused in part by income inequality", "572a1c943f37b319004786e2": "the number of quality rental units", "572a1c943f37b319004786e3": "1984 and 1991, the number of quality rental units", - "572a1c943f37b319004786e4": "gentrification of older neighbourhoods, for example, in East New York, rental prices increased rapidly", + "572a1c943f37b319004786e4": "East New York, rental prices", "572a1c943f37b319004786e5": "rising prices", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f5": "Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone", - "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f6": "worse equipped to manage their finances", - "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f7": "Secondly, aspirational consumption", + "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f6": "Firstly", + "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f7": "Secondly", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f8": "Secondly", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f9": "inequality and potential economic instability", - "572a1f086aef0514001552c0": "The smaller the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution", + "572a1f086aef0514001552c0": "The smaller the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution is created, resulting in many cases, in more environmental degradation", "572a1f086aef0514001552c1": "lower, and thus the amount of environmental degradation", - "572a1f086aef0514001552c2": "the amount of environmental degradation would be lower as well. As such, the current high level of population", - "572a1f086aef0514001552c3": "more environmental degradation", + "572a1f086aef0514001552c2": "more environmental degradation. This can be explained by the fact that as the poor people in the society", + "572a1f086aef0514001552c3": "more environmental degradation. This can be explained by the fact that as the poor people in the society", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d0": "ists", - "572a1fe16aef0514001552d1": "a situation where a small portion of the population", - "572a1fe16aef0514001552d2": "a wage or salary", + "572a1fe16aef0514001552d1": "rectify this situation, socialists argue that the means of production", + "572a1fe16aef0514001552d2": "wage or salary", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3": "the form of a wage or salary. In order to rectify this situation, socialists argue that the means of production", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d4": "the form of a wage or salary. In order to rectify this situation, socialists argue that the means of production", - "572a20816aef0514001552e4": "Robert", - "572a20816aef0514001552e5": "usually in the form of taxation", - "572a20816aef0514001552e6": "the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society", - "572a20816aef0514001552e7": "the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society would be one where all individuals are free from force. However, Nozick", - "572a20816aef0514001552e8": "the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society", + "572a20816aef0514001552e4": "Robert Nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force (usually in the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society", + "572a20816aef0514001552e5": "usually in the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society", + "572a20816aef0514001552e6": "Robert Nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force (usually in the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society", + "572a20816aef0514001552e7": "the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society", + "572a20816aef0514001552e8": "A Theory of Justice", "572a213e6aef0514001552ee": "income inequality and poverty as form of \u201ccapability deprivation", - "572a213e6aef0514001552ef": "the end itself", - "572a213e6aef0514001552f0": "the human development approach \u2013 looks at income inequality and poverty as form of \u201ccapability deprivation", - "572a213e6aef0514001552f1": "the human development approach \u2013 looks at income inequality and poverty as form of \u201ccapability deprivation", + "572a213e6aef0514001552ef": "rather than the end itself", + "572a213e6aef0514001552f0": "poverty as form of \u201ccapability deprivation", + "572a213e6aef0514001552f1": "income inequality and poverty as form of \u201ccapability deprivation", "572a213e6aef0514001552f2": "The capabilities approach \u2013 sometimes called the human development approach \u2013 looks at income inequality and poverty as form of \u201ccapability deprivation", "572a2224af94a219006aa823": "lowered", "572a2224af94a219006aa824": "An old, ill man", "572a2224af94a219006aa825": "gender roles and customs", "572a2224af94a219006aa826": "rampant", "572a2224af94a219006aa827": "\u2019s important to have political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security", - "5727efabff5b5019007d98e2": "the BBC", + "5727efabff5b5019007d98e2": "BBC", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e3": "1963", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e4": "TARDIS", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e5": "a blue British police box", - "5727efabff5b5019007d98e6": "the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor", + "5727efabff5b5019007d98e6": "BBC", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f2": "1963 to 1989", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f3": "Russell T Davies", - "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f4": "K-9", - "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f5": "BBC Wales", - "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f6": "Christopher Eccleston", - "5727f18c3acd2414000df063": "Twelve", - "5727f18c3acd2414000df064": "Twelve", - "5727f18c3acd2414000df065": "2013", - "5727f18c3acd2414000df066": "Twelve", + "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f4": "1989", + "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f5": "Russell T Davies", + "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f6": "2005", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df063": "Peter", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df064": "Peter Capaldi took on the role after Matt Smith's exit in the 2013", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df065": "Peter Capaldi took on the role after Matt Smith's exit in the 2013", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df066": "Peter", "5727f18c3acd2414000df067": "Peter", - "5727f2583acd2414000df087": "rey", - "5727f2583acd2414000df088": "a stolen Mark I Type 40", - "5727f2583acd2414000df089": "the appearance of local objects as a disguise. However, the Doctor's TARDIS remains fixed as a blue British Police", - "5727f2583acd2414000df08a": "a \"chameleon circuit\" which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects", - "5727f2583acd2414000df08b": "a malfunction", - "5727f3193acd2414000df0a5": "The Doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually", - "5727f3193acd2414000df0a6": "Master", + "5727f2583acd2414000df087": "planet Gallifrey", + "5727f2583acd2414000df088": "The Doctor\". He fled from Gallifrey in a stolen Mark I Type 40", + "5727f2583acd2414000df089": "Type 40", + "5727f2583acd2414000df08a": "Type 40", + "5727f2583acd2414000df08b": "Type 40", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a5": "usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a6": "enemies", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a7": "regenerate", - "5727f3193acd2414000df0a8": "usually humans", - "5727f3193acd2414000df0a9": "Time", - "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a32": "23 November 1963", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a8": "more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a9": "usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a32": "The Mutants", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a33": "The Mutants", - "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a34": "The Mutants was the only script ready to go, so the show had little choice but to use it. According to producer Verity Lambert", - "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a35": "Terry Nation", - "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a36": "25 minutes", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a34": "The Mutants", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a35": "The", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a36": "The Mutants", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a44": "26", - "5727f5622ca10214002d9a45": "the public perception of the show and a less-prominent transmission slot saw production suspended in 1989 by Jonathan Powell", - "5727f5622ca10214002d9a46": "the public perception of the show and a less-prominent transmission slot saw production suspended in 1989 by Jonathan Powell", - "5727f5622ca10214002d9a47": "the decision not to commission a planned 27", - "5727f5622ca10214002d9a48": "the decision not to commission a planned 27", - "5727f678ff5b5019007d9956": "the United States, had approached the BBC", - "5727f678ff5b5019007d9957": "July", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a45": "1989", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a46": "1989", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a47": "1989", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a48": "1989", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d9956": "1989", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d9957": "July 1989", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9958": "1996", - "5727f678ff5b5019007d9959": "9", - "5727f678ff5b5019007d995a": "the United States", - "5727f746ff5b5019007d9960": "March", - "5727f746ff5b5019007d9961": "March 2005", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d9959": "1996", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d995a": "1996", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9960": "2006", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9961": "2006", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9963": "2009", - "5727f746ff5b5019007d9964": "Chris Chibnall in 2018", - "5727f746ff5b5019007d9962": "Christmas", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9964": "Davies", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9962": "2006\u20132008 and 2010\u20132015, and Christmas Day specials", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7c": "1963\u20131989", - "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7d": "The 2005 version of Doctor Who is a direct plot continuation of the original 1963", - "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7e": "1996", - "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7f": "Batt", - "5727f8342ca10214002d9a80": "Mission", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7d": "1963", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7e": "1963\u20131989", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7f": "1963", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a80": "1963", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164160": "30 November 1963", - "5727fc7f4b864d1900164161": "the previous day; whereas in fact it went out after a delay of eighty seconds", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164161": "1963", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164162": "ten", - "5727fc7f4b864d1900164163": "John F. Kennedy", - "5727fc7f4b864d1900164164": "the coverage of the assassination, as well as a series of power blackouts across the country, and they broadcast it again on 30 November 1963", - "5727fdb94b864d190016417c": "the show\", and a 2011 online vote at Digital Spy deemed the series the \"scari", - "5727fdb94b864d190016417d": "Museum", - "5727fdb94b864d190016417e": "Museum", - "5727fdb94b864d190016417f": "scari", - "5727fdb94b864d1900164180": "Digital Spy", - "5727fed73acd2414000df1a1": "the time. The same report found that 3%", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164163": "1963", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164164": "1963", + "5727fdb94b864d190016417c": "the Moving Image in London", + "5727fdb94b864d190016417d": "1991", + "5727fdb94b864d190016417e": "1991", + "5727fdb94b864d190016417f": "2011 online vote at Digital Spy", + "5727fdb94b864d1900164180": "2011 online vote at Digital Spy", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a1": "3%", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a2": "3%", - "5727fed73acd2414000df1a3": "the survey in The Times newspaper, journalist Philip Howard", - "5727fed73acd2414000df1a4": "Monopoly with the property market in London", - "5727fed73acd2414000df1a5": "The Times", - "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8c": "the TARDIS has become firmly linked to the show in the public's consciousness", - "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8d": "the TARDIS", - "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8e": "the TARDIS", - "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8f": "Metropolitan Police Authority", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a3": "3%", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a4": "3%", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a5": "The Times newspaper, journalist Philip Howard", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8c": "Anthony Coburn, who lived in the resort of Herne Bay", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8d": "the TARDIS' blue police box design in merchandising associated with Doctor Who", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8e": "the TARDIS' blue police box design in merchandising associated with Doctor Who", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8f": "Metropolitan Police Authority filed an objection to the trade mark claim; but in 2002", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a90": "2002", - "572800b03acd2414000df1f1": "26", - "572800b03acd2414000df1f2": "6 December 1989", + "572800b03acd2414000df1f1": "1963 until 6 December 1989", + "572800b03acd2414000df1f2": "1989", "572800b03acd2414000df1f3": "12", - "572800b03acd2414000df1f4": "8", - "572800b03acd2414000df1f5": "The Trial of a Time Lord, which ran for 14 episodes (albeit divided into three production codes and four narrative segments) during season 23", - "572801823acd2414000df1fb": "2005", + "572800b03acd2414000df1f4": "The Master", + "572800b03acd2414000df1f5": "1963 until 6 December 1989", + "572801823acd2414000df1fb": "2005 revival, with each series usually consisting of 13", "572801823acd2414000df1fc": "13", - "572801823acd2414000df1fd": "Christmas Day", - "572801823acd2414000df1fe": "Journey's End\" from 2008 and \"The Eleventh Hour\" from 2010 exceeded an hour in length", + "572801823acd2414000df1fd": "13 45-minute, self-contained episodes (60 minutes with adverts, on overseas commercial channels), and an extended episode broadcast on Christmas Day", + "572801823acd2414000df1fe": "13", "572801823acd2414000df1ff": "2010", - "5728023a4b864d19001641f4": "826", + "5728023a4b864d19001641f4": "1963", "5728023a4b864d19001641f5": "25", "5728023a4b864d19001641f6": "eight", "5728023a4b864d19001641f7": "eight", "5728023a4b864d19001641f8": "2009", - "572803493acd2414000df229": "Patrick Troughton", - "572803493acd2414000df22a": "97", - "572803493acd2414000df22b": "3, 4, & 5, from which 79", + "572803493acd2414000df229": "3", + "572803493acd2414000df22a": "3", + "572803493acd2414000df22b": "79", "572803493acd2414000df22c": "1978", - "572803493acd2414000df22d": "3", - "572804522ca10214002d9b94": "archives", + "572803493acd2414000df22d": "1973", + "572804522ca10214002d9b94": "BBC", "572804522ca10214002d9b95": "Early colour", - "572804522ca10214002d9b97": "The Massacre of St", - "572804522ca10214002d9b96": "8", - "572804522ca10214002d9b98": "all of the lost episodes exist from home viewers", - "572805363acd2414000df26d": "the BBC", - "572805363acd2414000df26e": "1", - "572805363acd2414000df26f": "1968", - "572805363acd2414000df270": "Theta-Sigma", + "572804522ca10214002d9b97": "BBC", + "572804522ca10214002d9b96": "8 mm cine film", + "572804522ca10214002d9b98": "all of the lost episodes", + "572805363acd2414000df26d": "BBC", + "572805363acd2414000df26e": "2006", + "572805363acd2414000df26f": "1968), using remastered audio tracks and the comprehensive stage notes for the original filming, for the serial's DVD release in November 2006", + "572805363acd2414000df270": "Theta-Sigma, in collaboration with Big Finish, and became available for purchase in May 2013", "572805363acd2414000df271": "2006", - "57280757ff5b5019007d9b42": "appearance", - "57280757ff5b5019007d9b43": "a \"change of appearance", - "57280757ff5b5019007d9b44": "Producers introduced the concept of regeneration", + "57280757ff5b5019007d9b42": "a \"change of appearance", + "57280757ff5b5019007d9b43": "third on-screen regeneration however; Hartnell's Doctor had merely described undergoing a \"renewal,\" and the Second Doctor", + "57280757ff5b5019007d9b44": "third on-screen regeneration however; Hartnell's Doctor had merely described undergoing a \"renewal,\" and the Second Doctor", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b45": "third", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b46": "third", "572808bf4b864d190016429a": "12", "572808bf4b864d190016429b": "13", - "572808bf4b864d190016429c": "th", + "572808bf4b864d190016429c": "thirteenth", "572808bf4b864d190016429d": "12", "572808bf4b864d190016429e": "12", "572809ab4b864d19001642ae": "John Hurt", - "572809ab4b864d19001642af": "2013", - "572809ab4b864d19001642b0": "Michael Jayston", + "572809ab4b864d19001642af": "the Doctor in guest roles. Notably, in 2013", + "572809ab4b864d19001642b0": "twelfth", "572809ab4b864d19001642b1": "1986", - "572809ab4b864d19001642b2": "tw", - "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c66": "Eleventh", - "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c67": "1973", - "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c68": "2007", - "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c6a": "The Space Museum (albeit frozen and as an exhibit), the Third", - "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c69": "2013", + "572809ab4b864d19001642b2": "John Hurt", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c66": "Three", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c67": "1973's The Three", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c68": "Three", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c6a": "Three", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c69": "Three", "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca8": "1999", "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca9": "2003", "57280cac2ca10214002d9caa": "2010", "57280cac2ca10214002d9cab": "2003", "57280cac2ca10214002d9cac": "2003", - "57280e323acd2414000df349": "the same episode depicts the prophesied \"Fall of the Eleventh", - "57280e323acd2414000df34a": "the programme's long history, there have been revelations about the Doctor that have raised additional questions. In The Brain of Morbius (1976", - "57280e323acd2414000df34b": "1983", - "57280e323acd2414000df34c": "the Eleventh", + "57280e323acd2414000df349": "twelfth regeneration, due to a previous incarnation which he chose not to count and one other aborted regeneration. The name Eleventh", + "57280e323acd2414000df34a": "twelfth regeneration, due to a previous incarnation which he chose not to count and one other aborted regeneration. The name Eleventh", + "57280e323acd2414000df34b": "twelfth regeneration, due to a previous incarnation which he chose not to count and one other aborted regeneration. The name Eleventh", + "57280e323acd2414000df34c": "twelfth regeneration, due to a previous incarnation which he chose not to count and one other aborted regeneration. The name Eleventh", "57280e323acd2414000df34d": "1983", - "57280f0d3acd2414000df35b": "An", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35b": "An Unearthly Child, shows that the Doctor has a granddaughter, Susan Foreman", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35c": "Susan Foreman", - "57280f0d3acd2414000df35d": "planet", - "57280f0d3acd2414000df35e": "planet", - "57280f0d3acd2414000df35f": "the time they sleep in my mind\".", - "5728103eff5b5019007d9c30": "aliens", - "5728103eff5b5019007d9c31": "The Deadly", - "5728103eff5b5019007d9c33": "Sarah", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35d": "the Ninth Doctor thought he was the last surviving Time Lord, and that his home planet", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35e": "Ninth Doctor thought he was the last surviving Time Lord, and that his home planet", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35f": "brother, he replied", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c30": "1963. One of the roles of the companion is to remind the Doctor of his \"moral duty", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c31": "Sarah Jane Smith", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c33": "Sarah Jane Smith", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c34": "Sarah", - "5728103eff5b5019007d9c32": "Sarah Jane Smith", - "572811434b864d190016438c": "the 2005 revival", - "572811434b864d190016438d": "Jack", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c32": "Lady", + "572811434b864d190016438c": "Rose", + "572811434b864d190016438d": "the Ninth and Tenth Doctors", "572811434b864d190016438e": "Amy", "572811434b864d190016438f": "the show, as the story begins anew with each companion and she undergoes more change than the Doctor. The primary companions of the Ninth and Tenth Doctors", - "572811434b864d1900164390": "the show, as the story begins anew with each companion and she undergoes more change than the Doctor. The primary companions of the Ninth and Tenth Doctors", + "572811434b864d1900164390": "the Ninth and Tenth Doctors", "572812142ca10214002d9d2a": "Russell T Davies", - "572812142ca10214002d9d2b": "the show's 2005", - "572812142ca10214002d9d2c": "classic icons of Doctor Who", + "572812142ca10214002d9d2b": "2009\u201310 Specials. Davies' successor, Steven Moffat, has continued the trend by reviving the Silurians in series 5", + "572812142ca10214002d9d2c": "3", "572812142ca10214002d9d2d": "3", - "572812142ca10214002d9d2e": "Zygons in the 50th Anniversary Special", - "572812eaff5b5019007d9c80": "the show's second serial in 1963", - "572812eaff5b5019007d9c81": "the planet Skaro", - "572812eaff5b5019007d9c82": "ex", - "572812eaff5b5019007d9c83": "the planet Skaro, mutated by the scientist Davros", - "572812eaff5b5019007d9c84": "the purpose of a hand, and a directed-energy weapon. Their main weakness", + "572812142ca10214002d9d2e": "50th Anniversary Special", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c80": "1963", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c81": "1963", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c82": "1963", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c83": "1963", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c84": "1963", "572813b52ca10214002d9d68": "The Master", - "572813b52ca10214002d9d69": "Professor Moriarty", - "572813b52ca10214002d9d6a": "Eric Roberts", - "572813b52ca10214002d9d6b": "the universe. Conceived as \"Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes", - "572813b52ca10214002d9d6c": "Roger", - "572814882ca10214002d9d72": "Derek", - "572814882ca10214002d9d73": "Utopia", - "572814882ca10214002d9d74": "2014", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d69": "1971", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d6a": "1989. The Master returned in the 1996 television movie of Doctor Who, and was played by American actor Eric Roberts", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d6b": "1971", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d6c": "1971", + "572814882ca10214002d9d72": "Mistress", + "572814882ca10214002d9d73": "Mistress", + "572814882ca10214002d9d74": "2014 episode \"Dark Water,\" it was revealed that the Master had become a female incarnation or \"Time Lady", "572814882ca10214002d9d75": "Mistress", - "572814882ca10214002d9d76": "Michelle", + "572814882ca10214002d9d76": "Mistress", "572816213acd2414000df429": "Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire", - "572816213acd2414000df42a": "Dick Mills", - "572816213acd2414000df42b": "the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, with assistance from Dick Mills. The various parts were built up using musique concr\u00e8te techniques", + "572816213acd2414000df42a": "Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire", + "572816213acd2414000df42b": "Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire", "572816213acd2414000df42c": "17", - "572816213acd2414000df42d": "the BBC Radiophonic Workshop", - "5728177f2ca10214002d9db0": "Peter Howell", - "5728177f2ca10214002d9db1": "Ron Grainer", - "5728177f2ca10214002d9db2": "Seventh", - "5728177f2ca10214002d9db3": "Ron Grainer's original theme for Doctor Who in 1996. For the return of the series in 2005, Murray Gold", - "572817802ca10214002d9db4": "Christmas", - "5728185f3acd2414000df45b": "episode", + "572816213acd2414000df42d": "Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire", + "5728177f2ca10214002d9db0": "Peter Howell for season 18 (1980", + "5728177f2ca10214002d9db1": "1963", + "5728177f2ca10214002d9db2": "1987", + "5728177f2ca10214002d9db3": "1963", + "572817802ca10214002d9db4": "1963 original with further elements added; in the 2005 Christmas", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45b": "2007", "5728185f3acd2414000df45d": "Classic", - "5728185f3acd2414000df45c": "He", - "5728185f3acd2414000df45e": "2011", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45c": "2007 Christmas special episode, \"Voyage of the Damned\"; Gold returned as composer for the 2010", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45e": "Classic", "5728185f3acd2414000df45f": "2013", - "572819864b864d190016447e": "the Third Doctor", + "572819864b864d190016447e": "1970s", "572819864b864d190016447f": "1978", - "572819864b864d1900164480": "1978 a disco version of the theme was released in the UK, Denmark and Australia by the group Mankind, which reached number 24", - "572819864b864d1900164481": "the Doctor\".[note 6] In 1978 a disco version of the theme was released in the UK, Denmark and Australia by the group Mankind", - "572819864b864d1900164482": "the Doctor\".[note 6] In 1978 a disco version of the theme was released in the UK, Denmark and Australia by the group Mankind", + "572819864b864d1900164480": "1978", + "572819864b864d1900164481": "1978", + "572819864b864d1900164482": "1978", "57281a952ca10214002d9dea": "the first 15 years was Dudley Simpson", "57281a952ca10214002d9deb": "1964", - "57281a952ca10214002d9dec": "The most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years was Dudley Simpson", - "57281a952ca10214002d9ded": "the first 15 years was Dudley Simpson", - "57281a952ca10214002d9dee": "the first 15 years was Dudley Simpson", + "57281a952ca10214002d9dec": "Dudley Simpson", + "57281a952ca10214002d9ded": "Dudley Simpson", + "57281a952ca10214002d9dee": "Dudley Simpson", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfa": "the BBC National Orchestra of Wales", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfb": "2006", - "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfc": "27 July 2008", - "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfd": "27 July 2008", - "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfe": "Ben Foster", + "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfc": "2006", + "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfd": "2006", + "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfe": "Ben Foster and has been performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1e": "Six", - "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1f": "Six", + "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1f": "Six soundtrack releases have been released since 2005. The first featured tracks from the first two series, the second and third", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e20": "the third and fourth series respectively. The fourth was released on 4 October 2010", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e21": "A Christmas Carol", - "57281cb22ca10214002d9e22": "November 2010", - "57281f203acd2414000df4f5": "the 50th anniversary special \"The Day of the Doctor", - "57281f203acd2414000df4f6": "Tw", - "57281f203acd2414000df4f7": "Third and Eighth Doctors is the primary logo used on all media and merchandise", + "57281cb22ca10214002d9e22": "2010", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f5": "1973", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f6": "1973", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f7": "2014, the logo used for the Third and Eighth Doctors is the primary logo used on all media and merchandise", "57281f203acd2414000df4f8": "1973\u201380", - "57281f203acd2414000df4f9": "The Day of the Doctor", - "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9c": "John F. Kennedy", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f9": "1973", + "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9c": "John F. Kennedy, the first episode of Doctor Who was repeated with the second episode the following week", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9d": "Three", - "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9e": "late 1970s", + "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9e": "14 million, even for stories which did not feature them. The second was the late 1970s", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9f": "three notable periods of high ratings. The first of these was the \"Dalekmania\" period", "57282036ff5b5019007d9da0": "Three", - "572821ceff5b5019007d9db2": "During the ITV network strike of 1979", - "572821ceff5b5019007d9db3": "the BBC Board of Control", + "572821ceff5b5019007d9db2": "1979", + "572821ceff5b5019007d9db3": "the BBC Board of Control, a leading cause of the programme's 1989", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db4": "Coronation Street", - "572821ceff5b5019007d9db5": "Coronation Street", + "572821ceff5b5019007d9db5": "16", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db6": "2005", - "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd4": "number of PBS stations", - "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd5": "TVNZ", - "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd6": "12 May 1996 on CITV in Edmonton", - "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd7": "15", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd4": "1983", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd5": "three episodes airing back to back on TVNZ", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd6": "12 May 1996", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd7": "12 May 1996", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd8": "The Five Doctors", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed6": "January", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed7": "1983", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed8": "Sy", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed9": "2003", - "5728245b2ca10214002d9eda": "the show's 50th anniversary. The ABC broadcasts the modern series first run on ABC1, with repeats on ABC2", + "5728245b2ca10214002d9eda": "50th anniversary. The ABC broadcasts the modern series first run on ABC1, with repeats on ABC2", "572825714b864d1900164590": "1976", "572825714b864d1900164591": "1976", - "572825714b864d1900164592": "the 1990s on cable station YTV. CBC began showing the series again in 2005. The series moved to the Canadian cable channel Space", - "572825714b864d1900164593": "The Talons of Weng-Chiang was cancelled as a result of accusations", - "572825714b864d1900164594": "1979", - "572826762ca10214002d9f2c": "Christopher Eccleston", - "572826762ca10214002d9f2d": "excerpts from the Doctor Who Confidential documentary were played over the closing credits", + "572825714b864d1900164592": "1991", + "572825714b864d1900164593": "1991", + "572825714b864d1900164594": "1991. From 1979 to 1981, TVO airings were bookended by science-fiction writer", + "572826762ca10214002d9f2c": "Christopher Eccleston recorded special video introductions", + "572826762ca10214002d9f2d": "2006", "572826762ca10214002d9f2e": "Billie Piper", "572826762ca10214002d9f2f": "2006", "572826762ca10214002d9f30": "2006", - "5728274cff5b5019007d9e26": "the United Kingdom", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e26": "BBC Video on DVD, on sale in the United Kingdom", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e27": "Eight", - "5728274cff5b5019007d9e28": "Doctor Who", - "5728274cff5b5019007d9e29": "Spearhead from Space, released in July 2013", - "5728274cff5b5019007d9e2a": "Only the series from 2009 onwards", - "572828383acd2414000df5c3": "Martin", - "572828383acd2414000df5c4": "The Ultimate Adventure", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e28": "episode of Doctor Who", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e29": "2013", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e2a": "Only the series from 2009 onwards are available on Blu-ray, except for the 1970 story Spearhead from Space, released in July 2013", + "572828383acd2414000df5c3": "Doctor Who has appeared on stage numerous times. In the early 1970s", + "572828383acd2414000df5c4": "Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday. In the late 1980s", "572828383acd2414000df5c5": "The Curse of the Daleks, a stage play mounted in the late 1960s", - "572828383acd2414000df5c6": "The Ultimate Adventure", - "572828383acd2414000df5c7": "the run of a play titled Doctor Who \u2013 The Ultimate Adventure. For two performances, while Pertwee was ill, David Banks", - "572829532ca10214002d9fa2": "13", + "572828383acd2414000df5c6": "The Curse of the Daleks, a stage play mounted in the late 1960s, but without the Doctor", + "572828383acd2414000df5c7": "the Daleks, a stage play mounted in the late 1960s, but without the Doctor", + "572829532ca10214002d9fa2": "2006", "572829532ca10214002d9fa3": "2006", "572829532ca10214002d9fa4": "2008", - "572829532ca10214002d9fa5": "A third series was broadcast from 6 to 10 July 2009", - "572829532ca10214002d9fa6": "Starz debuted in 2011", - "57282f204b864d190016468a": "Elisabeth Sladen who reprised her role as investigative journalist Sarah Jane Smith", - "57282f204b864d190016468b": "September 2007", - "57282f204b864d190016468c": "2009", - "57282f204b864d190016468d": "Matt Smith", + "572829532ca10214002d9fa5": "2006", + "572829532ca10214002d9fa6": "2011", + "57282f204b864d190016468a": "2007", + "57282f204b864d190016468b": "2007", + "57282f204b864d190016468c": "2007", + "57282f204b864d190016468d": "2007", "57282f204b864d190016468e": "2011", "5728303e4b864d19001646aa": "1993", "5728303e4b864d19001646ab": "1993", - "5728303e4b864d19001646ac": "EastEnders", + "5728303e4b864d19001646ac": "1993", "5728303e4b864d19001646ad": "1993", "5728303e4b864d19001646ae": "1993", "572831512ca10214002da04a": "1999", - "572831512ca10214002da04b": "four", + "572831512ca10214002da04b": "the Curse of Fatal Death, was made for Comic Relief", "572831512ca10214002da04c": "Richard", - "572831512ca10214002da04d": "Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley", + "572831512ca10214002da04d": "Richard", "572831512ca10214002da04e": "Steven Moffat, later to be head writer and executive producer", - "572833662ca10214002da086": "Star Trek: The Next Generation", - "572833662ca10214002da087": "episodes", - "572833662ca10214002da088": "er as Folk (created by later Doctor Who executive producer Russell T. Davies", - "572833662ca10214002da089": "the form of clips from the programme. In a similar manner, the character of Oliver", - "572833662ca10214002da08a": "young adult fantasy novels Brisingr and High Wizardry", - "572834524b864d1900164716": "a 21-minute narrated abridgement of the First Doctor television story The Chase released in 1966", - "572834524b864d1900164717": "21", - "572834524b864d1900164718": "Ten", + "572833662ca10214002da086": "EastEnders", + "572833662ca10214002da087": "EastEnders", + "572833662ca10214002da088": "Russell T. Davies", + "572833662ca10214002da089": "EastEnders", + "572833662ca10214002da08a": "EastEnders", + "572834524b864d1900164716": "21-minute narrated abridgement of the First Doctor television story The Chase released in 1966", + "572834524b864d1900164717": "21-minute narrated abridgement of the First Doctor television story The Chase released in 1966", + "572834524b864d1900164718": "Ten years later, the first original Doctor Who audio was released on LP record; Doctor Who and the Pescatons featuring the Fourth Doctor", "572834524b864d1900164719": "1981", "572834524b864d190016471a": "1988", "572835854b864d190016472e": "1999", - "572835854b864d190016472f": "the first time Big Finish created stories (in this case audiobooks) featuring the Doctors", - "572835854b864d1900164730": "Big Finish Productions", + "572835854b864d190016472f": "1999", + "572835854b864d1900164730": "1999", "572835854b864d1900164731": "1999", - "572835854b864d1900164732": "Tom Baker's Fourth Doctor began appearing for Big Finish in 2012", + "572835854b864d1900164732": "2012", "572836732ca10214002da0dc": "1991", "572836732ca10214002da0dd": "BBC", "572836732ca10214002da0de": "1979", - "572836732ca10214002da0df": "a dedicated Doctor Who Magazine with newsstand circulation has been published regularly since 1979", - "572836732ca10214002da0e0": "BBC", - "572837402ca10214002da0f4": "the early 1960s", - "572837402ca10214002da0f5": "the creation of the Doctor Who character by BBC Television", + "572836732ca10214002da0df": "1979", + "572836732ca10214002da0e0": "by BBC Books", + "572837402ca10214002da0f4": "1960s", + "572837402ca10214002da0f5": "the creation of the Doctor Who character by BBC Television in the early 1960s", "572837402ca10214002da0f6": "producers", "572837402ca10214002da0f7": "BBC", "572838323acd2414000df737": "2006", - "572838323acd2414000df738": "2005\u20132010", + "572838323acd2414000df738": "2006 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series and five consecutive (2005\u20132010", "572838323acd2414000df739": "2011", "572838323acd2414000df73a": "Michelle", - "572838323acd2414000df73b": "Best Supporting Actress", - "57283a392ca10214002da118": "Guinness", - "57283a392ca10214002da119": "the largest ever simulcast of a TV drama", - "57283a392ca10214002da11a": "pioneering", + "572838323acd2414000df73b": "Michelle Gomez became the first female to receive a BAFTA nomination for the series, getting a Best Supporting Actress", + "57283a392ca10214002da118": "listed in Guinness World Records", + "57283a392ca10214002da119": "50th anniversary special", + "57283a392ca10214002da11a": "Doctor Who", "57283a392ca10214002da11b": "2013", - "57283a392ca10214002da11c": "50th anniversary special", + "57283a392ca10214002da11c": "50", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa4": "11", - "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa5": "Doctor Who", + "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa5": "the series won a Writers' Guild of Great Britain", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa6": "third", - "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa7": "SFX magazine", - "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa8": "eight", + "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa7": "2005, the series came first in a survey by SFX magazine", + "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa8": "1963\u20131989 run was placed at number eight", "57283ce72ca10214002da14c": "five", "57283ce72ca10214002da14d": "five", - "57283ce72ca10214002da14e": "25", + "57283ce72ca10214002da14e": "five", "57283ce72ca10214002da14f": "2009", - "57283ce72ca10214002da150": "the 2010 Mind", + "57283ce72ca10214002da150": "five", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc6": "six", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc7": "200", - "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc8": "hundred", + "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc8": "six", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc9": "Matt Smith", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fca": "six", - "57283e652ca10214002da166": "Lenny Henry", - "57283e652ca10214002da167": "Jon", - "57283e652ca10214002da168": "a soap sponge", + "57283e652ca10214002da166": "a soap sponge at it) and Lenny Henry", + "57283e652ca10214002da167": "the Fourth Doctor", + "57283e652ca10214002da168": "comedians including Spike Milligan (a Dalek invades his bathroom", "57283e652ca10214002da16a": "The Big Bang Theory", - "57283e652ca10214002da169": "Jon", - "57283c464b864d19001647c8": "The University of Chicago", + "57283e652ca10214002da169": "the Fourth Doctor", + "57283c464b864d19001647c8": "seven", "57283c464b864d19001647c9": "1890", "57283c464b864d19001647ca": "seven", "57283c464b864d19001647cb": "four", - "57283c464b864d19001647cc": "5,000 students in the College", - "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbc": "various academic disciplines", - "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbd": "physics department", + "57283c464b864d19001647cc": "5,000 students in the College and around", + "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbc": "various academic disciplines, including: the Chicago school of economics", + "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbd": "physics department helped develop the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbe": "physics department helped develop the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction", - "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbf": "University of Chicago Press", + "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbf": "the University of Chicago Press", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fc0": "2020", - "57283f014b864d19001647e8": "the American Baptist Education Society", - "57283f014b864d19001647e9": "John", + "57283f014b864d19001647e8": "John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper", + "57283f014b864d19001647e9": "John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper", "57283f014b864d19001647ea": "William Rainey Harper", - "57283f014b864d19001647eb": "1891", + "57283f014b864d19001647eb": "91", "57283f014b864d19001647ec": "1892", - "57284142ff5b5019007da00a": "John D. