{ "56be4db0acb8001400a502ec": "24\u201310 to earn their third Super Bowl title. The game was played on February 7, 2016", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ed": "24\u201310 to earn their third Super Bowl title. The game was played on February 7, 2016", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ee": "Arabic numerals", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ef": "24\u201310 to earn their third Super Bowl title. The game was played on February 7, 2016", "56be4db0acb8001400a502f0": "golden anniversary\" with various gold-themed initiatives", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d1": "Arabic numerals", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d2": "February 7, 2016", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d3": "February 7, 2016", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91b9": "Arabic numerals", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91ba": "February 7, 2016", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91bb": "February 7, 2016", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91df": "Arabic numerals", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e0": "Arabic numerals", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e1": "Arabic numerals", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e2": "Arabic numerals", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e3": "Carolina Panthers 24\u201310 to earn their third Super Bowl title. The game was played on February 7, 2016", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fd": "7, 2016", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fe": "Arabic numerals", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff": "February 7, 2016", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9500": "February 7, 2016", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9501": "Arabic numerals", "56d20362e7d4791d009025e8": "Arabic numerals", "56d20362e7d4791d009025e9": "Denver Broncos", "56d20362e7d4791d009025ea": "Denver Broncos", "56d20362e7d4791d009025eb": "Arabic numerals", "56d600e31c85041400946eae": "Carolina Panthers 24\u201310 to earn their third Super Bowl title. The game was played on February 7, 2016", "56d600e31c85041400946eb0": "Arabic numerals", "56d600e31c85041400946eb1": "Arabic numerals", "56d9895ddc89441400fdb50e": "Denver Broncos", "56d9895ddc89441400fdb510": "24\u201310 to earn their third Super Bowl title. The game was played on February 7, 2016", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f6": "15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam Newton", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f9": "eight", "56be4e1facb8001400a502fa": "1995", "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c2": "15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam Newton", "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c3": "1995", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91e9": "15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam Newton", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ea": "20\u201318", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91eb": "20\u201318", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ec": "four", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ed": "Cam Newton", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9507": "1995", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9508": "15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam Newton", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9509": "1995", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950a": "four", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950b": "20\u201318", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f3": "Cam Newton", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f4": "15", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f5": "eight", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f6": "20\u201318", "56d6017d1c85041400946ebe": "Cam Newton", "56d6017d1c85041400946ec1": "20\u201318", "56d6017d1c85041400946ec2": "20\u201318", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52a": "Cam Newton", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52b": "15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam Newton", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52e": "15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam Newton", "56be4eafacb8001400a50302": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56be4eafacb8001400a50303": "three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker", "56be4eafacb8001400a50304": "Super Bowl 50", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d2": "Von Miller", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d3": "2\u00bd sacks", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d4": "Newton", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f4": "Denver's defense", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f5": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f6": "three", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f7": "three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9511": "Newton", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9513": "linebacker", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9514": "2\u00bd sacks", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9515": "three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker", "56d204ade7d4791d00902603": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56d204ade7d4791d00902604": "2\u00bd sacks", "56d601e41c85041400946ece": "seven times and forced him into three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56d601e41c85041400946ecf": "three", "56d601e41c85041400946ed0": "Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers", "56d601e41c85041400946ed1": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56d601e41c85041400946ed2": "Denver linebacker", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53b": "seven times and forced him into three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53c": "three", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53d": "linebacker Von Miller", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53e": "three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker", "56be5333acb8001400a5030a": "$5 million", "56be5333acb8001400a5030b": "$5 million", "56be5333acb8001400a5030c": "Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", "56be5333acb8001400a5030d": "British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", "56be5333acb8001400a5030e": "Bruno Mars", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fd": "$5 million", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fe": "$5 million", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91ff": "British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9200": "British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9201": "Bruno Mars", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951b": "50", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951c": "$5 million", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951e": "Bruno Mars", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951f": "$5 million", "56d2051ce7d4791d00902608": "U.S., and charged an average of $5 million", "56d2051ce7d4791d00902609": "$5 million", "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260a": "British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260b": "$5 million", "56d602631c85041400946ed8": "50", "56d602631c85041400946eda": "British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", "56d602631c85041400946edb": "British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", "56d602631c85041400946edc": "Bruno Mars", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb544": "$5 million", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb545": "CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb546": "Bruno Mars", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb548": "Bruno Mars", "56be53b8acb8001400a50314": "Roger Goodell", "56be53b8acb8001400a50315": "NFL Commissioner", "56be53b8acb8001400a50316": "2012", "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9207": "Roger Goodell", "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9208": "2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell", "56bf42f53aeaaa14008c95a3": "Roger Goodell", "56d2053ae7d4791d00902610": "Roger Goodell", "56d6edd00d65d21400198250": "Roger Goodell", "56d6edd00d65d21400198251": "NFL Commissioner", "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54e": "Roger Goodell", "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54f": "2012", "56be5438acb8001400a5031a": "Mercedes-Benz Superdome", "56be5438acb8001400a5031b": "Mercedes-Benz Superdome", "56be5438acb8001400a5031c": "Mercedes-Benz Superdome", "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920b": "three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome", "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920d": "Levi's Stadium", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9580": "three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9581": "Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9582": "Mercedes-Benz Superdome", "56d20564e7d4791d00902612": "three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198254": "three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198255": "three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198256": "Levi's Stadium", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198257": "New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198258": "Levi's Stadium", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb552": "New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb553": "Mercedes-Benz Superdome", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb554": "Levi's Stadium", "56be54bdacb8001400a50322": "October 16, 2012", "56be54bdacb8001400a50323": "10 times (tied for most with New Orleans", "56be54bdacb8001400a50324": "1985 (Super Bowl XIX", "56be54bdacb8001400a50325": "1985 (Super Bowl XIX", "56be54bdacb8001400a50326": "1985", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921b": "October 16, 2012", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921c": "16, 2012", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921d": "1985", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921e": "3, 2013", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921f": "1985 (Super Bowl XIX", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9525": "10 times (tied for most with New Orleans", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9526": "1985", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9528": "October 16, 2012", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9529": "October 16, 2012", "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198260": "1985", "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198262": "1985 (Super Bowl XIX", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb558": "October 16, 2012", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb559": "16, 2012", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55a": "10 times (tied for most with New Orleans", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55b": "1985", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55c": "3, 2013, the Florida legislature", "56be5523acb8001400a5032c": "$1.2 billion", "56be5523acb8001400a5032d": "Levi's Stadium. The $1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014", "56be5523acb8001400a5032e": "$1.2 billion", "56be5523acb8001400a5032f": "$1.2 billion", "56be5523acb8001400a50330": "San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl XIX in 1985", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9225": "21, 2013", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9226": "May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The $1.2 billion", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9227": "$1.2 billion", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9228": "1985, and the first in California since Super Bowl XXXVII took place in San Diego in 2003", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9229": "San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl XIX in 1985", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c952f": "$1.2 billion", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9530": "$1.2 billion", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9531": "$1.2 billion", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9532": "1985, and the first in California since Super Bowl XXXVII took place in San Diego in 2003", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9533": "Super Bowl XXXVII took place in San Diego in 2003", "56d6f0770d65d21400198268": "spring meetings in Boston", "56d6f0770d65d21400198269": "$1.2 billion", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826a": "XIX in 1985, and the first in California since Super Bowl XXXVII took place in San Diego in 2003", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826c": "spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The $1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb562": "$1.2 billion", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb563": "$1.2 billion", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb564": "$1.2 billion", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb565": "San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl XIX in 1985", "56be572b3aeaaa14008c9052": "John Fox", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c922f": "six", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9230": "six", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9231": "Denver Broncos", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9232": "Denver Broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9233": "John Fox", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c9539": "three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953a": "six", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953c": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953d": "six", "56d6f1190d65d21400198272": "one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl", "56d6f1190d65d21400198273": "15\u20131", "56d6f1190d65d21400198274": "John Fox", "56d6f1190d65d21400198275": "John Fox", "56d6f1190d65d21400198276": "six", "56d99179dc89441400fdb56c": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50", "56d99179dc89441400fdb56d": "15\u20131 record, while the Denver Broncos became one of four", "56d99179dc89441400fdb570": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9058": "DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9059": "Kelvin Benjamin", "56be59683aeaaa14008c905a": "1978", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923d": "Kelvin Benjamin", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923e": "waiving longtime running back DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in the preseason, the Carolina Panthers", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923f": "eight", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9240": "eight", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9241": "Kelvin Benjamin", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9543": "1978", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9544": "2009 New Orleans", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9545": "2009 New Orleans Saints", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9547": "waiving longtime running back DeAngelo Williams", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827c": "Kelvin Benjamin", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827d": "DeAngelo Williams", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827e": "Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827f": "Ten", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb576": "Carolina Panthers", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb577": "1978", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb578": "DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in the preseason, the Carolina Panthers", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb57a": "Ten", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9247": "six", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9248": "45", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9249": "3,837 yards and rushing for 636", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924a": "739", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924b": "Greg Olsen", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960b": "one of his best seasons, throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960c": "99.4", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960d": "77", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960e": "39 receptions for 485", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960f": "500", "56d6f2960d65d21400198286": "500 points), was loaded with talent, boasting six", "56d6f2960d65d21400198287": "Cam Newton", "56d6f2960d65d21400198288": "3,837 yards and rushing for 636", "56d6f2960d65d21400198289": "500 points), was loaded with talent, boasting six Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl quarterback Cam", "56d6f2960d65d2140019828a": "back", "56d997cddc89441400fdb586": "500", "56d997cddc89441400fdb587": "500 points), was loaded with talent, boasting six Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl quarterback Cam", "56d997cddc89441400fdb588": "500 points), was loaded with talent, boasting six Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl quarterback Cam", "56d997cddc89441400fdb589": "99.4", "56d997cddc89441400fdb58a": "39 receptions for 485", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b": "308", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c": "end", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925d": "Thomas Davis", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925e": "88 tackles and Pro Bowl", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925f": "sacks with 11, while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two. Fellow lineman Mario Addison added 6\u00bd sacks", "56d6f3500d65d21400198290": "24 and boasting four Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11", "56d6f3500d65d21400198291": "11", "56d6f3500d65d21400198292": "three starting linebackers", "56d6f3500d65d21400198293": "four forced fumbles, and four interceptions, while Kuechly led the team in tackles (118", "56d6f3500d65d21400198294": "24 and boasting four Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59c": "24 and boasting four Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e": "11, while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two. Fellow lineman Mario Addison added 6\u00bd sacks", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f": "136", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0": "88 tackles and Pro Bowl", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9265": "John Fox", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9266": "13\u20137 against the 4\u201311 San Diego Chargers", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9267": "quarterback", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9268": "17 regular season finale, where the Broncos were losing 13\u20137 against the 4\u201311 San Diego Chargers", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9269": "Wade Phillips", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954d": "four divisional championships", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954e": "Gary Kubiak", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954f": "Gary Kubiak", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9550": "39", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9551": "39", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829a": "Gary Kubiak", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829b": "39", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829c": "Osweiler was injured", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829d": "39", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829e": "39", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c8": "John Fox", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c9": "Brock Osweiler", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5ca": "John Fox", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cb": "Osweiler", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cc": "39", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c9279": "67.9", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927a": "67.9 passer rating", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927b": "105", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927c": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927d": "1", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956b": "67.9", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956c": "67.9 passer rating", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956d": "Owen Daniels", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956e": "46", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956f": "86.4. Veteran receiver", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a4": "67.9", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a5": "67", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a6": "Thomas", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a7": "183 yards", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d6": "67.9", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d7": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d8": "304 yards and six touchdowns, while Emmanuel Sanders", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d9": "863 yards", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5da": "183 yards. Running back Ronnie Hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards, five touchdowns, 24 receptions, and a 4.7 yards", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928d": "4,530", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928e": "5\u00bd", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9290": "Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles with 109", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9291": "Danny Trevathan ranked second with 102", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9588": "Linebacker DeMarcus Ware", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9589": "7\u00bd sacks. Linebacker Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles with 109", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c958b": "5\u00bd sacks", "56d6fea90d65d214001982ae": "4,530) for the first time in franchise history, and fourth", "56d6fea90d65d214001982af": "5\u00bd sacks. Pro Bowl linebacker Von Miller", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b0": "Von Miller", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b2": "Danny Trevathan ranked second with 102. Cornerbacks Aqib Talib (three interceptions) and Chris Harris", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5fd": "11 sacks", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5ff": "Danny Trevathan ranked second", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb600": "4,530", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a1": "Seattle Seahawks", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a2": "31\u201324, avenging their elimination from a year earlier. The Panthers then blew out the Arizona Cardinals", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a3": "49\u201315, racking up 487", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a4": "49\u201315", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a5": "49\u201315, racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c9559": "31\u201324, avenging their elimination from a year earlier. The Panthers then blew out the Arizona Cardinals", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955a": "Arizona Cardinals", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955b": "49\u201315, racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers", "56d701280d65d214001982b8": "Seattle Seahawks", "56d701280d65d214001982ba": "Seattle Seahawks", "56d701280d65d214001982bc": "49\u201315, racking up 487 yards and forcing seven", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb616": "Seattle Seahawks", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb618": "49\u201315, racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb619": "31\u201324, avenging their elimination from a year earlier. The Panthers then blew out the Arizona Cardinals", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb61a": "49\u201315, racking up 487", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ab": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ac": "11", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ad": "New England Patriots", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ae": "11", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92af": "20\u201318, by intercepting a pass on New England's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9561": "23\u201316", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9562": "11 points in the final three minutes", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9563": "New England Patriots", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9564": "20\u201318, by intercepting a pass on New England's 2-point conversion attempt with 17", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565": "two", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c2": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c3": "23\u201316", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c5": "Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round, 23\u201316", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628": "23\u201316", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb629": "Pittsburgh", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb62c": "20\u201318, by intercepting a pass on New England's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b5": "Thomas Davis", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b6": "Carolina suffered a major setback", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b7": "11-year", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b8": "11-year veteran", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9575": "ACL tears", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9576": "Carolina suffered a major setback", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9577": "11-year veteran", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9579": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm in the NFC Championship", "56d703d10d65d214001982d6": "11-year", "56d703d10d65d214001982d7": "Carolina suffered a major setback", "56d703d10d65d214001982d8": "three ACL tears", "56d9a026dc89441400fdb632": "Thomas Davis", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bd": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92be": "John Elway", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf": "39", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0": "38", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1": "39", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9592": "John Elway", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9594": "John Elway", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595": "multiple Super Bowls. He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39", "56d704430d65d214001982de": "John Elway", "56d704430d65d214001982e0": "John Elway", "56d704430d65d214001982e1": "John Elway", "56d704430d65d214001982e2": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63e": "John Elway", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63f": "John Elway", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb640": "John Elway", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c7": "2011", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c8": "1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c9": "13 years and 48 days (Manning was 39, Newton was 26", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92ca": "39, Newton was 26", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92cb": "1998", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959b": "Newton was picked first in 2011", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959c": "Newton was picked first in 2011", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959d": "13 years and 48 days (Manning was 39, Newton was 26", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959e": "13 years and 48 days", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fc": "39, Newton was 26", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fd": "1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fe": "Newton for Carolina and Von Miller", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb647": "1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb648": "13 years and 48 days (Manning was 39, Newton was 26", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649": "13 years and 48 days (Manning was 39, Newton was 26", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92db": "Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dc": "Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak replacing Elway at the end of the Broncos' defeats in Super Bowls XXI and XXIV", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dd": "Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak replacing Elway at the end of the Broncos' defeats in Super Bowls XXI and XXIV", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92de": "Elway", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92df": "Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX", "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9615": "Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak replacing Elway at the end of the Broncos' defeats in Super Bowls XXI and XXIV", "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9617": "Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX", "56d709ef0d65d21400198306": "Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX", "56d709ef0d65d21400198307": "Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak replacing Elway at the end of the Broncos' defeats in Super Bowls XXI and XXIV", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e5": "Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e6": "Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e7": "Ed Mangan", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e8": "Baltimore Ravens kicker", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e9": "Baltimore Ravens kicker", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a5": "Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a6": "Justin", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a7": "field", "56d70adc0d65d21400198311": "Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker", "56d70adc0d65d21400198312": "natural grass stadiums, the NFL re-sodded the field with a new playing surface", "56d70adc0d65d21400198313": "Concerns were raised over whether Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl", "56d70adc0d65d21400198314": "cleats", "56d9a419dc89441400fdb678": "6 game earlier in the 2015 season, a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker", "56d9a419dc89441400fdb679": "Ed Mangan", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92f9": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fa": "XXII, XXIV", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fb": "Super Bowl XXI", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fc": "white", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fd": "Denver QB", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ab": "Denver QB", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ac": "XXII, XXIV", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ae": "Denver QB, when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34\u201319. In their only other Super Bowl win in Super Bowl XXXII", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95af": "white", "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831d": "white", "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831f": "Atlanta Falcons 34\u201319", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb697": "matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb698": "Denver", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb699": "QB", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb69a": "QB", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9303": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9304": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9305": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9306": "Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b5": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b6": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b7": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b8": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott", "56d70d240d65d21400198326": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott", "56d70d240d65d21400198327": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott", "56d70d240d65d21400198328": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott", "56d70d240d65d21400198329": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a0": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a1": "San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a2": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a3": "San Jose Marriott", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9315": "June 4, 2014", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9316": "June 4, 2014", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317": "June 4, 2014", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9318": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9319": "Vince Lombardi", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95bd": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95be": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L. The use of Roman numerals", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c0": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c1": "Arabic numerals", "56d70daa0d65d21400198332": "June 4, 2014", "56d70daa0d65d21400198333": "June 4, 2014", "56d70daa0d65d21400198334": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl", "56d70daa0d65d21400198335": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl", "56d70daa0d65d21400198336": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L. The use of Roman numerals", "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6a8": "Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI. Jaime Weston", "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6ab": "June 4, 2014", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c931f": "gold, and beginning on week 7, all sideline jackets and hats", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9320": "7", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9321": "50-yard line", "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c7": "gold-tinted logos were implemented across the NFL's properties and painted on fields", "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c8": "50-yard line on fields was colored gold, and beginning on week 7, all sideline jackets and hats featured gold-trimmed logos", "56d70e570d65d2140019833c": "Golden Super Bowl\"; gold-tinted logos were implemented across the NFL's properties and painted on fields, the numbering of the 50-yard", "56d70e570d65d2140019833e": "Gold footballs", "56d70e570d65d2140019833f": "50-yard line on fields was colored gold, and beginning on week 7", "56d9b01fdc89441400fdb6d4": "Golden Super Bowl", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9325": "San Francisco", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9326": "San Francisco", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9327": "Ed", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9328": "Jane Kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the NFL to reimburse San Francisco for city services in the amount of $5 million", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9329": "January 30", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cb": "1 million", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cc": "Ed Lee", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cd": "Moscone Center in San Francisco", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95ce": "January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834c": "Moscone Center in San Francisco", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834d": "30", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834f": "Ed", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ec": "30", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ed": "1 million", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ee": "Jane Kim", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ef": "$5 million", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6f0": "San Francisco", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c932f": "wine and food festival", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9330": "$2 million", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9331": "beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally. A professional fundraiser", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d3": "2 million", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d4": "pep", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d5": "$2 million", "56d714cd0d65d21400198356": "Santa Clara Convention Center", "56d714cd0d65d21400198358": "individual donors, but still may need the city council", "56d714cd0d65d21400198359": "2 million", "56d9b43edc89441400fdb700": "$2 million", "56d9b43edc89441400fdb701": "Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9335": "February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9336": "February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9337": "February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9338": "February 1, 2016", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9339": "February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95d9": "February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95da": "February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95db": "February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dc": "February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dd": "February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose", "56d71bd80d65d2140019835e": "February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose", "56d71bd80d65d21400198360": "San Jose", "56d71bd80d65d21400198361": "February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose", "56d71bd80d65d21400198362": "Golden Gate Bridge", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb708": "February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb709": "February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70a": "February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70b": "Golden Gate Bridge", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70c": "February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c933f": "Super Bowl", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9340": "40 million", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9341": "$40 million", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9342": "$40 million", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9343": "$40 million", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e3": "$40 million", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e4": "40 million", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e5": "50", "56d71cb60d65d21400198368": "contracting opportunities in and around the Super Bowl. The host committee has already raised over $40 million", "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb720": "gay, bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in Business Connect, the Super Bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the Super Bowl", "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb721": "40 million", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c9349": "25 percent", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c934a": "50", "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95e9": "25 percent", "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95ea": "50", "56d71d150d65d2140019836e": "Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be \"the most giving Super Bowl ever\", and will dedicate 25 percent", "56d71d150d65d2140019836f": "25 percent", "56d71d150d65d21400198370": "50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments", "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb72f": "25 percent", "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb730": "aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934d": "Vince Lombardi", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934e": "Vince Lombardi Trophy that all Super Bowl champions receive, the winner of Super Bowl 50 will also receive a large, 18", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934f": "18-karat gold-plated", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9350": "Tiffany & Co", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9351": "Tiffany & Co", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ed": "Vince Lombardi", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ef": "Tiffany & Co", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95f1": "Tiffany & Co", "56d71d9d0d65d21400198374": "Vince Lombardi", "56d71d9d0d65d21400198377": "Tiffany & Co", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9357": "Jim Nantz and Phil Simms called the contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9358": "Phil Simms called the contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9359": "Tracy Wolfson", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935a": "36", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935b": "5K", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f7": "three", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f8": "XXXV", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f9": "pylon", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fa": "5K", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fb": "Tracy Wolfson", "56d71ed50d65d2140019837c": "XXXV", "56d71ed50d65d2140019837d": "three", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb740": "XXXV", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb741": "XXXV", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb742": "XXXV", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb743": "5K", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb744": "XXXV", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9361": "third dedicated Spanish-language broadcast of the Super Bowl", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9362": "December 28, 2015", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9363": "Martin", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9364": "December 28, 2015", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9365": "December 28, 2015", "56bf6d343aeaaa14008c961b": "NBC and Fox", "56d71fc00d65d21400198386": "December 28, 2015", "56d71fc00d65d21400198389": "December 28, 2015", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb754": "NBC and Fox", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb757": "December 28, 2015", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb758": "December 28, 2015", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9371": "NFL Mobile service. The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9372": "NFL Mobile service. The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9373": "digital streams of the game via CBSSports", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9374": "WatchESPN", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9375": "10", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c961f": "Windows 10, Xbox One and