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field", + "57284142ff5b5019007da00a": "John D. Rockefeller", "57284142ff5b5019007da00b": "Lecture Hall", - "57284142ff5b5019007da00c": "Cobb Lecture Hall", + "57284142ff5b5019007da00c": "Lecture Hall", "57284142ff5b5019007da00d": "Marshall Field's pledge of $100,000", "57284142ff5b5019007da00e": "Charles L. Hutchinson", - "572843304b864d1900164848": "Stetson University. In 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College", + "572843304b864d1900164848": "1896", "572843304b864d1900164849": "1896", - "572843304b864d190016484a": "grade of A", - "572843304b864d190016484b": "Several University of Chicago professors", + "572843304b864d190016484a": "1896", + "572843304b864d190016484b": "1910", "572843304b864d190016484c": "1910", - "57284456ff5b5019007da05c": "Robert Maynard Hutchins", - "57284456ff5b5019007da060": "Common Core", + "57284456ff5b5019007da05c": "1929", + "57284456ff5b5019007da060": "1929", "57284456ff5b5019007da05f": "1929", - "57284456ff5b5019007da05e": "24", + "57284456ff5b5019007da05e": "1929", "57284456ff5b5019007da05d": "1929", - "57284618ff5b5019007da0a8": "the early 1950s", - "57284618ff5b5019007da0a9": "the early 1950s", - "57284618ff5b5019007da0aa": "Shimer were enabled to transfer automatically", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0a8": "1950s", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0a9": "1950s", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0aa": "the early 1950s", "57284618ff5b5019007da0ab": "Hyde Park", - "57284618ff5b5019007da0ac": "the neighborhood's architecture and street plan. During this period the university, like Shimer College and 10 others, adopted an early entrant program", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0ac": "1950s", "572847ff3acd2414000df869": "1962", - "572847ff3acd2414000df86a": "President", + "572847ff3acd2414000df86a": "George Beadle's office", "572847ff3acd2414000df86b": "1967", - "572847ff3acd2414000df86c": "1967", + "572847ff3acd2414000df86c": "1967 issued what became known as the Kalven Report", "572847ff3acd2414000df86d": "1967", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f2": "mid-2000s", - "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f3": "Milton Friedman Institute", - "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f4": "200", - "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f5": "the Chicago Theological Seminary", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f3": "the Milton Friedman Institute", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f4": "2008", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f5": "2008", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f6": "300 million", - "57284b904b864d19001648e2": "the Main Quadrangles", + "57284b904b864d19001648e2": "the Main", "57284b904b864d19001648e3": "six", - "57284b904b864d19001648e4": "Henry Ives Cobb", - "57284b904b864d19001648e5": "Magdalen Tower", + "57284b904b864d19001648e4": "Henry", + "57284b904b864d19001648e5": "Tower, for example, is modeled after Oxford's Magdalen Tower", "57284b904b864d19001648e6": "Christ Church Hall", - "57284d484b864d1900164900": "After the 1940s", - "57284d484b864d1900164901": "Eero Saarinen", - "57284d484b864d1900164902": "School of Social Service Administration", - "57284d484b864d1900164903": "School of Social Service Administration", + "57284d484b864d1900164900": "1940s", + "57284d484b864d1900164901": "1955, Eero Saarinen", + "57284d484b864d1900164902": "the Regenstein Library", + "57284d484b864d1900164903": "Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for the university's School of Social Service Administration", "57284d484b864d1900164904": "2003", "57284e9fff5b5019007da150": "London", "57284e9fff5b5019007da151": "The Center in Paris", - "57284e9fff5b5019007da152": "fall 2010", - "57284e9fff5b5019007da153": "Renmin University's campus in Haidian District", - "57284e9fff5b5019007da154": "2014, and a center in Hong Kong which opened in 2015", - "5728501aff5b5019007da166": "Robert Zimmer", + "57284e9fff5b5019007da152": "2010", + "57284e9fff5b5019007da153": "2010", + "57284e9fff5b5019007da154": "2014", + "5728501aff5b5019007da166": "50 members including the university President", "5728501aff5b5019007da167": "50", "5728501aff5b5019007da168": "fourteen", - "5728501aff5b5019007da169": "Andrew Alper", + "5728501aff5b5019007da169": "Andrew", "5728501aff5b5019007da16a": "March", "5728510f4b864d1900164936": "The Higher Learning Commission", "5728510f4b864d1900164937": "four", "5728510f4b864d1900164938": "seven", "57285213ff5b5019007da180": "50", - "57285213ff5b5019007da181": "28", + "57285213ff5b5019007da181": "50", "57285213ff5b5019007da182": "five", "57285213ff5b5019007da183": "five", - "572853e8ff5b5019007da188": "the 2013\u20132014 school year, 15", + "572853e8ff5b5019007da188": "15", "572853e8ff5b5019007da189": "17", - "572853e8ff5b5019007da18a": "most convinc", - "572853e8ff5b5019007da18b": "the University of Chicago", - "572855973acd2414000df925": "University of Chicago Laboratory Schools", - "572855973acd2414000df926": "Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School", + "572853e8ff5b5019007da18a": "15", + "572853e8ff5b5019007da18b": "15", + "572855973acd2414000df925": "the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools", + "572855973acd2414000df926": "a residential treatment program", "572855973acd2414000df927": "four", - "572855973acd2414000df928": "four", - "572855973acd2414000df929": "In addition, the Hyde Park Day School", + "572855973acd2414000df928": "four public charter schools on the South Side of Chicago administered by the university's Urban Education Institute", + "572855973acd2414000df929": "Hyde Park Day School", "572856beff5b5019007da190": "six", "572856beff5b5019007da191": "9", - "572856beff5b5019007da192": "the Regenstein Library", + "572856beff5b5019007da192": "six", "572856beff5b5019007da193": "2011", - "572856beff5b5019007da194": "1.3", + "572856beff5b5019007da194": "John Crerar Library", "57285841ff5b5019007da19a": "12", - "57285841ff5b5019007da19b": "113", + "57285841ff5b5019007da19b": "12", "57285841ff5b5019007da19c": "Oriental Institute", - "57285841ff5b5019007da19d": "Fermilab, a nearby particle physics laboratory", + "57285841ff5b5019007da19d": "12", "57285841ff5b5019007da19e": "the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico", - "57286010ff5b5019007da1ca": "economics", + "57286010ff5b5019007da1ca": "the development of radiocarbon dating", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cb": "the Chicago Pile-1 (the first self-sustained man-made nuclear reaction", - "57286010ff5b5019007da1cc": "the Miller\u2013Urey experiment", + "57286010ff5b5019007da1cc": "the development of radiocarbon dating", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cd": "1953", - "572861cc4b864d190016495e": "1933", + "572861cc4b864d190016495e": "1933 and in Cinema & Media studies since 2000", "572861cc4b864d190016495f": "2000", "572861cc4b864d1900164960": "2000", - "572861cc4b864d1900164961": "1996) and theater & performance studies", + "572861cc4b864d1900164961": "2000", "572861cc4b864d1900164962": "Several thousand", "572863363acd2414000df985": "5", "572863363acd2414000df986": "3", - "572863363acd2414000df987": "5", + "572863363acd2414000df987": "3,468 students in its four graduate divisions, 5", "572863363acd2414000df988": "5", - "572863363acd2414000df989": "%", - "572864542ca10214002da2de": "University Athletic Association", + "572863363acd2414000df989": "19%", + "572864542ca10214002da2de": "III", "572864542ca10214002da2df": "III", - "572864542ca10214002da2e0": "Big Ten Conference", - "572864542ca10214002da2e1": "1935, Chicago Maroons football player Jay Berwanger", + "572864542ca10214002da2e0": "1946", + "572864542ca10214002da2e1": "1935", "572864542ca10214002da2e2": "1946", "5728659f4b864d190016498a": "400", - "5728659f4b864d190016498b": "Recognized Student Organizations (RSOs", - "5728659f4b864d190016498c": "the University of Chicago College Bowl Team", - "5728659f4b864d190016498d": "nation", - "5728659f4b864d190016498e": "Off-Off Campus", + "5728659f4b864d190016498b": "twice-weekly student newspaper The Chicago Maroon, the alternative weekly student newspaper South Side Weekly", + "5728659f4b864d190016498c": "118", + "5728659f4b864d190016498d": "the nation's longest continuously running student film society", + "5728659f4b864d190016498e": "second oldest continuously running student improvisational theater troupe Off-Off Campus", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fc": "The University of Chicago Student Government", - "5728667eff5b5019007da1fd": "the University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt to Model UN", - "5728667eff5b5019007da1fe": "the assistance of two Vice Presidents, one for Administration", - "5728667eff5b5019007da1ff": "greater than $2", + "5728667eff5b5019007da1fd": "The University of Chicago Student Government", + "5728667eff5b5019007da1fe": "The University of Chicago Student Government", + "5728667eff5b5019007da1ff": "The University of Chicago Student Government", "572867543acd2414000df9a1": "fifteen", "572867543acd2414000df9a2": "seven", "572867543acd2414000df9a3": "Alpha Phi Omega", "572867543acd2414000df9a4": "Four", "572867543acd2414000df9a5": "ten", - "5728683b3acd2414000df9af": "Every May since 1987", + "5728683b3acd2414000df9af": "1987", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b0": "1987", - "5728683b3acd2414000df9b1": "the Festival of the Arts", + "5728683b3acd2414000df9b1": "1963, the Festival of the Arts", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b2": "Every January", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b3": "Summer", - "57286951ff5b5019007da20e": "Satya Nadella", + "57286951ff5b5019007da20e": "Satya", "57286951ff5b5019007da20f": "Larry Ellison", "57286951ff5b5019007da210": "third richest", - "57286951ff5b5019007da211": "the third richest man in America Larry Ellison, Goldman Sachs", - "57286951ff5b5019007da212": "the third richest man in America Larry Ellison, Goldman Sachs and MF Global CEO as well as former Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine, McKin", + "57286951ff5b5019007da211": "Satya Nadella, Oracle Corporation founder and the third richest man in America Larry Ellison, Goldman Sachs and MF Global", + "57286951ff5b5019007da212": "Satya Nadella, Oracle Corporation founder and the third richest man in America Larry Ellison, Goldman Sachs", "57286ab72ca10214002da31e": "Saul Alinsky", - "57286ab72ca10214002da31f": "Clinton", - "57286ab72ca10214002da320": "Robert Bork", + "57286ab72ca10214002da31f": "Bill Clinton", + "57286ab72ca10214002da320": "Robert Bork, Attorney General Ramsey Clark, Prohibition agent Eliot Ness, Supreme Court Justice", "57286ab72ca10214002da321": "Governor of the Bank of Japan", "57286ab72ca10214002da322": "Eliot Ness", "57286bf84b864d19001649d4": "Allan Bloom", - "57286bf84b864d19001649d6": "Kurt Vonnegut", - "57286bf84b864d19001649d2": "New York Times", - "57286bf84b864d19001649d5": "Stud", - "57286bf84b864d19001649d3": "Roth", - "57286d7d4b864d19001649e0": "Philip Glass", - "57286d7d4b864d19001649e1": "the Halo", - "57286d7d4b864d19001649e2": "the Halo video game series Alex Seropian", - "57286d7d4b864d19001649e3": "the 2014 documentary film Life Itself Roger Ebert, director, writer, and comedian Mike Nichols", - "57286d7d4b864d19001649e4": "the 2014 documentary film Life Itself Roger Ebert, director, writer, and comedian Mike Nichols", - "57286ec63acd2414000df9d1": "Carl", - "57286ec63acd2414000df9d2": "John", - "57286ec63acd2414000df9d3": "David Suzuki", + "57286bf84b864d19001649d6": "Kurt", + "57286bf84b864d19001649d2": "Kurt", + "57286bf84b864d19001649d5": "The Good War", + "57286bf84b864d19001649d3": "Philip Roth", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e0": "minimalist composer Philip Glass", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e1": "Roger Ebert, director, writer, and comedian Mike Nichols, film director and screenwriter Philip Kaufman, and Carl Van Vechten", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e2": "Alex Seropian", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e3": "Roger Ebert, director, writer, and comedian Mike Nichols, film director and screenwriter Philip Kaufman, and Carl Van Vechten", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e4": "Roger Ebert, director, writer, and comedian Mike Nichols, film director and screenwriter Philip Kaufman, and Carl Van Vechten", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d1": "John M. Grunsfeld, geneticist", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d2": "John M. Grunsfeld, geneticist", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d3": "David", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d4": "John B. Goodenough", - "57286ec63acd2414000df9d5": "Patterson", - "572870b2ff5b5019007da222": "the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and Eugene Fama", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d5": "dating", + "572870b2ff5b5019007da222": "the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and Eugene Fama, known for his work on portfolio theory", "572870b2ff5b5019007da223": "Margaret Thatcher", "572870b2ff5b5019007da224": "Paul", - "572870b2ff5b5019007da225": "the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and Eugene Fama, known for his work on portfolio theory", + "572870b2ff5b5019007da225": "Paul Samuelson, the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and Eugene Fama, known for his work on portfolio theory", "572871bc4b864d1900164a04": "David Graeber", - "572871bc4b864d1900164a05": "the psychological school of behaviorism, communication theorist Harold Innis, chess grandmaster Samuel Reshevsky", - "572871bc4b864d1900164a06": "the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington", - "572872dd2ca10214002da37e": "A. A. Michelson", + "572871bc4b864d1900164a05": "John B. Watson, American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, communication theorist Harold Innis, chess grandmaster", + "572871bc4b864d1900164a06": "David Graeber", + "572872dd2ca10214002da37e": "Edward Teller, \"one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century", "572872dd2ca10214002da37f": "Arthur H. Compton", - "572872dd2ca10214002da380": "i", + "572872dd2ca10214002da380": "Edward Teller, \"one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century", "572872dd2ca10214002da381": "Edward Teller", - "572872dd2ca10214002da382": "Maria Goeppert-Mayer", - "5728742cff5b5019007da246": "James", + "572872dd2ca10214002da382": "Maria", + "5728742cff5b5019007da246": "Alberto Calder\u00f3n", "5728742cff5b5019007da247": "Alberto Calder\u00f3n", "5728742cff5b5019007da248": "Ted Fujita", - "5728742cff5b5019007da249": "the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics", - "5728742cff5b5019007da24a": "Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley", - "5728759cff5b5019007da25b": "Raghuram Rajan", - "5728759cff5b5019007da25a": "Goldman Sachs", + "5728742cff5b5019007da249": "Alberto Calder\u00f3n", + "5728742cff5b5019007da24a": "Allan Bloom, cancer researchers Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley", + "5728759cff5b5019007da25b": "Raghuram Rajan, the 74th United States Secretary of the Treasury", + "5728759cff5b5019007da25a": "Treasury", "5728759cff5b5019007da25c": "David Bevington", "5728759cff5b5019007da25d": "John Mearsheimer", - "5728759cff5b5019007da25e": "paleontologists", - "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b6": "\u5143", - "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b7": "\u5143", - "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b8": "\u671d", - "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b9": "Kublai Khan", + "5728759cff5b5019007da25e": "paleontologists Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno, evolutionary biologist", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b6": "\u5927\u5143", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b7": "\u5927\u5143", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b8": "\u5927\u5143", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b9": "\u5927\u5143", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1ba": "71", - "572860e03acd2414000df977": "the successors of M\u00f6ngke Khan", - "572860e03acd2414000df978": "the successors of M\u00f6ngke Khan", - "572860e03acd2414000df979": "the successors of M\u00f6ngke Khan", + "572860e03acd2414000df977": "\u00f6ngke Khan", + "572860e03acd2414000df978": "\u00f6ngke Khan", + "572860e03acd2414000df979": "\u00f6ngke Khan", "572860e03acd2414000df97a": "Genghis Khan", - "57286192ff5b5019007da1dc": "the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan", - "57286192ff5b5019007da1dd": "the sentence \"\u5927\u54c9\u4e7e\u5143", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1dc": "Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1dd": "Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143", "57286192ff5b5019007da1de": "Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143", "57286192ff5b5019007da1df": "Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143", - "57286192ff5b5019007da1e0": "Khan", - "572863c72ca10214002da2d4": "steppes and became Great Khan in 1206", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1e0": "Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143", + "572863c72ca10214002da2d4": "06", "572863c72ca10214002da2d5": "06", - "572863c72ca10214002da2d6": "\u00d6gedei Khan", + "572863c72ca10214002da2d6": "06", "572863c72ca10214002da2d7": "\u00f6ngke Khan succeeded \u00d6gedei's son, G\u00fcy\u00fck, as Great Khan in 1251", - "572863c72ca10214002da2d8": "the reign of Genghis' third son, \u00d6gedei Khan", - "572864dd4b864d1900164976": "3", - "572864dd4b864d1900164977": "Two", - "572864dd4b864d1900164978": "Two", + "572863c72ca10214002da2d8": "\u00d6gedei Khan", + "572864dd4b864d1900164976": "Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (\u5289\u9ed1\u99ac, Liu Ni", + "572864dd4b864d1900164977": "Liu Heima (\u5289\u9ed1\u99ac, Liu Ni", + "572864dd4b864d1900164978": "Tianze, Liu Heima (\u5289\u9ed1\u99ac, Liu Ni", "572864dd4b864d1900164979": "10", "572864dd4b864d190016497a": "3", - "5728661e2ca10214002da2e8": "Shi", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2e8": "Tian", "5728661e2ca10214002da2e9": "Tian", - "5728661e2ca10214002da2ea": "Shi", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2ea": "Tian", "5728661e2ca10214002da2eb": "Shi Bingzhi", - "5728661e2ca10214002da2ec": "Rou", - "572867212ca10214002da2f2": "M\u00f6ngke Khan", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2ec": "Shi Tianze (Shih T'ien-tse), Zhang Rou (Chang Jou, \u5f35\u67d4", + "572867212ca10214002da2f2": "59 without a successor. Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260", "572867212ca10214002da2f3": "\u00f6ngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China", "572867212ca10214002da2f4": "59", - "572867212ca10214002da2f5": "brother", + "572867212ca10214002da2f5": "59", "572867212ca10214002da2f6": "Zhongtong", "572867d72ca10214002da2fc": "refused", - "572867d72ca10214002da2fd": "the south", + "572867d72ca10214002da2fd": "the western frontier of Kublai's domain. The hostile but weakened Song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south", "572867d72ca10214002da2fe": "59", - "572867d72ca10214002da2ff": "the south. Kublai secured the northeast border in 1259", - "572867d72ca10214002da300": "Li Tan, the son-in-law of a powerful official, instigated a revolt against Mongol rule in 1262", - "572869b84b864d19001649ae": "the demands of his Chinese subjects. He instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese advisers", - "572869b84b864d19001649b0": "the local administrative structure", - "572869b84b864d19001649b2": "three, later four, classes with the Han Chinese", + "572867d72ca10214002da2ff": "59", + "572867d72ca10214002da300": "Li Tan", + "572869b84b864d19001649ae": "demands of his Chinese subjects. He instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese advisers", + "572869b84b864d19001649b0": "ariat", + "572869b84b864d19001649b2": "three", "572869b84b864d19001649b1": "three", - "572869b84b864d19001649af": "the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the traditional monopolies", - "57286b003acd2414000df9c1": "Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264", - "57286b003acd2414000df9c2": "Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264", + "572869b84b864d19001649af": "the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron. He restored the Imperial Secretariat", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c1": "the Mongol capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c2": "the Mongol capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264", "57286b003acd2414000df9c3": "the Mongol capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264", - "57286b003acd2414000df9c4": "Zhongdu", - "57286b003acd2414000df9c5": "Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration", - "57286bb84b864d19001649c8": "cultural", - "57286bb84b864d19001649c9": "Pax", - "57286bb84b864d19001649ca": "the Grand Canal", - "57286bb84b864d19001649cb": "Daidu in the north", - "57286bb84b864d19001649cc": "Marco Polo", - "57286c8cff5b5019007da218": "the Song Emperor to Quzhou", - "57286c8cff5b5019007da219": "north", - "57286c8cff5b5019007da21a": ", while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234", - "57286c8cff5b5019007da21b": "brother", - "57286c8cff5b5019007da21c": "30,000", - "57286d4f2ca10214002da328": "northern", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c4": "Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, in 1266", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c5": "ety and ancestor veneration", + "57286bb84b864d19001649c8": "\u9214", + "57286bb84b864d19001649c9": "\u9214", + "57286bb84b864d19001649ca": "\u9214", + "57286bb84b864d19001649cb": "\u9214", + "57286bb84b864d19001649cc": "\u9214", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da218": "Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da219": "Duke Yansheng", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da21a": "Duke Yansheng", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da21b": "brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da21c": "30", + "57286d4f2ca10214002da328": "Emperor Bing of Song. The Mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of Yamen in 1279", "57286d4f2ca10214002da329": "68", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32a": "68", - "57286d4f2ca10214002da32b": "Hangzhou", - "57286d4f2ca10214002da32c": "the battle of Yamen in 1279", - "57286dfa2ca10214002da332": "the Chinese Tran (Chen) clan", + "57286d4f2ca10214002da32b": "Emperor Bing of Song. The Mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of Yamen in 1279", + "57286d4f2ca10214002da32c": "Emperor Bing of Song. The Mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of Yamen in 1279", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da332": "King", "57286dfa2ca10214002da333": "81", - "57286dfa2ca10214002da334": "the Mongol invasion. The Tran dynasty originated from the Fujian region", - "57286dfa2ca10214002da335": "B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng (1288", - "57286dfa2ca10214002da336": "Battle of B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng (1288", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da334": "King", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da335": "Battle of B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng (1288", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da336": "King", "57286ead2ca10214002da346": "53", - "57286ead2ca10214002da347": "Succession", - "57286ead2ca10214002da348": "85", - "57286ead2ca10214002da349": "Tem\u00fcr Khan", - "57286ead2ca10214002da34a": "Khan", - "57286f373acd2414000df9db": "Khan", - "57286f373acd2414000df9dc": "the reign of Kublai, to the discontent", + "57286ead2ca10214002da347": "Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307", + "57286ead2ca10214002da348": "jin, as the Crown Prince", + "57286ead2ca10214002da349": "Tem\u00fcr Khan, or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307", + "57286ead2ca10214002da34a": "Tem\u00fcr Khan, or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307", + "57286f373acd2414000df9db": "1313", + "57286f373acd2414000df9dc": "1313", "57286f373acd2414000df9dd": "Li Meng", - "57286f373acd2414000df9de": "Buyantu Khan", - "57286f373acd2414000df9df": "Khan", - "57286fa83acd2414000df9e5": "Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321", - "57286fa83acd2414000df9e6": "Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321", - "57286fa83acd2414000df9e7": "Baiju", - "57286fa83acd2414000df9e8": "the Da Yuan Tong Zhi", - "57286fa83acd2414000df9e9": "five", - "5728705c2ca10214002da35a": "Tugh Tem\u00fcr was recalled to Khanbaliq by the Qipchaq commander El Tem\u00fcr", - "5728705c2ca10214002da35b": "War", - "5728705c2ca10214002da35c": "four days", - "5728705c2ca10214002da35d": "supposedly", - "5728705c2ca10214002da35e": "brother", - "5728710c3acd2414000df9ef": "the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by El Tem\u00fcr, Tugh Tem\u00fcr", - "5728710c3acd2414000df9f0": "the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature", + "57286f373acd2414000df9de": "1313", + "57286f373acd2414000df9df": "the highest-ranking officials. Starting in 1313", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e5": "21", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e6": "21", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e7": "21", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e8": "21", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e9": "21 to 1323", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35a": "28", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35b": "28", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35c": "28", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35d": "28", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35e": "28", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9ef": "29", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9f0": "29", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f1": "29", - "5728710c3acd2414000df9f2": "Academy", - "5728710c3acd2414000df9f3": "Tugh Tem\u00fcr supported Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism and also devoted himself in Buddhism", - "572871bd3acd2414000dfa03": "32", - "572871bd3acd2414000dfa04": "Emperor Ningzong", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9f2": "the Academy", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9f3": "29", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa03": "Tugh Tem\u00fcr in 1332", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa04": "Toghun Tem\u00fcr, marking the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa05": "13", - "572871bd3acd2414000dfa06": "Tem\u00fcr", - "572871bd3acd2414000dfa07": "finish the long-stalled official histories", - "572872822ca10214002da374": ", and bitterness", - "572872822ca10214002da375": "Asia", - "572872822ca10214002da376": "Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army and the populace", - "572872822ca10214002da377": ", and China was torn by dissension and unrest. Outlaws ravaged the country without interference", - "572872822ca10214002da378": "Uninterested in administration", - "57287338ff5b5019007da232": "late 1340s onwards, people in the countryside", - "57287338ff5b5019007da233": "Turban Rebellion", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa06": "Toghun Tem\u00fcr, marking the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa07": "Toghun Tem\u00fcr, marking the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349", + "572872822ca10214002da374": "dissension", + "572872822ca10214002da375": "Khan's successors lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia", + "572872822ca10214002da376": "dissension", + "572872822ca10214002da377": "dissension", + "572872822ca10214002da378": "dissension", + "57287338ff5b5019007da232": "70", + "57287338ff5b5019007da233": "Red Turban Rebellion", "57287338ff5b5019007da234": "54", - "57287338ff5b5019007da235": "Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels", - "57287338ff5b5019007da236": "Yingchang", - "572878942ca10214002da3a2": "the Yuan dynasty", - "572878942ca10214002da3a3": "fair amount of cultural", + "57287338ff5b5019007da235": "70", + "57287338ff5b5019007da236": "70", + "572878942ca10214002da3a2": "Middle Eastern cartography, astronomy, medicine, clothing, and diet in East Asia", + "572878942ca10214002da3a3": "Middle Eastern cartography, astronomy, medicine, clothing, and diet in East Asia", "572878942ca10214002da3a4": "ally and subordinate in Persia", - "572878942ca10214002da3a5": "the Yuan dynasty", - "572879574b864d1900164a14": "Western", - "572879574b864d1900164a15": "the Yuan government", - "572879574b864d1900164a16": "persecutions in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government", - "572879574b864d1900164a17": "Conf", - "572879574b864d1900164a18": "the hope of maintaining order over Han society. Advances were realized in the fields of travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education", - "57287b4a4b864d1900164a28": "the period was the Venetian Marco Polo", - "57287b4a4b864d1900164a29": "Cambaluc,\" the capital of the Great Khan", - "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2a": "Il milione (or, The Million", - "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2b": "Il milione", - "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2c": "the Venetian Marco Polo", - "57287c142ca10214002da3d0": "Shoujing", - "57287c142ca10214002da3d1": "astronomer", - "57287c142ca10214002da3d2": "aries", + "572878942ca10214002da3a5": "carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar", + "572879574b864d1900164a14": "the Yuan government", + "572879574b864d1900164a15": "period of toleration. Buddhism (especially Tibetan Buddhism) flourished, although Taoism endured certain persecutions in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government", + "572879574b864d1900164a16": "the Yuan government", + "572879574b864d1900164a17": "the Yuan government", + "572879574b864d1900164a18": "the Yuan government", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a28": "Il milione (or, The Million, known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a29": "Il milione (or, The Million, known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2a": "The Million", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2b": "The Million, known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2c": "Il milione (or, The Million, known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299", + "57287c142ca10214002da3d0": "the astronomer", + "57287c142ca10214002da3d1": "Shoujing, who was tasked with many public works projects and helped the Yuan reform the lunisolar calendar", + "57287c142ca10214002da3d2": "the Yuan period, Beijing became the terminus of the Grand Canal of China", "57287c142ca10214002da3d3": "Beijing", "57287c142ca10214002da3d4": "sor", - "57287ccb2ca10214002da3da": "non", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3da": "The Yuan dynasty", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3db": "the Eternal Heaven", - "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dc": "the other hand, the Yuan dynasty is usually", - "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dd": "the other hand, the Yuan dynasty is usually", - "57287ccb2ca10214002da3de": "rather as a period of foreign domination", - "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e4": "various cultures in the empire, including that of the Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists", - "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e5": "tri", - "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6": "Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu", - "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e7": "tri", - "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e8": "tri", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dc": "Taizu (Chinese: \u592a\u7956", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dd": "Taizu (Chinese: \u592a\u7956", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3de": "Taizu (Chinese: \u592a\u7956", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e4": "Pri", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e5": "Pri", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6": "Liu", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e7": "Pri", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e8": "Pri", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa3f": "Privy Council", - "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa40": "Six Ministries", + "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa40": "Six", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa41": "Ministry of Justice", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa42": "Privy Council", "57287e512ca10214002da3f8": "69", - "57287e512ca10214002da3f9": "spelling", - "57287e512ca10214002da3fa": "Most", + "57287e512ca10214002da3f9": "Tugh Temur", + "57287e512ca10214002da3fa": "Tugh Temur", "57287e512ca10214002da3fb": "Tugh Temur", "57287e512ca10214002da3fc": "Tugh Temur", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da274": "90", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da275": "91", - "57287ee3ff5b5019007da276": "the harvests", + "57287ee3ff5b5019007da276": "duty. The Mongols practiced debt slavery, and by 1290", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa51": "era", - "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa52": "the coming together of painting, poetry", - "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa53": "vernacular Chinese into both the qu form of poetry and the zaju variety show. Another important consideration regarding Yuan dynasty arts and culture", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa52": "the Yuan era", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa53": "era", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa54": "era", - "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa55": "vernacular Chinese into both the qu form of poetry", - "57287fec4b864d1900164a3c": "the Yuan dynasty never converted to Islam", - "57287fec4b864d1900164a3d": "the number of Muslims in China. However, unlike the western khanates, the Yuan dynasty never converted to Islam. Instead, Kublai Khan", - "57287fec4b864d1900164a3e": "Tibetan Buddhism", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa55": "era", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a3c": "the Yuan dynasty, such as Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a3d": "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a3e": "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3f": "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs", - "57287fec4b864d1900164a40": "Sakya sect of Tibetan Buddhism", - "5728804b4b864d1900164a46": "Zhu Shijie (1249", - "5728804b4b864d1900164a47": "14", - "5728804b4b864d1900164a48": "matrices", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a40": "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs", + "5728804b4b864d1900164a46": "Zhu Shijie (1249\u20131314", + "5728804b4b864d1900164a47": "Zhu Shijie (1249\u20131314", + "5728804b4b864d1900164a48": "Zhu Shijie (1249\u20131314", "5728804b4b864d1900164a49": "era", "5728804b4b864d1900164a4a": "3", - "5728809f2ca10214002da40c": "the first mathematicians in China to work on spherical trigonometry. Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula", - "5728809f2ca10214002da40d": "a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations", - "5728809f2ca10214002da40e": "Calendar", - "5728809f2ca10214002da40f": "the Shoushi Li (\u6388\u6642\u66a6) or Calendar", + "5728809f2ca10214002da40c": "the Shoushi Li (\u6388\u6642\u66a6) or Calendar for Fixing the Seasons", + "5728809f2ca10214002da40d": "formula for his astronomical calculations", + "5728809f2ca10214002da40e": "the Shoushi Li (\u6388\u6642\u66a6) or Calendar for Fixing the Seasons", + "5728809f2ca10214002da40f": "Calendar", "5728809f2ca10214002da410": "81", - "572881022ca10214002da416": "non-Mongol physicians called otachi", - "572881022ca10214002da417": "herbal remedies", - "572881022ca10214002da418": "otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism", - "572881022ca10214002da419": "Academy of Medicine", - "572881022ca10214002da41a": "scholars", + "572881022ca10214002da416": "Imperial Academy of Medicine", + "572881022ca10214002da417": "Imperial Academy of Medicine", + "572881022ca10214002da418": "Imperial Academy of Medicine", + "572881022ca10214002da419": "the Imperial Academy of Medicine", + "572881022ca10214002da41a": "Imperial Academy of Medicine", "572881704b864d1900164a50": "Four Great Schools", "572881704b864d1900164a51": "Four Great Schools", - "572881704b864d1900164a52": "the rest of the empire. Several medical advances were made in the Yuan period. The physician Wei Yilin", - "572881704b864d1900164a53": "acupuncture", + "572881704b864d1900164a52": "Four Great Schools", + "572881704b864d1900164a53": "Four Great Schools", "572881704b864d1900164a54": "47", - "572881d34b864d1900164a5a": "sometimes labeled as huihui or Muslim medicine", + "572881d34b864d1900164a5a": "sometimes labeled as huihui or Muslim medicine. The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine", "572881d34b864d1900164a5b": "63", "572881d34b864d1900164a5c": "63", - "572881d34b864d1900164a5d": "the court. Chinese physicians", + "572881d34b864d1900164a5d": "The Canon of Medicine", "572881d34b864d1900164a5e": "yin-yang and wuxing philosophy", - "572882242ca10214002da420": "technology", + "572882242ca10214002da420": "T\u00f6regene Khatun, \u00d6gedei's wife, is one of the first printed works sponsored by the Mongols. In 1273", "572882242ca10214002da421": "Wang Zhen", - "572882242ca10214002da422": "century", - "572882242ca10214002da423": "T\u00f6regene Khatun", + "572882242ca10214002da422": "earthenware movable type, a technology invented in the 12th century", + "572882242ca10214002da423": "T\u00f6regene Khatun, \u00d6gedei's wife, is one of the first printed works sponsored by the Mongols. In 1273", "572882242ca10214002da424": "73", - "5728827b2ca10214002da42a": "the more notable applications of printing technology was the chao", - "5728827b2ca10214002da42b": "trees", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42a": "the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42b": "the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees", "5728827b2ca10214002da42c": "75", - "5728827b2ca10214002da42d": "the more notable applications of printing technology was the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees", - "5728827b2ca10214002da42e": "1294", - "572883153acd2414000dfa6f": "Politically, the system of government", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42d": "switched", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42e": "the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees", + "572883153acd2414000dfa6f": "patrimonial feudalism", "572883153acd2414000dfa70": "Politically", "572883153acd2414000dfa71": "various allied groups from Central Asia", "572883153acd2414000dfa72": "regime", - "572883153acd2414000dfa73": "dynasty", - "572883a33acd2414000dfa79": "the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans", - "572883a33acd2414000dfa7a": "itans", - "572883a33acd2414000dfa7b": "Han Chinese", - "572883a33acd2414000dfa7c": "the power of the local peoples of both lands. Han Chinese", - "572883a33acd2414000dfa7d": "the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans", - "57288428ff5b5019007da28e": "the Yuan Emperors", - "57288428ff5b5019007da28f": "Kosher butchering", - "57288428ff5b5019007da290": "the war fighting the Mongols, among the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's armies was the Hui Muslim Feng Sheng", - "57288428ff5b5019007da291": "the Mongols and defeated them in combat. Some Muslim communities had a Chinese surname which meant \"barracks", - "57288428ff5b5019007da292": "the Ispah Rebellion", - "5728848cff5b5019007da298": "the term \"social classes", + "572883153acd2414000dfa73": "14th century. In general there were very few North Chinese or Southerners", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa79": "Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih). After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia by Genghis Khan", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa7a": "Bukhara", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa7b": "China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa7c": "China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa7d": "Taishi", + "57288428ff5b5019007da28e": "Yu", + "57288428ff5b5019007da28f": "Yu", + "57288428ff5b5019007da290": "Yu", + "57288428ff5b5019007da291": "Yu", + "57288428ff5b5019007da292": "Yu", + "5728848cff5b5019007da298": "degrees of privilege\" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally, so a person's standing within the classes", "5728848cff5b5019007da299": "historian", - "5728848cff5b5019007da29a": ", so a person's standing within the classes", - "5728848cff5b5019007da29b": ", so a person's standing within the classes", - "572885023acd2414000dfa83": "the order of the classes", + "5728848cff5b5019007da29a": "degrees of privilege\" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally, so a person's standing within the classes", + "5728848cff5b5019007da29b": "degrees of privilege\" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally, so a person's standing within the classes", + "572885023acd2414000dfa83": "lower", "572885023acd2414000dfa84": "lower", "572885023acd2414000dfa85": "lower", "572885023acd2414000dfa86": "higher", - "572885023acd2414000dfa87": "the reason why people were placed in a certain class was the date", - "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8d": "the Uighurs", - "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8e": "higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King", - "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8f": "higher than the Korean King", - "5728855d3acd2414000dfa90": "King of Qocho was ranked higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King", - "572885c44b864d1900164a78": "Region", + "572885023acd2414000dfa87": "lower because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in. Major commerce during this era", + "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8d": "last", + "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8e": "higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last", + "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8f": "higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last", + "5728855d3acd2414000dfa90": "higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last", + "572885c44b864d1900164a78": "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs", "572885c44b864d1900164a79": "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs", - "572885c44b864d1900164a7a": "at Khanbaliq (modern Beijing", - "572885c44b864d1900164a7b": "modern Beijing", - "572885c44b864d1900164a7c": "Zhongshu Sheng", - "5728dab94b864d1900164f96": "the East African Community (EAC). Its capital and largest city is Nairobi", - "5728dab94b864d1900164f97": "East African Community", + "572885c44b864d1900164a7a": "the Central Secretariat", + "572885c44b864d1900164a7b": "Khanbaliq (modern Beijing", + "572885c44b864d1900164a7c": "the Central Secretariat", + "5728dab94b864d1900164f96": "Nairobi", + "5728dab94b864d1900164f97": "Nairobi", "5728dab94b864d1900164f98": "Nairobi", - "5728dab94b864d1900164f99": "Tanzania", + "5728dab94b864d1900164f99": "Nairobi", "5728dab94b864d1900164f9a": "July", - "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dc": "the world. This gives way to temperate and forested hilly areas in the neighboring western region. The north-eastern regions", - "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dd": "cooler", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dc": "the Nyanza region", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dd": "the capital city", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9de": "Mount Kenya", - "5728de0e2ca10214002da9df": "ar", - "5728de0e2ca10214002da9e0": "aris", - "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac2": "region", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9df": "north-eastern regions", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9e0": "the Nyanza region", + "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac2": "47", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac3": "By the first millennium AD", - "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac4": "Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97%", + "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac4": "97%", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac5": "19th century", - "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac6": "December 1963", - "5728f5376aef0514001548c4": "Mount Kenya", - "5728f5376aef0514001548c5": "Kenya", + "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac6": "1963", + "5728f5376aef0514001548c4": "Mount Kenya. The origin of the name Kenya", + "5728f5376aef0514001548c5": "The Republic of Kenya is named after Mount Kenya", "5728f5376aef0514001548c6": "Kenya", - "5728f9342ca10214002dab52": "both Kenia", - "5728f9342ca10214002dab53": "Others", - "5728f9342ca10214002dab54": "1882 map drawn by Joseph Thompsons, a Scottish geologist and naturalist, indicated Mt. Kenya as Mt. Kenia", - "5728f9342ca10214002dab55": "1882 map drawn by Joseph Thompsons, a Scottish geologist and naturalist, indicated Mt. Kenya as Mt. Kenia", + "5728f9342ca10214002dab52": "Ludwig Krapf", + "5728f9342ca10214002dab53": "Mt. Kenya", + "5728f9342ca10214002dab54": "1882", + "5728f9342ca10214002dab55": "1882", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165166": "Five", - "5728f9cf4b864d1900165167": "Africa", + "5728f9cf4b864d1900165167": "Five", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165168": "Five", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165169": "June and September", - "5728f9cf4b864d190016516a": "2,900 kilometres", - "5728fa576aef051400154920": "20", - "5728fa576aef051400154921": "Pleistocene epoch", + "5728f9cf4b864d190016516a": "June and September with millions of animals taking part, attracting valuable foreign tourism. Two million wildebeest migrate a distance of 2,900 kilometres", + "5728fa576aef051400154920": "Richard", + "5728fa576aef051400154921": "Richard", "5728fa576aef051400154922": "1984", - "5728fa576aef051400154923": "1", + "5728fa576aef051400154923": "1984", "5728fa576aef051400154924": "Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3b": "Mombasa into a major port city", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3c": "Mombasa into a major port city", - "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3d": "Duarte Barbosa", - "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef5": "centuries", + "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3d": "century", + "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef5": "14th century", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef6": "14th century", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef7": "14th century", - "5729024f1d04691400778f5f": "the outbreak of World War I in August", - "5729024f1d04691400778f60": "the outbreak of World War I in August 1914", - "5729024f1d04691400778f61": "Lt Col Paul", - "5729024f1d04691400778f62": "Lt Col Paul", - "5729024f1d04691400778f63": "fourteen days after the Armistice was signed in 1918", - "572903d96aef0514001549a4": "over a million members of the Kikuyu people", - "572903d96aef0514001549a5": "the 1950s", - "572903d96aef0514001549a6": "the 1950s", - "572903d96aef0514001549a7": "80", - "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4d": "15 January 1954", - "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4e": "the end of the emergency, the Home Guard had killed 4,686 Mau Mau, amounting to 42%", - "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4f": "the end of the emergency, the Home Guard had killed 4,686 Mau Mau, amounting to 42%", - "5729046aaf94a219006a9f50": "42%", - "5729046aaf94a219006a9f51": "the Swynnerton Plan", + "5729024f1d04691400778f5f": "1918", + "5729024f1d04691400778f60": "1914", + "5729024f1d04691400778f61": "1918", + "5729024f1d04691400778f62": "1918", + "5729024f1d04691400778f63": "1918", + "572903d96aef0514001549a4": "1950s", + "572903d96aef0514001549a5": "1950s", + "572903d96aef0514001549a6": "1950s", + "572903d96aef0514001549a7": "80,000 white settlers living in Kenya in the 1950s", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4d": "1954", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4e": "1956", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4f": "1956", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f50": "1956", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f51": "1956", "572906e23f37b31900477f8d": "1957", - "572906e23f37b31900477f8e": "Jomo Kenyatta", - "572906e23f37b31900477f8f": "the United Kingdom. Exactly 12 months later on 12 December 1964", - "572906e23f37b31900477f90": "the United Kingdom", - "572906e23f37b31900477f91": "Republic", - "572909406aef0514001549dc": "the advent of the mlolongo (queuing) system", - "572909406aef0514001549dd": "the mlolongo (queuing) system", - "572909406aef0514001549de": "the following years. In democratic, multiparty elections in 1992 and 1997", - "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc5": "the affairs of the judiciary.[citation needed", - "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc6": "The President", - "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc7": "government", - "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc8": ", and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly", - "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc9": "Judiciary", + "572906e23f37b31900477f8e": "1963", + "572906e23f37b31900477f8f": "1963", + "572906e23f37b31900477f90": "1963", + "572906e23f37b31900477f91": "1963", + "572909406aef0514001549dc": "1988", + "572909406aef0514001549dd": "1988", + "572909406aef0514001549de": "1997", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc5": "President", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc6": "President", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc7": "multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc8": "multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc9": "President", "57290b21af94a219006a9fcf": "27", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd0": "27", - "57290b21af94a219006a9fd1": "139th", + "57290b21af94a219006a9fd1": "27", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd2": "27/100. However, there are several rather significant developments with regards to curbing corruption", - "57290d811d04691400778fcf": "Party of National Unity", + "57290d811d04691400778fcf": "President", "57290d811d04691400778fd0": "President", - "57290d811d04691400778fd1": "the Party of National Unity", - "57290d811d04691400778fd2": "Odinga declaring himself the \"people's president\" and calling for a recount", - "57290e153f37b31900477fd9": "programmes", + "57290d811d04691400778fd1": "President", + "57290d811d04691400778fd2": "President", + "57290e153f37b31900477fd9": "R. M. Aboum \u2013 executive director of TAABCO Research and Development Consultants in Nairobi", "57290e153f37b31900477fda": "the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission", "57290e153f37b31900477fdb": "Evangelical Lutheran Church", - "57290e153f37b31900477fdc": "the future, said Agnes R. M. Aboum \u2013 executive director of TAABCO Research and Development Consultants in Nairobi", + "57290e153f37b31900477fdc": "R. M. Aboum \u2013 executive director of TAABCO Research and Development Consultants in Nairobi", "57290ee2af94a219006a9fff": "28 February 2008", - "57290ee2af94a219006aa000": "the formation of a coalition government in which Odinga would become Kenya's second Prime Minister", - "57290ee2af94a219006aa001": "the formation of a coalition government in which Odinga would become Kenya's second Prime Minister. Under the deal, the president would appoint cabinet ministers", - "57290ee2af94a219006aa002": "the formation of a coalition government in which Odinga would become Kenya's second Prime Minister. Under the deal, the president would appoint cabinet ministers", - "57290ee2af94a219006aa003": "the formation of a coalition government", + "57290ee2af94a219006aa000": "28 February 2008", + "57290ee2af94a219006aa001": "28 February 2008", + "57290ee2af94a219006aa002": "28 February 2008", + "57290ee2af94a219006aa003": "28 February 2008", "57290f963f37b31900477feb": "the PM", - "57290f963f37b31900477fec": "the steps of Nairobi's Harambee House. On 29 February 2008", - "57290f963f37b31900477fed": "the signing ceremony", - "57290f963f37b31900477fee": "29 February", - "57290f963f37b31900477fef": "the steps of Nairobi's Harambee House. On 29 February 2008", - "572913626aef051400154a30": "A constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister", + "57290f963f37b31900477fec": "rivals", + "57290f963f37b31900477fed": "the PM", + "57290f963f37b31900477fee": "29", + "57290f963f37b31900477fef": "the PM", + "572913626aef051400154a30": "Prime Minister", "572913626aef051400154a31": "4 August 2010", - "572913626aef051400154a32": "the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 August 2010", + "572913626aef051400154a32": "Prime Minister", "572913626aef051400154a33": "27", - "572913626aef051400154a34": "27", - "572914441d04691400779025": "December", + "572913626aef051400154a34": "27 August 2010", + "572914441d04691400779025": "2014", "572914441d04691400779026": "2014, President Uhuru Kenyatta signed a Security Laws Amendment Bill, which supporters", - "572914441d04691400779027": "the law suggested was necessary to guard against armed groups. Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine", - "572914441d04691400779028": "the law suggested was necessary to guard against armed groups. Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine", - "572914441d04691400779029": "governments", - "572914f46aef051400154a46": "the country during his mid-2013 African trip. Later in the summer, Kenyatta visited China at the invitation of President Xi Jinping", - "572914f46aef051400154a47": "US President Barack Obama", - "572914f46aef051400154a48": "Later in the summer, Kenyatta visited China", + "572914441d04691400779027": "2014", + "572914441d04691400779028": "2014", + "572914441d04691400779029": "United States, Britain", + "572914f46aef051400154a46": "the United States as president. In July", + "572914f46aef051400154a47": "Barack Obama", + "572914f46aef051400154a48": "China", "572914f46aef051400154a49": "July", - "572915621d0469140077902f": "around the world", - "572915621d04691400779030": "inquiry", - "572915621d04691400779031": "December 2007", + "572915621d0469140077902f": "around", + "572915621d04691400779030": "2007", + "572915621d04691400779031": "2007", "572915e43f37b31900478005": "the country, have been tainted", "572915e43f37b31900478006": "less", "572915e43f37b31900478007": "2010", - "572915e43f37b31900478008": "wisdom", - "572916f16aef051400154a56": "0.519", - "572916f16aef051400154a57": "the world. As of 2005, 17.7%", + "572915e43f37b31900478008": "Further, the wisdom", + "572916f16aef051400154a56": "17.7%", + "572916f16aef051400154a57": "17.7%", "572916f16aef051400154a58": "17.7%", - "572916f16aef051400154a59": "the least developed and largely inefficient, employing 75% of the workforce compared to less than 3% in the food secure developed countries. Kenya is usually classified", + "572916f16aef051400154a59": "17.7%", "572917743f37b3190047800d": "telecommunication and financial activity over the last decade", - "572917743f37b3190047800f": "food security", - "572917743f37b31900478010": "Industry and manufacturing", + "572917743f37b3190047800f": "16", + "572917743f37b31900478010": "25%", "572917743f37b3190047800e": "75%", "572917ff6aef051400154a5e": "61%", - "572917ff6aef051400154a5f": "tourism", - "572917ff6aef051400154a60": "%", - "572917ff6aef051400154a62": "%", - "572917ff6aef051400154a61": "Germany", + "572917ff6aef051400154a5f": "61% of GDP, is dominated by tourism", + "572917ff6aef051400154a60": "61%", + "572917ff6aef051400154a62": "61%", + "572917ff6aef051400154a61": "61%", "572918bd3f37b31900478016": "24", "572918bd3f37b31900478017": "tea", "572918bd3f37b31900478015": "Agriculture", - "572918bd3f37b31900478018": "production", + "572918bd3f37b31900478018": "24%", "57291a7b1d0469140077903f": "Institute", - "57291a7b1d04691400779040": "the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics", - "57291a7b1d04691400779041": "Success", + "57291a7b1d04691400779040": "20\u201325%", + "57291a7b1d04691400779041": "20\u201325%", "57291a7b1d04691400779042": "20\u201325%", - "57291a7b1d04691400779043": "the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics", - "57291b461d04691400779049": "Africa", - "57291b461d0469140077904a": "Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands", - "57291b461d0469140077904b": "Livestock predominates in the semi-arid savanna to the north and east", + "57291a7b1d04691400779043": "20\u201325%", + "57291b461d04691400779049": "Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands", + "57291b461d0469140077904a": "Tea", + "57291b461d0469140077904b": "Livestock", "57291b461d0469140077904c": "53%", - "57291b461d0469140077904d": "August and September 2011 prompting the Kenyans for Kenya", - "57291beb1d04691400779053": "Although Kenya is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still accounts for only 14%", + "57291b461d0469140077904d": "August and September 2011", + "57291beb1d04691400779053": "14%", "57291beb1d04691400779054": "14%", - "57291beb1d04691400779055": "three largest urban centres", - "57291beb1d04691400779056": "small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts", - "57291d9e3f37b31900478035": "the United States increased from US$44 million to US$270 million (2006", + "57291beb1d04691400779055": "14%", + "57291beb1d04691400779056": "14%", + "57291d9e3f37b31900478035": "2006", "57291d9e3f37b31900478036": "2000", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09b": "hydroelectric stations", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09c": "hydroelectric stations", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09d": "1997", - "57291f153f37b31900478043": "Tullow Oil estimates Kenya's oil reserves to be around 10 billion barrels", + "57291f153f37b31900478043": "10", "57291f153f37b31900478044": "10", - "57291f153f37b31900478045": "Exploration", + "57291f153f37b31900478045": "10", "57291f153f37b31900478046": "20% to 25%", - "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b1": "the time of President Kenyatta's 2013 trip to Beijing, said, \"Chinese investment in Kenya ... reached $474 million", - "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b2": "the time of President Kenyatta", - "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b3": "a planned $2.5 billion railway", - "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b4": "the president's office also at the time of the trip. Base Titanium", - "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b5": "the railway project", - "57292046af94a219006aa0bb": "2007, the Kenyan government unveiled Vision 2030", - "57292046af94a219006aa0bc": "2007, the Kenyan government unveiled Vision 2030", - "57292046af94a219006aa0bd": "the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers by the year 2030. In 2013, it launched a National Climate Change Action Plan", - "57292046af94a219006aa0be": "the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers by the year 2030. In 2013, it launched a National Climate Change Action Plan, having acknowledged that omitting", - "57292046af94a219006aa0bf": "a direct and robust delivery framework for the Action Plan", - "572920d73f37b31900478055": "agriculture", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b1": "Liu", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b2": "Liu", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b3": "Liu", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b4": "Liu", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b5": "Liu", + "57292046af94a219006aa0bb": "2007", + "57292046af94a219006aa0bc": "2007", + "57292046af94a219006aa0bd": "2007, the Kenyan government unveiled Vision 2030", + "57292046af94a219006aa0be": "2007", + "57292046af94a219006aa0bf": "2007, the Kenyan government unveiled Vision 2030", + "572920d73f37b31900478055": "Gender and Child Affairs", "572920d73f37b31900478056": "30%", - "572920d73f37b31900478057": "9", - "572920d73f37b31900478058": "poverty", - "572921646aef051400154a78": "English", + "572920d73f37b31900478057": "9\u201318. The Ministry of Gender and Child Affairs", + "572920d73f37b31900478058": "Gender and Child Affairs", + "572921646aef051400154a78": "British English is primarily used in the country. Additionally, a distinct local dialect, Kenyan English", "572921646aef051400154a79": "English", - "572921646aef051400154a7a": "British", - "572921646aef051400154a7b": "British English", - "572922206aef051400154a8a": "83%), with 47.7%", - "572922206aef051400154a8b": "83%), with 47.7%", + "572921646aef051400154a7a": "British English is primarily used in the country. Additionally, a distinct local dialect, Kenyan English", + "572921646aef051400154a7b": "British English is primarily used in the country. Additionally, a distinct local dialect, Kenyan English", + "572922206aef051400154a8a": "47.7%", + "572922206aef051400154a8b": "47.7%", "572922206aef051400154a8c": "3", "572922206aef051400154a8d": "Nairobi", - "57292449af94a219006aa0dd": "2.4%.", + "57292449af94a219006aa0dd": "11.2%, indigenous beliefs 1.7%), and nonreligious 2.4%.", "57292449af94a219006aa0de": "ixty", - "57292449af94a219006aa0df": "the Coast Region are mostly Christian", - "57292449af94a219006aa0e0": "300", - "572924b53f37b31900478067": "Nurses treat 80%", - "572924b53f37b31900478068": "the population of 43", + "57292449af94a219006aa0df": "10%", + "57292449af94a219006aa0e0": "11.2%, indigenous beliefs 1.7%), and nonreligious 2.4%.", + "572924b53f37b31900478067": "7,000 doctors", + "572924b53f37b31900478068": "65,000 qualified nurses registered in the country; 8,600 clinical officers and 7,000 doctors", "572924b53f37b31900478069": "65", "572924b53f37b3190047806a": "7", - "572925491d046914007790c3": "Diseases of poverty", + "572925491d046914007790c3": "Half", "572925491d046914007790c4": "Half", - "572925491d046914007790c5": "Preventable diseases", - "572925491d046914007790c6": "corruption", - "572925491d046914007790c7": "15 million", - "572925a81d046914007790cd": "British colonists", + "572925491d046914007790c5": "Half", + "572925491d046914007790c6": "poor leadership in the public health sector are largely to blame. According to 2009 estimates, HIV prevalence is about 6.3%", + "572925491d046914007790c7": "15 million cases of malaria in 2006", + "572925a81d046914007790cd": "7", "572925a81d046914007790ce": "1963", - "572925a81d046914007790cf": "the Ominde Commission", - "572925a81d046914007790d0": "the Ominde Commission", + "572925a81d046914007790cf": "1963", + "572925a81d046914007790d0": "1963", "572925a81d046914007790d1": "7", "572926086aef051400154ac2": "1981, the Presidential Working Party", - "572926086aef051400154ac3": "the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system", - "572926086aef051400154ac4": "7\u20134\u20132\u20133", - "572926086aef051400154ac5": "1992", - "572926653f37b31900478079": "January 1985", - "572926653f37b3190047807a": "subjects", - "572926653f37b3190047807b": "subjects", + "572926086aef051400154ac3": "7", + "572926086aef051400154ac4": "7", + "572926086aef051400154ac5": "7", + "572926653f37b31900478079": "1985", + "572926653f37b3190047807a": "1985. It put more emphasis on vocational subjects", + "572926653f37b3190047807b": "1985. It put more emphasis on vocational subjects", "572926653f37b3190047807c": "2003", - "572926653f37b3190047807d": "70%.", - "572926d23f37b31900478083": "six", + "572926653f37b3190047807d": "2003, the Government of Kenya announced the introduction of free primary education. As a result, primary school enrolment increased by about 70%.", + "572926d23f37b31900478083": "six years and lasts 12", "572926d23f37b31900478084": "12", - "572926d23f37b31900478085": "the university and study for four years. Graduates from the polytechnics and colleges", - "572926d23f37b31900478086": "the workforce and later obtain a specialised higher diploma qualification after a further one to two years of training, or join the university \u2013 usually", + "572926d23f37b31900478085": "12", + "572926d23f37b31900478086": "three", "5729276c1d046914007790d7": "85%", - "5729276c1d046914007790d8": "three to five, is an integral component of the education system", + "5729276c1d046914007790d8": "three", "5729276c1d046914007790d9": "three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement", - "5729276c1d046914007790da": "the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education", - "5729276c1d046914007790db": "the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education", - "572927d06aef051400154ade": "the Kenya National Library Service", - "572927d06aef051400154adf": "the Kenya National Library Service", - "572927d06aef051400154ae0": "the central business district of Nairobi. A public library is seen as a peoples", + "5729276c1d046914007790da": "85%", + "5729276c1d046914007790db": "85%", + "572927d06aef051400154ade": "National and Public Library Services", + "572927d06aef051400154adf": "the Kenya National Library Service (KNLS", + "572927d06aef051400154ae0": "the McMillan Memorial Library", "572927d06aef051400154ae1": "peoples", - "5729281baf94a219006aa11f": "rugby union", - "5729281baf94a219006aa120": "dominance", + "5729281baf94a219006aa11f": "3,000 m steeplechase, 5,000 m, 10,000 m and the marathon", + "5729281baf94a219006aa120": "3,000 m steeplechase, 5,000 m, 10,000 m and the marathon", "5729281baf94a219006aa121": "3,000 m steeplechase, 5,000 m, 10,000 m and the marathon", - "5729281baf94a219006aa122": ", although competition from Morocco and Ethiopia", + "5729281baf94a219006aa122": "3,000 m steeplechase, 5,000 m, 10,000 m and the marathon", "572928bf6aef051400154af0": "six", "572928bf6aef051400154af1": "six", - "572928bf6aef051400154af2": "the women's 800m gold medalist who went ahead to win the IAAF Golden League jack", - "572928bf6aef051400154af3": "Lately", + "572928bf6aef051400154af2": "800", + "572928bf6aef051400154af3": "six", "572928bf6aef051400154af4": "six", - "5729293d3f37b3190047809f": "Africa", - "5729293d3f37b319004780a0": "Cricket", - "5729293d3f37b319004780a1": "2003", + "5729293d3f37b3190047809f": "2007", + "5729293d3f37b319004780a0": "2007", + "5729293d3f37b319004780a1": "2011", "5729293d3f37b319004780a2": "Rakep Patel", "5729293d3f37b319004780a3": "March 2007", - "57292994af94a219006aa131": "the world famous Safari Rally", - "57292994af94a219006aa132": "Rally", - "57292994af94a219006aa133": "Some", - "572929d56aef051400154b0a": "three", - "572929d56aef051400154b0b": "10 o'clock", - "572929d56aef051400154b0c": "the morning (kiamsha kinywa", - "572929d56aef051400154b0d": "afternoon", - "57293b843f37b31900478133": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC", + "57292994af94a219006aa131": "the world famous", + "57292994af94a219006aa132": "Safari Rally", + "57292994af94a219006aa133": "Safari Rally", + "572929d56aef051400154b0a": "three meals in a day \u2013 breakfast in the morning (kiamsha kinywa), lunch in the afternoon", + "572929d56aef051400154b0b": "three meals in a day \u2013 breakfast in the morning (kiamsha kinywa", + "572929d56aef051400154b0c": "three meals in a day \u2013 breakfast in the morning (kiamsha kinywa), lunch in the afternoon", + "572929d56aef051400154b0d": "three meals in a day \u2013 breakfast in the morning (kiamsha kinywa), lunch in the afternoon", + "57293b843f37b31900478133": "Resolution 43/53", "57293b843f37b31900478134": "1988", "57293b843f37b31900478135": "objective of the UNFCCC", - "57293b843f37b31900478136": "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC", - "57293b843f37b31900478137": "United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53", - "57293bc91d0469140077919b": "Lee", - "57293bc91d0469140077919c": "economist", - "57293bc91d0469140077919d": "Ismail El Gizouli", + "57293b843f37b31900478136": "Resolution 43/53", + "57293b843f37b31900478137": "43/53", + "57293bc91d0469140077919b": "Bert Bolin in 1988. The chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs, working group co-chairs, and a secretariat", + "57293bc91d0469140077919c": "Bert Bolin in 1988. The chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs, working group co-chairs, and a secretariat", + "57293bc91d0469140077919d": "Bert Bolin in 1988. The chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs, working group co-chairs, and a secretariat", "57293bc91d0469140077919e": "Bert Bolin", "57293bc91d0469140077919f": "February", - "57293c246aef051400154bb8": "the level of government representatives. Non Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations", + "57293c246aef051400154bb8": "2003", "57293c246aef051400154bb9": "350", - "57293c246aef051400154bba": "350", - "57293c246aef051400154bbb": "350", + "57293c246aef051400154bba": "2003", + "57293c246aef051400154bbb": "2003", "57293ca73f37b3190047815b": "1989", "57293ca73f37b3190047815c": "1989", - "57293ca73f37b3190047815e": "the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Costs of the Secretary and of housing the secretariat are provided by the WMO, while UNEP", - "57293ca73f37b3190047815f": "Financial Regulations", - "57293ca73f37b3190047815d": "the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Costs of the Secretary", - "57293d116aef051400154bc8": "The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data. Lead authors of IPCC reports", + "57293ca73f37b3190047815e": "1989", + "57293ca73f37b3190047815f": "1989", + "57293ca73f37b3190047815d": "1989 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Costs of the Secretary", + "57293d116aef051400154bc8": "reports", "57293d116aef051400154bc9": "The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data. Lead authors of IPCC reports", - "57293d116aef051400154bca": "non-peer-reviewed sources (the \"grey literature", - "57293d116aef051400154bcb": "grey literature", - "57293d6d1d046914007791b7": "two", + "57293d116aef051400154bca": "refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the \"grey literature", + "57293d116aef051400154bcb": "refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the \"grey literature", + "57293d6d1d046914007791b7": "ten", "57293d6d1d046914007791b8": "ten", - "57293d6d1d046914007791b9": "ten to fifteen \"lead authors\", and a somewhat larger number", - "57293d6d1d046914007791ba": "assembling the contributions of the other authors", - "57293d6d1d046914007791bb": "a number of authors who are responsible for writing and editing the material. A chapter typically has two", - "57293e221d046914007791d5": "atmospheric", - "57293e221d046914007791d6": "atmospheric", - "57293e221d046914007791d7": "half", + "57293d6d1d046914007791b9": "ten", + "57293d6d1d046914007791ba": "ten", + "57293d6d1d046914007791bb": "ten", + "57293e221d046914007791d5": "the [21st] century", + "57293e221d046914007791d6": "the atmospheric", + "57293e221d046914007791d7": "the [21st] century", "57293e221d046914007791d8": "the [21st] century", "57293e221d046914007791d9": "0.3", - "57293e983f37b3190047818b": "2001, 16", - "57293e983f37b3190047818c": "16", - "57293e983f37b3190047818d": "Science", + "57293e983f37b3190047818b": "2001", + "57293e983f37b3190047818c": "2001", + "57293e983f37b3190047818d": "the Royal Society (UK). The statement, also published as an editorial in the journal Science, stated \"we support the [TAR", "57293e983f37b3190047818e": "90", - "57293e983f37b3190047818f": "1", + "57293e983f37b3190047818f": "2100", "57293f353f37b3190047819b": "Richard", "57293f353f37b3190047819c": "Richard Lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the TAR. Among his criticisms, Lindzen has stated that the WGI Summary for Policymakers", "57293f353f37b3190047819d": "John Houghton", "57293f353f37b3190047819e": "John Houghton", "57293f353f37b3190047819f": "John Houghton", - "57293f8a6aef051400154bde": "the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports", + "57293f8a6aef051400154bde": "In addition to climate assessment reports, the IPCC is publishing Special Reports", "57293f8a6aef051400154bdf": "2011", "57293f8a6aef051400154be0": "2011", - "57293f8a6aef051400154be1": "the year 2011", - "572940246aef051400154bec": "Programme", - "572940246aef051400154bed": "the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, required under the UNFCCC. This involves publishing default emission factors", - "572940246aef051400154bee": "the levels of fuel consumption, industrial production", - "572940246aef051400154bef": "resolutions", - "572940973f37b319004781a5": "the date", - "572940973f37b319004781a6": "the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust. They expressed regret", - "572940973f37b319004781a7": "the final summary was robust. They expressed regret for \"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance\". The date of 2035", + "57293f8a6aef051400154be1": "2011", + "572940246aef051400154bec": "a major IPCC function, it also supports other activities, such as the Data Distribution Centre", + "572940246aef051400154bed": "the UNFCCC process. While the preparation of the assessment reports", + "572940246aef051400154bee": "levels of fuel consumption, industrial production", + "572940246aef051400154bef": "the UNFCCC process. While the preparation of the assessment reports", + "572940973f37b319004781a5": "2035", + "572940973f37b319004781a6": "2035", + "572940973f37b319004781a7": "2035", "572940973f37b319004781a8": "2035", - "572941273f37b319004781ad": "chairman", + "572941273f37b319004781ad": "Robert Watson", "572941273f37b319004781ae": "Robert Watson", - "572941273f37b319004781af": "a climate expert", - "572941273f37b319004781b0": "Himalayan", - "572941273f37b319004781b1": "IPCC", + "572941273f37b319004781af": "Martin Parry, a climate expert", + "572941273f37b319004781b0": "the impact. That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened\". Martin Parry", + "572941273f37b319004781b1": "the impact. That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened\". Martin Parry", "57294209af94a219006aa201": "3.20", "57294209af94a219006aa202": "3.20", "57294209af94a219006aa203": "3.20", - "57294209af94a219006aa204": "Michael E. Mann", - "57294279af94a219006aa209": "the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures", + "57294209af94a219006aa204": "Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99", + "57294279af94a219006aa209": "1900", "57294279af94a219006aa20a": "Fred Singer", - "57294279af94a219006aa20b": "Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy Project", - "57294279af94a219006aa20c": "July", - "57294279af94a219006aa20d": "United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation hearing on 18 July", - "572943ab1d04691400779219": "Barton", - "572943ab1d0469140077921a": "Ed Whitfield, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations", - "572943ab1d0469140077921b": "23 June 2005", - "572943ab1d0469140077921c": "Sherwood Boehlert", - "572943ab1d0469140077921d": "Sher", - "572944e03f37b319004781e2": "2001", + "57294279af94a219006aa20b": "Fred Singer", + "57294279af94a219006aa20c": "1900", + "57294279af94a219006aa20d": "1900", + "572943ab1d04691400779219": "Bradley, and Hughes", + "572943ab1d0469140077921a": "Bradley, and Hughes", + "572943ab1d0469140077921b": "Bradley, and Hughes", + "572943ab1d0469140077921c": "Bradley, and Hughes", + "572943ab1d0469140077921d": "Bradley, and Hughes", + "572944e03f37b319004781e2": "Briffa 2006. Ten of these 14", "572944e03f37b319004781e1": "2007", "572944e03f37b319004781e4": "Ten", - "572944e03f37b319004781e5": "problem", - "572944e03f37b319004781e3": "Ten", + "572944e03f37b319004781e5": "Briffa 2006", + "572944e03f37b319004781e3": "Briffa 2006. Ten", "572945b11d0469140077922f": "2007", - "572945b11d04691400779230": "the last IPCC report in 2001", - "572945b11d04691400779231": "the publication of IPCC's major report on climate, a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates", - "572945b11d04691400779232": "the publication of IPCC's major report on climate, a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates", - "572949306aef051400154c68": "previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks", + "572945b11d04691400779230": "2001", + "572945b11d04691400779231": "2001", + "572945b11d04691400779232": "2001", + "572949306aef051400154c68": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the researchers found that in 2100", "572949306aef051400154c69": "2001", - "572949306aef051400154c6a": "the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises", + "572949306aef051400154c6a": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the researchers found that in 2100", "572949306aef051400154c6b": "2001", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26b": "the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report conceded in Science Magazine's State of the Planet", - "57294baaaf94a219006aa26c": "Science Magazine", - "57294baaaf94a219006aa26d": "the previous IPCC assessment reports", + "57294baaaf94a219006aa26c": "the previous IPCC assessment reports", + "57294baaaf94a219006aa26d": "Michael Oppenheimer", "57294e6b1d04691400779275": "the Montreal Protocol", "57294e6b1d04691400779276": "Kyoto Protocol", - "57294e6b1d04691400779277": "governments", - "5729506d6aef051400154cac": "global warming, the actors", + "57294e6b1d04691400779277": "the IPCC process. The lockstep situation of the IPCC is having built a broad science consensus while states and governments", + "5729506d6aef051400154cac": "global warming", "5729506d6aef051400154cad": "the Kyoto Protocol", "5729506d6aef051400154cae": "regional burden sharing conflicts", "5729506d6aef051400154caf": "UK government", - "5729517d6aef051400154cc8": "the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies", - "5729517d6aef051400154cc9": "submissions", - "5729517d6aef051400154cca": "the ultimate authority on the science", + "5729517d6aef051400154cc8": "the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline", + "5729517d6aef051400154cc9": "schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions", + "5729517d6aef051400154cca": "the ultimate authority on the science. However, there has generally been a steady evolution of key findings and levels of scientific confidence from one assessment report", "572951f16aef051400154cce": "Nature", "572951f16aef051400154ccf": "Nature", - "572951f16aef051400154cd0": "the journal Nature calling for changes to the IPCC", - "572951f16aef051400154cd1": "-time staff and remove government oversight from its processes to avoid political interference", - "572953013f37b3190047824d": "a process known as the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis", - "572953013f37b3190047824e": "ATP and NADPH", - "572953013f37b3190047824f": "energy-storage", - "572953013f37b31900478250": "a process known as the Calvin cycle", - "572953013f37b31900478251": "1 in algae up to 100", - "5729544c3f37b31900478257": "Chloroplasts are highly dynamic\u2014they circulate and are moved around within plant cells, and occasionally pinch in two", - "5729544c3f37b31900478258": "environmental", + "572951f16aef051400154cd0": "the Fourth Assessment Report", + "572951f16aef051400154cd1": "2010", + "572953013f37b3190047824d": "100", + "572953013f37b3190047824e": "ATP", + "572953013f37b3190047824f": "ATP and NADPH", + "572953013f37b31900478250": "100", + "572953013f37b31900478251": "100", + "5729544c3f37b31900478257": "Chloroplasts", + "5729544c3f37b31900478258": "Chloroplasts", "5729544c3f37b31900478259": "Chloroplasts", - "5729544c3f37b3190047825a": "a photosynthetic cyanobacterium", - "5729544c3f37b3190047825b": ", contain their own DNA, which is thought to be inherited from their ancestor\u2014a photosynthetic cyanobacterium", - "572956c86aef051400154d1a": "Chloroplasts", - "572956c86aef051400154d1b": "biologist Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905", - "572956c86aef051400154d1c": "biologist Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905", + "5729544c3f37b3190047825a": "Chloroplasts", + "5729544c3f37b3190047825b": "Chloroplasts", + "572956c86aef051400154d1a": "Mitochondria", + "572956c86aef051400154d1b": "Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905", + "572956c86aef051400154d1c": "Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905", "572956c86aef051400154d1d": "1905", "572956c86aef051400154d1e": "1883", - "572957361d046914007792cf": "Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors", - "572957361d046914007792d0": "Cyanobacteria", - "572957361d046914007792d2": ", and are gram-negative", + "572957361d046914007792cf": "thylakoid membranes (phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts", + "572957361d046914007792d0": "thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a. Phycobilins", + "572957361d046914007792d2": "thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a. Phycobilins", "572957361d046914007792d3": "thicker", - "572957361d046914007792d1": "the ancestors", - "572957ad1d046914007792d9": "Somewhere", - "572957ad1d046914007792da": "Somewhere", - "572957ad1d046914007792db": "lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts", - "572957ad1d046914007792dc": "phagosomal membrane", - "572957ad1d046914007792dd": "Over time", - "5729582b1d046914007792e3": "the same thing as chloroplast). All primary chloroplasts", + "572957361d046914007792d1": "thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a. Phycobilins", + "572957ad1d046914007792d9": "the cytoplasm of the host cell, and imported back into the chloroplast", + "572957ad1d046914007792da": "escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in. The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts", + "572957ad1d046914007792db": "innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts", + "572957ad1d046914007792dc": "innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts", + "572957ad1d046914007792dd": "the cytoplasm of the host cell, and imported back into the chloroplast", + "5729582b1d046914007792e3": "three", "5729582b1d046914007792e4": "three", - "5729582b1d046914007792e5": "the same thing as chloroplast). All primary chloroplasts belong to one of three", - "5729582b1d046914007792e6": "chloroplastidan, or green chloroplast lineage", + "5729582b1d046914007792e5": "three", + "5729582b1d046914007792e6": "chloroplastidan", "5729582b1d046914007792e7": "three", - "572958cc6aef051400154d2a": "The glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13", - "572958cc6aef051400154d2b": "The alga", - "572958cc6aef051400154d2c": "asts", - "572958cc6aef051400154d2d": "a carboxysome", - "572958cc6aef051400154d2e": "a carboxysome", - "57295a116aef051400154d44": "the rhodoplast", - "57295a116aef051400154d45": ", since they also contain the blue-green chlorophyll a and other pigments", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2a": "Cyanophora, a glaucophyte, is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2b": "the chloroplast", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2c": "the chloroplast", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2d": "thylakoids", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2e": "the chloroplast", + "57295a116aef051400154d44": "Rhodoplasts synthesize a form of starch called floridean, which collects into granules outside the rhodoplast", + "57295a116aef051400154d45": "Rhodoplasts synthesize a form of starch called floridean, which collects into granules outside the rhodoplast", "57295a116aef051400154d46": "the rhodoplast", - "57295a116aef051400154d47": "the rhodoplast", - "57295a116aef051400154d48": "Rhodoplasts", - "57295b5b1d04691400779315": "red algal chloroplasts", + "57295a116aef051400154d47": "Rhodoplasts synthesize a form of starch called floridean, which collects into granules outside the rhodoplast", + "57295a116aef051400154d48": "Rhodoplasts synthesize a form of starch called floridean, which collects into granules outside the rhodoplast", + "57295b5b1d04691400779315": "The chloroplastidan chloroplasts", "57295b5b1d04691400779316": "H\u00e6matococcus pluvialis, due to accessory pigments", - "57295b5b1d04691400779317": ", though some aren't, like some forms of H\u00e6matococcus pluvialis, due to accessory pigments", - "57295b5b1d04691400779318": "repurposed for use in chloroplast division", - "57295b5b1d04691400779319": ", though some aren't, like some forms of H\u00e6matococcus pluvialis, due to accessory pigments", + "57295b5b1d04691400779317": "The chloroplastidan chloroplasts", + "57295b5b1d04691400779318": "seem", + "57295b5b1d04691400779319": "The chloroplastidan chloroplasts", "572961f61d04691400779359": "three", "572961f61d0469140077935a": "three", - "572961f61d0469140077935b": "secondary", + "572961f61d0469140077935b": "three", "572961f61d0469140077935c": "three", - "572961f61d0469140077935d": "the beginning of this story. The engulfed alga was broken down, leaving only its chloroplast", + "572961f61d0469140077935d": "only its chloroplast", "572962953f37b319004782f5": "three", "572962953f37b319004782f6": "three", "572962953f37b319004782f7": "three", - "572962953f37b319004782f8": "Starch", + "572962953f37b319004782f8": "three", "572962953f37b319004782f9": "three", - "572963221d04691400779385": "a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast. Cryptophyte chloroplasts", - "572963221d04691400779386": "a red-algal derived chloroplast", - "572963221d04691400779387": "a nucleomorph that superficially resembles that of the chlorarachniophytes", - "572963221d04691400779388": "the periplastid space\u2014outside the original double membrane, in the place that corresponds to the red alga's cytoplasm", + "572963221d04691400779385": "tes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast", + "572963221d04691400779386": "tes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast", + "572963221d04691400779387": "tes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast", + "572963221d04691400779388": "tes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast", "572963221d04691400779389": "thylakoids in stacks of two", - "572963876aef051400154dd2": "the malaria parasite. Many apicomplexans keep a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast called an apicoplast", - "572963876aef051400154dd3": "group", - "572963876aef051400154dd4": "Plasmodium, the malaria parasite", + "572963876aef051400154dd2": "vestigial red algal derived chloroplast called an apicoplast", + "572963876aef051400154dd3": "vestigial red algal derived chloroplast called an apicoplast", + "572963876aef051400154dd4": "Plasmodium, the malaria parasite. Many apicomplexans keep a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast", "572963876aef051400154dd5": "vestigial red algal derived chloroplast called an apicoplast", - "572963876aef051400154dd6": "cytoplasm", - "5729645b3f37b31900478321": "fatty acids", + "572963876aef051400154dd6": "vestigial red algal derived chloroplast called an apicoplast", + "5729645b3f37b31900478321": "the apicoplast", "5729645b3f37b31900478322": "the apicoplast", "5729645b3f37b31900478323": "the apicoplast", - "5729645b3f37b31900478324": "contain no photosynthetic pigments", + "5729645b3f37b31900478324": "the apicoplast", "5729645b3f37b31900478325": "four", - "572965566aef051400154e00": "Peridinin", - "572965566aef051400154e01": "the peridinin-type chloroplast, characterized by the carotenoid pigment peridinin", + "572965566aef051400154e00": "the peridinin-type chloroplast", + "572965566aef051400154e01": "the peridinin-type chloroplast", "572965566aef051400154e02": "triple", - "572965566aef051400154e03": "three membranes (occasionally two), having lost the red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane", - "572965e73f37b3190047832b": "Karl", - "572965e73f37b3190047832c": "tertiary endosymbiosis would be expected to create a six", + "572965566aef051400154e03": "three", + "572965e73f37b3190047832b": "Karlodinium and Karenia) lost their original red algal derived chloroplast, and replaced it with a new chloroplast", + "572965e73f37b3190047832c": "Karlodinium and Karenia probably took up different heterokontophytes. Because the haptophyte chloroplast", "572965e73f37b3190047832d": "four", "572965e73f37b3190047832e": "tertiary endosymbiosis would be expected to create a six membraned chloroplast", - "572966626aef051400154e13": "the Dinophysis chloroplast is a kleptoplast", - "572966626aef051400154e14": "outer", - "572966626aef051400154e12": "the Dinophysis chloroplast is a kleptoplast", + "572966626aef051400154e13": "outermost two membranes, leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast", + "572966626aef051400154e14": "outermost two membranes, leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast", + "572966626aef051400154e12": "outermost two membranes, leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast", "572966626aef051400154e15": "outermost two membranes, leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast", - "572966ebaf94a219006aa391": "a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast", - "572966ebaf94a219006aa392": "a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast", + "572966ebaf94a219006aa391": "diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast", + "572966ebaf94a219006aa392": "diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast", "572966ebaf94a219006aa393": "five", "572966ebaf94a219006aa394": "five", - "572966ebaf94a219006aa395": "the dinophyte host's cytoplasm", - "572967e31d046914007793b1": "the dinophyte nucleus", - "572967e31d046914007793b2": "the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that's not from the rhodoplast lineage", - "572967e31d046914007793b3": "the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that's not from the rhodoplast lineage. The chloroplast", - "572967e31d046914007793b4": "the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that's not from the rhodoplast lineage. The chloroplast", - "572967e31d046914007793b5": "the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that's not from the rhodoplast lineage. The chloroplast", - "5729686d1d046914007793c1": "the nucleus of their host. About 0.3\u20130.8%", - "5729686d1d046914007793c2": "the nucleus of their host. About 0.3\u20130.8%", - "5729686d1d046914007793c3": "about", + "572966ebaf94a219006aa395": "diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast", + "572967e31d046914007793b1": "tertiary endosymbiosis\u2014the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast", + "572967e31d046914007793b2": "tertiary endosymbiosis\u2014the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast", + "572967e31d046914007793b3": "tertiary endosymbiosis\u2014the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast", + "572967e31d046914007793b4": "tertiary endosymbiosis\u2014the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast", + "572967e31d046914007793b5": "tertiary endosymbiosis\u2014the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast", + "5729686d1d046914007793c1": "0.3\u20130.8%", + "5729686d1d046914007793c2": "0.3\u20130.8%", + "5729686d1d046914007793c3": "0.3\u20130.8%", "5729686d1d046914007793c4": "around", - "5729686d1d046914007793c5": "about", - "572968cf1d046914007793cb": "cpDNA", - "572968cf1d046914007793cc": "Chloroplasts", - "572968cf1d046914007793cd": "proved in 1962", + "5729686d1d046914007793c5": "0.3\u20130.8%", + "572968cf1d046914007793cb": "1986", + "572968cf1d046914007793cc": "1986", + "572968cf1d046914007793cd": "1986", "572968cf1d046914007793ce": "1986", "572968cf1d046914007793cf": "1986", - "57296977af94a219006aa3bd": "the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta", - "57296977af94a219006aa3be": "the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta", - "57296977af94a219006aa3bf": "the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta", - "572969f51d046914007793dd": "Scientists have attempted to observe chloroplast replication", - "572969f51d046914007793de": "two", - "572969f51d046914007793e0": "theta intermediary form, also known as a Cairns replication intermediate", - "572969f51d046914007793df": "a double", - "572969f51d046914007793e1": "the idea that chloroplast DNA replicates using a double displacement loop", - "57296a65af94a219006aa3c3": "In cpDNA, there are several A \u2192 G deamination gradients", - "57296a65af94a219006aa3c4": "it is single stranded. When replication forks form, the strand not being copied is single stranded", - "57296a65af94a219006aa3c5": "branched, linear, or other complex structures", - "57296a65af94a219006aa3c6": "theory suggests that most cpDNA is actually linear and replicates through homologous recombination", - "57296a65af94a219006aa3c7": "only a minority of the genetic material is kept in circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched, linear, or other complex structures", - "57296ab93f37b31900478369": "bacter", - "57296ab93f37b3190047836a": "the predominant theory continues to hold that most cpDNA is circular and most likely replicates via a D loop mechanism", + "57296977af94a219006aa3bd": "the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta", + "57296977af94a219006aa3be": "ta", + "57296977af94a219006aa3bf": "ta", + "572969f51d046914007793dd": "1970s", + "572969f51d046914007793de": "two main models", + "572969f51d046914007793e0": "ta intermediary form, also known as a Cairns replication intermediate", + "572969f51d046914007793df": "1970s", + "572969f51d046914007793e1": "Transcription starts at specific points of origin. Multiple replication forks", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c3": "the longest amount of time). This mechanism is still the leading theory", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c4": "the longest amount of time). This mechanism is still the leading theory", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c5": "theory", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c6": "theory", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c7": "theory", + "57296ab93f37b31900478369": "most cpDNA is linear and participates in homologous recombination", + "57296ab93f37b3190047836a": "theory continues to hold that most cpDNA is circular and most likely replicates via a D loop mechanism", "57296ab93f37b3190047836b": "the failure to explain the deamination gradient as well as the numerous plant species that have been shown to have circular cpDNA, the predominant theory", - "57296ab93f37b3190047836c": "mechanism", + "57296ab93f37b3190047836c": "theory continues to hold that most cpDNA is circular and most likely replicates via a D loop mechanism", "57296b151d046914007793f1": "transfer", - "57296b151d046914007793f2": "the diatom nucleus", - "57296b151d046914007793f3": "red", - "57296b151d046914007793f4": "red algal derived chloroplast", - "57296bf96aef051400154e52": "few", - "57296bf96aef051400154e53": "half", + "57296b151d046914007793f2": "transfer", + "57296b151d046914007793f3": "red algal derived chloroplast, the presence of many green algal genes in the diatom nucleus", + "57296b151d046914007793f4": "red algal derived chloroplast, the presence of many green algal genes in the diatom nucleus", + "57296bf96aef051400154e52": "the chloroplast", + "57296bf96aef051400154e53": "around half of the protein products of transferred genes aren't even targeted back to the chloroplast", "57296bf96aef051400154e54": "the chloroplast. Many became exaptations, taking on new functions like participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance", - "57296bf96aef051400154e55": "the cell membrane", - "57296c5c3f37b3190047837f": "a ribosome in the cytosol", + "57296bf96aef051400154e55": "around half of the protein products of transferred genes aren't even targeted back to the chloroplast", + "57296c5c3f37b3190047837f": "cytosol", "57296c5c3f37b31900478380": "cytosol", "57296c5c3f37b31900478381": "the same time, they have to keep just enough shape so that they can be recognized by the chloroplast", - "57296c5c3f37b31900478382": "Phosphorylation", - "57296cb21d04691400779403": "shaped", - "57296cb21d04691400779404": "5\u20138 \u03bcm", + "57296c5c3f37b31900478382": "the same time, they have to keep just enough shape so that they can be recognized by the chloroplast", + "57296cb21d04691400779403": "3 \u03bcm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast", + "57296cb21d04691400779404": "5\u20138", "57296cb21d04691400779405": "3", - "57296cb21d04691400779406": "a net", - "57296cb21d04691400779407": "Ch", + "57296cb21d04691400779406": "single chloroplast", + "57296cb21d04691400779407": "3 \u03bcm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast", "57296d1b1d0469140077940d": "fact", - "57296d1b1d0469140077940e": "There are some common