other digital media players (such as Chromecast and Roku). Due to Verizon Communications exclusivity", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9620": "CBS provided digital", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9621": "NFL Mobile service. The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9622": "WatchESPN", "56d7205e0d65d21400198391": "NFL Mobile service", "56d7205e0d65d21400198392": "ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75e": "WatchESPN", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75f": "Verizon Wireless customers via the NFL Mobile service. The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb760": "WatchESPN", "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937b": "Stephen Colbert", "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937c": "James Corden", "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9631": "James Corden", "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9632": "Stephen Colbert", "56d720c70d65d21400198396": "James Corden", "56d720c70d65d21400198397": "James Corden", "56d720c70d65d21400198398": "James Corden", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c9389": "$5,000", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938a": "Pok\u00e9mon", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938b": "the Super Bowl", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938c": "20th anniversary of the Pok\u00e9mon video game and media", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9635": "$5,000", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9637": "5,000,000", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9638": "Crash the Super Bowl\"", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9639": "20th anniversary of the Pok\u00e9mon", "56d721af0d65d2140019839e": "Pok\u00e9mon Company", "56d721af0d65d2140019839f": "beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements", "56d721af0d65d214001983a0": "Crash the Super Bowl", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb768": "January 26", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb769": "Pok\u00e9mon", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb76a": "January 26", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9397": "Death Wish Coffee", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9398": "Death Wish Coffee", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9399": "30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c939a": "30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee beat out nine", "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c963f": "Death Wish Coffee", "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c9640": "30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee beat out nine", "56d722330d65d214001983a6": "QuickBooks", "56d722330d65d214001983a7": "30-second", "56d722330d65d214001983a8": "30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee beat out nine", "56d9be16dc89441400fdb770": "Death Wish Coffee", "56d9be16dc89441400fdb771": "30-second", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93a9": "Jason Bourne and Disney", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93aa": "Jason Bourne and Disney", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ab": "Shadows", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ac": "X-Men: Apocalypse", "56d723560d65d214001983ac": "Jason Bourne", "56d723560d65d214001983ad": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows and 10 Cloverfield Lane, Universal", "56d723560d65d214001983ae": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows and 10 Cloverfield Lane", "56d723560d65d214001983af": "Jason Bourne and Disney paid for Captain America: Civil War", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77b": "trailers", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77c": "Gods of Egypt, Paramount paid for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows and 10 Cloverfield Lane, Universal", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77d": "Deadpool, X-Men: Apocalypse, Independence Day: Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle, Lionsgate", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b1": "Kevin Harlan", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b2": "Kevin Harlan", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b3": "North America", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b4": "James Lofton and Mark Malone", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b5": "James Lofton", "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9655": "James Lofton and Mark Malone", "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9656": "Kevin Harlan", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b4": "Kevin Harlan", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b5": "Kevin Harlan", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b8": "Jim Gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78e": "Kevin Harlan", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78f": "Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb790": "Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb791": "Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb792": "Kevin Harlan", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93cf": "KRFX", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d0": "Ed McCaffrey on color commentary. In North Carolina, WBT (1110 AM) will carry the game, with Mick Mixon", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d1": "Chester, South Carolina", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d2": "Chester", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d3": "Denver, KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) will carry the game, with Dave Logan", "56d724620d65d214001983be": "Ed McCaffrey on color commentary. In North Carolina, WBT (1110 AM) will carry the game, with Mick Mixon", "56d724620d65d214001983bf": "Jim Szoke", "56d724620d65d214001983c0": "Dave Logan on play-by-play and Ed McCaffrey on color commentary. In North Carolina", "56d724620d65d214001983c1": "Denver, KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) will carry the game, with Dave Logan", "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a0": "Broncos and Panthers radio networks", "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a3": "WBT-FM (99.3 FM), which is based in Chester", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e3": "Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e4": "Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e5": "Darren Fletcher", "56d724ea0d65d214001983c8": "Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher", "56d724ea0d65d214001983c9": "Greg Brady", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93e9": "43 previous Super Bowl", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ea": "Bart Starr", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93eb": "43 previous Super Bowl", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ec": "co-MVP of Super Bowl XII, who died in 2001", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ed": "Super Bowl XLI and current Broncos quarterback) was shown in the locker room", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cc": "via video, while Peyton Manning", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cd": "Harvey Martin, co-MVP of Super Bowl XII, who died in 2001", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cf": "Super Bowl XII", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b4": "39 of the 43 previous Super Bowl", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b5": "50th Super Bowl", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b6": "Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b7": "Peyton Manning", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b8": "Super Bowl XII", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fd": "Six-time", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe": "national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language (ASL) translation", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400": "American Sign Language", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9401": "American Sign Language (ASL", "56d20650e7d4791d00902614": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga", "56d20650e7d4791d00902615": "American Sign Language", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d4": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d5": "Marlee Matlin", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c4": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c5": "Six-time", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c6": "Marlee Matlin", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940d": "December 3, the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940e": "British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940f": "Bruno Mars", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9410": "January 7, 2016", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9411": "XLVII", "56d725790d65d214001983d8": "Bruno Mars", "56d725790d65d214001983da": "December 3, the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016", "56d725790d65d214001983db": "January 7, 2016", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d0": "Bruno Mars", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1": "British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d2": "Hymn", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d3": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark Ronson", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9417": "Denver", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9418": "Owen Daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver Andre Caldwell", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9419": "Ronnie Hillman", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941a": "McManus 34-yard", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941b": "J. Anderson", "56d728a10d65d21400198413": "18-yard", "56d728a10d65d21400198414": "3-yard loss. Then after an incompletion, Thomas Davis", "56d728a10d65d21400198415": "McManus 34-yard", "56d728a10d65d21400198416": "linebacker Shaq Thompson tackled Ronnie Hillman", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d8": "Andre Caldwell", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d9": "Denver", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7da": "Andre Caldwell. A pair of carries by C. J. Anderson", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7db": "Andre Caldwell", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7dc": "Denver", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942b": "Mike Carey", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942c": "24-yard", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942d": "Malik Jackson", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942e": "Malik Jackson", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942f": "XXVIII at the end of the 1993", "56d728e00d65d2140019841c": "Mike Carey", "56d728e00d65d2140019841d": "Mike Carey", "56d728e00d65d2140019841e": "Mike Carey", "56d728e00d65d2140019841f": "Mike Carey", "56d728e00d65d21400198420": "Super Bowl", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e7": "Mike Carey", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e8": "Mike Carey", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e9": "Newton's hands while sacking him, and Malik Jackson", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7ea": "XXVIII at the end of the 1993", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9435": "Jonathan Stewart", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9436": "Brad Nortman's short 28-yard", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9437": "25 yards", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9438": "61-yard", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9439": "33-yard", "56d729180d65d21400198426": "25 yards", "56d729180d65d21400198427": "Carolina", "56d729180d65d21400198428": "Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10\u20137 with 11:28", "56d729180d65d21400198429": "Mario Addison", "56d729180d65d2140019842a": "25 yards", "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f0": "14-yard line. Despite Denver's excellent field position, they could not get the ball into the end zone, so McManus", "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f4": "10", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9445": "safety Darian Stewart", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9446": "safety Darian Stewart", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9447": "Kony Ealy", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9448": "DeMarcus Ware", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9449": "DeMarcus Ware", "56d729ec0d65d21400198430": "safety Darian Stewart, which linebacker Danny Trevathan", "56d729ec0d65d21400198431": "Manning", "56d729ec0d65d21400198432": "19 yards to the Panthers 39-yard line with 1:55 left on the clock. The Panthers", "56d729ec0d65d21400198434": "safety Darian Stewart", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb804": "Mike Tolbert", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb805": "Darian Stewart", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb806": "safety Darian Stewart", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb807": "Ko", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb808": "DeMarcus Ware", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9455": "Corey Brown", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9456": "44-yard", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9457": "22 yards, setting up McManus' 33-yard", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9458": "McManus", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9459": "J. Ward. Ward", "56d7282f0d65d21400198408": "Corey Brown", "56d7282f0d65d21400198409": "Graham Gano hit the uprights", "56d7282f0d65d2140019840a": "16\u20137 lead. Carolina got off to another strong start after the kickoff, with Newton completing a 42-yard pass to Corey Brown", "56d7282f0d65d2140019840c": "Trevathan", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80e": "Corey Brown", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80f": "Denver 35-yard", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb810": "Graham Gano", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb811": "25 and 22 yards, setting up McManus' 33-yard", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c945f": "Carolina", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9460": "39-yard", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9461": "Carolina", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9462": "Devin Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e0": "41-yard", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e1": "Ealy", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e2": "Carolina", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e4": "16\u201310. The next three drives of the game would end in punts", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb820": "Ealy", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb821": "41-yard", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb822": "39-yard", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb823": "16\u201310", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946d": "4:51 left in regulation", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946e": "Newton", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f": "3rd-and-9. On the next play, Miller stripped the ball away from Newton", "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470": "Newton", "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471": "Bennie Fowler", "56d726b60d65d214001983ea": "Miller", "56d726b60d65d214001983eb": "Ward", "56d726b60d65d214001983ec": "Newton", "56d726b60d65d214001983ed": "Josh Norman gave the Broncos a new set of downs. Then Anderson", "56d726b60d65d214001983ee": "4:51", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb832": "4:51 left in regulation", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833": "Miller", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834": "Ward", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb835": "three", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836": "Josh Norman gave the Broncos a new set of downs. Then Anderson", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9481": "five", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9482": "13 of 23", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9483": "four", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9484": "two weeks after breaking his right", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9485": "18", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f4": "13 of 23 for 141 yards", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f5": "13 of 23", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f6": "13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns. Sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards. Anderson", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f7": "13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns. Sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f8": "two weeks after breaking his right", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb842": "six receptions for 83 yards", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb843": "45", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb844": "11", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb845": "18", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb846": "five", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948b": "200", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948c": "21 to 11). Their 194 yards and 11", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948d": "Baltimore", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948e": "Norwood", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948f": "Denver", "56d7277c0d65d214001983fe": "200", "56d7277c0d65d214001983ff": "21 to 11). Their 194 yards and 11", "56d7277c0d65d21400198401": "seven", "56d7277c0d65d21400198402": "two different teams, while Gary Kubiak became the first head coach to win a Super Bowl", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84c": "21 to 11). Their 194 yards and 11", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84d": "21 to 11). Their 194 yards and 11", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84e": "315 to 194) and first downs (21 to 11). Their 194 yards and 11", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84f": "seven", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb850": "Denver", "5733a5f54776f41900660f45": "Warsaw was Maria Sk\u0142odowska", "5733a5f54776f41900660f48": "seven months old. Casimir Pulaski, a Polish general and hero of the American Revolutionary War, was born here in 1745", "5733a5f54776f41900660f44": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie", "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": "Warsaw was Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie", "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": "60 km (37 mi) from Warsaw", "57336755d058e614000b5a3d": "15.5 ha, was formally a royal garden. There are over 100", "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "Krasi\u0144ski Palace Garden", "57336755d058e614000b5a3c": "15.5 ha", "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": "15.5 ha", "57336755d058e614000b5a40": "area of 76 ha", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": "9 miles", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": "9 miles) from Warsaw", "57337ddc4776f41900660bba": "13", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd": "13 natural reserves in Warsaw \u2013 among others, Bielany Forest, Kabaty Woods, Czerniak\u00f3w Lake", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": "Kamionek Lake", "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": "city", "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": "1,178,914", "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": "638,000, Jews constituted 219,000 (around 34% percent", "57337ea24776f41900660bd1": "Jewish minority in Warsaw", "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": "internal migration and urbanisation", "57339555d058e614000b5df4": "Warsaw University of Technology", "57339555d058e614000b5df5": "2,000", "57339555d058e614000b5df6": "East-Central Europe, employing 2,000 professors. Other institutions for higher education include the Medical University of Warsaw", "57339555d058e614000b5df3": "1816", "57339555d058e614000b5df7": "Poland", "57339902d058e614000b5e70": "1816, is home to over two million", "57339902d058e614000b5e71": "two million", "57339902d058e614000b5e72": "15 December 1999", "57339902d058e614000b5e73": "Marek Budzy\u0144ski and Zbigniew Badowski and opened on 15 December 1999", "57339902d058e614000b5e74": "15 December 1999", "573399b54776f41900660e64": "Europe, infrastructure in Warsaw", "573399b54776f41900660e65": "Three-Year Plan to rebuild Poland", "573399b54776f41900660e66": "many improvements due to solid economic growth", "573399b54776f41900660e67": "metro, roads, sidewalks, health care", "57339a554776f41900660e74": "Poland", "57339a554776f41900660e75": "CMHI), the highest-reference hospital in all of Poland", "57339a554776f41900660e76": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Institute of Oncology", "57339a554776f41900660e77": "10-floor building with 700", "57339a554776f41900660e78": "over the past years", "57339ad74776f41900660e86": "Polish National Opera", "57339ad74776f41900660e87": "Warsaw", "57339ad74776f41900660e88": "Buffo music theatres", "57339ad74776f41900660e89": "Warsaw Summer Jazz Days", "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": "Jamboree", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "1870 to 1939", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec6": "1870 to 1939", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec7": "1870 