misconceptions", - "57296d1b1d0469140077940f": "the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria", - "57296d8d1d0469140077941d": "the mitochondrial", - "57296d8d1d0469140077941e": "the opposite direction compared to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. In addition, in terms of function, the inner chloroplast", - "57296d8d1d0469140077941f": "the opposite direction", - "57296d8d1d04691400779420": "the internal thylakoid system", - "57296d8d1d04691400779421": "the opposite direction compared to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. In addition, in terms of function, the inner chloroplast", - "57296de03f37b3190047839b": "Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts", - "57296de03f37b3190047839c": "a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule", - "57296de03f37b3190047839d": "a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule", + "57296d1b1d0469140077940e": "outer and inner chloroplast membranes. The fact that chloroplasts", + "57296d1b1d0469140077940f": "outer and inner chloroplast membranes. The fact that chloroplasts", + "57296d8d1d0469140077941d": "The chloroplast double membrane is also often", + "57296d8d1d0469140077941e": "inner chloroplast", + "57296d8d1d0469140077941f": "the direction of chloroplast H+ ion flow is in the opposite direction", + "57296d8d1d04691400779420": "The chloroplast", + "57296d8d1d04691400779421": "inner chloroplast", + "57296de03f37b3190047839b": "the chloroplast", + "57296de03f37b3190047839c": "the chloroplast", + "57296de03f37b3190047839d": "the chloroplast", "57296de03f37b3190047839e": "1962", - "57296e43af94a219006aa3e5": "the chloroplast peripheral reticulum", - "57296e43af94a219006aa3e6": "the chloroplast peripheral reticulum", - "57296e43af94a219006aa3e7": "tubes", - "57296e43af94a219006aa3e8": ", and even some gymnosperms. The chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes", - "57296e43af94a219006aa3e9": "vesicles", - "57296eb01d04691400779435": "a small fraction of their proteins", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e5": "the chloroplast", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e6": "the chloroplast", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e7": "reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e8": "tubes", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e9": "the chloroplast", + "57296eb01d04691400779435": "ta", "57296eb01d04691400779436": "17", "57296eb01d04691400779437": "17", - "57296eb01d04691400779438": "several Chlorophyta and euglenid chloroplasts", - "57296eb01d04691400779439": "recognition", - "57296eee6aef051400154e8e": "singular plastoglobulus", - "57296eee6aef051400154e8f": "Plastoglobuli", - "57296eee6aef051400154e90": "proteins", - "57296eee6aef051400154e91": "spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45\u201360 nanometers across", - "57296eee6aef051400154e92": "lipid monolayer", - "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fb": "permanently", - "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fc": "thylakoid network. In normal green chloroplasts", - "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fd": "the vast majority of plastoglobuli", - "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fe": "chains", - "57296f85af94a219006aa403": "a site of starch accumulation", - "57296f85af94a219006aa404": "roughly spherical", - "57296f85af94a219006aa405": "a site of starch accumulation", - "57296f85af94a219006aa406": "a site of starch accumulation", - "57296f85af94a219006aa407": "a site of starch accumulation", - "57296fd71d0469140077943f": "the helical thylakoid model, grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes", - "57296fd71d04691400779440": "thylakoids. The helices ascend at an angle of 20\u201325\u00b0", + "57296eb01d04691400779438": "ta and euglenid chloroplasts", + "57296eb01d04691400779439": "ta", + "57296eee6aef051400154e8e": "the chloroplast", + "57296eee6aef051400154e8f": "the chloroplast", + "57296eee6aef051400154e90": "the chloroplast", + "57296eee6aef051400154e91": "the chloroplast", + "57296eee6aef051400154e92": "the chloroplast", + "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fb": "the stroma, but it is now thought", + "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fc": "the stroma, but it is now thought", + "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fd": "the stroma, but it is now thought", + "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fe": "linked groups or chains", + "57296f85af94a219006aa403": "Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies", + "57296f85af94a219006aa404": "Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies", + "57296f85af94a219006aa405": "Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies", + "57296f85af94a219006aa406": "Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies", + "57296f85af94a219006aa407": "pyrenoids", + "57296fd71d0469140077943f": "10", + "57296fd71d04691400779440": "10", "57296fd71d04691400779441": "10", "57296fd71d04691400779442": "10\u201320", - "57296fd71d04691400779443": "thylakoids. The helices ascend at an angle of 20\u201325\u00b0", - "5729703d3f37b319004783bb": "harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy", - "5729703d3f37b319004783bc": "harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy", - "5729703d3f37b319004783bd": "har", - "5729703d3f37b319004783be": "Molecules", - "5729703d3f37b319004783bf": "ATP synthase is a large protein complex", - "572970916aef051400154eba": "Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets", - "572970916aef051400154ebb": "Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets", - "572970916aef051400154ebc": "sheets", - "572970916aef051400154ebe": "pancake-shaped", - "572970916aef051400154ebd": "300", - "57297103af94a219006aa423": "thirty", + "57296fd71d04691400779443": "10", + "5729703d3f37b319004783bb": "thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II", + "5729703d3f37b319004783bc": "thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II", + "5729703d3f37b319004783bd": "thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II", + "5729703d3f37b319004783be": "thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II", + "5729703d3f37b319004783bf": "thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II", + "572970916aef051400154eba": "300\u2013600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets", + "572970916aef051400154ebb": "300\u2013600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets", + "572970916aef051400154ebc": "300\u2013600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets", + "572970916aef051400154ebe": "300\u2013600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets", + "572970916aef051400154ebd": "300\u2013600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets", + "57297103af94a219006aa423": "\u03b2", "57297103af94a219006aa424": "\u03b2", "57297103af94a219006aa425": "\u03b2", - "57297103af94a219006aa426": "\u03b2-carotene is a bright red", - "57297103af94a219006aa427": "red zeaxanthin", - "5729714daf94a219006aa42d": "the stroma, preventing thylakoid stacking in red algal chloroplasts", - "5729714daf94a219006aa42e": "phycoerytherin", - "5729714daf94a219006aa42f": "red", - "5729714daf94a219006aa430": "the pigments that makes many red algae red. Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes", - "5729714daf94a219006aa431": "about 40 nanometers across", + "57297103af94a219006aa426": "\u03b2", + "57297103af94a219006aa427": "Xanthophylls, especially the orange-red", + "5729714daf94a219006aa42d": "Cryptophyte chloroplasts", + "5729714daf94a219006aa42e": "erytherin", + "5729714daf94a219006aa42f": "erytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red", + "5729714daf94a219006aa430": "the stroma", + "5729714daf94a219006aa431": "40", "572971af6aef051400154ede": "asts", - "572971af6aef051400154edf": "problem\u2014it has trouble", + "572971af6aef051400154edf": "asts", "572971af6aef051400154ee0": "problem\u2014it has trouble", - "572971af6aef051400154ee1": "the process of photosynthesis, chloroplasts", - "572971af6aef051400154ee2": "energy", + "572971af6aef051400154ee1": "asts", + "572971af6aef051400154ee2": "asts", "5729723c6aef051400154ee8": "reactions", - "5729723c6aef051400154ee9": "reactions", - "5729723c6aef051400154eea": "ATP to power the Calvin cycle without generating oxygen. They lack photosystem II, and only have photosystem I", - "5729723c6aef051400154eeb": "a four-carbon compound", - "5729723c6aef051400154eec": "the mesophyll. Bundle sheath chloroplasts do not carry out the light reactions", - "5729729a1d0469140077948b": ", though chloroplasts can also be found in collenchyma tissue. A plant cell which contains chloroplasts", - "5729729a1d0469140077948c": ", though chloroplasts can also be found in collenchyma tissue. A plant cell which contains chloroplasts", - "5729729a1d0469140077948d": ", though chloroplasts can also be found in collenchyma tissue. A plant cell which contains chloroplasts", - "5729729a1d0469140077948e": ", though chloroplasts can also be found in collenchyma tissue. A plant cell which contains chloroplasts", - "5729729a1d0469140077948f": "chlorenchyma cell", - "572972f46aef051400154ef2": "stems", - "572972f46aef051400154ef3": "the epidermis", + "5729723c6aef051400154ee9": "I", + "5729723c6aef051400154eea": "ATP to power the Calvin cycle without generating oxygen. They lack photosystem II", + "5729723c6aef051400154eeb": "I", + "5729723c6aef051400154eec": "I", + "5729729a1d0469140077948b": "10", + "5729729a1d0469140077948c": "10", + "5729729a1d0469140077948d": "10", + "5729729a1d0469140077948e": "10", + "5729729a1d0469140077948f": "10", + "572972f46aef051400154ef2": "30\u201370 chloroplasts per cell, while stomatal guard cells contain only around 8\u201315", + "572972f46aef051400154ef3": "30\u201370 chloroplasts per cell, while stomatal guard cells contain only around 8\u201315", "572972f46aef051400154ef6": "8\u201315", "572972f46aef051400154ef4": "half a million", - "572972f46aef051400154ef5": "mainly", + "572972f46aef051400154ef5": "30\u201370 chloroplasts per cell, while stomatal guard cells contain only around 8\u201315", "5729735c3f37b319004783fb": "sheet", "5729735c3f37b319004783fc": "shelter", "5729735c3f37b319004783fd": "sideways", - "5729735c3f37b319004783fe": "the reason why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts", + "5729735c3f37b319004783fe": "the reason why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones. Chloroplast", "5729735c3f37b319004783ff": "Mitochondria", - "572973ccaf94a219006aa449": "two", - "572973ccaf94a219006aa44a": "the hypersensitive response", - "572973ccaf94a219006aa44b": "systemic acquired resistance", - "572973ccaf94a219006aa44c": "the cell. Lower levels of reactive oxygen species initiate systemic acquired resistance", - "572973ccaf94a219006aa44d": "reactive oxygen species", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa449": "Lower levels of reactive oxygen species initiate systemic acquired resistance", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa44a": "hypersensitive response, in which infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death, and systemic acquired resistance", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa44b": "resistance", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa44c": "Lower levels of reactive oxygen species initiate systemic acquired resistance", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa44d": "Lower levels of reactive oxygen species initiate systemic acquired resistance", "57297427af94a219006aa453": "the chloroplast", "57297427af94a219006aa454": "the chloroplast", "57297427af94a219006aa455": "reactive oxygen species are unstable molecules, so they probably don't leave the chloroplast", - "57297427af94a219006aa456": "the chloroplast", + "57297427af94a219006aa456": "retrograde signaling\u2014signals from the chloroplast", "572974923f37b3190047840b": "the chloroplast", - "572974923f37b3190047840c": "the main functions of the chloroplast", - "572974923f37b3190047840d": "the form of sugars", - "572974923f37b3190047840e": "the main functions of the chloroplast", - "572974923f37b3190047840f": "the main functions of the chloroplast", - "572975073f37b31900478415": "ria", + "572974923f37b3190047840c": "the chloroplast", + "572974923f37b3190047840d": "the chloroplast", + "572974923f37b3190047840e": "the chloroplast", + "572974923f37b3190047840f": "the chloroplast", + "572975073f37b31900478415": "the thylakoid space, creating a concentration gradient", "572975073f37b31900478416": "the thylakoid space, creating a concentration gradient", - "572975073f37b31900478417": "gradient", - "572975073f37b31900478418": "the thylakoid space then diffuse back down their concentration gradient", + "572975073f37b31900478417": "the thylakoid space, creating a concentration gradient", + "572975073f37b31900478418": "the stroma", "572975073f37b31900478419": "the thylakoid space then diffuse back down their concentration gradient", - "572975511d046914007794a7": "the end of an electron transport chain. Normally", - "572975511d046914007794a8": "cycl", - "572975511d046914007794a9": "Cycl", - "572975511d046914007794aa": "the end of an electron transport chain. Normally, the reenergized electrons are taken by NADP+,", - "572975a3af94a219006aa465": "the enzyme", - "572975a3af94a219006aa466": "one out of every six produced leaves the cycle\u2014the end product of the dark reactions", - "572975a3af94a219006aa467": "six", - "572975a3af94a219006aa468": "one out of every six", - "572976183f37b31900478431": "Alternatively, glucose monomers in the chloroplast", - "572976183f37b31900478432": "the chloroplast. Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO2 concentrations, these starch grains", + "572975511d046914007794a7": "I", + "572975511d046914007794a8": "I", + "572975511d046914007794a9": "Cyclic photophosphorylation", + "572975511d046914007794aa": "I", + "572975a3af94a219006aa465": "3", + "572975a3af94a219006aa466": "3", + "572975a3af94a219006aa467": "3", + "572975a3af94a219006aa468": "3", + "572976183f37b31900478431": "the chloroplast", + "572976183f37b31900478432": "the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch, which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast", "572976183f37b31900478433": "the chloroplast", - "572976183f37b31900478434": "Waterlogged roots", - "572976183f37b31900478435": "the efficiency of photosynthesis, and might simply be a side effect of another photosynthesis-depressing factor", - "572976791d046914007794af": "the efficiency of photosynthesis. These mechanisms are called carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms", - "572976791d046914007794b0": "the efficiency of photosynthesis. These mechanisms are called carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms", - "572976791d046914007794b1": "the efficiency of photosynthesis. These mechanisms are called carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms", - "572976791d046914007794b2": "half", - "572976791d046914007794b3": "ism", - "572976cfaf94a219006aa493": "the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol", - "572976cfaf94a219006aa494": "cy", - "572976cfaf94a219006aa495": "cy", - "572976cfaf94a219006aa496": ", probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed. The chloroplast", - "57297725af94a219006aa49b": "terms", - "57297725af94a219006aa49c": "proplastids", - "57297725af94a219006aa49d": "the zygote, or fertilized egg. Proplastids are commonly found in an adult plant's apical meristems", - "57297725af94a219006aa49e": "Proplastids are commonly found in an adult plant's apical meristems. Chloroplasts", - "5729779b6aef051400154f62": "the required light for chloroplast formation", - "5729779b6aef051400154f63": "a chloroplast", - "5729779b6aef051400154f64": ", and chlorophyll starts to be produced. This process, where the etioplast", - "5729779b6aef051400154f65": ", and chlorophyll starts to be produced. This process, where the etioplast", - "5729779b6aef051400154f66": "Gymnosperms", - "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ad": "a meristematic state, chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids. Chloroplast", - "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ae": "Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts", - "572977fbaf94a219006aa4af": "a meristematic state, chloroplasts", - "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b0": "a meristematic state, chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids", - "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b1": "a meristematic state, chloroplasts", - "5729784b1d046914007794c9": "the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments", - "5729784b1d046914007794ca": "the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments", - "5729784b1d046914007794cb": "a Z-ring", - "5729784b1d046914007794cc": "6", - "5729784b1d046914007794cd": "the help of a protein ARC6", + "572976183f37b31900478434": "the chloroplast", + "572976183f37b31900478435": "the chloroplast", + "572976791d046914007794af": "the chloroplast", + "572976791d046914007794b0": "the chloroplast", + "572976791d046914007794b1": "the chloroplast", + "572976791d046914007794b2": "the chloroplast", + "572976791d046914007794b3": "the chloroplast", + "572976cfaf94a219006aa493": "cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed. The chloroplast", + "572976cfaf94a219006aa494": "cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed. The chloroplast", + "572976cfaf94a219006aa495": "cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed. The chloroplast", + "572976cfaf94a219006aa496": "cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed. The chloroplast", + "57297725af94a219006aa49b": "Chloroplasts", + "57297725af94a219006aa49c": "Chloroplasts", + "57297725af94a219006aa49d": "Chloroplasts", + "57297725af94a219006aa49e": "tip meristems", + "5729779b6aef051400154f62": "the etioplast", + "5729779b6aef051400154f63": "the etioplast", + "5729779b6aef051400154f64": "the etioplast", + "5729779b6aef051400154f65": "the etioplast", + "5729779b6aef051400154f66": "the etioplast", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ad": "Chloroplasts", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ae": "Chloroplasts", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4af": "Chloroplasts", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b0": "Chloroplasts", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b1": "Chloroplasts", + "5729784b1d046914007794c9": "3", + "5729784b1d046914007794ca": "3", + "5729784b1d046914007794cb": "3", + "5729784b1d046914007794cc": "3", + "5729784b1d046914007794cd": "3", "5729789b6aef051400154f6c": "third", "5729789b6aef051400154f6d": "third", - "5729789b6aef051400154f6e": "about 5 nanometers across", - "5729789b6aef051400154f6f": "6.4 nanometers apart", + "5729789b6aef051400154f6e": "third", + "5729789b6aef051400154f6f": "third", "5729789b6aef051400154f70": "third", "572978e66aef051400154f76": "Light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division", "572978e66aef051400154f78": "the population of dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts", - "572978e66aef051400154f79": "the population of dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts", - "572978e66aef051400154f77": "poor quality green light, but are slow to complete division", + "572978e66aef051400154f79": "Spinach leaves grown under green light have been observed to contain many large dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts", + "572978e66aef051400154f77": "white light to complete division", "57297991af94a219006aa4b7": "3", "57297991af94a219006aa4b8": "transformation", "57297991af94a219006aa4b9": "3", "57297991af94a219006aa4ba": "transformation", - "57296d571d04691400779413": ", whereas 6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3", - "57296d571d04691400779414": "3", - "57296d571d04691400779415": "The fundamental theorem of arithmetic", - "57296d571d04691400779416": "primes", - "57296d571d04691400779417": "1", - "57296f293f37b319004783a3": "primality", - "57296f293f37b319004783a4": "A simple but slow method of verifying the primality of a given number n is known as trial division", - "57296f293f37b319004783a5": "Algorithms", - "57296f293f37b319004783a6": "Algorithms", - "57296f293f37b319004783a7": "22,338,618", - "572970c11d04691400779463": "the end of the 19th century, which says that the probability", - "572970c11d04691400779464": "infinitely", - "572970c11d04691400779465": "the end of the 19th century, which says that the probability", - "572970c11d04691400779466": "the prime number theorem", + "57296d571d04691400779413": "6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3", + "57296d571d04691400779414": "6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3", + "57296d571d04691400779415": "6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3", + "57296d571d04691400779416": "6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3", + "57296d571d04691400779417": "6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3", + "57296f293f37b319004783a3": "property of being prime (or not) is called primality", + "57296f293f37b319004783a4": "trial division have been devised to test the primality of large numbers. These include the Miller\u2013Rabin primality test", + "57296f293f37b319004783a5": "the Miller\u2013Rabin primality test", + "57296f293f37b319004783a6": "the Miller\u2013Rabin primality test", + "57296f293f37b319004783a7": "22", + "572970c11d04691400779463": "the prime number theorem, proven at the end of the 19th century", + "572970c11d04691400779464": "300 BC", + "572970c11d04691400779465": "the prime number theorem, proven at the end of the 19th century", + "572970c11d04691400779466": "the prime number theorem, proven at the end of the 19th century", "572970c11d04691400779467": "19th century", "5729727baf94a219006aa437": "Gold", - "5729727baf94a219006aa438": "twin", + "5729727baf94a219006aa438": "twin prime conjecture (that there are infinitely many pairs", "5729727baf94a219006aa439": "various branches of number theory", - "5729727baf94a219006aa43a": "Primes are used in several routines in information technology, such as public-key cryptography", + "5729727baf94a219006aa43a": "Primes are used in several routines in information technology", "5729727baf94a219006aa43b": "various generalizations", "572973f76aef051400154f0a": "6", - "572973f76aef051400154f0b": "three", - "572973f76aef051400154f0c": "odd prime", - "572973f76aef051400154f0d": "3, 7, or 9", + "572973f76aef051400154f0b": "6", + "572973f76aef051400154f0c": "6", + "572973f76aef051400154f0d": "6", "572973f76aef051400154f0e": "6", - "57297547af94a219006aa45b": "Most", - "57297547af94a219006aa45c": "Christian", - "57297547af94a219006aa45d": "Christian Goldbach listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with Leonhard Euler", + "57297547af94a219006aa45b": "Most early Greeks did not even consider 1", + "57297547af94a219006aa45c": "1 as the first prime number. In the mid-18th century", + "57297547af94a219006aa45d": "1 as the first prime number. In the mid-18th century", "57297547af94a219006aa45e": "1956", - "57297547af94a219006aa45f": "the early 20th century, mathematicians began to accept that 1", - "57297781af94a219006aa4a3": "Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic", - "57297781af94a219006aa4a4": "1 were considered a prime: a modified version of the sieve that considers 1", - "57297781af94a219006aa4a6": "properties", - "57297781af94a219006aa4a5": "properties that the number 1", - "57297781af94a219006aa4a7": "multiples of 1", - "572978f91d046914007794d3": "the ancient Egyptians that they had some knowledge of prime numbers: the Egyptian fraction expansions in the Rhind papyrus, for instance", - "572978f91d046914007794d4": "the fundamental theorem of arithmetic", - "572978f91d046914007794d5": "Euclid's Elements", - "572978f91d046914007794d6": "Euclid", + "57297547af94a219006aa45f": "20th century, mathematicians began to accept that 1", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a3": "3 \u00b7 5 and 1 \u00b7 3", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a4": "3", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a6": "3", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a5": "3 \u00b7 5 and 1 \u00b7 3", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a7": "3", + "572978f91d046914007794d3": "300 BC", + "572978f91d046914007794d4": "300 BC", + "572978f91d046914007794d5": "300 BC", + "572978f91d046914007794d6": "the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Euclid", "572978f91d046914007794d7": "Eratosthenes", "57297a276aef051400154f88": "40", - "57297a276aef051400154f89": "Pierre de Fermat stated (without proof) Fermat's little theorem (later proved by Leibniz and Euler", - "57297a276aef051400154f8a": "the 17th century", - "57297a276aef051400154f8c": "Marin", - "57297a276aef051400154f8b": "Pierre de Fermat", - "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c7": "trial division", - "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c8": "the primality of 37", - "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c9": "trial division. This routine consists of dividing n by each integer m", - "57297bc9af94a219006aa4cb": "three", - "57297bc9af94a219006aa4ca": "n", - "57297d421d046914007794e5": "Modern primality tests", - "57297d421d046914007794e6": "Prob", - "57297d421d046914007794e7": "Prob", + "57297a276aef051400154f89": "17th century. In 1640", + "57297a276aef051400154f8a": "17th century", + "57297a276aef051400154f8c": "17th century", + "57297a276aef051400154f8b": "17th century. In 1640", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c7": "37", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c8": "37", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c9": "37", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4cb": "37", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4ca": "37", + "57297d421d046914007794e5": "tests", + "57297d421d046914007794e6": "Probabilistic algorithms are normally faster, but do not completely prove that a number is prime. These tests", + "57297d421d046914007794e7": "Probabilistic algorithms are normally faster, but do not completely prove that a number is prime. These tests", "57297d421d046914007794e8": "trial division", "57297d421d046914007794e9": "probability", - "57297ed93f37b3190047845f": "the Fermat primality test, which relies on the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that np\u2261", - "57297ed93f37b31900478460": "the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that np\u2261", - "57297ed93f37b31900478461": "the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that np\u2261", - "57297ed93f37b31900478462": "More powerful", + "57297ed93f37b3190047845f": "the Fermat primality test, which relies on the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that np\u2261n", + "57297ed93f37b31900478460": "the Fermat primality test", + "57297ed93f37b31900478461": "the Fermat primality test", + "57297ed93f37b31900478462": "the Baillie-PSW, Miller-Rabin, and Solovay-Strassen tests", "57297ed93f37b31900478463": "the Baillie-PSW, Miller-Rabin, and Solovay-Strassen tests", - "572980f9af94a219006aa4d1": "primes of the form 2p + 1", - "572980f9af94a219006aa4d2": "Mersenne primes, that is, prime numbers that are of the form 2p \u2212 1", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d1": "p + 1", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d2": "p + 1", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d3": "The Lucas\u2013Lehmer test", - "572980f9af94a219006aa4d4": "either p + 1 or p \u2212 1", - "572980f9af94a219006aa4d5": "either p + 1 or p \u2212 1 is of a particular shape", - "572982e66aef051400154f92": "the largest primes not known to have any particular form (that is, no simple formula such as that of Mersenne primes", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d4": "either p + 1", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d5": "either p + 1", + "572982e66aef051400154f92": "10", "572982e66aef051400154f93": "2009", "572982e66aef051400154f94": "2009", - "572982e66aef051400154f95": "Electronic Frontier Foundation", - "572982e76aef051400154f96": "searching", - "572985011d04691400779501": "i.e., largest integer", - "572985011d04691400779502": "Bertrand's postulate (proven first by Chebyshev", + "572982e66aef051400154f95": "10", + "572982e76aef051400154f96": "table", + "572985011d04691400779501": "\u03bc", + "572985011d04691400779502": "3", "572985011d04691400779503": "3", - "572985011d04691400779504": "there always exists at least one prime number p with n < p < 2n \u2212 2, for any natural number n > 3", - "572985011d04691400779505": "Wilson's theorem", - "572987e46aef051400154fa2": "the long run\u2014the density of all primes congruent a modulo 9", - "572987e46aef051400154fa3": "Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions asserts that the progression", - "572987e46aef051400154fa4": "1/6", + "572985011d04691400779504": "3", + "572985011d04691400779505": "Wilson's theorem and generates the number 2 many times", + "572987e46aef051400154fa2": "9", + "572987e46aef051400154fa3": "Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions asserts that the progression contains infinitely many primes. The picture below illustrates this with q = 9", + "572987e46aef051400154fa4": "9", "572987e46aef051400154fa5": "3, 6, or 9", - "572987e46aef051400154fa6": "the long run\u2014the density of all primes congruent a modulo 9", - "572989846aef051400154fc0": "The zeta function is closely related to prime numbers", - "572989846aef051400154fc1": "\u03b6(1", - "572989846aef051400154fc2": "the following identity (Basel problem), due to Euler", - "572989846aef051400154fc3": "the following identity (Basel problem), due to Euler", + "572987e46aef051400154fa6": "9", + "572989846aef051400154fc0": "\u03b6", + "572989846aef051400154fc1": "\u03b6", + "572989846aef051400154fc2": "\u03b6(1) would have a finite value. However, the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3", + "572989846aef051400154fc3": "\u03b6(1) would have a finite value. However, the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3", "572989846aef051400154fc4": "Euler", "57298ef11d0469140077952d": "1859", - "57298ef11d0469140077952e": "=", - "57298ef11d0469140077952f": "random noise", - "57298ef11d04691400779530": "the distribution of primes only comes from random noise. From a mathematical viewpoint, it roughly states that the asymptotic", - "57298ef11d04691400779531": "the prime number theorem", - "57299021af94a219006aa50c": "Goldbach's conjecture, which asserts that every even integer n greater than 2 can be written as a sum of two", + "57298ef11d0469140077952e": "\u22122", + "57298ef11d0469140077952f": "Riemann hypothesis, dating from 1859", + "57298ef11d04691400779530": "1859", + "57298ef11d04691400779531": "x/log x of numbers less than x are primes, the prime number theorem", + "57299021af94a219006aa50c": "every even integer n greater than 2", "57299021af94a219006aa50b": "1912", "57299021af94a219006aa50d": "all numbers up to n = 2 \u00b7 1017", "57299021af94a219006aa50e": "three", - "57299021af94a219006aa50f": ", which asserts that every even integer n greater than 2 can be written as a sum of two", - "572991943f37b319004784a1": "the distribution of primes. It is conjectured that there are infinitely many", - "572991943f37b319004784a2": "tw", - "572991943f37b319004784a3": "Polignac's conjecture is a strengthening of that conjecture, it states that for every positive integer n, there are infinitely many", - "572991943f37b319004784a4": "the form n2 + 1. These conjectures", + "57299021af94a219006aa50f": "three", + "572991943f37b319004784a1": "tw", + "572991943f37b319004784a2": "twin primes, pairs of primes with difference 2", + "572991943f37b319004784a3": "twin prime conjecture). Polignac's conjecture is a strengthening of that conjecture, it states that for every positive integer n", + "572991943f37b319004784a4": "third type of conjectures", "572991943f37b319004784a5": "four", "57299326af94a219006aa515": "theory", "57299326af94a219006aa516": "Hardy", "57299326af94a219006aa517": "1970s", - "57299326af94a219006aa518": "basis for the creation of public key cryptography algorithms", - "57299326af94a219006aa519": "pseudorandom number generators", + "57299326af94a219006aa518": "1970s", + "57299326af94a219006aa519": "basis for the creation of public key cryptography algorithms. Prime numbers are also used for hash tables", "572995d46aef051400154fe8": "1/p is always a recurring decimal", - "572995d46aef051400154fe9": "the following: if p is a prime number other than 2 and 5, 1/p is always a recurring decimal, whose period", + "572995d46aef051400154fe9": "1/p is always a recurring decimal, whose period", "572995d46aef051400154fea": "the factorial", - "572995d46aef051400154feb": "Moreover, an integer n > 4 is composite if and only if (n \u2212 1)!", - "572995d46aef051400154fec": "1/p expressed likewise in base q (rather than base 10", - "572996c73f37b319004784b3": "RSA", - "572996c73f37b319004784b4": "RSA", - "572996c73f37b319004784b5": "512", - "572996c73f37b319004784b6": "the fact that there are efficient algorithms", + "572995d46aef051400154feb": "Moreover", + "572995d46aef051400154fec": "period is p \u2212 1 or a divisor of p \u2212 1. The fraction 1/p expressed likewise in base q (rather than base 10", + "572996c73f37b319004784b3": "1024", + "572996c73f37b319004784b4": "1024", + "572996c73f37b319004784b5": "512-bit primes", + "572996c73f37b319004784b6": "the Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange", "572996c73f37b319004784b7": "1024", "572998673f37b319004784d5": "7", "572998673f37b319004784d6": "7", - "572998673f37b319004784d7": "7", + "572998673f37b319004784d7": "7, 13", "572998673f37b319004784d8": "7", "572998673f37b319004784d9": "14- and 15-year cicadas would be up to 2%", - "57299a6f6aef051400155016": ", namely", - "57299a6f6aef051400155017": "the prime field", - "57299a6f6aef051400155019": "theory", - "57299a6f6aef05140015501a": "namely", - "57299a6f6aef051400155018": "theory", - "57299c2c6aef051400155020": "R", - "57299c2c6aef051400155021": "two", - "57299c2c6aef051400155022": "two", - "57299c2c6aef051400155023": "the following requirement", - "57299c2c6aef051400155024": "elements", + "57299a6f6aef051400155016": "various branches of mathematics. Generally, \"prime\" indicates minimality or indecomposability", + "57299a6f6aef051400155017": "the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field F containing both 0", + "57299a6f6aef051400155019": "a prime knot", + "57299a6f6aef05140015501a": "namely that any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components. For example, in knot theory", + "57299a6f6aef051400155018": "a prime knot", + "57299c2c6aef051400155020": "R, an algebraic structure", + "57299c2c6aef051400155021": "R, an algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined: prime elements", + "57299c2c6aef051400155022": "R, an algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined: prime elements", + "57299c2c6aef051400155023": "it is neither zero nor a unit (i.e., does not have a multiplicative inverse) and satisfies the following requirement: given x and y", + "57299c2c6aef051400155024": "irreducible if it is not a unit", "57299d1c1d04691400779581": "The fundamental theorem", - "57299d1c1d04691400779582": "The fundamental theorem of arithmetic continues to hold in unique factorization domains", - "57299d1c1d04691400779583": "the Gaussian integers", - "57299d1c1d04691400779584": "the form a + bi where i denotes the imaginary unit and a and b", + "57299d1c1d04691400779582": "3", + "57299d1c1d04691400779583": "3", + "57299d1c1d04691400779584": "3", "57299d1c1d04691400779585": "3", "57299ec43f37b3190047850d": "theory", - "57299ec43f37b3190047850e": "Prime ideals, which generalize prime elements", - "57299ec43f37b3190047850f": "algebraic number theory", + "57299ec43f37b3190047850e": "notion of number is generally replaced with that of ideal. Prime ideals, which generalize prime elements", + "57299ec43f37b3190047850f": "object of study in commutative algebra, algebraic number theory", "57299ec43f37b31900478510": "Lasker\u2013Noether theorem", "57299ec43f37b31900478511": "a Noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of primary ideals", "5729a03f1d04691400779593": "Prime ideals are the points of algebro-geometric objects", - "5729a03f1d04691400779594": "a basic problem", + "5729a03f1d04691400779594": "Arithmetic geometry also benefits from this notion, and many concepts exist in both geometry and number theory. For example, factorization", "5729a03f1d04691400779595": "proving", - "5729a03f1d04691400779596": "proving", + "5729a03f1d04691400779596": "proving quadratic reciprocity", "5729a26d6aef05140015505a": "smaller", - "5729a26d6aef05140015505b": "Certain arithmetic questions", - "5729a26d6aef05140015505c": "the p-adic norm |\u2212|p", + "5729a26d6aef05140015505b": "transferred back and forth to the completed (or local) fields. This local-global principle", + "5729a26d6aef05140015505c": "p-adic norm |\u2212|p", "5729a26d6aef05140015505d": "principle", - "5729a3716aef05140015506a": "41", - "5729a3716aef05140015506b": "41", - "5729a3716aef05140015506c": "41", - "5729a3716aef05140015506d": "third", - "5729a3716aef05140015506e": "nature", - "572f5533a23a5019007fc55b": "the Swiss canton of Graub\u00fcnden", - "572f5533a23a5019007fc55c": "North Sea", - "572f5533a23a5019007fc55d": "Cologne", - "572f5533a23a5019007fc55e": "the Netherlands", - "572f5533a23a5019007fc55f": "1,230 km", + "5729a3716aef05140015506a": "53", + "5729a3716aef05140015506b": "53", + "5729a3716aef05140015506c": "53", + "5729a3716aef05140015506d": "53", + "5729a3716aef05140015506e": "53", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55b": "The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55c": "eventually empties into the North Sea", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55d": "The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55e": "The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55f": "The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e37": "The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn", - "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3a": "the North Sea", - "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3b": "1,230 km", - "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56b": "R\u0113nos", - "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56c": "R\u0113nos", - "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56d": "Rhenus", + "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3a": "the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea", + "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3b": "The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn", + "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56b": "English", + "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56c": "English", + "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56d": "R\u0113nos", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56e": "R\u0113nos", - "572fe288a23a5019007fcad7": "R\u0113nos", + "572fe288a23a5019007fcad7": "English", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad8": "R\u0113nos", "572fe288a23a5019007fcada": "Rijn", - "572fe288a23a5019007fcad9": "Rhenus", - "572fe288a23a5019007fcadb": "Rijn", - "572f567cb2c2fd140056803f": "Rhine-kilometers", + "572fe288a23a5019007fcad9": "R\u0113nos", + "572fe288a23a5019007fcadb": "English", + "572f567cb2c2fd140056803f": "1939", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568040": "1939", - "572f567cb2c2fd1400568041": "the inclusion of Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine is more difficult to measure objectively; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres", - "572f567cb2c2fd1400568042": "the inclusion of Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine is more difficult to measure objectively; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres", - "572f567cb2c2fd1400568043": "the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects", - "572fe393947a6a140053cdba": "Rhine-kilometers", + "572f567cb2c2fd1400568041": "the Rhine is conventionally measured in \"Rhine-kilometers\" (Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 1939", + "572f567cb2c2fd1400568042": "1939 which runs from the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland", + "572f567cb2c2fd1400568043": "20", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdba": "1939", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbb": "1939", - "572fe393947a6a140053cdbc": "the inclusion of Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine is more difficult to measure objectively; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres", - "572fe393947a6a140053cdbe": "the inclusion of Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine is more difficult to measure objectively; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres", - "572fe393947a6a140053cdbd": "the inclusion of Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine is more difficult to measure objectively; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres", - "572f5703a23a5019007fc573": "north", - "572f5703a23a5019007fc574": "km", - "572f5703a23a5019007fc575": "a wide glacial alpine valley", - "572f5703a23a5019007fc576": "Near Sargans", - "572f5703a23a5019007fc577": "Liechtenstein and later Austria", - "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4b": "near", - "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4c": "86 km", - "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4d": "the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599 m", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdbc": "Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdbe": "the Rhine is conventionally measured in \"Rhine-kilometers\" (Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 1939", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdbd": "the Rhine is conventionally measured in \"Rhine-kilometers\" (Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 1939", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc573": "the north", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc574": "86 km", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc575": "the Rhine Valley", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc576": "Near", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc577": "border", + "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4b": "near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km", + "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4c": "86", + "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4d": "near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4e": "the Rhine Valley", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4f": "Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East", - "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686d": "the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst and Fu\u00dfach", - "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686e": "the Alter Rhein", - "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686f": "the Alter Rhein (\"Old Rhine\") and in the East by a modern canalized section", - "572f57c704bcaa1900d76870": "the local Alemannic dialect, the singular is pronounced \"Isel", - "572f57c704bcaa1900d76871": "the singular is pronounced \"Isel\" and this is also the local pronunciation of Esel (\"Donkey", - "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e55": "the Rhine into Lake Constance", - "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e56": "a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst and Fu\u00dfach", - "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e57": "a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst and Fu\u00dfach", - "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e58": "two", - "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e59": "the singular is pronounced \"Isel\" and this is also the local pronunciation of Esel (\"Donkey", - "572f5875947a6a140053c89a": "near", - "572f5875947a6a140053c89b": "Fu\u00dfach", - "572f5875947a6a140053c89c": "the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", - "572f5875947a6a140053c89d": "Fu\u00dfach", - "572f5875947a6a140053c89e": "It is expected that the continuous input of sediment", - "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e69": "Fu\u00dfach", - "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6b": "the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", - "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6a": "near", - "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6c": "The Dornbirner Ach", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686d": "the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686e": "the Alter Rhein (\"Old Rhine\") and in the East", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686f": "the Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland delta. The delta is delimited in the West", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d76870": "the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst and Fu\u00dfach", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d76871": "the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst and Fu\u00dfach", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e55": "a nature reserve and bird sanctuary", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e56": "the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e57": "the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e58": "the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau, H\u00f6chst", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e59": "a modern canalized section. Most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89a": "near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89b": "near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89c": "the lake will silt up the lake. This has already happened to the former Lake Tuggenersee", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89d": "near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89e": "the lake will silt up the lake. This has already happened to the former Lake Tuggenersee", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e69": "near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6b": "near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6a": "near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6c": "near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6d": "the lake will silt up the lake. This has already happened to the former Lake Tuggenersee", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57d": "three", - "572f58d9a23a5019007fc580": "lower", - "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57e": "the Seerhein", - "572f58d9a23a5019007fc581": "the Swiss-Austrian border", - "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57f": "the Ober", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc580": "47", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57e": "47", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc581": "47", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57f": "47", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858b": "three", - "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858c": "47\u00b039\u2032N 9\u00b019\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff47.650\u00b0N 9.317\u00b0", - "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858d": "the Rhine, called the Seerhein (\"Lake Rhine\"). The lake is situated in Germany, Switzerland and Austria near the Alps", - "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858e": "The Rhine flows into it from the south following the Swiss-Austrian border", - "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858f": "the German states of Bavaria", - "572f59b4a23a5019007fc587": "the so-called Rheinbrech, the Rhine water abruptly falls into the depths", - "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58a": "the island of Mainau", - "572f59b4a23a5019007fc588": "the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen", - "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58b": "the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau", - "572f59b4a23a5019007fc589": "surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau", - "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e95": "the Constance hopper", - "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e96": "off the island of Lindau", - "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e97": "the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858c": "47", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858d": "47", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858e": "47", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858f": "47", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc587": "the so-called Rheinbrech", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58a": "off the island of Lindau. The water then follows the northern shore until Hagnau am Bodensee. A small fraction", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc588": "The flow of cold, gray mountain water continues for some distance", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58b": "off the island of Lindau", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc589": "off the island of Lindau", + "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e95": "The flow of cold, gray mountain water continues for some distance", + "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e96": "off", + "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e97": "off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e98": "the Rheinrinne", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e99": "Depending", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5af": "west", - "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b0": "are", - "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b1": "the river Aare", - "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b2": "The Aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m (14,022 ft) summit of Finsteraarhorn", - "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b3": "north", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b0": "the river Aare. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b1": "the river Aare. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b2": "highest point", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b3": "the cantons of Z\u00fcrich and Basel-Stadt, until it turns north", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde0": "west", - "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde1": "the river Aare", - "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde2": "the river Aare", - "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde3": "The Aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m (14,022 ft) summit of Finsteraarhorn", - "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde4": "The Rhine roughly forms the German-Swiss border", - "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ea": "the \"Rhine knee\";", - "572f60f4947a6a140053c8eb": "the \"Rhine knee\";", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde1": "the river Aare. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde2": "the river Aare. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde3": "the highest point", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde4": "the cantons of Z\u00fcrich", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ea": "the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8eb": "the \"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ec": "the Central Bridge is the boundary between High and Upper Rhine. The river now flows North as Upper Rhine through the Upper Rhine Plain", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ed": "300", - "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ee": "40 km", - "572fec30947a6a140053cdf2": "the \"Rhine knee\";", - "572fec30947a6a140053cdf3": "the \"Rhine knee\";", - "572fec30947a6a140053cdf4": "a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North", - "572fec30947a6a140053cdf5": "the \"Rhine knee\";", - "572fec30947a6a140053cdf6": "the Central Bridge is the boundary between High and Upper", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ee": "300", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf2": "the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf3": "the \"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf4": "the \"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf5": "the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf6": "Legally, the Central Bridge is the boundary between High and Upper", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b7": "19th Century", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b8": "The Upper Rhine region", - "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b9": "the 19th Century. The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly", + "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b9": "The Upper Rhine region", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680ba": "the Grand Canal", - "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680bb": "the huge", + "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680bb": "the huge Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5b": "The Upper Rhine region", - "572feddda23a5019007fcb5c": "the 19th Century", + "572feddda23a5019007fcb5c": "19th Century", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5d": "The Upper Rhine region", - "572feddda23a5019007fcb5e": "the 19th Century. The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly", + "572feddda23a5019007fcb5e": "The Upper Rhine region", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5f": "the Grand Canal", - "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cc": "the Rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries, such as the Neckar", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cc": "300", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cd": "300", - "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cb": "The", - "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680ce": "the Moselle", - "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cf": "400 m", - "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef5": "The Rhine is the longest river in Germany", - "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef6": "the Rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries, such as the Neckar, the Main", - "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef7": "the Moselle, which contributes an average discharge of more than 300", - "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef8": "Nort", - "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef9": "2", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cb": "300", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680ce": "300", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cf": "width", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef5": "300", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef6": "300", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef7": "300", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef8": "300", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef9": "300", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5eb": "the Rhine Gorge", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ec": "the Rhine Gorge", - "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ed": "the Rhine Gorge, a formation which was created by erosion", - "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ee": "more than 40", + "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ed": "the Rhine Gorge", + "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ee": "the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76eff": "the Rhine Gorge", - "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f00": "the Rhine Gorge", - "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f02": "the Rhine Gorge", - "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f03": "a UNESCO World Heritage Site", - "572f6c85947a6a140053c940": "the early 1980s", + "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f00": "the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site", + "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f02": "the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site", + "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f03": "the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c940": "70", "572f6c85947a6a140053c942": "Duisburg", - "572f6c85947a6a140053c943": "The Ruhr", - "572f6c85947a6a140053c944": "The Ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water", - "572f6c85947a6a140053c941": "Lower", - "572ff293947a6a140053ce52": "the early 1980s", - "572ff293947a6a140053ce53": "the Rhine up into Switzerland, it is along the Lower", - "572ff293947a6a140053ce54": "a major source of water pollution. Although many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up into Switzerland, it is along the Lower", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c943": "The Ruhr, which joins the Rhine in Duisburg", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c944": "70", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c941": "Lower Rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities of Cologne, D\u00fcsseldorf", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce52": "1980s", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce53": "Lower Rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities of Cologne, D\u00fcsseldorf", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce54": "Lower Rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities of Cologne, D\u00fcsseldorf", "572ff293947a6a140053ce55": "Duisburg", - "572ff293947a6a140053ce56": "The Ruhr, which joins the Rhine in Duisburg", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce56": "Rotterdam, Antwerp and Amsterdam. The Ruhr, which joins the Rhine in Duisburg", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc621": "viniculture and tourism", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc622": "The Rhine Gorge between R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc623": "Near Sankt Goarshausen", @@ -9275,759 +9275,759 @@ "572ff35f947a6a140053ce66": "viniculture and tourism", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce67": "The Rhine Gorge between R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce68": "The Rhine Gorge between R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site", - "572ff35f947a6a140053ce69": "Near Sankt Goarshausen, the Rhine flows around the famous rock Lorelei", + "572ff35f947a6a140053ce69": "Near", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce6a": "Near", - "572f7588947a6a140053c984": "Duisburg", - "572f7588947a6a140053c985": "30 km downstream of Duisburg, is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route", - "572f7588947a6a140053c986": "Wes", - "572f7588947a6a140053c987": "Em", - "572f7588947a6a140053c988": "the Emmerich Rhine Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in Germany, crosses the 400", - "572ff430a23a5019007fcba9": "Lower", + "572f7588947a6a140053c984": "the Rhine-Ruhr region", + "572f7588947a6a140053c985": "30", + "572f7588947a6a140053c986": "the Wes", + "572f7588947a6a140053c987": "the Emmerich Rhine Bridge, the longest", + "572f7588947a6a140053c988": "the Emmerich Rhine Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in Germany", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcba9": "the Rhine-Ruhr region", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbaa": "the Rhine-Ruhr region", - "572ff430a23a5019007fcbab": "Duisburg", - "572ff430a23a5019007fcbac": "Emmerich", - "572ff430a23a5019007fcbad": "400", - "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568154": "the Meuse", - "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568153": "ijn", - "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568155": "thirds of the water flow volume of the Rhine flows farther west", - "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f24": "west", - "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f25": "the Rhine flows farther west", - "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f26": "the Meuse", - "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f27": "The Oude Maas", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcbab": "Duisburg with the largest river port in Europe", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcbac": "the Emmerich", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcbad": "the largest conurbation in Germany, the Rhine-Ruhr region", + "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568154": "Rotterdam", + "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568153": "Rotterdam", + "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568155": "Rotterdam", + "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f24": "Rotterdam", + "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f25": "Rotterdam", + "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f26": "Rotterdam", + "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f27": "Rotterdam", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a2": "third", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a3": "third", - "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a4": "the Nederrijn", - "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5": "the Nederrijn changes its name and becomes the Lek. It flows farther west", + "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a4": "the Lek. It flows farther west", + "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5": "third", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2d": "third", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2e": "third", - "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2f": "The IJssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the Rhine north", - "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f30": "Wijk", - "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f31": "Wijk", - "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568657": "The name Rijn", - "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568658": "draining", - "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568659": "Oude Rijn", - "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865a": "Oude Rijn", - "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865b": "west into a sluice at Katwijk", + "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2f": "third", + "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f30": "third", + "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f31": "third", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568657": "Utrecht", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568658": "Utrecht", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568659": "Utrecht", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865a": "Old", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865b": "Katwijk", "572ff673b2c2fd1400568669": "the Netherlands begins near Millingen", - "572ff673b2c2fd140056866a": "near", - "572ff673b2c2fd140056866b": "Rh", - "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f51": "the Rhine splits into Waal and Pannerdens Kanaal, which changes its name to Nederrijn at Angeren", + "572ff673b2c2fd140056866a": "near Millingen", + "572ff673b2c2fd140056866b": "the Netherlands begins near Millingen", + "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f51": "three", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f52": "three", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f53": "Three", - "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f55": "Nieuwe Maas. The northern flow keeps the name IJssel until it flows into Lake IJsselmeer. Three", + "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f55": "Three", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f54": "et Scheur", - "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568681": "St. Elizabeth's flood (1421", - "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568682": "St. Elizabeth's flood (1421", - "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568683": "St. Elizabeth's flood (1421", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568681": "21", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568682": "1421", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568683": "1421", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568685": "1421", - "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568684": "archipelago-like estuary", - "572ff890a23a5019007fcbce": "drainage channels", - "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcf": "the current delta is characterized by the delta's main arms, disconnected arms (Hollandse IJssel, Linge, Vecht", - "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcd": "Many rivers have been closed (\"dammed", - "572ff890a23a5019007fcbd0": "Delta Works", - "572ff935b2c2fd140056869b": "a tidal delta", - "572ff935b2c2fd140056869c": "The Rhine-Meuse Delta is a tidal delta, shaped not only by the sedimentation of the rivers, but also by tidal currents", - "572ff935b2c2fd140056869d": "The Rhine-Meuse Delta", - "572ff935b2c2fd140056869e": "between Brakel and Zaltbommel", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568684": "1421", + "572ff890a23a5019007fcbce": "the current delta is characterized by the delta's main arms, disconnected arms (Hollandse IJs", + "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcf": "the current delta is characterized by the delta's main arms, disconnected arms (Hollandse IJs", + "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcd": "the current delta is characterized by the delta's main arms, disconnected arms (Hollandse IJs", + "572ff890a23a5019007fcbd0": "the current delta is characterized by the delta's main arms, disconnected arms (Hollandse IJs", + "572ff935b2c2fd140056869b": "the construction of the Delta Works, tidal influence was palpable up to Nijmegen", + "572ff935b2c2fd140056869c": "the rivers", + "572ff935b2c2fd140056869d": "the sea. Before the construction of the Delta Works, tidal influence was palpable up to Nijmegen", + "572ff935b2c2fd140056869e": "Nijmegen", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbe9": "present Mediterranean Sea", - "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbeb": "about", - "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbec": "Mediterranean geography", - "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbea": "Tri", + "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbeb": "about 180", + "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbec": "Europe", + "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbea": "Triassic Period", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbed": "Py", - "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b7": "a N\u2013S rift system", - "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b8": "the Upper Rhine Graben", + "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b7": "the Upper Rhine Graben", + "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b8": "Upper Rhine Graben", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b9": "Miocene", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686ba": "the Rhone and Danube drained the northern flanks of the Alps", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef0": "the Pliocene period", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef1": "the Pliocene period", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef2": "the Pliocene period", - "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc15": "Around 2.5 million years ago (ending 11,600 years ago) was the geological period of the Ice Ages", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc15": "Around", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc16": "six", - "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc17": "six major Ice Ages have occurred, in which sea level dropped 120 m", - "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc18": "to the northwest", - "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc19": "the English Channel. Since then, during glacial times, the river mouth was located offshore of Brest", - "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e5": "the end of the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP). In northwest Europe", - "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e6": "the end of the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP). In northwest Europe", - "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e7": "west", - "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8": "lower", - "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e9": "the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP). In northwest Europe", - "572fff45947a6a140053cf26": "glacier", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc17": "six major Ice Ages", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc18": "the northwest", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc19": "the English Channel. Since then, during glacial times", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e5": "70", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e6": "70", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e7": "70", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8": "70", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e9": "70", + "572fff45947a6a140053cf26": "the Rhine Valley", "572fff45947a6a140053cf27": "tundra", - "572fff45947a6a140053cf28": "Last Glacial Maximum, ca. 22,000\u201314,000 yr BP", - "572fff45947a6a140053cf29": "sheets", + "572fff45947a6a140053cf28": "the Rhine Valley", + "572fff45947a6a140053cf29": "Last Glacial Maximum, ca. 22,000\u201314,000 yr", "572fff45947a6a140053cf2a": "the Rhine Valley", - "572fffb404bcaa1900d76fef": "22", - "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff0": "th", - "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff1": "the Rhine", - "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff2": "about 13", - "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff3": "9000", - "573003dd947a6a140053cf42": "7500 yr ago", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76fef": "13", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff0": "13", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff1": "13", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff2": "13", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff3": "13", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf42": "yr ago", "573003dd947a6a140053cf43": "yr ago", - "573003dd947a6a140053cf44": "7000 years", - "573003dd947a6a140053cf45": "the rate of about 1\u20133 cm (0.39\u20131.18 in) per century", - "573003dd947a6a140053cf46": "the rate of about 1\u20133 cm (0.39\u20131.18 in) per century", - "5730042804bcaa1900d77011": "the shape of the delta are the local tectonic activities of the Peel Boundary Fault, the substrate and geomorphology", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf44": "yr ago", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf45": "yr ago", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf46": "yr ago", + "5730042804bcaa1900d77011": "Rhine-Meuse delta began (~8,000 years ago", "5730042804bcaa1900d77014": "8,000 years ago", - "5730042804bcaa1900d77012": "the Rhine occupied its Late-Glacial valley", - "5730042804bcaa1900d77013": "sea-level continued to rise in the Netherlands", - "57300580b2c2fd140056874d": "3000", - "57300580b2c2fd140056874f": "the Rhine has strongly increased and delta growth has sped", - "57300580b2c2fd140056874e": "the sediment load", - "57300580b2c2fd1400568751": "11\u201313th century AD", - "57300580b2c2fd1400568750": "80", - "5730069004bcaa1900d7702d": "North Sea", + "5730042804bcaa1900d77012": "11,700 years ago", + "5730042804bcaa1900d77013": "rise in the Netherlands, the formation of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta began (~8,000 years ago", + "57300580b2c2fd140056874d": "6000", + "57300580b2c2fd140056874f": "6000", + "57300580b2c2fd140056874e": "3000 yr BP (= years Before Present), human impact is seen in the delta. As a result of increasing land clearance", + "57300580b2c2fd1400568751": "11\u201313th century", + "57300580b2c2fd1400568750": "6000 years, approximately 80", + "5730069004bcaa1900d7702d": "Rotterdam", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702e": "three", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702f": "three", - "5730069004bcaa1900d77030": "Zuider Zee brackish lagoon; however, since 1932", + "5730069004bcaa1900d77030": "Rotterdam", "5730069004bcaa1900d77031": "three", "57300761947a6a140053cf9a": "The Rhine was not known to Herodotus and first enters the historical period in the 1st century BC", "57300761947a6a140053cf9b": "The Rhine was not known to Herodotus and first enters the historical period in the 1st century BC", "57300761947a6a140053cf9c": "6th century BC", - "57300761947a6a140053cf9d": "the 1st century BC", + "57300761947a6a140053cf9d": "1st century BC", "573007fab2c2fd140056876b": "14", - "573007fab2c2fd140056876c": "Rome", - "573007fab2c2fd140056876d": "the death of Augustus in AD 14 until after AD 70", - "573007fab2c2fd140056876f": "subjects", + "573007fab2c2fd140056876c": "70", + "573007fab2c2fd140056876d": "70", + "573007fab2c2fd140056876f": "70", "573007fab2c2fd140056876e": "The upper Rhine and upper Danube are easily", "57300888b2c2fd1400568775": "eight", "57300888b2c2fd1400568777": "I Germanica and XX Valeria", - "57300888b2c2fd1400568778": "two", - "57300888b2c2fd1400568776": "whether", - "57300888b2c2fd1400568779": "two", - "57300911947a6a140053cfb6": "period", - "57300911947a6a140053cfb7": "the Rhine in the Migration period, by the 5th century establishing the kingdoms", + "57300888b2c2fd1400568778": "five", + "57300888b2c2fd1400568776": "five", + "57300888b2c2fd1400568779": "five", + "57300911947a6a140053cfb6": "the 5th century", + "57300911947a6a140053cfb7": "the kingdoms", "57300911947a6a140053cfb8": "the Drachenfels", - "57300911947a6a140053cfb9": "the Nibelungenlied which tells of the hero Siegfried", - "57300911947a6a140053cfba": "the Rhine by Hagen", + "57300911947a6a140053cfb9": "the hero Siegfried", + "57300911947a6a140053cfba": "the Rhine and of the Burgundians and their court at Worms, at the Rhine and Kriemhild's golden treasure", "573009a004bcaa1900d7704f": "6th century", "573009a004bcaa1900d77050": "10th century", - "573009a004bcaa1900d77051": "Holy Roman Empire, flowing through Swabia, Franconia and Lower Lorraine", + "573009a004bcaa1900d77051": "10th century", "573009a004bcaa1900d77052": "1469", "573009a004bcaa1900d77053": "1469", - "57300a25a23a5019007fcc97": "the Rhine crisis", - "57300a25a23a5019007fcc98": "the Rhine was a long-term goal of French foreign policy, since the Middle Ages", - "57300a25a23a5019007fcc99": "1806", - "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9a": "1806", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc97": "1840", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc98": "the Rhine crisis, prompted by French prime minister Adolphe Thiers", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc99": "06", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9a": "06", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9b": "1840", - "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77063": "the Rhineland was subject to the Treaty", + "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77063": "1930", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77064": "1930", - "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77065": "a demilitarised zone", - "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77066": "Adolf Hitler", + "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77065": "1930", + "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77066": "Treaty of Versailles and this particular provision, in general, caused much resentment in Germany and is often cited as helping Adolf Hitler", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77067": "1936", - "57300bf504bcaa1900d77087": "The Rhine bridge at Arnhem", - "57300bf504bcaa1900d77088": "World War II, it was recognised that the Rhine would present a formidable natural obstacle", - "57300bf504bcaa1900d77089": "September 1944", - "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708a": "the Rhine at Remagen", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d77087": "Seven", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d77088": "World War II", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d77089": "September 1944. The bridges at Nijmegen", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708a": "September 1944. The bridges at Nijmegen", "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708b": "Seven", "57300c67947a6a140053cff0": "1,230", - "57300c67947a6a140053cff1": "the German encyclopedia Knaurs Lexikon stated the length as 1,320 kilometres (820 miles), presumably a typographical error", - "57300c67947a6a140053cff3": "1,320 kilometres", + "57300c67947a6a140053cff1": "1,320", + "57300c67947a6a140053cff3": "1,320", "57300c67947a6a140053cff2": "1,320", - "57300c68947a6a140053cff4": "1,230 kilometres", - "572fac17947a6a140053cb54": "the new Parliament took place on 12 May 1999", - "572fac17947a6a140053cb55": "Scotland", - "572fac17947a6a140053cb56": "the areas in which it can make laws", + "57300c68947a6a140053cff4": "1,320", + "572fac17947a6a140053cb54": "1999", + "572fac17947a6a140053cb55": "the new Parliament took place on 12 May 1999", + "572fac17947a6a140053cb56": "the new Parliament took place on 12 May 1999", "572fac17947a6a140053cb57": "Parliament of the United Kingdom", "572fac17947a6a140053cb58": "Parliament of the United Kingdom", - "572facb0a23a5019007fc863": "Parliament", - "572facb0a23a5019007fc864": "three", - "572facb0a23a5019007fc865": "the next three hundred years, Scotland was directly governed by the Parliament of Great Britain and the subsequent Parliament of the United Kingdom, both seated at Westminster", - "572facb0a23a5019007fc866": "late 1960s", - "572facb0a23a5019007fc867": "a directly elected Scottish Assembly", - "572fad30a23a5019007fc86d": "the North Sea", - "572fad30a23a5019007fc86e": "\"It's Scotland's oil\" campaign of the Scottish National Party (SNP", - "572fad30a23a5019007fc870": "1974", - "572fad30a23a5019007fc86f": "benefitting Scotland", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc863": "the United Kingdom, both seated at Westminster", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc864": "three hundred years, Scotland was directly governed by the Parliament of Great Britain", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc865": "1914", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc866": "1960s", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc867": "1973", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc86d": "Prime Minister Wilson committing his government to some form of devolved legislature in 1974. However, it was not until 1978", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc86e": "1978", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc870": "1978", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc86f": "1978", "572fad30a23a5019007fc871": "1978", - "572fadcbb2c2fd1400568329": "Edinburgh", - "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832a": "the Scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 March 1979", - "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832c": "51.6%", - "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832b": "the total electorate. The 1979 Scottish devolution referendum", + "572fadcbb2c2fd1400568329": "Edinburgh provided that the majority of the Scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 March 1979", + "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832a": "1979", + "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832c": "51", + "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832b": "1978", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832d": "32.9%", - "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76bdf": "the 1980s and 1990s, demand for a Scottish Parliament", - "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be0": "the Conservative", + "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76bdf": "demand for a Scottish Parliament", + "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be0": "1989", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be1": "1989", - "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be2": "Convention", - "572faec7b2c2fd1400568333": "September", - "572faec7b2c2fd1400568334": "Enric Miralles", - "572faec7b2c2fd1400568335": "Spanish", - "572faec7b2c2fd1400568336": "shaped", + "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be2": "1989", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568333": "September 2004, the official home of the Scottish Parliament", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568334": "September 2004, the official home of the Scottish Parliament", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568335": "Enric Miralles", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568336": "September 2004, the official home of the Scottish Parliament", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568337": "Queen Elizabeth II", - "572faf74b2c2fd1400568349": "the University of Edinburgh. This building was vacated twice", - "572faf74b2c2fd1400568347": "the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland", - "572faf74b2c2fd1400568348": "courtyard", - "572faf74b2c2fd140056834b": "University of Aberdeen", - "572faf74b2c2fd140056834a": "May 2000", - "572fb059947a6a140053cb80": "Council", - "572fb059947a6a140053cb81": "The former administrative building of Lothian Regional Council", - "572fb059947a6a140053cb82": "demolished", + "572faf74b2c2fd1400568349": "2000", + "572faf74b2c2fd1400568347": "Whilst the permanent building at Holyrood was being constructed, the Parliament", + "572faf74b2c2fd1400568348": "2000", + "572faf74b2c2fd140056834b": "2000", + "572faf74b2c2fd140056834a": "2000", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb80": "the General Assembly Hall, the Parliament also used buildings rented from the City of Edinburgh Council", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb81": "Parliament", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb82": "Parliament Square, High Street", "572fb059947a6a140053cb83": "Parliament", - "572fb059947a6a140053cb84": "whilst", - "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c15": "Tr", - "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16": "Tricia Marwick", - "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c17": "Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith and John Scott). The Presiding Officer and deputies", - "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c18": "129", - "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c19": "A vote clerk", - "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f7": "Presiding Officer", - "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f8": "the roles of the Presiding Officer. Under the Standing Orders of the Parliament", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb84": "Midlothian County Buildings facing Parliament Square, High Street", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c15": "Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16": "Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c17": "Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c18": "Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c19": "Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith and John Scott", + "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f7": "the Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament", + "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f8": "the Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f9": "five", - "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8fa": "Presiding Officer", + "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8fa": "The Presiding Officer", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5b": "131", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5c": "131", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5d": "131", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5e": "131", - "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5f": "the Parliament but are members of the Scottish Government", - "572fbf21a23a5019007fc938": "the authority of the Parliament in its ability to make laws. Presented to the Scottish Parliament", - "572fbf21a23a5019007fc937": "the parliamentary mace, which is made from silver", + "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5f": "129 are occupied by the Parliament's elected MSPs and 2 are seats for the Scottish Law Officers", + "572fbf21a23a5019007fc938": "the Parliament in its ability to make laws. Presented to the Scottish Parliament by the Queen upon its official opening in July 1999", + "572fbf21a23a5019007fc937": "the Parliament in its ability to make laws. Presented to the Scottish Parliament by the Queen upon its official opening in July 1999", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93a": "July 1999", - "572fbf21a23a5019007fc939": "There", - "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93b": "a glass case", + "572fbf21a23a5019007fc939": "There shall be a Scottish Parliament", + "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93b": "1999", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c73": "April and October", - "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c74": "Plenary meetings in the debating chamber", - "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c75": "the public", - "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c76": "the public. Entry is free, but booking in advance is recommended due to limited space. Meetings are broadcast on the Parliament", + "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c74": "Holyrood.tv and on the BBC's parliamentary channel BBC Parliament", + "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c75": "Holyrood.tv and on the BBC's parliamentary channel BBC Parliament", + "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c76": "Holyrood.tv and on the BBC's parliamentary channel BBC Parliament", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c77": "the Official Report", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95d": "Time for Reflection", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95e": "Time for Reflection", "572fc043a23a5019007fc960": "Time for Reflection", - "572fc043a23a5019007fc95f": "the Scottish census", + "572fc043a23a5019007fc95f": "Time for Reflection", "572fc043a23a5019007fc961": "Time for Reflection", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc80": "The Presiding Officer", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc81": "The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer) decides", - "572fc41f947a6a140053cc82": "Normally, the Presiding Officer tries to achieve a balance", + "572fc41f947a6a140053cc82": "Normally, the Presiding Officer", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc83": "ministers or party leaders", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc84": "debates", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccb": "the motions and amendments that have been moved that day. This \"Decision Time", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccc": "the motions and amendments that have been moved that day. This \"Decision Time", - "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccd": "the division bell, which is heard throughout the Parliamentary campus and alerts MSPs", - "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce": "the motions and amendments that have been moved that day. This \"Decision", - "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccf": "seconds", + "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccd": "the motions and amendments that have been moved that day. This \"Decision Time", + "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce": "the motions and amendments that have been moved that day. This \"Decision Time", + "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccf": "the motions and amendments that have been moved that day. This \"Decision Time", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8a": "outcome", - "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8b": "which way to vote. Parties entrust some MSPs, known as whips", + "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8b": "the Scottish Parliament", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8c": "whips", - "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8e": "the Scottish Parliament tends to be low, and backbench rebellions by members who are discontent with their party's policies are rare. In some circumstances", - "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8d": "the party line. MSPs do not tend to vote against such instructions", + "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8e": "the Scottish Parliament", + "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8d": "the Scottish Parliament", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568447": "Immediately after Decision Time a \"Members Debate", - "572fc659b2c2fd1400568449": "a \"Members Debate", + "572fc659b2c2fd1400568449": "Immediately after Decision Time a \"Members Debate", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568448": "Debate", - "572fc659b2c2fd140056844a": "other", - "572fc659b2c2fd140056844b": "the debate. The relevant minister, whose department the debate and motion relate to \"winds up\" the debate by speaking after all other participants", - "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf5": "the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in committee", - "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf6": "the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in committee. The role of committees is stronger in the Scottish Parliament than in other parliamentary systems", + "572fc659b2c2fd140056844a": "Debate", + "572fc659b2c2fd140056844b": "a \"Members Debate", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf5": "the Scottish Parliament", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf6": "Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday morning when Parliament", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf7": "partly", - "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf8": "the Scottish Parliament is to take evidence from witnesses, conduct inquiries", - "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf9": "other locations throughout Scotland", - "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d07": "the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations; Finance; Public Petitions", - "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d08": "balance of parties across Parliament", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf8": "the Scottish Parliament is to take evidence from witnesses", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf9": "the role of backbenchers in their scrutiny of the government and partly", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d07": "the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d08": "the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d09": "different", - "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0a": "the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations; Finance; Public Petitions", - "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0b": "the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations; Finance; Public Petitions", - "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d11": "the beginning of each parliamentary session, and again the members on each committee reflect the balance of parties across Parliament", - "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d12": "more", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0a": "the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0b": "the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations", + "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d11": "the Scottish Government. The current Subject Committees in the fourth Session are: Economy, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture", + "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d12": "the Scottish Government. The current Subject Committees in the fourth Session are: Economy, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d13": "Economy, Energy and Tourism", - "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d14": "the Scottish Government. The current Subject Committees", + "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d14": "the Scottish