to 1939", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "Momus", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec9": "1922\u201326), was the best example of \"Polish monumental theatre\". From the mid-1930s", "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": "Wianki", "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": "Midsummer", "57339dd94776f41900660ece": "Midsummer", "57339dd94776f41900660ecf": "herbs on the water", "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "fern", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": "boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world, Museum of Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef7": "60 museums", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": "60", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": "Posters", "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": "arms", "5733a1854776f41900660f0a": "fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw and history of Poland", "5733a1854776f41900660f0b": "Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre, the Warsaw Fotoplastikon. The Museum of Independence", "5733a1854776f41900660f0c": "Warsaw", "5733a1854776f41900660f0d": "Poland", "5733a1854776f41900660f0e": "60", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": "17th century Royal Ujazd\u00f3w", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f29": "500", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2a": "Zach\u0119ta National Gallery of Art", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": "500 projects a year", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": "2011 Warsaw Gallery Weekend is held on last weekend of September", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f32": "1946", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f33": "Ekstraklasa Championship in 2000. They also won the country\u2019s championship in 1946", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f34": "1946", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f35": "Konwiktorska Street", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": "Warsaw", "5733a45d4776f41900660f23": "syrenka", "5733a45d4776f41900660f24": "syrenka", "5733a45d4776f41900660f25": "syrenka) is Warsaw's symbol and can be found on statues throughout the city and on the city's coat of arms", "5733a45d4776f41900660f26": "1390", "5733a45d4776f41900660f27": "1653", "5733a560d058e614000b5f77": "best-known legend", "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": "depths of the oceans and seas", "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": "two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7a": "Warszowa", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": "A greedy merchant also heard her songs", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": "Warsaw", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59": "Polish", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5a": "Tamara de Lempicka was a famous artist born in Warsaw", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": "painting and art", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": "Isaac Bashevis Singer", "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": "2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw", "573312fcd058e614000b56e7": "2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw", "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": "FMCG manufacturing", "573312fcd058e614000b56e9": "Stock", "573312fcd058e614000b56ea": "Warsaw", "5733140a4776f419006606e0": "1313", "5733140a4776f419006606e1": "year 1313", "5733140a4776f419006606e2": "1918", "5733140a4776f419006606e3": "King Sigismund III Vasa", "5733140a4776f419006606e4": "1944", "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": "Roman Catholic archdiocese", "573314e3d058e614000b56f1": "Sciences", "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": "picturesque", "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": "Sigismund", "573314e3d058e614000b56f4": "neoclassical periods", "57332442d058e614000b5720": "Warszawa, approximately /v\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8\u0283\u0251\u02d0v\u0259/ (also formerly spelled Warszewa and Warszowa", "57332442d058e614000b5721": "approximately /v\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8\u0283\u0251\u02d0v\u0259/ (also formerly spelled Warszewa and Warszowa", "57332442d058e614000b5722": "Warsz being a shortened form of the masculine name of Slavic origin Warcis\u0142aw", "57332442d058e614000b5723": "Warsz being a shortened form of the masculine name of Slavic origin Warcis\u0142aw", "57332442d058e614000b5724": "Vr\u0161ovci family which had escaped to Poland", "57332562d058e614000b5730": "nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa", "57332562d058e614000b5731": "Prince of P\u0142ock", "57332562d058e614000b5732": "Warszowa. The Prince of P\u0142ock, Boles\u0142aw II of Masovia", "57332562d058e614000b5733": "1413", "57332562d058e614000b5734": "1526", "5733266d4776f41900660712": "1529", "5733266d4776f41900660713": "1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the General Sejm, permanent from 1569", "5733266d4776f41900660714": "religious freedom", "5733266d4776f41900660715": "Vilnius, Warsaw", "5733266d4776f41900660716": "1596", "57332a734776f41900660726": "1796", "57332a734776f41900660727": "Prussia", "57332a734776f41900660728": "Napoleon's army in 1806", "57332a734776f41900660729": "1815", "57332a734776f4190066072a": "1816", "57332b66d058e614000b5758": "4 August 1915", "57332b66d058e614000b5759": "November 1918", "57332b66d058e614000b575a": "11", "57332b66d058e614000b575b": "1920, the huge Battle of Warsaw", "57332b66d058e614000b575c": "Red Army defeated. Poland", "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": "1 September 1939", "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": "German Nazi colonial", "57332c1e4776f4190066073c": "hundred thousand", "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "Europe", "57332c1e4776f4190066073e": "19 April 1943", "57332e48d058e614000b5762": "July 1944, the Red Army", "57332e48d058e614000b5763": "1 August 1944", "57332e48d058e614000b5764": "Red Army was nearing the city, the Warsaw", "57332e48d058e614000b5765": "150,000 and 200,000", "57332e48d058e614000b5766": "150,000", "57332f81d058e614000b5776": "World War II", "57332f81d058e614000b5777": "1980", "57332f81d058e614000b5778": "Eastern Bloc city, such as the Palace of Culture and Science, a gift from the Soviet Union", "57332f81d058e614000b5779": "Culture and Science", "57332f81d058e614000b577a": "UNESCO's World Heritage", "573330444776f41900660758": "John Paul II's visits to his native country in 1979", "573330444776f41900660759": "native country", "573330444776f4190066075a": "less than a year after becoming pope, John Paul celebrated Mass in Victory Square in Warsaw", "573330444776f4190066075b": "pope, John Paul celebrated Mass in Victory Square", "573330444776f4190066075c": "pope, John Paul celebrated Mass in Victory Square", "5733314e4776f4190066076a": "300 km", "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "300 km", "5733314e4776f4190066076c": "Vistula River", "5733314e4776f4190066076d": "Warsaw", "5733314e4776f4190066076e": "75", "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": "two", "57335c20d058e614000b58fa": "plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces. The Vistula River", "57335c20d058e614000b58fc": "moraine plateau", "57335c20d058e614000b58fb": "city", "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "moraine plateau", "57335ddbd058e614000b592f": "natural and artificial ponds", "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": "two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces", "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": "mora", "57335ddbd058e614000b5932": "parted by peat swamps", "57335ddbd058e614000b5933": "pine forest", "57335fcad058e614000b5970": "turbulent history of the city and country", "57335fcad058e614000b5971": "Second World War, Warsaw", "57335fcad058e614000b5972": "liberation", "57335fcad058e614000b5973": "Leopold Kronenberg Palace", "57335fcad058e614000b5974": "Kronenberg Palace", "573361404776f4190066093c": "Gothic", "573361404776f4190066093d": "14th century", "573361404776f4190066093e": "14th century", "573361404776f4190066093f": "1562", "573361404776f41900660940": "1596\u20131619", "573362b94776f41900660974": "noble palaces and churches during the later decades of the 17th century", "573362b94776f41900660975": "1688", "573362b94776f41900660976": "1712\u20131721", "573362b94776f41900660977": "1728\u20131761). The neoclassical architecture in Warsaw", "573362b94776f41900660978": "1775", "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": "bourgeois architecture of the later periods were not restored by the communist authorities after the war", "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "bourgeois", "5733638fd058e614000b59ea": "socialist realism", "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": "1899\u20131902", "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": "municipal government authorities have decided to rebuild the Saxon Palace and the Br\u00fchl Palace, the most distinctive buildings in prewar Warsaw", "5733647e4776f419006609ae": "Pawiak", "5733647e4776f419006609af": "Pawiak", "5733647e4776f419006609b0": "impressive 19th-century fortification", "5733647e4776f419006609b1": "ramparts", "5733647e4776f419006609b2": "Wincenty Ku\u0107ma", "573368044776f41900660a29": "green", "573368044776f41900660a2a": "Orangery displays plants of subtropics", "573368044776f41900660a2b": "northern Mokot\u00f3w", "573368044776f41900660a2c": "Ujazdowski", "573368044776f41900660a2d": "Jan Dobrowolski. In 1927 a zoological garden (Ogr\u00f3d Zoologiczny", "573368e54776f41900660a53": "the city may be considered very rich in species. The species richness", "573368e54776f41900660a54": "borders of Warsaw", "573368e54776f41900660a55": "Masovian Primeval Forest", "573368e54776f41900660a56": "Kabaty Forest", "573368e54776f41900660a57": "two", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcb": "1,300,000", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "c. 1,300,000", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcd": "1951", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": "1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 \u2013 only 420,000", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcf": "no limitations to residency", "57338007d058e614000b5bda": "multi-cultural", "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": "711", "57338007d058e614000b5bdc": "988", "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": "711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8%", "57338007d058e614000b5bde": "hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town", "573380e0d058e614000b5be9": "The basic unit of territorial division in Poland is a commune", "573380e0d058e614000b5bea": "vogt", "573380e0d058e614000b5beb": "Wola", "57338160d058e614000b5bf9": "Legislative power in Warsaw", "57338160d058e614000b5bfa": "60 members. Council", "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": "Legislative power in Warsaw", "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": "Legislative power in Warsaw", "57338160d058e614000b5bfd": "30", "57338255d058e614000b5c0d": "President. Generally, in Poland", "57338255d058e614000b5c0e": "1990", "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": "Jan Andrzej", "57338255d058e614000b5c10": "Jan Andrzej Menich (1695\u20131696). Between 1975 and 1990 the Warsaw Presidents was simultaneously the Warsaw Voivode. Since 1990", "57338255d058e614000b5c11": "1990", "573382d24776f41900660c37": "\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie", "573382d24776f41900660c38": "304,016", "573382d24776f41900660c39": "Foreign investors", "573382d24776f41900660c3a": "12%", "573382d24776f41900660c3b": "33 000", "5733834ed058e614000b5c26": "1817 and continued trading until World War II", "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": "1817", "5733834ed058e614000b5c28": "1817", "5733834ed058e614000b5c29": "374", "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a": "Polish United Workers", "573383d0d058e614000b5c35": "1951", "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": "1951", "573383d0d058e614000b5c37": "Egypt and Colombia", "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": "AvtoZAZ", "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": "Fiat", "573166ede6313a140071cef2": "var\u02c8\u0282ava", "573166ede6313a140071cef3": "Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [var\u02c8\u0282ava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland", "573166ede6313a140071cef4": "east-central Poland, roughly 260 kilometres", "573166ede6313a140071cef5": "1.740 million", "573166ede6313a140071cef6": "1.740 million", "5732b6b5328d981900602021": "Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [var\u02c8\u0282ava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland", "5732b6b5328d981900602022": "Vistula", "5732b6b5328d981900602023": "160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres", "5732b6b5328d981900602024": "2.666 million", "5732b6b5328d981900602025": "516", "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628": "10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France", "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629": "French: Normands", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a": "Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "Rollo", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962c": "10th century, and it continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": "Norman conquest of England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad60": "Norman French, an important literary language", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": "Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy", "56dde0379a695914005b9636": "Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand", "56dde0379a695914005b9637": "Medieval Latin, 9th century", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75": "911", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76": "Viking ruler Rollo, and was situated in the former Frankish kingdom of Neustria", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": "Normandy", "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": "880s", "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": "Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism", "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": "north of France. The Norman language", "56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b": "1066 Normandy", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9660": "Saracen", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9661": "Norman", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9662": "1016, Norman pilgrims", "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595": "Hauteville", "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b596": "Italy", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59a": "1130", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59b": "1130", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59c": "Squillace", "56de0ed14396321400ee2579": "Middle Ages", "56de0ed14396321400ee257a": "Roger II of Sicily", "56de0ed14396321400ee257b": "Jews", "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f": "Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258d": "1050s", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": "1060s", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": "Turks", "56de10b44396321400ee2593": "Afranji", "56de10b44396321400ee2594": "upper Euphrates valley in northern Syria", "56de10b44396321400ee2595": "eastern Anatolia", "56de11154396321400ee25aa": "Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": "Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bd": "1082", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be": "30,000", "56de15104396321400ee25b7": "1107", "56de15104396321400ee25b8": "1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond", "56de15104396321400ee25b9": "Deabolis", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2": "1185", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c3": "1185", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": "1185", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8": "Duke Richard II of Normandy", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "1016", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca": "Normandy in 1013", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb": "Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0": "1041", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d1": "1041", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2": "Jumi\u00e8ges", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c5": "1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": "1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c8": "Anglo-Saxons", "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": "Geoffrey Chaucer", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5da": "1169", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db": "Irish culture and history after their invasion at Bannow Bay in 1169", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": "Irish culture and history after their invasion at Bannow Bay in 1169", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0": "Duncan", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": "William", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2": "1072", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3": "William and surrendered his son Duncan", "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": "brother Alexander I had married Sybilla of Normandy", "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": "Norman culture to Scotland, part of the process some scholars call the \"Davidian Revolution", "56de3d594396321400ee26ca": "Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh. In these original ventures, the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales", "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": "earl of Hereford", "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": "Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh. In these original ventures, the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales", "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": "Bernard de Neufmarch\u00e9", "56de3e414396321400ee26d8": "1018", "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": "Montreuil led the papal army and took a huge booty", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e6": "1096", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7": "Tancred", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": "Jerusalem", "56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe": "380 years", "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": "1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina", "56de3f784396321400ee26fb": "1191", "56de3f784396321400ee26fc": "1191", "56de3f784396321400ee26fd": "April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina", "56de40da4396321400ee2708": "Conrad", "56de40da4396321400ee2709": "silver", "56de40da4396321400ee270a": "Guy de Lusignan", "56de41504396321400ee2714": "Richard the Lion-Heart", "56de41504396321400ee2715": "King Sancho VI of Navarre", "56de41504396321400ee2716": "Richard caused himself to be crowned King of Cyprus", "56de48f34396321400ee2770": "1489", "56de48f34396321400ee2771": "1192", "56de49564396321400ee277a": "Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and El Hierro", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": "Henry III of Castile", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a8": "Enrique P\u00e9rez de Guzm\u00e1n, 2nd Count de Niebla", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a9": "Enrique P\u00e9rez de Guzm\u00e1n, 2nd Count de Niebla", "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "10th and 13th centuries", "56de4a474396321400ee2787": "10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd": "England and Italy", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7be": "rounded arches, particularly over windows and doorways", "56de4b074396321400ee2793": "Byzantine building techniques into their own, initiating a unique style known as Norman-Arab architecture within the Kingdom of Sicily", "56de4b074396321400ee2794": "Byzantine building techniques into their own, initiating a unique style known as Norman-Arab architecture within the Kingdom of Sicily", "56de4b074396321400ee2795": "Byzantine building techniques into their own, initiating a unique style known as Norman-Arab architecture within the Kingdom of Sicily", "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": "11th century the dukes began a programme of church reform, encouraging the Cluniac", "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": "dukes", "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": "16th century", "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": "Odo", "56de4c324396321400ee27ac": "Bayeux Tapestry", "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": "Odo", "56de51244396321400ee27ef": "Palermo", "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": "11th century. F\u00e9camp Abbey", "56de51c64396321400ee27f8": "Italian", "56de52614396321400ee27fb": "Saint-Evroul", "56de52614396321400ee27fc": "Robert de Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard", "56de52614396321400ee27fd": "Robert Guiscard", "56de52614396321400ee27fe": "Robert de Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f6": "Serbian Cyrillic: \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430; 10 July 1856 \u2013 7 January 1943", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f8": "Serbian Cyrillic: \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430; 10 July 1856 \u2013 7 January 1943", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f9": "Nikola", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b7": "Serbian