Government. The current Subject Committees in the fourth Session are: Economy, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d1f": "the National Gallery of Scotland", - "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d20": "the National Gallery of Scotland", - "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d21": "the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government. Private bills normally relate to large-scale development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property", - "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d22": "Private Bill Committees", - "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568473": "The Scotland", + "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d20": "the Edinburgh Tram Network, the Glasgow Airport Rail Link, the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link and extensions to the National Gallery of Scotland", + "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d21": "the Edinburgh Tram Network, the Glasgow Airport Rail Link, the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link and extensions to the National Gallery of Scotland", + "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d22": "Edinburgh Tram Network, the Glasgow Airport Rail Link, the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link and extensions to the National Gallery of Scotland", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568473": "The Scotland Act 1998", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568474": "Queen Elizabeth II", - "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568475": "the Parliament of the United Kingdom and given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II on 19 November 1998, governs the functions and role of the Scottish Parliament", - "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568476": "Parliament", - "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568477": "the power to pass laws and has limited tax-varying capability. Another of the roles of the Parliament is to hold the Scottish Government", - "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f1": "Schedule 5 to the Scotland Act as reserved matters", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568475": "the Scottish Parliament", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568476": "the Scottish Parliament", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568477": "the Scottish Parliament", + "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f1": "Schedule", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f2": "the Scottish Parliament", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f3": "police and fire services", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f4": "3", - "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f5": "the pound. The 2012", - "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847d": "Reserved matters", + "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f5": "setting", + "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847d": "stability", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847e": "the Scotland Parliament. The Scottish Parliament", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f": "the Scotland Parliament. The Scottish Parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to, and dealt with at, Westminster", - "572fcc43b2c2fd1400568480": "regulation", - "572fcd86947a6a140053ccda": "Bills", - "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdb": "Government", + "572fcc43b2c2fd1400568480": "the Scotland Parliament. The Scottish Parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to, and dealt with at, Westminster", + "572fcd86947a6a140053ccda": "Parliament", + "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdb": "Parliament in a number of ways; the Scottish Government", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdc": "a member of the Scottish Parliament", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdd": "the governing party. Bills pass through Parliament", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccde": "the governing party. Bills pass through Parliament", "572fce12a23a5019007fca11": "the whole Parliament", - "572fce13a23a5019007fca12": "the bill will formally introduce it to Parliament together with its accompanying documents", + "572fce13a23a5019007fca12": "Stage 2", "572fce13a23a5019007fca13": "the Presiding Officer", - "572fce13a23a5019007fca14": "the bill, it then proceeds to Stage 2", - "572fce13a23a5019007fca15": "the bill, it then proceeds to Stage 2", + "572fce13a23a5019007fca14": "the relevant committee or committees and is then submitted to the whole Parliament", + "572fce13a23a5019007fca15": "Stage 2", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd02": "3", - "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd03": "the final stage of the bill and is considered at a meeting of the whole Parliament. This stage comprises two", - "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd04": "the bill, members proceed to vote at Decision Time", - "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd05": "Opposition members can table \"wrecking amendments", - "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd06": "the bill, members proceed to vote at Decision Time", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd03": "3", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd04": "3 is the final stage of the bill and is considered at a meeting of the whole Parliament", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd05": "3", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd06": "3", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684a9": "Monarch", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684aa": "Monarch", - "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab": "4-week period", + "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab": "the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ac": "Supreme Court", - "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ad": "the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament", - "572fd47fa23a5019007fca55": "majority of seats in the Parliament forms the Scottish Government", - "572fd47fa23a5019007fca57": "the beginning of each parliamentary term (after a general election). Any member can put their name forward to be First Minister", - "572fd47fa23a5019007fca56": "a First Minister", - "572fd47fa23a5019007fca58": "MSPs", - "572fd47fa23a5019007fca59": "Sovereign", - "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76d9f": "ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in May", - "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da0": "ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in May", - "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da1": "Monarch", - "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da3": "Extraordinary general elections are in addition to ordinary general elections, unless held less than six months", + "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ad": "phrase", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca55": "the Scottish Government. Theoretically, Parliament also elects the Scottish Ministers who form the government of Scotland", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca57": "the Scottish Government. Theoretically, Parliament also elects the Scottish Ministers who form the government of Scotland", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca56": "the Scottish Government. Theoretically, Parliament also elects the Scottish Ministers who form the government of Scotland", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca58": "Most ministers and their juniors are drawn from amongst the elected MSPs", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca59": "the Scottish Government. Theoretically, Parliament also elects the Scottish Ministers who form the government of Scotland", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76d9f": "ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in May every four years (1999", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da0": "ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in May every four years (1999", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da1": "the Presiding Officer", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da3": "six", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da2": "28", - "572fd73e947a6a140053cd32": "Several", - "572fd73e947a6a140053cd33": "the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister", - "572fd73e947a6a140053cd34": "a statement", - "572fd73e947a6a140053cd35": "the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister", - "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3a": "the debating", - "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3b": "the debating chamber. A \"General Question Time\" takes place on a Thursday", - "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3c": "the Scottish Government", - "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3d": "Between 12 p.m. and 12:30 p.m. on Thursdays", - "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3e": "four", + "572fd73e947a6a140053cd32": "Parliament", + "572fd73e947a6a140053cd33": "Parliament", + "572fd73e947a6a140053cd34": "Parliament upon which MSPs are invited to question. For example, at the beginning of each parliamentary year, the First Minister", + "572fd73e947a6a140053cd35": "After the statement has been delivered, the leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3a": "Parliament is sitting, First Minister's Question Time", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3b": "First Minister's Question Time", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3c": "11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m. where members can direct questions to any member of the Scottish Government", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3d": "First Minister's Question Time", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3e": "Parliament", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684f9": "73", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fb": "2005", - "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fa": "Voters", - "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fd": "Orkney", + "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fa": "73", + "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fd": "73", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fc": "55", - "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850b": "proportion", - "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850c": "the number", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850b": "proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850c": "the second vote of the ballot", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850d": "the highest quotient", - "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850e": "seats", - "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850f": "iteratively", - "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851d": "the House of Commons, a number of qualifications", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850e": "the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850f": "the highest quotient is awarded the seat, which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat. This is repeated iteratively", + "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851d": "Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981. Specifically, members must be over the age of 18", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851e": "1981", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851f": "18", - "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568520": "police", + "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568520": "the Scottish Parliament", "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568521": "the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dd9": "the first time in the Scottish Parliament", - "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dda": "Labour", - "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddb": "151", + "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dda": "16 seats from Labour, with many of their key figures not returned to parliament, although Labour leader Iain Gray retained East Lothian", + "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddb": "East Lothian", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddc": "eight", - "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddd": "a referendum on Scottish independence", + "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddd": "referendum on Scottish independence", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca93": "the loss of Edinburgh Pentlands", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca94": "Edinburgh Pentlands", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca95": "five", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca96": "Nevertheless, she too", - "572fdc34a23a5019007fca97": "the party. Cameron", - "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9d": "the establishment of the Scottish Parliament", - "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9e": "the Scottish Parliament is that Scottish MPs sitting in the UK House of Commons are able to vote on domestic legislation", - "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9f": "West Lothian question", - "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa0": "Conservative", - "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1": "England", - "572ff626947a6a140053ce8e": "ism", - "572ff626947a6a140053ce8f": ", and the attempt \"to implement Islamic values", - "572ff626947a6a140053ce90": ", and the attempt \"to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life.\" Islamism favors the reordering of government and society", - "572ff626947a6a140053ce91": "poles", - "572ff626947a6a140053ce92": "society", - "572ff760b2c2fd1400568677": "the democratic process", - "572ff760b2c2fd1400568678": "the state of Israel. Radical Islamist organizations like al-Qaeda", + "572fdc34a23a5019007fca97": "congratulated the SNP", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9d": "the Scottish Parliament", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9e": "the Scottish Parliament is that Scottish MPs sitting in the UK", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9f": "the Scottish Parliament is that Scottish MPs sitting in the UK", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa0": "MPs", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1": "English constituencies a new \"veto\" over laws only affecting England", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce8e": "Political Islam", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce8f": "literalism, and the attempt \"to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life.\" Islamism favors the reordering of government and society", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce90": "literalism, and the attempt \"to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life.\" Islamism favors the reordering of government and society", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce91": "between two poles", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce92": "revolution", + "572ff760b2c2fd1400568677": "takfirism", + "572ff760b2c2fd1400568678": "Palestine", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568679": "Palestine", - "572ff760b2c2fd140056867a": "democracy", - "572ff760b2c2fd140056867b": "the state of Israel. Radical Islamist organizations like al-Qaeda", - "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f65": "fundamentalist \"guardians of the tradition", - "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f66": "argues that \"Sunni pan-Islamism", - "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f67": "sharia", + "572ff760b2c2fd140056867a": "democracy, often declaring as kuffar those Muslims who support it (see takfirism", + "572ff760b2c2fd140056867b": "takfirism", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f65": "Roy", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f66": "20th century", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f67": "fundamentalist \"guardians of the tradition", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f68": "democracy", - "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f69": "the second half of the 20th century", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f69": "Roy", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd5": "ism", - "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd6": "Islam", - "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd7": "contrary idea that Islam", + "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd6": "the West", + "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd7": "Scholars", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd8": "regimes", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd9": "the West to support illiberal Islamic regimes, to the detriment of progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics", - "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76f9f": ", and political spheres of life are not Muslims, but Islamists and believe in Islam", - "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa0": "the Iranian Islamic Revolution", - "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa1": "apolitical Islam", - "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa2": "era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism", - "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa3": "the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970\", and it is quietist/non-political Islam", - "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee7": "enemies", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76f9f": "the heyday of secular Arab nationalism", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa0": "International Crisis Group maintains that \"the conception of 'political Islam'\" is a creation of Americans to explain the Iranian Islamic Revolution", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa1": "1970", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa2": "1970", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa3": "the heyday of secular Arab nationalism", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee7": "1970s and sometimes later, Western and pro-Western governments often supported sometimes fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee6": "1970s", - "572ffbaa947a6a140053ceea": "non-Afghan veterans of the war returned home with their prestige, \"experience, ideology, and weapons", - "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee9": "billions", - "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee8": "bulwarks against\u2014what were thought to be at the time\u2014more dangerous leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition", - "572ffbaab2c2fd14005686cd": "non-Afghan veterans of the war returned home with their prestige, \"experience, ideology, and weapons", - "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6": "the 1990s. The French government has also been reported to have promoted Islamist preachers", - "572ffc99947a6a140053cef7": "making peace", - "572ffc99947a6a140053cef8": "the United States; and making peace with Israel \u2013 released Islamists", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053ceea": "1970s", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee9": "1970s", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee8": "1970s", + "572ffbaab2c2fd14005686cd": "1970s", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6": "transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cef7": "An", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cef8": "transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef9": "1975", - "572ffc99947a6a140053cefa": "the 1990s. The French government has also been reported to have promoted Islamist preachers", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cefa": "transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc7": "the strict, conservative Saudi-based Wahhabism", - "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc8": "infidels", + "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc8": "20th century,\" that Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc9": "democracy", - "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fca": "infidels", + "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fca": "Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fcb": "the Saudi-interpretation of Islam as the \"gold standard\" of religion in minds of some or many Muslims", - "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686ef": "Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686ef": "Muslim Brotherhood", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f2": "incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments", - "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f0": "housing assistance", - "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f3": "incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric", - "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f1": "mass marriage ceremonies", - "572ffee1947a6a140053cf14": "England and Germany", - "572ffee1947a6a140053cf15": "London branch", - "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17": "the mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f0": "Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood, \"are well known for providing shelters, educational assistance, free or low cost medical clinics", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f3": "incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f1": "ceremonies", + "572ffee1947a6a140053cf14": "England", + "572ffee1947a6a140053cf15": "1908", + "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17": "1908", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf16": "1908", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf18": "1934", - "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686f9": "ism and secular nationalism", - "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fa": "crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence", - "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fb": "shedding of nationalist differences", + "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686f9": "Sir Muhammad Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930", + "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fa": "Sir Muhammad Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930", + "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fb": "1930 at its session in Allahabad as well as for the session in Lahore in 1932. In his Allahabad Address on 29 December 1930", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fc": "1930", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fd": "1930", - "5730005db2c2fd1400568703": "Maududi was an important early twentieth-century figure in the Islamic revival", - "5730005db2c2fd1400568704": "journalism", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568703": "twentieth", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568704": "Trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism", "5730005db2c2fd1400568705": "1941", - "5730005db2c2fd1400568706": ", Maududi had much more impact through his writing", - "5730005db2c2fd1400568707": "context", - "57300137b2c2fd1400568717": "Maududi was an important early twentieth-century", - "57300137b2c2fd1400568718": "journalism", - "57300137b2c2fd140056871a": ", Maududi had much more impact through his writing", - "57300137b2c2fd140056871b": "context", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568706": "1941 and remained its leader until 1972", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568707": "translated into many languages) placed Islam in a modern context", + "57300137b2c2fd1400568717": "twentieth", + "57300137b2c2fd1400568718": "Trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism", + "57300137b2c2fd140056871a": "1941 and remained its leader until 1972", + "57300137b2c2fd140056871b": "translated into many languages) placed Islam in a modern context", "57300200b2c2fd1400568729": "Sharia", - "57300200b2c2fd140056872a": "Sharia", + "57300200b2c2fd140056872a": "society", "57300200b2c2fd140056872b": "tawhid", - "57300200b2c2fd140056872c": "the principles of: tawhid (unity of God), risala (prophethood", + "57300200b2c2fd140056872c": "the principles of: tawhid", "57300200b2c2fd140056872d": "da'wah", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77001": "1928", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77002": "1928", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77003": "1928", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77004": "Qur'an is our constitution", - "5730035e04bcaa1900d77005": "imperialist influence", - "5730040f947a6a140053cf4c": "though", + "5730035e04bcaa1900d77005": "1928", + "5730040f947a6a140053cf4c": "1949", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4d": "1949", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4e": "1949", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4f": "several times, in 1948", - "5730040f947a6a140053cf50": "Gamal Abdul Nasser", - "573004bf947a6a140053cf56": "the most influential movements in the Islamic world", + "5730040f947a6a140053cf50": "1948", + "573004bf947a6a140053cf56": "%", "573004bf947a6a140053cf59": "75%", "573004bf947a6a140053cf57": "ist", - "573004bf947a6a140053cf58": "candidates", - "573004bf947a6a140053cf5a": "Mohamed Morsi", - "573005b9947a6a140053cf6a": "decisive", + "573004bf947a6a140053cf58": "%", + "573004bf947a6a140053cf5a": "Mohamed Morsi, an Islamist democrat of Muslim Brotherhood, was the first democratically elected president of Egypt. He was deposed during the 2013", + "573005b9947a6a140053cf6a": "Ba'athism", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6b": "event", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6c": "economic stagnation", - "573005b9947a6a140053cf6d": "decline in the popularity and credibility of secular, socialist and nationalist politics", - "573005b9947a6a140053cf6e": "Ba'athism, Arab socialism, and Arab nationalism suffered, and different democratic and anti-democratic Islamist", - "5730088e947a6a140053cfad": "ideological father of the State of Pakistan", + "573005b9947a6a140053cf6d": "Ba'athism", + "573005b9947a6a140053cf6e": "Ba'athism", + "5730088e947a6a140053cfad": "Mohammad Iqbal, ideological father of the State of Pakistan", "5730088e947a6a140053cfac": "Ali Shariati, ideologue of the Iranian Revolution", "5730088e947a6a140053cfae": "somewhere between beliefs of Sunni Islamic thinkers", - "5730088e947a6a140053cfaf": "complete imitation of the Prophet Mohammad", + "5730088e947a6a140053cfaf": "Mohammad", "5730088e947a6a140053cfb0": "conspiracy", - "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b7": "power", - "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b9": "Shia terrorist", - "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b8": "the United States and his call that Israel shall vanish", - "57300e2604bcaa1900d770ba": "During", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b7": "The Islamic Republic has also maintained its hold on power", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b9": "Shia terrorist groups in Iraq, Egypt, Syria", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b8": "Hezbollah) (two Muslim countries", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770ba": "2006", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770bb": "vanish", "57300ec0947a6a140053d004": "the Soviet Union", - "57300ec0947a6a140053d005": "rebellion", - "57300ec0947a6a140053d006": "the world came to fight in Afghanistan", - "57300ec0947a6a140053d007": "these \"Afghan Arabs", - "57300ec0947a6a140053d008": "16", - "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d1": "the Islamist movement was the Gulf War", - "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d2": "Saudi", - "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d3": "Saudi Arabia played an important role in restraining the many", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d005": "1979", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d006": "1979", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d007": "1979", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d008": "1979", + "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d1": "the Gulf War", + "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d2": "1990s", + "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d3": "Saudi Arabia", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d4": "the Saudi monarchy", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d5": "west", - "573010fab2c2fd14005687d7": "conservative Muslims", - "573010fab2c2fd14005687d9": "repressing those domestic Islamists", - "573010fab2c2fd14005687d8": "kingdom", - "573010fab2c2fd14005687da": "Algeria", - "573010fab2c2fd14005687db": "9/11", - "573011de04bcaa1900d770f9": "Qutb", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687d7": "9", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687d9": "9", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687d8": "the kingdom", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687da": "bloody", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687db": "9", + "573011de04bcaa1900d770f9": "1966", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fa": "1966", - "573011de04bcaa1900d770fb": "Hasan al-Hudaybi", - "573011de04bcaa1900d770fc": "Fr", + "573011de04bcaa1900d770fb": "Hasan", + "573011de04bcaa1900d770fc": "Fringe or splinter movements inspired by the final writings of Qutb in the mid-1960s", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fd": "1970s", - "5730126ba23a5019007fcd09": "the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd09": "1981", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0a": "1981", - "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0b": "apostate\" leaders of Muslim states", - "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0c": "apostate\" leaders of Muslim states", - "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0d": "by Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag", - "5730131c947a6a140053d052": "violence in their struggle for Islamic order was al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya", - "5730131c947a6a140053d053": "al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group). Victims of their campaign against the Egyptian state in the 1990s", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0b": "1981", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0c": "1981", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0d": "1981", + "5730131c947a6a140053d052": "al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya", + "5730131c947a6a140053d053": "1990s", "5730131c947a6a140053d055": "2003", - "5730131c947a6a140053d054": "ya", - "5730131c947a6a140053d056": "figures", - "5730208fa23a5019007fcded": "qu", - "5730208fa23a5019007fcdee": "HAMAS", + "5730131c947a6a140053d054": "2003", + "5730131c947a6a140053d056": "attempted assassinations of political figures", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcded": "1987", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcdee": "1987", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdef": "1988", - "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf1": "alcohol", - "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf0": "the formation of HAMAS", - "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f7": "Hamas", - "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8": "542", - "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f9": "majority", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf1": "1987", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf0": "1987", + "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f7": "2000", + "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8": "2000", + "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f9": "2006", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fa": "2007", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fb": "Muslims", "57302700a23a5019007fce89": "the leadership of Hassan al-Turabi", "57302700a23a5019007fce8a": "Hassan al-Turabi", "57302700a23a5019007fce8b": "1979", - "57302700a23a5019007fce8c": "the leadership of Hassan al-Turabi", - "57302700a23a5019007fce8d": "minister of education", + "57302700a23a5019007fce8c": "1979", + "57302700a23a5019007fce8d": "university and military academy", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9d": "1985", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9e": "1989", - "573027d6a23a5019007fce9f": "sharia", + "573027d6a23a5019007fce9f": "1989", "573027d6a23a5019007fcea0": "Osama bin Laden", - "573027d6a23a5019007fcea1": "the American attack on Iraq", + "573027d6a23a5019007fcea1": "1989", "5730285a04bcaa1900d77270": "gender segregation", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726f": "1989", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726e": "1989", - "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726d": "the FIS or Front Islamique", - "5730285a04bcaa1900d77271": "a military coup", - "573028fa04bcaa1900d77287": "the Soviet Union in the 1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity", - "573028fa04bcaa1900d77288": "vicious and destructive civil war between political and tribal warlords", + "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726d": "1989", + "5730285a04bcaa1900d77271": "1991", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d77287": "the mujahideen's victory against the Soviet Union", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d77288": "vicious and destructive civil war", "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728a": "1992", - "573028fa04bcaa1900d77289": "the 1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity, due to a vicious and destructive civil war between political and tribal warlords", - "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728b": "80%", - "57302a3aa23a5019007fcecf": "The Taliban", - "57302a3aa23a5019007fced0": "Pakistan", - "57302a3aa23a5019007fced1": "Islamic fundamentalist", - "57302a3aa23a5019007fced2": "the label of Sharia", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d77289": "Taliban", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728b": "1996", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fcecf": "the thousands", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fced0": "the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fced1": "the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fced2": "the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced3": "the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism", - "57302ad804bcaa1900d772af": "July 1977", - "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b0": "alcohol and nightclubs", - "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b1": "ism", - "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b2": "means", + "57302ad804bcaa1900d772af": "1977", + "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b0": "Ali Bhutto, a leftist in democratic competition with Islamists, had announced banning alcohol and nightclubs", + "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b1": "1977", + "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b2": "1977", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b3": "1988", - "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689db": "the \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\" and before that as the \"Islamic State of Iraq\",", - "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dc": "the \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\" and before that as the \"Islamic State of Iraq\",", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689db": "2014, the group proclaimed itself a caliphate, with religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide. As of March", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dc": "2014, the group proclaimed itself a caliphate, with religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide. As of March", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689de": "territory", - "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689df": "the \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689df": "2014, the group proclaimed itself a caliphate, with religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide. As of March", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dd": "2014", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d7": "2004", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d8": "March 2003", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772da": "2014", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d9": "2011", - "57302cd004bcaa1900d772db": "responsible", - "57302e45947a6a140053d22e": "the 7th century, but with the abolition", + "57302cd004bcaa1900d772db": "United Nations", + "57302e45947a6a140053d22e": "abolition", "57302e45947a6a140053d22f": "7th century", - "57302e45947a6a140053d230": "1924", - "57302e45947a6a140053d231": "true", - "57302e45947a6a140053d232": "disbelieving", - "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f5": "armed jihad", - "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f6": ", but works to take power", - "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f7": "ideological struggle\" to change Muslim public opinion", - "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f8": "Egypt", - "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f9": "terrorist groups", - "57302faa04bcaa1900d77311": "900", - "57302faa04bcaa1900d77312": "some with a strong Islamist outlook", + "57302e45947a6a140053d230": "abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924", + "57302e45947a6a140053d231": "1924", + "57302e45947a6a140053d232": "disbelieving (Kafir) colonial powers", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f5": "i.e., launch a \"bloodless\" coup. It allegedly attempted and failed such coups in 1968 and 1969", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f6": "1968 and 1969", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f7": "HT does not engage in armed jihad or work for a democratic system, but works to take power through \"ideological struggle\" to change Muslim public opinion", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f8": "1968 and 1969", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f9": "1968 and 1969", + "57302faa04bcaa1900d77311": "Tower Hamlets", + "57302faa04bcaa1900d77312": "Tower Hamlets", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77313": "2007", - "57302faa04bcaa1900d77314": "Londonistan", - "57302faa04bcaa1900d77315": "incitement", + "57302faa04bcaa1900d77314": "the term Londonistan", + "57302faa04bcaa1900d77315": "9/11 attacks, however, Abu Hamza al-Masri, the imam of the Finsbury Park Mosque", "57303048947a6a140053d254": "2001", - "57303048947a6a140053d255": "State Department", - "57303048947a6a140053d256": "the George W. Bush administration, called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of \"political warfare", - "57303048947a6a140053d257": "Defense Secretary", - "57303048947a6a140053d258": "defunct U.S. Information Agency, which was charged with undermining the communist ideology", - "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c6": "Latin word \"imperium", - "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c7": "extending", - "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c9": "Asia and Africa", - "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4ca": "technologies and ideas", - "573062662461fd1900a9cdf7": "influence", - "573062662461fd1900a9cdf8": "full-fledged colonial rule", - "573062662461fd1900a9cdfa": ", it is still a powerful form of dominance", - "573062662461fd1900a9cdfb": "less", - "57306797396df919000960ee": "the definition of imperialism one could speak of \"formal\" and \"informal\" imperialism", + "57303048947a6a140053d255": "2001. These efforts were centred in the U.S. around public diplomacy programmes conducted by the State Department", + "57303048947a6a140053d256": "George W. Bush administration, called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of \"political warfare", + "57303048947a6a140053d257": "Robert Gates", + "57303048947a6a140053d258": "defunct", + "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c6": "Imperialism", + "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c7": "Imperialism", + "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c9": "20th centuries", + "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4ca": "extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means\". Imperialism", + "573062662461fd1900a9cdf7": "Imperialism", + "573062662461fd1900a9cdf8": "Imperialism", + "573062662461fd1900a9cdfa": "Imperialism", + "573062662461fd1900a9cdfb": "less direct; however, it is still a powerful form of dominance", + "57306797396df919000960ee": "centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers", "57306797396df919000960ef": "physical control or \"full-fledged colonial rule", - "57306797396df919000960f0": "aggressiveness", + "57306797396df919000960f0": "domination", "57306797396df919000960f2": "subtly", - "57306797396df919000960f1": "the definition of imperialism one could speak of \"formal\" and \"informal\" imperialism", - "573081c2069b531400832133": "empire", - "573081c2069b531400832134": "the meaning and impact of imperialism on the modern post-colonial world. The Russian leader Lenin suggested that \"imperialism was the highest form of capitalism", + "57306797396df919000960f1": "centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers", + "573081c2069b531400832133": "pire", + "573081c2069b531400832134": "the modern post-colonial world. The Russian leader Lenin suggested that \"imperialism", "573081c2069b531400832135": "imperialism", - "573081c2069b531400832136": "the market; some states today are viewed as empires due to their political and economic", - "573081c2069b531400832137": "the meaning and impact of imperialism", - "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6d": "imperialism", - "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6e": "The term \"imperialism\" is often conflated with \"colonialism", - "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6f": "the center, is a state policy and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons", - "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce70": "The term \"imperialism\" is often conflated with \"colonialism", + "573081c2069b531400832136": "pire", + "573081c2069b531400832137": "European empires in Asia", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6d": "term \"imperialism", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6e": "term \"imperialism", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6f": "ideological as well as financial reasons", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce70": "term \"imperialism", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce71": "superiority, domination", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54c": "Imperialism", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54d": "Imperialism", - "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54e": "empire", - "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c550": "ism", - "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54f": "characteristics of the conquering peoples", - "5730876a396df9190009617a": "the defense and justification of empire-building", - "5730876a396df9190009617c": "imperialism", - "5730876a396df9190009617b": "the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism. The purportedly scientific nature of \"Social Darwinism", + "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54e": "Imperialism", + "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c550": "Imperialism", + "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54f": "Imperialism", + "5730876a396df9190009617a": "the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism. The purportedly scientific nature of \"Social Darwinism", + "5730876a396df9190009617c": "Friedrich Ratzel believed that in order for a state to survive, imperialism was needed. Halford Mackinder felt that Great Britain", + "5730876a396df9190009617b": "ism", "5730876a396df9190009617d": "ism", "5730876a396df9190009617e": "the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism. The purportedly scientific nature of \"Social Darwinism", - "573088da069b53140083216b": "Ratzel of Germany", - "573088da069b53140083216c": "Halford Mackinder of Britain", - "573088da069b53140083216d": "Halford Mackinder of Britain", - "573088da069b53140083216e": "survival", + "573088da069b53140083216b": "Royal Geographical Society of London", + "573088da069b53140083216c": "Royal Geographical Society of London", + "573088da069b53140083216d": "Royal Geographical Society of London", + "573088da069b53140083216e": "Ratzel believed expansion was necessary for a state\u2019s survival", "573088da069b53140083216f": "Royal Geographical Society of London", - "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c576": "Geographical theories such as environmental determinism", - "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c577": "the temper", - "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c578": "Orientalism", - "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c579": "environmental determinism", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c576": "Tropicality can be paralleled with Edward Said\u2019s Orientalism", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c577": "Ellen", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c578": "Edward Said\u2019s Orientalism", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c579": "Tropicality can be paralleled with Edward Said\u2019s Orientalism", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c57a": "Orientalism", - "57308ddc396df919000961a5": "Roman", - "57308ddc396df919000961a7": "the eighteenth century", - "57308ddc396df919000961a4": "principles", - "57308ddc396df919000961a6": "the eighteenth century, as it was premised on terra nullius, and its settlers considered it unused by its sparse Aboriginal inhabitants", + "57308ddc396df919000961a5": "Terra", + "57308ddc396df919000961a7": "eighteenth century", + "57308ddc396df919000961a4": "eighteenth century", + "57308ddc396df919000961a6": "eighteenth century", "57308ddc396df919000961a8": "Terra", - "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c580": "Orientalism", - "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c581": "irrational", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c580": "rientalism", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c581": "rientalism", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c582": "rientalism", - "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c583": "ism", - "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c584": "Orientalism", - "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58a": "the role of nineteenth-century maps", - "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58b": "the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory. This provided incentives for imperial and colonial powers", - "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58c": "the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory", - "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58d": "the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory. This provided incentives for imperial and colonial powers", - "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58e": "the extension of French and British", - "573092088ab72b1400f9c595": "pre-Columbian era", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c583": "rientalism", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c584": "rientalism", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58a": "ett", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58b": "century", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58c": "nineteenth-century", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58d": "century", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58e": "century", + "573092088ab72b1400f9c595": "Imperialism", "573092088ab72b1400f9c594": "Genghis Khan", "573092088ab72b1400f9c597": "Imperialism", - "573092088ab72b1400f9c598": "Sub-Saharan Africa has also featured dozens of empires that predate the European colonial era, for example the Ethiopian Empire", - "573092088ab72b1400f9c596": "Empire", + "573092088ab72b1400f9c598": "Imperialism", + "573092088ab72b1400f9c596": "Imperialism", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5ae": "Cultural", - "573093598ab72b1400f9c5af": "Cultural imperialism", + "573093598ab72b1400f9c5af": "the moral, cultural and societal worldview", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b0": "the expectations", - "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b1": "the benefits and luxuries of Roman culture and lifestyle", + "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b1": "the expectations of Romanians; a more recent example is the influence of smuggled South Korean drama series in North Korea. The importance of soft power", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b2": "authoritarian regimes", "57309446396df919000961b8": "1700", - "57309446396df919000961b9": "Imperialism", - "57309446396df919000961ba": "thousands", - "57309446396df919000961bb": "ism", + "57309446396df919000961b9": "1700", + "57309446396df919000961ba": "1700", + "57309446396df919000961bb": "1700", "57309446396df919000961bc": "Policy", - "57309564069b5314008321a5": "1919", - "57309564069b5314008321a6": "1999", - "57309564069b5314008321a7": "1919", - "57309564069b5314008321a8": "the world's economy", - "57309564069b5314008321a9": "the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers", - "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d2": "economic", - "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d4": "mid-18th century", - "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d3": "the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Fieldhouse suggests that in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries", + "57309564069b5314008321a5": "John Gallagher (1919", + "57309564069b5314008321a6": "Ronald Robinson (1920\u20131999", + "57309564069b5314008321a7": "20th century, historians John Gallagher (1919", + "57309564069b5314008321a8": "the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers", + "57309564069b5314008321a9": "I, making the many imperial powers", + "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d2": "twentieth", + "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d4": "18th century", + "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d3": "twentieth", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d5": "18th century", - "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dc": "Europe", - "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dd": "deadly", - "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5de": "the machine gun", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dc": "the 1880s", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dd": "deadly explosives that could be used in combat, and with innovations in machinery they were able to manufacture improved firearms. By the 1880s", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5de": "the 1880s", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5df": "Anglo-Zulu War of 1879", - "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5e0": "the 1880s", - "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e6": "British experience. The term \"Imperialism", - "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e7": "The term \"Imperialism", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5e0": "1880s", + "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e6": "centuries", + "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e7": "centuries", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e8": "theories regarding imperialism are often based on the British experience. The term \"Imperialism", - "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e9": "the British experience. The term \"Imperialism", - "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c600": "imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists", + "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e9": "theories regarding imperialism are often based on the British experience. The term \"Imperialism", + "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c600": "capitalism, aristocracy, and imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c602": "1950s", - "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c601": "I", + "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c601": "1950", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c603": "1858\u20131940", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c604": "1858\u20131940", - "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60a": "ism", - "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60b": "environment", - "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60c": "less civilized", - "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60d": "three waves of European colonialism", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60a": "orientalism", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60b": "ism", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60c": "orientalism", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60d": "three", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60e": "orientalism", - "5730a314069b5314008321eb": "the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate produced a hard-working, moral, and upstanding human being. Alternatively", - "5730a314069b5314008321ec": "Mid", - "5730a314069b5314008321ed": "intervention", + "5730a314069b5314008321eb": "orientalism", + "5730a314069b5314008321ec": "orientalism", + "5730a314069b5314008321ed": "orientalism", "5730a314069b5314008321ee": "orientalism", - "5730a314069b5314008321ef": "the world could be split into climatic zones. These scholars", + "5730a314069b5314008321ef": "orientalism", "5730a40f396df91900096234": "sixteenth century", - "5730a40f396df91900096235": "99", - "5730a40f396df91900096236": "Queen Elizabeth", + "5730a40f396df91900096235": "sixteenth century. In 1599", + "5730a40f396df91900096236": "sixteenth century. In 1599 the British East India Company was established and was chartered", "5730a40f396df91900096237": "1767", - "5730a40f396df91900096238": "the sixteenth century. In 1599", + "5730a40f396df91900096238": "sixteenth century. In 1599 the British East India Company", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf29": "1830", - "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2a": "1850", - "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2d": "Catholicism", - "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2b": ", as well as South-East Asia", - "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2c": "when Germany", - "5730a951069b531400832213": "Jules Ferry declared France had a civilising mission", - "5730a951069b531400832214": "a moral justification to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture", - "5730a951069b531400832215": "Britain", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2a": "1850, concentrating chiefly in North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2d": "1850, concentrating chiefly in North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2b": "1850, concentrating chiefly in North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2c": "1850", + "5730a951069b531400832213": "1884 the leading exponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry", + "5730a951069b531400832214": "the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture", + "5730a951069b531400832215": "the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture", "5730a951069b531400832216": "the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture", - "5730a951069b531400832217": "Algeria", - "5730aa52069b53140083221d": "bases", - "5730aa52069b53140083221e": "anti-colonial movements", - "5730aa52069b53140083221f": "bitter war in Vietnam in the 1950s", - "5730aa52069b531400832220": "Algeria", + "5730a951069b531400832217": "the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture", + "5730aa52069b53140083221d": "World War II", + "5730aa52069b53140083221e": "Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However after 1945 anti-colonial movements", + "5730aa52069b53140083221f": "1950s", + "5730aa52069b531400832220": "1950s", "5730aa52069b531400832221": "1960", - "5730ab63396df91900096260": "ia", - "5730ab63396df91900096263": "the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples", + "5730ab63396df91900096260": "northern and western Europe", + "5730ab63396df91900096263": "1000 CE, the Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe", "5730ab63396df91900096261": "northern and western Europe", - "5730ab63396df91900096262": "the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples", - "5730ab63396df91900096264": "the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples", - "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf73": "the late 19th century", - "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf74": "1862", - "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf75": "Prussia unified the other states into the second German Empire", - "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf77": "Napoleon", - "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf76": "Europe itself", - "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c682": "1883", + "5730ab63396df91900096262": "northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples", + "5730ab63396df91900096264": "1000 CE, the Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf73": "19th century", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf74": "1862\u201390", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf75": "1862\u201390", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf77": "19th century", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf76": "19th century", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c682": "83", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c683": "prestige", - "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c685": ", in 1883", - "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c684": "the German colonial empire proceeded smoothly, starting with German New Guinea", - "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c686": "Friedrichsruh", - "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa4": "Russo-Japanese War", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c685": "83", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c684": "83", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c686": "traders", + "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa4": "1905", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa3": "1894", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa6": "Thailand", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa5": "Manchuria", - "5730b255396df919000962b0": "World War II", + "5730b255396df919000962b0": "II", "5730b255396df919000962b1": "1932", - "5730b255396df919000962b2": "Lenin", - "5730b255396df919000962b3": "the old Tsarist Empire in areas its forces occupied in Eastern Europe", - "5730b255396df919000962b4": "the same extent as that empire by 1921", - "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc5": "Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution", - "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc6": "famously declared that Imperialism", - "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc9": "Mao Zedong", - "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc8": "the matter and famously declared that Imperialism", - "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc7": "the matter and famously declared that Imperialism", - "5730b541396df919000962c2": "mercantilism", + "5730b255396df919000962b2": "1921, however with an internationalist ideology: Lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities", + "5730b255396df919000962b3": "1919\u201320", + "5730b255396df919000962b4": "1919", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc5": "Trotsky", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc6": "declared that Imperialism", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc9": "Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc8": "Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc7": "Joseph Stalin", + "5730b541396df919000962c2": "First British Empire was based on mercantilism", "5730b541396df919000962c3": "1776", - "5730b541396df919000962c5": "1840s", + "5730b541396df919000962c5": "free trade", "5730b541396df919000962c4": "1820", "5730b541396df919000962c6": "1815", - "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfcf": "British", + "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfcf": "Lord Rosebury, and implemented in Africa by Cecil Rhodes. The pseudo-sciences of Social Darwinism", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd0": "pseudo-sciences of Social Darwinism", - "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd2": "Rudyard Kipling", - "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd1": "Middle East", - "5730b7ce069b5314008322c3": "the late 19th and early 20th century, policies such as Theodore Roosevelt\u2019s interventionism", + "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd2": "Social Darwinism", + "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd1": "Lord Rosebury, and implemented in Africa by Cecil Rhodes. The pseudo-sciences of Social Darwinism", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c3": "Theodore Roosevelt\u2019s interventionism", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c4": "Theodore Roosevelt\u2019s interventionism", - "5730b7ce069b5314008322c6": "the Philippines causing business, labor and government leaders", - "5730b7ce069b5314008322c5": "the Philippines", - "5730b7ce069b5314008322c7": "racket", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c6": "1898", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c5": "1898", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c7": "Theodore Roosevelt\u2019s interventionism", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c704": "1914", - "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c705": "Three years later in 1917", - "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c706": "Three years later in 1917, he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917", - "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c707": "Three years later in 1917, he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917", - "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c708": "Wilson's geographer", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c705": "1914. Three years later in 1917", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c706": "1914. Three years later in 1917, he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c707": "1914. Three years later in 1917, he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c708": "1914", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d011": "various people groups as a form of imperialism or colonialism", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d012": "treatment of its indigenous peoples", - "5730bb522461fd1900a9d013": "the subsequent treatment of its 12 to 15 million Africans", + "5730bb522461fd1900a9d013": "various people groups as a form of imperialism or colonialism", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d015": "2003", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73c": "1923", - "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73d": "Suleiman the Magn", + "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73d": "1923", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73e": "32", - "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73f": "Europe", + "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73f": "1923", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c740": "1923", "5730bd00069b5314008322d7": "Istanbul", - "5730bd00069b5314008322d9": "Germany", - "5730bd00069b5314008322db": "Germany", - "5730bd00069b5314008322da": ", leading to the emergence of the new state of Turkey", - "5730982f396df919000961e2": "the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in Evangelicalism", - "5730982f396df919000961e3": "the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in Evangelicalism", + "5730bd00069b5314008322d9": "20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, but it dissolved in the aftermath of World War I", + "5730bd00069b5314008322db": "20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, but it dissolved in the aftermath of World War I", + "5730bd00069b5314008322da": "20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, but it dissolved in the aftermath of World War I", + "5730982f396df919000961e2": "John and Charles Wesley in England", + "5730982f396df919000961e3": "John and Charles Wesley in England", "5730982f396df919000961e4": "1968", - "5730982f396df919000961e5": "John and Charles Wesley", - "5730982f396df919000961e6": "decidedly", - "573098c12461fd1900a9cee5": "The United Methodist Church", - "573098c12461fd1900a9cee6": "80 million adherents across the world", - "573098c12461fd1900a9cee7": "third largest Christian denomination", + "5730982f396df919000961e5": "John and Charles Wesley in England", + "5730982f396df919000961e6": "John and Charles Wesley in England", + "573098c12461fd1900a9cee5": "12", + "573098c12461fd1900a9cee6": "12", + "573098c12461fd1900a9cee7": "third", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee8": "3.6%", - "57309921396df919000961f6": "mid-18th century", - "57309921396df919000961f7": "The United Methodist Church began in the mid-18th century", - "57309921396df919000961f8": "mocked them, saying they were the \"Holy Club\" and \"the Methodists", - "573099f42461fd1900a9cef7": "35", - "573099f42461fd1900a9cef8": "Georgia", - "573099f42461fd1900a9cef9": "the American Indians", + "57309921396df919000961f6": "The United Methodist Church began in the mid-18th century within the Church of England", + "57309921396df919000961f7": "The United Methodist Church began in the mid-18th century within the Church of England", + "57309921396df919000961f8": "John Wesley, Charles Wesley and George Whitefield", + "573099f42461fd1900a9cef7": "1735", + "573099f42461fd1900a9cef8": "John and Charles Wesley went to America to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia", + "573099f42461fd1900a9cef9": "John and Charles Wesley went to America to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia", "573099f42461fd1900a9cefa": "Three", - "57309a6c2461fd1900a9ceff": "Revolution", - "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf00": "84", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9ceff": "John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American Revolution", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf00": "bishop) to organize a separate Methodist Society. Together with Coke, Wesley sent a revision of the Anglican Prayerbook and the Articles of Religion", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf01": "Thomas", - "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf02": "the American colonies from the life and sacraments of the Anglican Church. In 17", - "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf03": "the Lovely Lane Methodist Church", - "57309adb396df919000961fc": "St. George's", - "57309adb396df919000961fd": "the United States, beginning in 1769", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf02": "Religion", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf03": "Religion", + "57309adb396df919000961fc": "St. George's United Methodist Church, located at the corner of 4th and New Streets", + "57309adb396df919000961fd": "69", "57309adb396df919000961fe": "67", - "57309adb396df919000961ff": "1767, meeting initially in a sail loft on Dock Street", + "57309adb396df919000961ff": "St. George's", "57309adb396df91900096200": "84", "57309cd6069b5314008321c3": "Richard Allen and Absalom Jones", - "57309cd6069b5314008321c4": "17", + "57309cd6069b5314008321c4": "Richard Allen and Absalom Jones", "57309cd6069b5314008321c5": "84", "57309d31396df91900096210": "1830", "57309d31396df91900096211": "1830", @@ -10035,538 +10035,538 @@ "57309d31396df91900096213": "1844", "5730a97a396df9190009625a": "1968", "5730a97a396df9190009625b": "1968", - "5730a97a396df9190009625c": "the words, \"Lord of the Church, we are united in Thee", - "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6d": "the holy catholic", - "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6e": "The Book of Discipline", - "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6f": "upholds the concept of the \"visible and invisible Church", - "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64e": "John Wesley was compelled in 1784", - "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c650": "Thomas Coke", + "5730a97a396df9190009625c": "1968", + "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6d": "the concept of the \"visible and invisible Church,\" meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible", + "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6e": "Book of Discipline", + "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6f": "visible and invisible Church,\" meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible", + "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64e": "Thomas Vasey and Richard", + "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c650": "Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64f": "Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat", - "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c655": "1968", + "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c655": "The United Methodist Church in 1968, theologian Albert C. Outler", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c654": "John Wesley", - "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c656": "Albert C. Outler", - "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c657": "the formation of The United Methodist Church in 1968, theologian Albert C. Outler", + "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c656": "Albert C. Outler led the team which systematized denominational doctrine", + "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c657": "Albert C. Outler led the team which systematized denominational doctrine", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c670": "Prevenient grace, or the grace that \"goes before\" us, is given to all people", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c672": "Prevenient grace, or the grace that \"goes before\" us, is given to all people. It is that power", - "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c671": "the present work of God to turn us from our sin-corrupted human will to the loving will of the Father", + "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c671": "Prevenient grace allows those tainted by sin to nevertheless make a truly free choice to accept or reject God's salvation", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c673": "Prevenient grace allows those tainted by sin to nevertheless make a truly free choice to accept or reject God's salvation in Christ", - "5730aeba069b531400832241": "that grace, offered by God to all people, that we receive by faith and trust in Christ", - "5730aeba069b531400832242": "The justifying grace cancel", - "5730aeba069b531400832243": "Today, justifying grace is also known as conversion", + "5730aeba069b531400832241": "the power of sin and to fully love God and neighbor. Today, justifying grace is also known as conversion", + "5730aeba069b531400832242": "resist the power of sin and to fully love God and neighbor. Today, justifying grace is also known as conversion", + "5730aeba069b531400832243": "Today, justifying grace is also known as conversion, \"accepting Jesus as your personal Lord and Savior", "5730aeba069b531400832244": "conversion", - "5730aeba069b531400832245": "John Wesley originally called this experience the New Birth", - "5730afed069b53140083225f": "Sanctifying Grace", - "5730afed069b531400832260": "San", + "5730aeba069b531400832245": "the New Birth", + "5730afed069b53140083225f": "Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection", + "5730afed069b531400832260": "Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection", "5730afed069b531400832261": "Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection", "5730afed069b531400832262": "genuine", - "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c696": "Arminian theology", - "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c697": "prima scriptura, seeing the Holy Bible", - "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c698": "interpretation", + "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c696": "The Book of Discipline", + "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c697": "The Book of Discipline", + "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c698": "The Book of Discipline", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c699": "The Book of Discipline", - "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69f": "2008 General Conference [went] on record in support of the work of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice", - "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69e": "the work of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice\".", + "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69f": "Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice", + "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69e": "Reproductive Choice...[and] 2008 General Conference [went] on record in support of the work of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c6a0": "Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice", - "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6ae": "Religious", - "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6af": "regardless of their choice", - "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6b0": "the mother", - "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfad": "Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS) to further their position within the denomination", - "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfae": "the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice at their General Conference, held in May 2012", + "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6ae": "The General Board of Church and Society", + "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6af": "supportive ministry", + "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6b0": "respect the sacredness of the life and well-being", + "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfad": "Taskforce of United Methodists", + "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfae": "T. Stallsworth, president of the Taskforce of United Methodists", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfaf": "Taskforce of United Methodists", - "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb3": "temperance movement", + "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb3": "Historically, the Methodist Church has supported the temperance movement", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb6": "2011", - "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb4": "John Wesley", - "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb5": "unfermented grape juice", - "5730b54c069b53140083228d": "capital punishment", - "5730b54c069b53140083228e": "John 8:7", + "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb4": "John Wesley warned against the dangers", + "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb5": "juice", + "5730b54c069b53140083228d": "7", + "5730b54c069b53140083228e": "Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7", "5730b54c069b53140083228f": "Matthew 5:38-39", - "5730b54c069b531400832290": "The General Conference", - "5730b5cc396df919000962d2": "Church", + "5730b54c069b531400832290": "7", + "5730b5cc396df919000962d2": "1999", "5730b5cc396df919000962d3": "1999", - "5730b5cc396df919000962d4": "2016", - "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd7": "the Connectional Table", - "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd8": "acceptance", + "5730b5cc396df919000962d4": "1999", + "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd7": "the Connectional Table, a governing committee", + "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd8": "The United Methodist Church", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd9": "Moreover, many conferences have taken a position by voting in favor of same-gender marriages with resolutions", "5730b776069b5314008322bd": "1987", "5730b776069b5314008322be": "2005", - "5730b776069b5314008322bf": "The Baltimore-Washington Conference", + "5730b776069b5314008322bf": "1987", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cff9": "conscription", - "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffa": "the way of military action", + "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffa": "the armed forces or to accept alternative service. The church also states that \"as Christians", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffb": "Therefore", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70e": "Christ's message and teachings", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70f": "Therefore", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c710": "Consequently, the United Methodist Church endorses general and complete disarmament", "5730bdfe396df9190009630e": "The United Methodist Church", "5730bdfe396df9190009630f": "degradation", - "5730bdfe396df91900096310": "physiologically altered, as is their perspective, relationships with parishioners and family, and their perceptions of girls and women", - "5730bf03069b5314008322eb": "research", - "5730bf03069b5314008322ed": "stem cells", - "5730bf03069b5314008322ec": "embryos for the sake of research", - "5730c059069b531400832305": "The Book of Common Prayer", - "5730c059069b531400832306": "The Book of Common Prayer called the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America", - "5730c059069b531400832307": "The", + "5730bdfe396df91900096310": "The United Methodist Church", + "5730bf03069b5314008322eb": "the sake of research", + "5730bf03069b5314008322ed": "the sake of research\" as \"a human embryo, even at its earliest stages, commands our reverence.\" It supports research on stem cells", + "5730bf03069b5314008322ec": "osition", + "5730c059069b531400832305": "The Book of Common Prayer called the Sunday Service", + "5730c059069b531400832306": "The Book of Common Prayer called the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America. Wesley's Sunday Service", + "5730c059069b531400832307": "The Book of Common Prayer called the Sunday Service of the Methodists", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc46": "The United Methodist Church in Africa", - "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc47": "Book of Common Prayer", - "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc48": "Some", - "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4c": "St", - "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4d": "Salvation Army Founder William Booth", + "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc47": "The United Methodist Book of Worship (1992). Many of these liturgies are derived from the Anglican tradition's Book of Common Prayer", + "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc48": "Some clergy offer healing services", + "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4c": "St. James", + "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4d": "Salvation Army Founder William Booth, African missionary David Livingstone", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4e": "John Wesley", - "5730c737b54a4f140068cc52": "The United Methodist Church", - "5730c737b54a4f140068cc54": "the General Conference", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc52": "The Book of Discipline", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc54": "The Book of Discipline", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc55": "The Book of Discipline", - "5730c737b54a4f140068cc53": "the General Conference", - "5730c737b54a4f140068cc56": "every four years (quadrennium). Legislative changes are recorded in The Book of Discipline", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc53": "The Book of Discipline", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc56": "The Book of Discipline", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa7": "five", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa8": "seven", - "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa9": "the United States the church is divided into seven", - "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aaa": "bishops", + "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa9": "seven central conferences: Africa, Congo, West Africa, Central & Southern Europe", + "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aaa": "bishops, the chief administrators", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aab": "more", - "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449c": "the most high profile decisions in recent years by one of the councils was a decision by the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction", - "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449d": "bishops", - "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449e": "36", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449c": "the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449d": "the Mission Council", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449e": "36 acres (150,000 m2) at Southern Methodist University for the George W. Bush Presidential Library", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449f": "March 2007", - "5730c8a1f6cb411900e244a0": "the most high profile decisions in recent years by one of the councils was a decision by the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e244a0": "March 2007", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac2": "nine", - "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac1": "The Judicial Council", - "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac3": "eight", + "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac1": "nine", + "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac3": "nine", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac4": "twice", - "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac5": "twice", - "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154a": "The Annual Conference", - "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154b": "geographical", + "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac5": "nine", + "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154a": "Bishop", + "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154b": "geographical area", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154c": "ergy are members of their Annual Conference", - "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c2": "Book of Discipline", + "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c2": "The Book of Discipline", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c3": "three members and no more than nine", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c4": "three members and no more than nine", - "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c5": "conference", - "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c6": "the church and any interested members. This committee has the exclusive power to set pastors' salaries", + "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c5": "Book of Discipline", + "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c6": "Book of Discipline", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc66": "around one hundred", - "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc67": "three hundred sixty", - "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc68": "International Association", + "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc67": "three hundred sixty schools and institutions overseas", + "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc68": "around one hundred", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc94": "John Wesley", - "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc95": "pastors", + "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc95": "generally serve as pastors", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc96": "Order", - "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc97": "Order", + "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc97": "Order of Elders. Likewise each deacon in full connection", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af5": "the Annual Conference Cabinet", - "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af6": "the advice of the Annual Conference Cabinet", - "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af7": "Until the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference", - "5730d473b7151e1900c0155a": "Elders", - "5730d473b7151e1900c0155b": ", and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service", + "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af6": "bishop on the advice of the Annual Conference Cabinet", + "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af7": "the Annual Conference Cabinet", + "5730d473b7151e1900c0155a": "Elders are called by God, affirmed by the church, and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament", + "5730d473b7151e1900c0155b": "3 years as provisional Elders", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155c": "3", - "5730d473b7151e1900c0155d": ", and to order the life of the church for ministry and mission. Elders may also be assigned as District Superintendents", - "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b03": "2\u20133", - "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b04": "Deacons give leadership, preach the Word, contribute in worship, conduct marriages", - "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b05": "Deacons assist elders in the sacraments of Holy Communion and Baptism", + "5730d473b7151e1900c0155d": "District Superintendents", + "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b03": "3", + "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b04": "Deacons are called by God, affirmed by the church, and ordained by a bishop", + "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b05": "Holy Communion and Baptism", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b06": "authority", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d6": "1996", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d7": "The provisional elder/deacon is a seminary graduate who serves a two-three-year term in a full-time appointment", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d8": "1996", - "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01562": "the local church. A Local Pastor's official title", - "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01563": "inary", - "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01564": "inary", + "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01562": "bishop", + "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01563": "the Conference Board of Ordained Ministry", + "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01564": "course of study at an approved United Methodist seminary", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01565": "Associate Membership", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dc": "Baptized Members", - "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dd": ", but who have not subsequently professed their own faith. These Baptized Members", - "5730d77ef6cb411900e244de": ", but who have not subsequently professed their own faith. These Baptized Members become Professing Members", - "5730de74f6cb411900e244fc": "ism", - "5730de74f6cb411900e244fd": "to participate. In confirmation and membership preparation classes", + "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dd": "infant and adult baptism. Baptized Members", + "5730d77ef6cb411900e244de": "Member", + "5730de74f6cb411900e244fc": "Baptism", + "5730de74f6cb411900e244fd": "Baptism", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fe": "Book of Discipline", - "5730de74f6cb411900e244ff": "the Methodist-Christian theological tradition", - "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b61": "There are two categories of lay servants: local church lay servant, who serve in and through their local churches, and certified lay servants", - "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b62": "the United Methodist Church is that of the lay servant", + "5730de74f6cb411900e244ff": "Baptism", + "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b61": "the United Methodist Church is that of the lay servant. Although not considered clergy, lay speakers", + "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b62": "the United Methodist Church is that of the lay servant. Although not considered clergy, lay speakers", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b63": "District or Conference Committee on Lay Speaking", - "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b64": "three", - "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b73": "The United Methodist Church", - "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b74": "observer status in the National Association of Evangelicals", + "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b64": "District or Conference Committee on Lay Speaking", + "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b73": "The United Methodist Church who feel that false ecumenism might result in the \"blurring of theological and confessional differences", + "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b74": "The United Methodist Church who feel that false ecumenism might result in the \"blurring of theological and confessional differences", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b75": "The United Methodist Church who feel that false ecumenism might result in the \"blurring of theological and confessional differences", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce4": "2000", - "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce5": "May 2012", + "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce5": "2012", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce6": "1985", "5730eb5b497a881900248a3f": "11", "5730eb5b497a881900248a40": "11", "5730eb5b497a881900248a41": "8", "5730eb5b497a881900248a42": "8", - "5730eb5b497a881900248a43": "Texas", + "5730eb5b497a881900248a43": "8 million members in over 34,000 congregations. Membership is concentrated primarily in the Midwest and in the South", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae5": "11", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae6": "11", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae7": "3", - "5730ec85e6313a140071caba": "the Wesleyan Holiness Consortium", + "5730ec85e6313a140071caba": "2006", "5730ec85e6313a140071cabb": "World Methodist Council", - "5730ec85e6313a140071cabc": "July 18, 2006", - "5733cf61d058e614000b62e9": "the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 European settlers", - "5733cf61d058e614000b62ea": "the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 European settlers", - "5733cf61d058e614000b62eb": "60,000 European settlers", - "5733cf61d058e614000b62ec": "60,000 European settlers", - "5733cff84776f419006612b4": "the command of 22-year-old George Washington", - "5733cff84776f419006612b5": "the command of 22-year-old George Washington", - "5733cff84776f419006612b6": "the command of 22-year-old George Washington", + "5730ec85e6313a140071cabc": "2006", + "5733cf61d058e614000b62e9": "56", + "5733cf61d058e614000b62ea": "56", + "5733cf61d058e614000b62eb": "56", + "5733cf61d058e614000b62ec": "1754\u20131763", + "5733cff84776f419006612b4": "present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754", + "5733cff84776f419006612b5": "present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754", + "5733cff84776f419006612b6": "present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754", "5733d13e4776f419006612c4": "six", - "5733d13e4776f419006612c5": "disaster", - "5733d13e4776f419006612c6": "the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9, 