Cyrillic: \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430; 10 July 1856 \u2013 7 January 1943", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b8": "Nikola", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b9": "Nikola", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6bb": "electricity supply system", "56df9ee138dc421700152108": "1884 to work for Thomas Edison", "56df9ee138dc421700152109": "Thomas Edison", "56df9ee138dc42170015210a": "George Westinghouse", "56df9ee138dc42170015210b": "1884 to work for Thomas Edison", "56df9ee138dc42170015210c": "corporate alternating current/direct current \"War of Currents", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c1": "George Westinghouse", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c2": "Thomas Edison in New York City", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3": "1884", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c4": "George Westinghouse", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c5": "George", "56dfa01738dc42170015211d": "1893) pronouncements", "56dfa01738dc42170015211e": "New York and Colorado Springs", "56dfa01738dc42170015211f": "New York and Colorado Springs", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35b": "Colorado Springs", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35c": "1893) pronouncements", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35d": "1893) pronouncements", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35e": "Wardenclyffe Tower", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7": "7 January 1943", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb8": "SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor. There has been a resurgence in popular interest in Tesla since the 1990s", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb9": "154 He lived most of his life in a series of New York hotels, through his retirement. Tesla died on 7 January 1943", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba": "archetypal \"mad scientist", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cb": "7 January 1943", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cc": "7 January 1943", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd": "SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor. There has been a resurgence in popular interest in Tesla since the 1990s", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6ce": "1990s", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf": "7 January 1943", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc1": "Croatia", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc2": "Milutin Tesla, was a Serbian Orthodox priest", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc3": "Nikola credited his eidetic", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc4": "Serbian epic poems. \u0110uka had never received a formal education. Nikola", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36b": "Serbian Orthodox priest", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36c": "Milutin Tesla", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36d": "\u0110uka Tesla", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36e": "Serbian epic poems", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36f": "10", "56dfa1d34a1a83140091ebd4": "Dane and three sisters, Milka, Angelina and Marica. Dane was killed in a horse-riding accident when Nikola was five. In 1861", "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd6": "Smiljan", "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd7": "1862", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac375": "Dane and three sisters, Milka, Angelina and Marica. Dane was killed in a horse-riding accident when Nikola was five. In 1861", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac376": "Milka, Angelina and Marica. Dane was killed in a horse-riding accident when Nikola was five. In 1861", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac377": "Marica. Dane was killed in a horse-riding accident when Nikola was five. In 1861", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac378": "Tesla", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac379": "Austrian Empire", "56dfa24a38dc421700152142": "math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107.:32 The classes were held in German, as it was a school within the Austro-Hungarian Military Frontier", "56dfa24a38dc421700152143": "Martin Sekuli\u0107", "56dfa24a38dc421700152144": "Hungarian Military Frontier", "56dfa24a38dc421700152145": "1870", "56dfa24a38dc421700152146": "Karlovac", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d5": "1870", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d6": "1870", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d7": "1870", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d8": "Martin Sekuli\u0107.:32", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d9": "1870", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf2": "Smiljan", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf3": "nine months", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf4": "1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown, Smiljan. Shortly after he arrived, Tesla contracted cholera", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf5": "1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown, Smiljan. Shortly after he arrived, Tesla contracted cholera", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf6": "Smiljan", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6df": "1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown, Smiljan. Shortly after he arrived, Tesla contracted cholera", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e0": "1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown, Smiljan", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e1": "Tesla contracted cholera; he was bedridden", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e2": "1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown, Smiljan. Shortly after he arrived, Tesla contracted cholera", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e3": "1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown, Smiljan. Shortly after he arrived, Tesla contracted cholera", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfc": "Smiljan", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfd": "Mark Twain", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfe": "1874", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebff": "1874, Tesla evaded", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ec00": "1874", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac389": "1874", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38a": "1874", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38b": "1874", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38c": "1874", "56dfa3c338dc421700152154": "Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria", "56dfa3c338dc421700152155": "Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria", "56dfa3c338dc421700152156": "1875", "56dfa3c338dc421700152157": "1875", "56dfa3c338dc421700152158": "Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ab": "1875", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ac": "1875", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ad": "1875", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ae": "1875", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3af": "1879", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9": "Milutin", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfaa": "December 1878", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfab": "December 1878", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfac": "December 1878", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfad": "December 1878", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e717": "December 1878", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e718": "December 1878", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e719": "December 1878", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71a": "December 1878", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71b": "Milutin", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbd": "March 1879", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbe": "March 1879", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbf": "24 March 1879", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc0": "1879, Milutin Tesla", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc1": "24 March 1879", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3bf": "24 March 1879", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c0": "24 March 1879", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c1": "24 March 1879", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c2": "24 March 1879", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5b": "January 1880, two of Tesla's uncles", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5c": "Charles-Ferdinand University", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5e": "Charles-Ferdinand University; he never studied Greek, a required subject; and he was illiterate in Czech", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5f": "January 1880, two of Tesla's uncles", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c7": "January 1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107 for Prague", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c8": "January 1880", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c9": "Charles-Ferdinand University", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3ca": "January 1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc7": "Budapest", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc8": "Budapest", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc9": "electrician", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfca": "telephone repeater or amplifier", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfcb": "electrician", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fc": "1881", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fd": "1881", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fe": "1881", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3ff": "electrician", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc83": "1882", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc84": "1882", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc85": "Continental Edison Company in France, designing and making improvements to electrical equipment. In June 1884, he relocated to New York City:57\u201360", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc86": "June 1884", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc87": "Continental Edison Company in France", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e769": "June 1884, he relocated to New York City:57\u201360", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a": "1882", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76b": "57\u201360", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76c": "57\u201360", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76d": "Manhattan", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00d": "1885", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00e": "1885", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e010": "1885", "56e0d6367aa994140058e773": "1885", "56e0d6367aa994140058e774": "American humor.\":64", "56e0d6367aa994140058e775": "week", "56dfb5777aa994140058e021": "Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail", "56dfb5777aa994140058e022": "1886", "56dfb5777aa994140058e023": "electrical arc", "56dfb5777aa994140058e024": "Edison's company Tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail", "56dfb5777aa994140058e025": "Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac420": "Edison's company Tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac421": "1886", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423": "electrical arc", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424": "electrical arc", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb5": "penniless", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb6": "penniless", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb8": "Tesla", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb9": "1887", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42b": "penniless", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42c": "2 per day. Tesla considered the winter of 1886/1887", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42d": "electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch digger for $2 per day. Tesla considered the winter of 1886/1887", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc0": "1886 Tesla met Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union superintendent", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc1": "April 1887", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc2": "Tesla Electric Company with an agreement that profits from generated patents", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc3": "89 Liberty Street in Manhattan", "56e0d810231d4119001ac432": "1886", "56e0d810231d4119001ac433": "1886", "56e0d810231d4119001ac434": "Alfred", "56e0d810231d4119001ac435": "1886", "56e0d810231d4119001ac436": "1886 Tesla met Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union superintendent", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e053": "laboratory", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054": "May 1888", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e055": "1882). This innovative electric motor, patented in May 1888", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e056": "sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e057": "1882). This innovative electric motor, patented in May 1888", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43c": "1887", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43d": "1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating current, a power system format", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43e": "mechanical brushes", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43f": "1882", "56e057e1231d4119001ac043": "Electrical World magazine", "56e057e1231d4119001ac044": "Electrical World magazine, Thomas Commerford Martin", "56e057e1231d4119001ac045": "motor, at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers", "56e057e1231d4119001ac046": "George Westinghouse that Tesla", "56e057e1231d4119001ac047": "1888, the editor of Electrical World magazine, Thomas Commerford Martin", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e779": "Thomas Commerford Martin", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77a": "Westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77b": "1888, the editor of Electrical World magazine, Thomas Commerford Martin", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77c": "March 1888", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77d": "George Westinghouse that Tesla", "56e05900231d4119001ac04d": "$60,000", "56e05900231d4119001ac04e": "$60,000", "56e05900231d4119001ac04f": "Brown and Peck negotiated a licensing deal with George Westinghouse", "56e05900231d4119001ac051": "July 1888", "56e0dc667aa994140058e783": "$60,000", "56e0dc667aa994140058e784": "July 1888", "56e0dc667aa994140058e785": "July 1888, Brown and Peck negotiated a licensing deal with George Westinghouse", "56e0dc667aa994140058e786": "Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs", "56e059c8231d4119001ac057": "Pittsburgh", "56e059c8231d4119001ac058": "Pittsburgh", "56e059c8231d4119001ac059": "60", "56e059c8231d4119001ac05a": "DC traction motor", "56e0e518231d4119001ac444": "60-cycle AC current system Tesla", "56e0e518231d4119001ac445": "DC traction motor", "56e05a78231d4119001ac062": "electrical distribution battle being waged between Thomas Edison", "56e05a78231d4119001ac063": "electrical distribution battle being waged between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse that had been simmering since Westinghouse's first AC system in 1886", "56e05a78231d4119001ac064": "AC development in 1890", "56e05a78231d4119001ac065": "AC development in 1890", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78b": "electrical distribution battle being waged between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78c": "lighting systems", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78d": "Thomas", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78e": "Edison Machine Works pursuing AC development in 1890", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78f": "1892", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cd": "George Westinghouse", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1ce": "George Westinghouse", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cf": "1893", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d0": "Europe", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d1": "79 An observer", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d5": "Chicago with alternating current, beating out a General Electric bid by one million", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d6": "1893, George Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d7": "1893, George Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d8": "AC", "56e0812c231d4119001ac213": "Richard Dean Adams", "56e0812c231d4119001ac214": "Richard Dean Adams", "56e0812c231d4119001ac215": "1893 Richard Dean Adams", "56e0812c231d4119001ac216": "1893 Richard Dean Adams", "56e0812c231d4119001ac217": "Richard Dean Adams", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac459": "1893 Richard Dean Adams", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45a": "Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company sought Tesla", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45b": "1893 Richard Dean", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45c": "Tesla advised Adams", "56e089ab231d4119001ac285": "1896", "56e089ab231d4119001ac287": "financier J. P. Morgan", "56e089ab231d4119001ac288": "$2.50 per AC horsepower", "56e089ab231d4119001ac289": "$200,000", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac462": "patent battles with Westinghouse", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac463": "$200,000", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac464": "$200,000", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5da": "30 July 1891", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5db": "South Fifth Avenue", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dc": "South Fifth Avenue laboratory, and later another at 46 E. Houston Street, in New York", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dd": "30 July 1891, at the age of 35, Tesla", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac468": "30 July 1891", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac469": "30 July 1891", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46a": "30 July 1891", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46b": "wireless power transmission. In the same year", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac299": "Electrical Engineers", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29a": "1892 to 1894", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29d": "1892 to 1894", "56e0f019231d4119001ac470": "1892 to 1894", "56e0f019231d4119001ac471": "1892 to 1894", "56e0f019231d4119001ac472": "1892 to 1894", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a4": "1894", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a5": "$50,000", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a6": "Roentgen", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a7": "x-rays\u2014when he tried to photograph Mark Twain illuminated by a Geissler tube, an earlier type of gas discharge tube", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c8": "1894", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c9": "1894, Tesla", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4ca": "1894", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cb": "gas discharge tube", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cc": "Mark Twain", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ad": "Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen's discovery of X-ray and X-ray imaging", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ae": "March 1896", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2af": "Tesla Coil", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b0": "X-rays", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b1": "bremsstrahlung or braking radiation", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d4": "March 1896", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d5": "X-ray imaging", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d6": "March 1896", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b7": "longitudinal waves", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b8": "Roentgen rays, but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin, and to a lesser extent, by nitrous acid", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b9": "X-rays", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2ba": "X-ray-producing devices", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2bb": "force-free magnetic fields", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ee": "Roentgen rays, but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin, and to a lesser extent, by nitrous acid", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ef": "longitudinal waves", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f0": "X-rays", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f1": "Roentgen rays", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e795": "1893 Westinghouse engineer Benjamin Lamme", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e796": "1893 Westinghouse engineer", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e797": "Tesla Polyphase System", "56e0ed557aa994140058e7dd": "Egg of Columbus", "56e0ed557aa994140058e7e0": "copper", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e859": "July 1934", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85a": "11 July 1934", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85b": "11 July 1934", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85c": "metal projected by his \"electric gun", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac525": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac526": "Coil", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac527": "1893 in St. Louis, Missouri", "56e0fb887aa994140058e869": "1898", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86a": "1898, Tesla", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86b": "1898", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86c": "1898", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86d": "1898", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e877": "1900", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878": "1901", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e879": "1901", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87a": "Oliver Lodge", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87b": "United States", "56e0fd167aa994140058e881": "17 May 1899", "56e0fd167aa994140058e882": "Colorado Springs", "56e0fd167aa994140058e883": "17 May 1899", "56e0fd167aa994140058e884": "Colorado Springs lab", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ea": "atmospheric electricity, observing lightning signals via his receivers", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673eb": "Tesla investigated atmospheric electricity", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ec": "lightning storms confirmed his belief that the earth had a resonant frequency", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6a": "lightning", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6b": "lightning", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6c": "15 miles away in Cripple Creek", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6d": "100 feet", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6e": "electrified", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fb": "August 1917", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fc": "August 1917", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fd": "Tesla inadvertently faulted a power station generator", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fe": "heavy sparks to jump through the windings and destroy the insulation!", "56e10043e3433e1400422a84": "Mars", "56e10043e3433e1400422a85": "Julian Hawthorne", "56e10043e3433e1400422a86": "Julian Hawthorne", "56e10043e3433e1400422a87": "December 1900", "56e10043e3433e1400422a88": "July 1899", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67403": "$100,000", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67404": "Colorado Springs experiments", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67405": "John Jacob Astor IV invested $100,000", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67406": "John Jacob Astor IV invested $100,000", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740b": "7 January 1900", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740c": "Colorado Springs", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740d": "Colorado Springs", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740e": "1904", "56e10179cd28a01900c67413": "trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility known as Wardenclyffe near Shoreham", "56e10179cd28a01900c67414": "Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility known as Wardenclyffe near Shoreham, Long Island", "56e10179cd28a01900c67415": "Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility known as Wardenclyffe near Shoreham, Long Island", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8e": "fruitless", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8f": "Tesla responded by saying that he was affected by the Panic of 1901", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a91": "1901", "56e10296cd28a01900c67423": "50 letters to Morgan, pleading for and demanding additional funding to complete the construction of Wardenclyffe. Tesla continued the project for another nine months", "56e10296cd28a01900c67424": "July 1903", "56e10296cd28a01900c67425": "Marconi successfully transmitted the letter S from England to Newfoundland, terminating Tesla's relationship with Morgan", "56e10296cd28a01900c67426": "57 m). In July 1903", "56e10325cd28a01900c67435": "100\u20135,000", "56e10325cd28a01900c67436": "100\u20135,000", "56e10325cd28a01900c67437": "1906", "56e10325cd28a01900c67438": "1910\u20131911 at the Waterside Power Station in New York, several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100\u20135,000", "56e10412e3433e1400422aba": "oscillator\u2014Tesla's oscillator. While experimenting with mechanical oscillators at his Houston Street lab", "56e10412e3433e1400422abb": "mechanical oscillator\u2014Tesla", "56e10412e3433e1400422abc": "162\u2013164 In February 1912", "56e10412e3433e1400422abd": "Allan L. Benson", "56e10412e3433e1400422abe": "Allan L. Benson", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae4": "1912", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae5": "1912", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6": "superintendent of New York", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae7": "William H", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afa": "overseas", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afb": "World War I, Tesla sought overseas investors", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afc": "20,000 ($472,500 in today's dollars). In 1917", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afd": "20,000", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afe": "AIEE's highest honor, the Edison Medal", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0c": "Electrical Experimenter Tesla postulated that electricity could be used to locate submarines via using the reflection of an \"electric ray", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0d": "water but \u00c9mile Girardeau", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0e": "1953", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0f": "1930s", "56e1097dcd28a01900c6748f": "Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67490": "Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67491": "Thomas Edison and Nikola", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67492": "Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla", "56e10a28cd28a01900c674b1": "$20,000 prize money.:245", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b3": "38 possible bids in 1915 and Tesla did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1937", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4": "38 possible bids in 1937", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b5": "38 possible bids in 1915 and Tesla did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1937", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b24": "1,655,114", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b25": "1928, Tesla", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b26": "1928", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b27": "655,114", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b36": "Electric & Manufacturing Company began paying Tesla $125 per month as well as paying his rent at the Hotel New Yorker", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b37": "1934", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b38": "$125", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b39": "1934", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d7": "1935", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d8": "1935", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d9": "1935", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674da": "mineral deposits", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674db": "1935", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b48": "1938", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b49": "1937", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4a": "three", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4b": "Tesla was bedridden for some months and was unable to continue feeding pigeons from his window; soon, they failed to come. In early 1938", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4c": "full extent of his injuries will never be known; Tesla", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674eb": "death ray", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ec": "Van de Graaff generator", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ed": "anti-aircraft", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ee": "studying the Van de Graaff generator", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ef": "death ray. Tesla", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5c": "1937, at a luncheon in his honor concerning the death ray", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5d": "1937, at a luncheon in his honor concerning the death ray, Tesla", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5e": "luncheon in his honor concerning the death ray, Tesla", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5f": "small tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b60": "1937, at a luncheon in his honor concerning the death ray, Tesla", "56e10fbacd28a01900c67509": "Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media, concerning charged particle beam", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750a": "Tesla", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750b": "Belgrade", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750c": "particle beam weapons. Tesla", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750d": "superweapon", "56e11044e3433e1400422b76": "steal", "56e11044e3433e1400422b77": "Tesla", "56e11044e3433e1400422b78": "scrutinized, but the thieves, or spies, left empty", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67531": "3327", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67532": "7 January 1943", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67533": "Alice Monaghan", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67534": "3327", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67535": "coronary thrombosis", "56e11161e3433e1400422b86": "American citizen", "56e11161e3433e1400422b87": "American citizen", "56e11161e3433e1400422b89": "unfriendly hands", "56e11161e3433e1400422b8a": "Tesla", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b90": "10 January 1943", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b91": "10 January 1943, New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b92": "John the Divine", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b93": "12 January, two thousand", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b94": "Tesla's body was taken to the Ferncliff Cemetery in Ardsley, New York", "56e1127bcd28a01900c67549": "Belgrade in 80 trunks marked N.T. In 1957, Kosanovi\u0107's secretary Charlotte Muzar", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754a": "Sava Kosanovi\u0107", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754b": "1957, Kosanovi\u0107's secretary Charlotte Muzar", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754c": "Tesla's ashes from the United States to Belgrade", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754d": "Belgrade", "56e11996e3433e1400422bde": "300", "56e11996e3433e1400422bdf": "26", "56e11996e3433e1400422be0": "Canada", "56e11996e3433e1400422be1": "300 patents worldwide for his inventions. Some of Tesla's patents are not accounted for, and various sources have discovered some that have lain", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b5": "8:10 p.m., at Delmonico's restaurant and later the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b6": "8:10 p.m., at Delmonico's restaurant and later the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b7": "3:00 a.m.\":283, 286", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b8": "8:10 p.m., at Delmonico's restaurant and later the Waldorf-Astoria", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf0": "8 to 10 miles per day", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf1": "8 to 10 miles per day. He squished his toes one hundred times for each foot every night, saying that it stimulated his brain cells", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf2": "8 to 10 miles per day. He squished his toes one hundred times for each foot every night, saying that it stimulated his brain cells", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf3": "brain cells", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c7": "Arthur", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c8": "Arthur", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c9": "Arthur Brisbane", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d7": "$2,000, including building a device that comfortably supported her so her bones could heal, to fix her broken wing and leg", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d8": "$2,000", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d9": "Tesla", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675da": "$2,000, including building a device that comfortably supported her so her bones could heal, to fix her broken wing and leg", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675db": "white pigeon daily. Tesla", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c18": "142 pounds", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c19": "6 feet 2 inches", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1a": "142 pounds (64 kg), with almost no weight variance from 1888", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1b": "1926.:292", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e7": "eight", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e8": "282", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e9": "33", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675ea": "33", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675eb": "33", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f1": "48", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f2": "48", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f3": "48", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f4": "Graz", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f5": "208 Kenneth Swezey, a journalist whom Tesla", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c28": "chastity was very helpful to his scientific abilities.:33", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c29": "citation", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c2a": "33", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2e": "Robert Underwood Johnson described him as attaining a \"distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2f": "Robert Underwood Johnson", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c30": "Robert Underwood Johnson", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c31": "Robert Underwood", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c32": "Robert Underwood Johnson", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67611": "Francis Marion Crawford", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67612": "Marion Crawford, Robert Underwood Johnson, Stanford White, Fritz Lowenstein, George Scherff, and Kenneth Swezey", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67613": "Francis Marion Crawford", "56e12005cd28a01900c67617": "harsh at times and openly expressed disgust for overweight people, such as when he fired a secretary because of her weight.:110", "56e12005cd28a01900c67618": "110", "56e12005cd28a01900c67619": "110", "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a": "110 He was quick to criticize clothing; on several occasions, Tesla directed a subordinate to go home and change her dress.:33", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c38": "smaller subatomic particles", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c39": "Tesla exhibited a pre-atomic understanding of physics in his writings; he disagreed with the theory of atoms being composed of smaller subatomic particles", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3a": "electrical energy", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3b": "19th century concept of an all pervasive \"ether\" that transmitted electrical energy", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4a": "247 He was also critical of Einstein's theory of relativity", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4b": "247 He was also critical of Einstein", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4c": "247 He was also critical of Einstein's theory of relativity", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c50": "81, claimed in a letter to have completed a \"dynamic theory of gravity", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c51": "1892", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c52": "curved", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c53": "309", "56e122dacd28a01900c67639": "many of his era, became a proponent of an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763a": "humans' \"pity\" had interfered with the natural \"ruthless workings", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763b": "natural \"ruthless workings", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763c": "1937", "56e1239acd28a01900c67641": "Queen Bees", "56e1239acd28a01900c67642": "Queen Bees", "56e1239acd28a01900c67643": "Queen Bees", "56e12477e3433e1400422c5e": "Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War\" (20 December 1914", "56e12477e3433e1400422c5f": "Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War\" (20 December 1914", "56e12477e3433e1400422c60": "Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War\" (20 December 1914", "56e12477e3433e1400422c61": "20 December 1914", "56e124f1cd28a01900c6764f": "Orthodox Christian", "56e124f1cd28a01900c67650": "Orthodox Christian", "56e124f1cd28a01900c67651": "profound respect for both Buddhism and Christianity", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66": "Machine to End War\"", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c67": "1937, Tesla", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c68": "1937, Tesla", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6c": "Ben Johnston", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6d": "Ben Johnston", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6e": "Ben Johnston", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67655": "Nikola Tesla", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67656": "Human Energy", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67657": "1900", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7c": "science", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7d": "Tesla is a recurring theme in several types of science fiction", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7e": "several types of science", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765b": "75th birthday", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765c": "Tesla's 75th birthday in 1931, Time magazine", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765d": "Albert Einstein", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765e": "electrical power generation. He received congratulatory letters from more than 70 pioneers in science and engineering, including Albert Einstein", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765f": "more than 70 pioneers in science and engineering, including Albert Einstein", "56e16182e3433e1400422e28": "a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science", "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": "Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science", "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": "mechanical application of mathematical steps, such as an algorithm", "56e16839cd28a01900c67887": "significant resources", "56e16839cd28a01900c67888": "communication complexity), the number of gates in a circuit (used in circuit complexity) and the number of processors", "56e16839cd28a01900c67889": "communication complexity), the number of gates in a circuit", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788a": "practical limits on what computers", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788b": "computational complexity theory is to determine the practical limits", "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": "related fields in theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory", "56e17644e3433e1400422f41": "theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory", "56e17644e3433e1400422f42": "theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory", "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": "theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a1": "computational complexity theory", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a2": "computational complexity", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": "utterance", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": "The input string", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": "computational complexity theory, a problem refers to the abstract question to be solved. In contrast, an instance of this problem is a rather concrete utterance", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f7f": "15", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "the decision version of the traveling salesman problem: Is there a route of at most 2000 kilometres passing through all of Germany's 15 largest cities", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": "10 km", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": "a problem instance is a string over an alphabet", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1": "computational