1755 and died a few days later. British operations in 1755, 1756", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c5": "July", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c6": "57", "5733d13e4776f419006612c7": "Fort Beaus\u00e9jour on the border separating Nova Scotia", - "5733d13e4776f419006612c8": "Orders", - "5733d249d058e614000b6331": "William Pitt", - "5733d249d058e614000b6332": "British military resources in the colonies", - "5733d249d058e614000b6333": "the European theatre", - "5733d249d058e614000b6334": "Sainte Foy", - "5733d2dbd058e614000b6339": "territory", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c8": "six colonial governors in North America", + "5733d249d058e614000b6331": "Pitt", + "5733d249d058e614000b6332": "British military resources", + "5733d249d058e614000b6333": "European theatre of the war. Between 1758 and 1760, the British military launched a campaign to capture the Colony of Canada", + "5733d249d058e614000b6334": "at Sainte Foy in Quebec", + "5733d2dbd058e614000b6339": "Great Britain", "5733d2dbd058e614000b633a": "west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans", - "5733d2dbd058e614000b633b": "the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict. France ceded its territory", - "5733d3cb4776f419006612ea": "1740s", - "5733d3cb4776f419006612eb": "the 1740s, British colonists named the second war in King George's reign after their opponents, and it became known as the French and Indian War", + "5733d2dbd058e614000b633b": "the Mississippi to Great Britain", + "5733d3cb4776f419006612ea": "17", + "5733d3cb4776f419006612eb": "17", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ec": "Seven Years' War, a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain", - "5733d3cb4776f419006612ed": "the 1740s, British colonists named the second war in King George's reign after their opponents, and it became known as the French and Indian War", + "5733d3cb4776f419006612ed": "17", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6353": "six", - "5733d4c8d058e614000b6354": "six", - "5733d4c8d058e614000b6355": "60", - "5733d4c8d058e614000b6356": "Jumonville Glen in 1754", - "5733d5704776f4190066130e": "about 75,000", - "5733d5704776f4190066130f": "Few", + "5733d4c8d058e614000b6354": "six years, from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760", + "5733d4c8d058e614000b6355": "six years, from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760", + "5733d4c8d058e614000b6356": "six years, from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754", + "5733d5704776f4190066130e": "New Orleans, Biloxi", + "5733d5704776f4190066130f": "New Orleans, Biloxi", "5733d5704776f41900661310": "traders", "5733d68ed058e614000b637f": "20", - "5733d68ed058e614000b6380": "the coast, the settlements were growing into the interior. Nova Scotia, which had been captured from France in 1713", - "5733d68ed058e614000b6381": "the coast", - "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ab": "the British, large areas were dominated by native tribes", + "5733d68ed058e614000b6380": "1713", + "5733d68ed058e614000b6381": "Britain", + "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ab": "the British", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ac": "Father Le Loutre's War", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ad": "the Ohio Country", - "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ae": "the British, large areas were dominated by native tribes", + "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ae": "the British", "5733da01d058e614000b63f9": "Further south", - "5733da01d058e614000b63fa": "the Ohio Country", - "5733da01d058e614000b63fb": "British", - "5733dab4d058e614000b6409": "no French regular army troops were stationed in North America", - "5733dab4d058e614000b640a": "the war, no French regular army troops were stationed in North America", - "5733dab4d058e614000b640b": "the war, no French regular army troops were stationed in North America", - "5733db8dd058e614000b6428": "3", + "5733da01d058e614000b63fa": "Further south", + "5733da01d058e614000b63fb": "Anglo-Cherokee War in 1758", + "5733dab4d058e614000b6409": "3", + "5733dab4d058e614000b640a": "3", + "5733dab4d058e614000b640b": "3", + "5733db8dd058e614000b6428": "3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749", "5733db8dd058e614000b6429": "200", - "5733db8dd058e614000b642a": "the Ohio Country. Whenever he encountered British merchants or fur-traders, C\u00e9loron", - "5733dc95d058e614000b644a": "the area informed C\u00e9loron that they owned the Ohio Country", - "5733dc95d058e614000b644b": "the village of Pickawillany, the home of the Miami chief known as \"Old Briton", - "5733dc95d058e614000b644c": "the village of Pickawillany, the home of the Miami chief known as \"Old Briton", - "5733dc95d058e614000b644d": "ignored the warning", - "5733dd4f4776f419006613aa": "C\u00e9loron", - "5733dd4f4776f419006613ab": "C\u00e9loron", - "5733dd4f4776f419006613ac": "Massachusetts Bay", - "5733e5a14776f4190066145b": "1749", + "5733db8dd058e614000b642a": "200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians. The expedition covered about 3,000 miles (4,800 km", + "5733dc95d058e614000b644a": "1749", + "5733dc95d058e614000b644b": "Old Brit", + "5733dc95d058e614000b644c": "1749", + "5733dc95d058e614000b644d": "1749", + "5733dd4f4776f419006613aa": "London", + "5733dd4f4776f419006613ab": "London", + "5733dd4f4776f419006613ac": "London and Paris, each side proposing that action be taken. William Shirley", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145b": "49", "5733e5a14776f4190066145c": "1749", - "5733e5a14776f4190066145d": "Christopher", - "5733e5a14776f4190066145e": "Treaty of Logstown", - "5733e5a14776f4190066145f": "at the mouth", - "5733e771d058e614000b6545": "King", - "5733e771d058e614000b6546": "King George's War) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty", - "5733e771d058e614000b6547": "17", - "5733e771d058e614000b6548": "territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America", - "5733e8ae4776f419006614a6": "March", - "5733e8ae4776f419006614a7": "300", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145d": "Christopher Gist, acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company, explored the Ohio territory", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145e": "Treaty", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145f": "Treaty", + "5733e771d058e614000b6545": "King George's War) formally ended in 1748", + "5733e771d058e614000b6546": "King George's War) formally ended in 1748", + "5733e771d058e614000b6547": "1748", + "5733e771d058e614000b6548": "King George's War) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty", + "5733e8ae4776f419006614a6": "March 17, 1752", + "5733e8ae4776f419006614a7": "Charles Michel de Langlade, an officer in the Troupes de la Marine. Langlade was given 300", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a8": "Charles Michel", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a9": "21", "5733ea04d058e614000b6594": "Troupes de la Marine", - "5733ea04d058e614000b6595": "Fort Le Boeuf", - "5733ea04d058e614000b6596": "Fort Le Boeuf", - "5733ea04d058e614000b6597": "Paul Marin", - "5733ea04d058e614000b6598": "Fort Le Boeuf", - "5733eb34d058e614000b65cc": "the Iroquois Confederacy in the area. In 17", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6595": "53", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6596": "53", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6597": "53", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6598": "53", + "5733eb34d058e614000b65cc": "the Iroquois Confederacy in the area. In 1746", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cd": "War", - "5733eb34d058e614000b65ce": "War", + "5733eb34d058e614000b65ce": "the Iroquois Confederacy in the area. In 1746", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cf": "Albany, New York with Governor Clinton and officials from some of the other American colonies. Mohawk Chief Hendrick", - "5733ef47d058e614000b662b": "brother", + "5733ef47d058e614000b662b": "the Ohio Company, which stood to lose money if the French held their claim. To counter the French military presence in Ohio, in October 1753", "5733ef47d058e614000b662c": "October 1753", - "5733ef47d058e614000b662d": "Washington", - "5733ef47d058e614000b662e": "12", - "5733f062d058e614000b6633": "Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre", + "5733ef47d058e614000b662d": "53", + "5733ef47d058e614000b662e": "53", + "5733f062d058e614000b6633": "Saint-Pierre", "5733f062d058e614000b6634": "ques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre", - "5733f062d058e614000b6635": "the region was superior to that of the British", + "5733f062d058e614000b6635": "Saint-Pierre", "5733f062d058e614000b6636": "Ren\u00e9-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country", - "5733f1784776f41900661575": "500", - "5733f1784776f41900661576": "a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point, where in the early months of 1754", - "5733f1784776f41900661577": "Fort Duquesne", - "5733f309d058e614000b6648": "the area, Washington", - "5733f309d058e614000b6649": "the support of the British", + "5733f1784776f41900661575": "500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5, 1754", + "5733f1784776f41900661576": "Trent to that point, where in the early months of 1754", + "5733f1784776f41900661577": "Trent to that point, where in the early months of 1754", + "5733f309d058e614000b6648": "28", + "5733f309d058e614000b6649": "Washington", "5733f309d058e614000b664a": "the British", - "5733f410d058e614000b6663": "Edward Braddock to lead the expedition", - "5733f410d058e614000b6664": "King Louis XV", - "5733f410d058e614000b6665": "six", - "5733f410d058e614000b6666": "the following year to dislodge the French", + "5733f410d058e614000b6663": "Edward Braddock to lead the expedition. Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure for North America", + "5733f410d058e614000b6664": "England", + "5733f410d058e614000b6665": "six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755", + "5733f410d058e614000b6666": "six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755", "5733f5264776f419006615a3": "the Albany Congress", "5733f5264776f419006615a4": "the Albany Congress", - "5733f5264776f419006615a5": "never", + "5733f5264776f419006615a5": "54", "5733f5264776f419006615a6": "the Albany Congress", - "5733f5f24776f419006615c1": "a disaster", - "5733f5f24776f419006615c2": "disaster", + "5733f5f24776f419006615c1": "trees", + "5733f5f24776f419006615c2": "1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne. The expedition was a disaster", "5733f5f24776f419006615c3": "1,000", - "5733f5f24776f419006615c4": "the American Revolutionary War", - "5733f7b9d058e614000b66a9": "the activities of Shirley and Johnson", - "5733f7b9d058e614000b66aa": "Shirley's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties", - "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ab": "the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego", - "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ac": "garrisons", - "5733f8dc4776f419006615f7": "the Marquis de Vaudreuil", - "5733f8dc4776f419006615f8": "the construction of Fort Carillon (later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 17", - "5733f8dc4776f419006615f9": "bloody", - "5733f8dc4776f419006615fa": "the field. Johnson's advance stopped at Fort William Henry", - "5733f8dc4776f419006615fb": "Ticonderoga Point", - "5733f9fa4776f4190066161f": "Monckton, in the sole British success that year, captured Fort Beaus\u00e9jour", - "5733f9fa4776f41900661620": "Monckton, in the sole British success that year, captured Fort Beaus\u00e9jour", - "5733f9fa4776f41900661621": "Bloody", - "5733faaf4776f4190066162f": "Braddock, William Shirley", - "5733faaf4776f41900661630": "Albany", - "5733faaf4776f41900661631": "Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario", - "5733faaf4776f41900661632": "the Maine district and down the Chaudi\u00e8re River to attack the city of Quebec", - "5733fb7bd058e614000b66ff": "Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Abercrombie", - "5733fb7bd058e614000b6700": "trio of officers France sent to North America. French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May", + "5733f5f24776f419006615c4": "1755", + "5733f7b9d058e614000b66a9": "Shirley", + "5733f7b9d058e614000b66aa": "Shirley", + "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ab": "Shirley", + "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ac": "Shirley left garrisons at Oswego, Fort Bull", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615f7": "Marquis de Vaudreuil", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615f8": "1759", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615f9": "the construction of Fort Carillon (later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 1759", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615fa": "the construction of Fort Carillon (later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 1759", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615fb": "the construction of Fort Carillon (later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 1759", + "5733f9fa4776f4190066161f": "Monckton", + "5733f9fa4776f41900661620": "Monckton", + "5733f9fa4776f41900661621": "Monckton", + "5733faaf4776f4190066162f": "Sir", + "5733faaf4776f41900661630": "Albany in December 1755", + "5733faaf4776f41900661631": "Sir", + "5733faaf4776f41900661632": "Sir", + "5733fb7bd058e614000b66ff": "James Abercrombie", + "5733fb7bd058e614000b6700": "trio of officers France sent to North America. French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756", "5733fb7bd058e614000b6701": "18, 1756", - "5733fc6ed058e614000b670f": "the British supply chain", - "5733fc6ed058e614000b6710": "Scouts", - "5733fc6ed058e614000b6711": "Battle of Fort Bull", - "5733fc6ed058e614000b6712": "the March Battle of Fort Bull", - "5733fd66d058e614000b6735": "Loudoun", + "5733fc6ed058e614000b670f": "1756", + "5733fc6ed058e614000b6710": "56", + "5733fc6ed058e614000b6711": "45,000", + "5733fc6ed058e614000b6712": "1756", + "5733fd66d058e614000b6735": "Abercrombie", "5733fd66d058e614000b6736": "Ticonderoga", - "5733fd66d058e614000b6737": "Mont", - "5733fd66d058e614000b6738": "Montcalm", - "5733fe73d058e614000b673d": "the Secretary of State responsible for the colonies, to attack Louisbourg", + "5733fd66d058e614000b6737": "Ticonderoga, as if to presage another attack along Lake George. With Abercrombie", + "5733fd66d058e614000b6738": "Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners' personal effects. The Europeans", + "5733fe73d058e614000b673d": "1757", "5733fe73d058e614000b673e": "Fort William Henry", - "5733fe73d058e614000b673f": "first", - "5733fe73d058e614000b6740": "the meantime French ships had escaped the British blockade of the French coast, and a fleet outnumbering the British one awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg", - "5733ffa7d058e614000b674f": "French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians", - "5733ffa7d058e614000b6750": "a daring raid against the position across the frozen Lake George", - "5733ffa7d058e614000b6751": "Mont", - "57340111d058e614000b677d": "the intendant of the territory", + "5733fe73d058e614000b673f": "1757", + "5733fe73d058e614000b6740": "1757", + "5733ffa7d058e614000b674f": "1757", + "5733ffa7d058e614000b6750": "raid", + "5733ffa7d058e614000b6751": "Montcalm's Indian allies", + "57340111d058e614000b677d": "British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping. The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757", "57340111d058e614000b677e": "57", - "57340111d058e614000b677f": "the", + "57340111d058e614000b677f": "British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping. The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757", "5734025d4776f419006616c3": "Duke of Cumberland", - "5734025d4776f419006616c4": "He had been replaced by Abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757", + "5734025d4776f419006616c4": "57", "5734025d4776f419006616c5": "three major offensive actions", - "5734025d4776f419006616c6": "three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops, supported by the provincial militias, aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France. Two", + "5734025d4776f419006616c6": "1757", "573403394776f419006616dd": "3,600", "573403394776f419006616de": "3,600", "573403394776f419006616df": "3,600 Frenchmen famously and decisively defeated Abercrombie", "573403394776f419006616e0": "3,600 Frenchmen famously and decisively defeated Abercrombie", - "57340549d058e614000b67dd": "Britain", - "57340549d058e614000b67de": "the aftermath of generally poor French results in most theaters of the Seven Years' War in 17", + "57340549d058e614000b67dd": "the duc de Choiseul", + "57340549d058e614000b67de": "the mainland, Prussia, and the French Navy", "57340549d058e614000b67df": "Lagos", "573406d1d058e614000b6801": "James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec", - "573406d1d058e614000b6802": "victory at Fort Niagara", - "573406d1d058e614000b6803": "Sainte-Foy", - "573406d1d058e614000b6804": "British", - "573407d7d058e614000b6813": "Vaudreuil negotiated from Montreal a capitulation with General Amherst", - "573407d7d058e614000b6814": "General Amherst", + "573406d1d058e614000b6802": "59", + "573406d1d058e614000b6803": "1760", + "573406d1d058e614000b6804": "1760", + "573407d7d058e614000b6813": "Montreal a capitulation with General Amherst", + "573407d7d058e614000b6814": "1760, and before any hostilities erupted, Governor Vaudreuil negotiated from Montreal a capitulation with General Amherst", "573407d7d058e614000b6815": "Montreal a capitulation with General Amherst", "573408ef4776f41900661757": "Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763", - "573408ef4776f41900661758": "Treaty of Hubertusburg", - "573408ef4776f41900661759": "British", - "573408ef4776f4190066175a": "surrendering either its continental North American possessions", + "573408ef4776f41900661758": "Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763", + "573408ef4776f41900661759": "Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763", + "573408ef4776f4190066175a": "1763, and war in the European theatre of the Seven Years' War was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763", "57340a094776f4190066177d": "1755", "57340a094776f4190066177e": "1755", - "57340a094776f4190066177f": "British", + "57340a094776f4190066177f": "1755", "57340a094776f41900661780": "New Orleans", - "57340b1bd058e614000b6869": "King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October", - "57340b1bd058e614000b686a": "October", - "57340b1bd058e614000b686b": "west", - "57340d124776f419006617c3": "most of its Spanish Catholic population", - "57340d124776f419006617c0": "the construction of military roads to the area by Braddock and Forbes", + "57340b1bd058e614000b6869": "III", + "57340b1bd058e614000b686a": "Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7, 1763", + "57340b1bd058e614000b686b": "Royal Proclamation of 1763", + "57340d124776f419006617c3": "1769", + "57340d124776f419006617c0": "the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession. The Ohio Country", "57340d124776f419006617c1": "69", - "57340d124776f419006617c2": "the British", - "57340d124776f419006617bf": "the disappearance", - "573735e8c3c5551400e51e71": "force", - "573735e8c3c5551400e51e72": "error", - "573735e8c3c5551400e51e73": "the early 20th century, Einstein developed a theory of relativity", - "573735e8c3c5551400e51e74": "three hundred years", - "573735e8c3c5551400e51e75": "Einstein", - "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7b": "a Standard Model", - "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7c": "the speed of light, particle physics has devised a Standard Model to describe forces between particles smaller than atoms. The Standard Model", + "57340d124776f419006617c2": "1769", + "57340d124776f419006617bf": "1769", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e71": "20", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e72": "Sir Isaac Newton", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e73": "Sir Isaac Newton", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e74": "Sir Isaac Newton", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e75": "20", + "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7b": "1970s and 1980s", + "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7c": "the speed of light, particle physics has devised a Standard Model", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7d": "four", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7e": "four", - "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7f": "a more fundamental electroweak interaction", + "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7f": "1970", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e85": "Aristotle", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e86": "Aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology", - "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e87": "four", - "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e88": "rest", - "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e89": "the concept of a force as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology", - "57373f80c3c5551400e51e8f": "Aristotelian physics", - "57373f80c3c5551400e51e90": "the 17th century work of Galileo Galile", - "57373f80c3c5551400e51e91": "the late Medieval idea that objects", - "57373f80c3c5551400e51e92": "the Aristotelian theory of motion early in the 17th century", - "57373f80c3c5551400e51e93": "friction", - "5737432bc3c5551400e51e99": "ton", - "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9a": "Galileo's insight that constant velocity", - "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9b": "Newton proposed that every object with mass has an innate inertia", + "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e87": "the terrestrial sphere contained four elements", + "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e88": "rest at different \"natural places", + "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e89": "Aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e8f": "theory", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e90": "17th century", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e91": "theory", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e92": "17th century", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e93": "theory", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e99": "Newton's First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9a": "Galileo's insight", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9b": "Newton's First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9c": "the same in every inertial frame of reference", - "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9d": "ton", - "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea3": "laws", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9d": "reference", + "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea3": "ia", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea4": "parabolic path", - "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea5": "the car, the vehicle and everything inside of it is at rest", + "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea5": "perspective of the person in the car, the vehicle and everything inside of it is at rest", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea6": "ia", - "573749741c4567190057445d": "tendency", + "573749741c4567190057445d": "the tendency", "573749741c4567190057445e": "rotational inertia of planet Earth", "573749741c4567190057445f": "Albert Einstein", "573749741c45671900574460": "weightlessness", - "573749741c45671900574461": "principle", + "573749741c45671900574461": "Albert Einstein", "573750f51c45671900574467": "Newton's Second Law", - "573750f61c45671900574468": "kinematic measurements", - "573750f61c45671900574469": "General relativity", + "573750f61c45671900574468": "reference", + "573750f61c45671900574469": "reference", "573750f61c4567190057446a": "theory", - "573750f61c4567190057446b": "fixed", - "5737534ec3c5551400e51eab": "symmetry to situations", + "573750f61c4567190057446b": "relative units of force and mass then are fixed", + "5737534ec3c5551400e51eab": "Third Law is a result of applying symmetry to situations", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eac": "Third Law", - "5737534ec3c5551400e51ead": "the presence of different objects. The third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies", - "5737534ec3c5551400e51eae": "the presence of different objects", + "5737534ec3c5551400e51ead": "Third", + "5737534ec3c5551400e51eae": "Third", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb3": "Alternatively", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb4": "a closed system of particles, there are no internal forces", - "573755afc3c5551400e51eb5": "proportional to the magnitude of the external force divided", + "573755afc3c5551400e51eb5": "proportional to the magnitude", "573766251c45671900574471": "Since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls, this can provide an intuitive understanding", - "573766251c45671900574472": "the intuitive understanding", + "573766251c45671900574472": "Newton", "573766251c45671900574473": "Newton", - "573766251c45671900574474": "the conceptual definition of force offered by Newton", - "57376828c3c5551400e51eb9": "of these characteristics, forces are classified as \"vector quantities", - "57376828c3c5551400e51eba": "quantities", + "573766251c45671900574474": "Newton", + "57376828c3c5551400e51eb9": "it is impossible to determine what the acceleration of the rope will be. The two people could be pulling against each other as in tug of war", + "57376828c3c5551400e51eba": "scalar quantities", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebb": "the same object", - "57376828c3c5551400e51ebc": "the same object, it is necessary to know both the magnitude", + "57376828c3c5551400e51ebc": "the same object", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebd": "the same rope", - "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec3": "Historically, forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium", - "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec4": "properties that forces are additive vector quantities", - "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec5": "resultant", - "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec6": "the difference of the magnitudes of the two forces to their sum, depending on the angle between their lines of action", - "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec7": "resultant", - "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecd": "right-angles", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec3": "Historically", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec4": "resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of the parallelogram. The magnitude of the resultant", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec5": "the resultant", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec6": "resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of the parallelogram. The magnitude of the resultant", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec7": "resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of the parallelogram. The magnitude of the resultant", + "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecd": "right angles", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ece": "right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecf": "Summing these component forces using vector addition", - "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed0": "Orthogonal components", - "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed1": "three-dimensional with the third", - "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed7": "the characteristics of the contact", - "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed8": "friction", - "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed9": "the static friction force exactly balances the applied", + "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed0": "three", + "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed1": "three", + "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed7": "The static friction", + "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed8": "static friction", + "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed9": "The static friction", "57376df3c3c5551400e51eda": "upper", - "57377083c3c5551400e51edf": "the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing", - "57377083c3c5551400e51ee0": "the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances", - "57377083c3c5551400e51ee1": "the \"spring reaction force\", which equals the object's weight", - "57377083c3c5551400e51ee2": "gravity", + "57377083c3c5551400e51edf": "weighing", + "57377083c3c5551400e51ee0": "weighing scales and spring balances. For example, an object suspended on a vertical spring scale", + "57377083c3c5551400e51ee1": "force\", which equals the object's weight", + "57377083c3c5551400e51ee2": "standard weights", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee3": "Isaac Newton", - "573776eec3c5551400e51ee9": "the same velocity as the boat as it falls. Thus, no force is required to keep the cannonball moving at the constant forward velocity", - "573776eec3c5551400e51eea": "the same velocity as the boat as it falls. Thus, no force is required to keep the cannonball moving at the constant forward velocity", + "573776eec3c5551400e51ee9": "Aristotelian physics would have the cannonball fall straight", + "573776eec3c5551400e51eea": "the only conclusion left is that the cannonball continues to move with the same velocity", "573776eec3c5551400e51eeb": "Aristotle", - "573776eec3c5551400e51eec": "a constant velocity", - "573776eec3c5551400e51eed": "a constant velocity", - "57377862c3c5551400e51ef3": "motion", - "57377862c3c5551400e51ef4": "the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force", - "57377862c3c5551400e51ef5": ", when kinetic friction", + "573776eec3c5551400e51eec": "Aristotelian physics would have the cannonball fall straight", + "573776eec3c5551400e51eed": "rest were correct. For example, if a mariner dropped a cannonball from the crow's nest of a ship moving at a constant velocity", + "57377862c3c5551400e51ef3": "Aristotle misinterpreted this motion as being caused by the applied force. However, when kinetic friction", + "57377862c3c5551400e51ef4": "Aristotle misinterpreted this motion as being caused by the applied force. However, when kinetic friction", + "57377862c3c5551400e51ef5": "Aristotle", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef6": "Aristotle", "57377aac1c45671900574479": "the Schr\u00f6dinger", "57377aac1c4567190057447a": "Schr", "57377aac1c4567190057447b": "i", - "57377aac1c4567190057447c": "Schr", - "57377aac1c4567190057447d": "the Schr\u00f6dinger equation instead of Newton", - "57377c98c3c5551400e51efb": "the \"spin", - "57377c98c3c5551400e51efc": "Pauli principle", - "57377c98c3c5551400e51efd": "Depending", - "57377c98c3c5551400e51efe": "apparent", - "57377c98c3c5551400e51eff": "symmetric", - "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f05": "a mathematical by-product", - "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f06": "force is a redundant concept", - "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f07": "The conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually", + "57377aac1c4567190057447c": "Schr\u00f6dinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence", + "57377aac1c4567190057447d": "the Schr", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51efb": "the \"spin\", and there is the Pauli principle", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51efc": "the Pauli principle", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51efd": "principle", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51efe": "symmetric (i.e. the apparent force must be attractive). Thus in the case of two fermions there is a strictly negative correlation", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51eff": "apparent", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f05": "exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f06": "theory", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f07": "theory", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f08": "Feynman diagrams", - "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f09": "the use of Feynman diagrams", - "5737804dc3c5551400e51f0f": "the forces in the universe", - "5737804dc3c5551400e51f10": "The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f09": "Feynman diagrams", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f0f": "friction is a manifestation of the electromagnetic force acting between the atoms of two surfaces, and the Pauli exclusion principle", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f10": "only at very short distances", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f11": "The electromagnetic force acts between", - "5737804dc3c5551400e51f12": "between masses", - "5737804dc3c5551400e51f13": "Pauli exclusion principle", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f12": "between", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f13": "friction is a manifestation of the electromagnetic force acting between the atoms of two surfaces, and the Pauli exclusion principle", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f19": "Isaac Newton", - "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1a": "20th century, the development of quantum mechanics", - "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1b": "Physicists are still attempting to develop self-consistent unification models that would combine all four fundamental interactions into a theory of everything", - "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1c": "theory of everything. Einstein tried and failed at this endeavor, but currently the most popular approach to answering this question is string theory", + "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1a": "20th century, the development of quantum mechanics led to a modern understanding that the first three", + "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1b": "three", + "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1c": "three", "573784fa1c45671900574483": "Isaac Newton", - "573784fa1c45671900574484": "the Earth is usually designated as and has a magnitude of about 9", - "573784fa1c45671900574485": "the Earth is usually designated as and has a magnitude of about 9", - "573784fa1c45671900574486": "sea level", - "573784fa1c45671900574487": "the Earth. This observation means that the force of gravity", - "573786b51c4567190057448d": "at larger distances", - "573786b51c4567190057448e": "the Moon", - "573786b51c4567190057448f": "the Earth to the gravitational acceleration", - "573786b51c45671900574490": "the Earth to the gravitational acceleration", - "57378862c3c5551400e51f21": "a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength", - "57378862c3c5551400e51f22": "Henry Cavendish", - "57378862c3c5551400e51f23": "its value was unknown in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798", + "573784fa1c45671900574484": "9", + "573784fa1c45671900574485": "9", + "573784fa1c45671900574486": "9", + "573784fa1c45671900574487": "9", + "573786b51c4567190057448d": "the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances", + "573786b51c4567190057448e": "radius", + "573786b51c4567190057448f": "radius", + "573786b51c45671900574490": "radius", + "57378862c3c5551400e51f21": "relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant", + "57378862c3c5551400e51f22": "Henry", + "57378862c3c5551400e51f23": "1798", "57378862c3c5551400e51f24": "Newton", "5737898f1c45671900574495": "Mercury", - "5737898f1c45671900574496": "another", + "5737898f1c45671900574496": "Some astrophysicists", "5737898f1c45671900574497": "the discrepancy", - "5737898f1c45671900574498": "the first time that Newton's Theory of Gravity", - "5737898f1c45671900574499": "the first time that Newton's Theory of Gravity had been shown to be less correct than an alternative", - "57378b141c4567190057449f": "the theory", - "57378b141c456719005744a0": "the perspective of the object, all motion occurs as if there were no gravitation whatsoever", - "57378b141c456719005744a1": "the order of few light-years). The time derivative of the changing momentum of the object is what we label as \"gravitational force", - "57378b141c456719005744a2": "a global sense", - "57378c9b1c456719005744a8": "the time rate of change of electric charge", - "57378c9b1c456719005744a9": "the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law", + "5737898f1c45671900574498": "Albert Einstein", + "5737898f1c45671900574499": "Theory", + "57378b141c4567190057449f": "theory", + "57378b141c456719005744a0": "radius", + "57378b141c456719005744a1": "then", + "57378b141c456719005744a2": "radius", + "57378c9b1c456719005744a8": "rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law", + "57378c9b1c456719005744a9": "Lorentz's Law", "57378c9b1c456719005744a7": "Lorentz's Law", - "57378c9b1c456719005744aa": "force", + "57378c9b1c456719005744aa": "Lorentz's Law", "57378e311c456719005744af": "1864", - "57378e311c456719005744b0": "the speed of light. This insight united the nascent fields of electromagnetic theory with optics and led directly to a complete description of the electromagnetic spectrum", + "57378e311c456719005744b0": "20", "57378e311c456719005744b1": "20", - "57378e311c456719005744b2": "4 vector equations", - "57378e311c456719005744b3": "Maxwell", - "573792ee1c456719005744b9": "theory", - "573792ee1c456719005744ba": "the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome", - "573792ee1c456719005744bb": "a new theory of electromagnetism", - "573792ee1c456719005744bc": "photons", + "57378e311c456719005744b2": "20", + "57378e311c456719005744b3": "1864", + "573792ee1c456719005744b9": "nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome", + "573792ee1c456719005744ba": "theory of electromagnetism", + "573792ee1c456719005744bb": "theory of electromagnetism", + "573792ee1c456719005744bc": "the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modification to electromagnetic theory", "573792ee1c456719005744bd": "electrodynamics", - "5737958ac3c5551400e51f29": "the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle", + "5737958ac3c5551400e51f29": "the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2a": "the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle", - "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2b": "energy", - "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2c": "the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle", - "5737958b1c456719005744c3": "the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle", + "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2b": "the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle", + "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2c": "macroscopically", + "5737958b1c456719005744c3": "the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle", "5737958b1c456719005744c4": "the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle", - "5737958b1c456719005744c5": "energy", - "5737958b1c456719005744c6": "the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle", - "573796edc3c5551400e51f33": "The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles", - "573796edc3c5551400e51f34": "the nuclear", + "5737958b1c456719005744c5": "the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle", + "5737958b1c456719005744c6": "macroscopically", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f33": "atomic", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f34": "atomic", "573796edc3c5551400e51f35": "atomic", - "573796edc3c5551400e51f36": "the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly", - "573796edc3c5551400e51f37": "The failure of many searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable. This phenomenon is called color confinement", - "57379829c3c5551400e51f3d": "The weak force", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f36": "atomic", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f37": "the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic", + "57379829c3c5551400e51f3d": "101", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3e": "beta decay", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3f": "beta decay", "57379829c3c5551400e51f40": "101", "57379829c3c5551400e51f41": "101", "57379a4b1c456719005744cd": "The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact", - "57379a4b1c456719005744ce": "The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds", - "57379a4b1c456719005744cf": "Pauli repulsion", - "57379a4b1c456719005744d0": "the structural integrity", - "57379ed81c456719005744d5": "Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings", + "57379a4b1c456719005744ce": "The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms", + "57379a4b1c456719005744cf": "repulsion", + "57379a4b1c456719005744d0": "93", + "57379ed81c456719005744d5": "unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys", "57379ed81c456719005744d6": "leys", - "57379ed81c456719005744d7": "instantaneously", - "57379ed81c456719005744d8": "a set-up that uses movable pulleys", - "57379ed81c456719005744d9": "the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys", - "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f47": "ton's laws", - "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f48": "Newton", - "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f49": "differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients", - "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4a": "the way forces affect the material. For example, in extended fluids, differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients", - "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4b": "the way forces affect the material. For example, in extended fluids, differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients", - "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f51": "the cross-sectional", - "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f52": "the cross-sectional", - "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f53": "pressure terms associated with forces", - "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f54": "ism", - "5737a4511c456719005744df": "the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum", - "5737a4511c456719005744e0": "the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence", + "57379ed81c456719005744d7": "instant", + "57379ed81c456719005744d8": "the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys", + "57379ed81c456719005744d9": "unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f47": "Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f48": "ton's laws and Newtonian mechanics", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f49": "the way forces affect the material. For example, in extended fluids, differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4a": "theories", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4b": "three-dimensional objects", + "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f51": "38-1\u201338-11", + "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f52": "38-1\u201338-11", + "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f53": "38-1\u201338-11", + "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f54": "38-1\u201338-11", + "5737a4511c456719005744df": "Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle", + "5737a4511c456719005744e0": "Tor", "5737a4511c456719005744e1": "instantaneous angular acceleration", - "5737a5931c456719005744e7": "the center of the circular path and is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards", - "5737a5931c456719005744e8": "the center of the curving path. Such forces act perpendicular", + "5737a5931c456719005744e7": "radial", + "5737a5931c456719005744e8": "radial", "5737a5931c456719005744e9": "radial", "5737a5931c456719005744ea": "radial", - "5737a5931c456719005744eb": "tang", + "5737a5931c456719005744eb": "radial", "5737a7351c456719005744f1": "difference", "5737a7351c456719005744f2": "convert only between", - "5737a7351c456719005744f3": "the net mechanical energy", + "5737a7351c456719005744f3": "the difference", "5737a7351c456719005744f4": "difference", - "5737a7351c456719005744f5": "difference", - "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f59": "certain physical scenarios", - "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5a": "gradient of potentials", + "5737a7351c456719005744f5": "the difference", + "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f59": "certain physical scenarios, it is impossible", + "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5a": "electrostatic potentials between the atoms, but manifests as a force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector. Nonconservative forces other than friction", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5b": "electrostatic potentials", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5c": "tension", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f61": "The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics", - "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f62": "the internal", + "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f62": "nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f63": "transfer", - "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f64": "the Second", - "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f65": "the internal energies", - "5737aafd1c456719005744fb": "the newton", - "5737aafd1c456719005744fc": "kgf) (sometimes", - "5737aafd1c456719005744fd": "the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m\u00b7s\u22122", + "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f64": "transfer", + "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f65": "macroscopic closed systems", + "5737aafd1c456719005744fb": "less commonly used than the newton", + "5737aafd1c456719005744fc": "kg", + "5737aafd1c456719005744fd": "1000", "5737aafd1c456719005744fe": "1000", "5737aafd1c456719005744ff": "1000" }