problems", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2": "computational problems, a problem instance is a string over an alphabet", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": "adjacency lists in binary", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": "binary notation", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc8": "computational complexity theory", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": "one of the central objects of study in computational complexity theory", "56e190bce3433e1400422fca": "one of the central objects of study in computational complexity theory", "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": "yes", "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": "yes", "56e19557e3433e1400422fee": "arbitrary graph", "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": "the set of all connected graphs\u2014of course, to obtain a precise definition of this language, one has to decide how graphs are encoded as binary strings", "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": "binary strings", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": "computational problem where a single output", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": "more complex", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f8": "the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f9": "integer factorization", "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": "traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization", "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": "tempting to think that the notion of function problems is much richer", "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f": "two", "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": "larger instances will require more time to solve. Thus the time required to solve a problem (or the space required, or any measure of complexity", "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": "general", "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": "complexity", "56e1a38de3433e140042305f": "bits", "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": "how algorithms scale with an increase in the input size", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a48": "Cobham", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": "the input size is n, the time taken can be expressed as a function of n", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4a": "over all inputs", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4b": "n", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4c": "Cobham's thesis says that a problem can be solved with a feasible amount of resources if it admits a polynomial time algorithm", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": "a general computing machine", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": "an algorithm, there exists a Turing machine that solves", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423097": "Turing machine", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": "Turing machines are not intended as a practical computing technology", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a68": "Turing machine", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": "rules", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": "random bits are called randomized algorithms", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6b": "probabilistic Turing machine is a deterministic Turing machine with an extra supply of random bits", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": "random bits are called randomized algorithms", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309e": "quantum Turing machines, symmetric Turing machines and alternating Turing machines", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": "more powerful than others", "56e1b00ce3433e14004230a1": "Turing machines", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a72": "random access machines", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a73": "multi-tape Turing machines have been proposed in the literature", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": "random access machines", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": "multi-tape Turing machines have been proposed in the literature", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": "non-deterministic Turing machine has very little to do with how we physically want to compute algorithms", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": "more unusual resources", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": "non-deterministic Turing", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": "computational problems", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": "M", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": "interested in classifying", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": "a problem using a given amount of time and space, a computational model such as the deterministic Turing machine", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": "f(n). A decision problem A can be solved in time f(n) if there exists a Turing machine operating in time f(n", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abc": "Analogous definitions can be made for space requirements", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "communication complexity, circuit complexity, and decision tree complexity", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abe": "Blum complexity axioms. Other complexity", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": "Blum complexity axioms. Other complexity measures used in complexity theory include communication complexity, circuit complexity, and decision tree complexity", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": "complexity, circuit complexity, and decision tree complexity", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e6": "three different ways of measuring the time", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": "three different ways of measuring the time complexity", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": "three different ways of measuring the time", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e9": "complexity", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae0": "sorting", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": "O(n2", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "sorting", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": "one is interested in proving upper and lower bounds", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": "the field of analysis of algorithms", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": "upper bound T", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423107": "Analyzing a particular algorithm falls under the field of analysis of algorithms", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "\"all possible algorithms", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afc": "big O notation", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": "Upper and lower bounds", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": "15n + 40, in big O notation", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": "the big O notation", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2c": "a typical complexity class", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "a typical complexity class", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423134": "f(n", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": "quadratic time in the model of single-tape Turing", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": "{xx | x is any binary string}", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423137": "Edmonds", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": "FP", "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423148": "the time or space", "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "Many important complexity classes", "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "the time or space used by the algorithm", "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": "BPP, ZPP and RP", "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "BPP, ZPP and RP, which are defined using probabilistic Turing machines", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423150": "quantum Turing machines", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": "P", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423152": "quantum Turing machines. #P is an important complexity class of counting problems (not decision problems). Classes", "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": "DTIME(n) is contained in DTIME", "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": "DTIME(n2", "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": "hierarchy", "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": "space", "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": "quantitative", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "P is strictly contained in EXPTIME, and the space hierarchy theorem tells us that L is strictly contained in PSPACE", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b75": "us that P is strictly contained in EXPTIME", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b76": "us that L is strictly contained in PSPACE", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": "Many complexity classes are defined using the concept of a reduction", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423193": "informal notion of a problem being at least as difficult as another problem. For instance, if a problem X", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": "an algorithm for Y, X is no more difficult than Y, and we say that X reduces to Y. There are many different types of reductions", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": "reductions", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423196": "Levin reductions, and the bound on the complexity of reductions, such as polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bac": "polynomial-time", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "the reduction process takes polynomial time. For example, the problem of squaring an integer can be reduced to the problem of multiplying two integers", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bae": "a polynomial-time reduction. This means that the reduction process", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "two integers", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bb0": "multiplication", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a4": "P, polynomial-time reductions", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": "hard for a complexity class", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": "harder", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "hard for NP is the set of NP-hard problems", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cb": "C", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": "C", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": "polynomial-time solution for \u03a01. This is because a polynomial-time solution to \u03a01 would yield a polynomial-time solution to \u03a02", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": "\u03a01 would yield a polynomial-time solution to \u03a02", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": "P is often seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm. This hypothesis is called the Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcb": "Edmonds thesis", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": "P", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": "P", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": "Hamiltonian path problem and the vertex cover problem. Since deterministic Turing machines are special non-deterministic Turing", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": "pure mathematics theorems. The P versus NP problem is one of the Millennium", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": "pure mathematics theorems", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d8": "Clay Mathematics Institute. There is a US$1,000", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd4": "Ladner", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": "NP-intermediate problems", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": "Ladner", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fc": "isomorphic", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": "two finite graphs are isomorphic", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": "two finite graphs are isomorphic", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231ff": "second", "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "two finite graphs are isomorphic", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": "integer factorization problem is the computational problem of determining the prime factorization of a given integer", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": "prime factorization of a given integer", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0c": "k. No efficient integer factorization algorithm", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": "quantum", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210": "unequal would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211": "unequal", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": "unequal would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": "unequal", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": "i", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": "the yes/no answers reversed", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": "NP is not equal to co-NP", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "equal", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": "L", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": "logarithmic space", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": "equal", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "NL and NC", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423226": "NL and NC", "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": "intractable problems. In complexity theory, problems that lack polynomial-time", "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": "intractable problems", "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": "EXPTIME-hard", "56e1febfe3433e1400423236": "Presburger", "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": "arithmetic", "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "open to debate", "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": "the NP-complete knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes", "56e1febfe3433e140042323a": "NP-complete knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c14": "Alan Turing in 1936", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c15": "Turing machines by Alan Turing in 1936", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": "1936", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c17": "1936", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": "Alan Turing in 1936", "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": "seminal paper \"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms\" by Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns (1965", "56e202e9e3433e1400423241": "Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns (1965", "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": "Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns (1965", "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": "1965 Edmonds", "56e202e9e3433e1400423244": "Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns (1965", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": "John Myhill's definition of linear bounded automata (Myhill 1960", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1f": "1961", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c20": "Boris Trakhtenbrot (1956", "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c24": "complexity-theoretic theorems", "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "concrete choice of input encoding, one tries to keep the discussion abstract enough to be independent of the choice of encoding", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324a": "Manuel Blum", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324b": "1967", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324d": "Stephen Cook", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324e": "Stephen Cook and, working independently, Leonid Levin in the USSR, proved that there exist practically relevant problems that are NP-complete. In 1972", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f23": "curriculum", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f24": "pedagogy", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f25": "pedagogy", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f26": "a lesson plan", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f27": "formal and ongoing, carried out at a school or other place of formal education", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37": "cultures", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f38": "cultures", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f39": "life", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f3a": "literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f51": "schooling", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f52": "home schooling", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f53": "formal education can take place", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f54": "transient", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f55": "anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f65": "Quran, Torah or Bible", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f66": "Torah or Bible", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f67": "Torah or Bible", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f68": "religious texts such as the Quran, Torah or Bible", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e33": "homeschooling", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e34": "homeschooling", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e35": "homeschooling", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e36": "homeschooling", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e37": "homeschooling", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6e": "A teacher's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6f": "supervisors for extracurricular", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f70": "formal teaching", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f71": "may have responsibility for student", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f76": "Around the world many governments operate teacher's colleges", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f77": "Around the world many governments", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f78": "Around the world many governments", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f79": "Around the world many governments", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f7a": "Around the world many governments", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f94": "professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f95": "the ongoing education of teachers", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f96": "many situations teachers in publicly funded schools", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f97": "accrediting teacher education programs", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f98": "teacher education", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5b": "facilitate student learning, often in a school or academy", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5c": "facilitate student learning", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5d": "facilitate student learning, often in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment such as outdoors", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5e": "facilitate student learning", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa8": "teachers", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa9": "pedagogy", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76faa": "pedagogy", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fab": "decade", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fac": "pedagogy", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e6f": "The objective is typically a course of study, lesson plan", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e70": "standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e71": "standardized curricula", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e72": "may follow standardized curricula", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e73": "standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbc": "es the pedagogic diversity", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbd": "self", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbe": "pressure", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbf": "pressure", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fc0": "the teacher is to pressure", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc6": "between primary school and secondary school", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc7": "between primary school and secondary school teaching is the relationship between teachers and children", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc8": "school and secondary school teaching is the relationship between teachers and children", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc9": "ten or more different teachers. The relationship between children and their teachers", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fca": "surrogate parent during the course of the day", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8b": "One of these, sometimes referred to as a \"platoon\" system", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8c": "\"", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8d": "\"platoon\" system", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8e": "\"platoon\" system", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8f": "teachers", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e95": "Co-teaching has also become a new trend amongst educational institutions", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e96": "two", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e97": "two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e98": "two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e99": "social networking", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ea9": "corporal punishment", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eaa": "corporal punishment", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eab": "corporal punishment", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eac": "form of school discipline was corporal punishment. While a child was in school", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ead": "substitute", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb3": "school", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4": "past times", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5": "spanking or paddling", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb6": "US Supreme Court decision in 1977", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7": "birching", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fec": "30", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fed": "30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fee": "30 US states have banned corporal punishment", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fef": "30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76ff0": "30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77000": "African and Caribbean countries. For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77001": "African and Caribbean countries. For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77002": "Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec7": "UK, Ireland", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec8": "detention is one of the most common punishments in schools", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec9": "Singapore", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3eca": "Singapore and other countries", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ecb": "Saturday detention\" held at some schools. During detention, students normally have to sit in a classroom", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed1": "North America", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed2": "fair punishment", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed3": "firm", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed4": "school discipline in North America", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed5": "sarcasm", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef5": "style", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef6": "East Asia", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef7": "stem", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef8": "school", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702c": "average attainment", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702d": "rigid codes of behavior", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702e": "Western countries", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702f": "rigid", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a": "40 to 50 students", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703b": "40 to 50 students", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703c": "40 to 50 students", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703d": "50 students", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703e": "40 to 50 students, maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction", "56e7611500c9c71400d77054": "democratic schools claim that popularly based authority can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority for governments", "56e7611500c9c71400d77055": "Sudbury model democratic schools claim that popularly based authority can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority for governments", "56e7611500c9c71400d77056": "one of persuasion and negotiation", "56e7611500c9c71400d77057": "Sudbury model democratic schools claim that popularly based authority can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority for governments", "56e7611500c9c71400d77058": "Sudbury model democratic schools' proponents argue that a school that has good, clear laws, fairly and democratically", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f13": "positive learning experience towards the course materials", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f14": "passion", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f15": "teachers", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f17": "bored with the subject which in turn bores the students as well. Students who had enthusiastic teachers", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77072": "intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77073": "lecture material", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77074": "demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77075": "intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77076": "enthusiasm", "56e763e800c9c71400d77086": "Enthusiastic teachers", "56e763e800c9c71400d77087": "enthusiasm may act as a \"motivational embellishment", "56e763e800c9c71400d77088": "enthusiasm and energy", "56e763e800c9c71400d77089": "excitement in learning the subject matter", "56e764e200c9c71400d7708e": "attitudes", "56e764e200c9c71400d7708f": "student-teacher", "56e764e200c9c71400d77090": "personal", "56e764e200c9c71400d77091": "personal goals with his academic goals. Students who receive this positive influence show stronger self-confidence and greater personal and academic success than those without these teacher interactions", "56e764e200c9c71400d77092": "Enthusiastic teachers", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a2": "more interest in courses taught by these teachers", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a4": "relations", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a5": "interacting and working directly with students", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a6": "invite student participation and decision making, allow humor into their classroom", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f49": "teaching, enthusiasm about the students", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4a": "enthusiastic about the subject matter they are teaching. For example, a teacher talking about chemistry", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4b": "a spark of excitement", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4c": "An enthusiastic teacher has the ability to be very influential in the young students life", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4d": "three", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f53": "teachers", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f54": "9.6%", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f55": "9.6%", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f56": "9.6% of students in the United States claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f57": "9.6%", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ca": "3%", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cb": "England", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cd": "869", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ce": "list", "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f67": "Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau", "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f69": "Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e8": "several men who enjoy teaching avoiding the profession", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e9": "Chris Keates", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ea": "general secretary of National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770eb": "outrage from child protection and parental rights groups. Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ec": "general secretary of National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers, said that teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f75": "productivity", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f76": "heavy workload, and inspections", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f77": "occupational burnout", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f78": "organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f79": "Stress", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f7f": "42%", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f80": "42%", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f81": "UK teachers", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f82": "42% of UK teachers experienced occupational stress, twice the figure for the average profession. A 2012 study found that teachers", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f83": "42%", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710e": "occupational stress among teachers", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710f": "mentoring, changing the work environment, and offering promotions and bonuses", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77110": "relieve occupational stress among teachers", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77111": "occupational stress among teachers", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77112": "bonuses", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f93": "around the world. In almost all countries", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f94": "certification", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f95": "completion of high school", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f96": "prospective teachers", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f97": "psychiatric evaluation", "56e76de800c9c71400d77122": "individual states and territories", "56e76de800c9c71400d77123": "three-tier model", "56e76de800c9c71400d77124": "Australia", "56e76de800c9c71400d77125": "Australia", "56e76de800c9c71400d77126": "three-tier", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9d": "post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree. In most provinces a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9e": "Bachelor of Education", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3fa1": "provincial government or teaching in a private school which is funded by the private sector", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712c": "Lehramtstudien", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712d": "Germany, teachers are mainly civil servants", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712e": "Lehramtstudien", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712f": "Lehramtstudien", "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130": "Lehramtstudien", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77137": "Irish language", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77138": "\u20ac27", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77139": "\u20ac27,814 p.a., rising incrementally to \u20ac53,423 for a teacher with 25 years service", "56e7714a00c9c71400d7713a": "25 years service", "56e7721500c9c71400d77140": "30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001", "56e7721500c9c71400d77141": "30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001", "56e7721500c9c71400d77142": "30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001", "56e7721500c9c71400d77143": "Oireachtas funds", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbb": "2006 Garda vetting has been introduced for new entrants", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbc": "2006 Garda", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbe": "2006 Garda vetting has been introduced for new entrants to the teaching profession. These procedures apply to teaching and also to non-teaching posts", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbf": "\"", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714a": "\u00a341,004 in September 2007", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714b": "\u00a341,004 in September 2007", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714c": "\u00a320,133 to \u00a341,004 in September 2007", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714d": "complete an approved teacher education program", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714e": "\u00a320,133 to \u00a341,004 in September 2007", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd5": "alternative licensing programs to attract people", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd6": "fill", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd7": "geographic area", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd8": "retirements, especially among secondary school teachers, outweigh slowing enrollment growth", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd9": "secondary school", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715c": "Scotland", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715d": "GTCS", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715e": "seven Scottish Universities", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715f": "Scottish Universities", "56e775ec00c9c71400d77160": "\"Provisional Registration\" is given by the GTCS which is raised to \"Full Registration\" status after a year", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fdf": "April 2008", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe0": "\u00a320,427", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe1": "\u00a320,427 for a Probationer, up to \u00a332,583", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe2": "\u00a320,427", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe3": "642. Teachers in Scotland", "56e777e500c9c71400d77176": "Wales", "56e777e500c9c71400d77177": "Welsh", "56e777e500c9c71400d77178": "all over Wales", "56e777e500c9c71400d77179": "22 per cent", "56e777e500c9c71400d7717a": "age groups through nurseries", "56e7788200c9c71400d77180": "trade unions", "56e7788200c9c71400d77181": "falling with teachers being younger than in previous years", "56e7788200c9c71400d77182": "Welsh schools which reached an all-time high between 2005 and 2010", "56e7788200c9c71400d77183": "Teachers in Wales", "56e7788200c9c71400d77184": "Welsh schools which reached an all-time high between 2005 and 2010", "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd": "United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools", "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffe": "professionals", "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff": "ten years", "56e7796637bdd419002c4000": "three years", "56e7796637bdd419002c4001": "certified", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718a": "systems", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718b": "855", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718c": "$51,009", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718d": "$51,009. In a salary survey report for K-12 teachers", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718e": "teachers", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77194": "three", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77196": "Protestant", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77197": "Roman", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77198": "Protestant", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401d": "LDS Church", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401e": "archetype", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401f": "spiritual", "56e77c6737bdd419002c4020": "defer", "56e77c6737bdd419002c4021": "spiritual authority of husbands in marriage", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a8": "guru", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9": "extremely high, with gurus", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771aa": "great deal of control over the lives of their disciples", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771ab": "gurus", "56e77da237bdd419002c403b": "the teachers of Dharma in Tibet are most commonly called a Lama", "56e77da237bdd419002c403c": "phowa and siddhi consciously", "56e77da237bdd419002c403d": "Tulku", "56e77da237bdd419002c403e": "phowa and siddhi", "56e77da237bdd419002c403f": "phowa and siddhi", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b0": "Islamic", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b1": "render legal verdicts", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b2": "teachers", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b3": "mullahs (the teachers at madrassas", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b4": "saints", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf5": "Protestant Reformation", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf6": "Protestant Reformation", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf7": "Protestant Reformation", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf8": "Medieval Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf9": "1517", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727a": "eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727b": "redeemer from sin", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727c": "office", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727d": "divinely revealed knowledge from God and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727e": "holy priesthood", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17284": "church", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17285": "English translation, the Tyndale", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17286": "German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the writing of an English translation, the Tyndale", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17287": "Tyndale Bible", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17288": "Protestant clergy", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728e": "Hans Luder", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728f": "Hans Luder", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17290": "Holy Roman Empire", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17291": "Hans Luder", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17292": "1484", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c56": "1501", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c57": "1501", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c58": "1501", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c59": "rote", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c5a": "1505", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cd": "law school at the same university that year but dropped out almost immediately, believing that law represented uncertainty", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172ce": "uncertainty", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cf": "law school at the same university that year but dropped out almost immediately, believing that law represented uncertainty", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d0": "two", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d1": "question men and institutions", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d7": "lightning", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d8": "2 July 1505", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d9": "2 July 1505", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172da": "July 1505", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172db": "furious over what he saw as a waste of Luther", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c74": "Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c75": "Augustinian", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c76": "Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c77": "continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ. He taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c78": "poor soul", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172eb": "1507", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ec": "1507", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ed": "1507, he was ordained to the priesthood, and in 1508", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ee": "9 March 1508, and another bachelor's degree in the Sentences by Peter Lombard in 1509", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ef": "Biblical studies on 9 March 1508", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb0": "19 October 1512", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb1": "21 October 1512", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb2": "Doctor in Bible", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb3": "19 October 1512", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb4": "October 1512", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17367": "1516", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17368": "1516, Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar and papal commissioner for indulgences, was sent to Germany by the Roman Catholic Church", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17369": "Rome. Roman Catholic theology", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736a": "rather", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736b": "good works (fides caritate formata). The benefits of good works could be obtained by donating money to the church", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5e": "Albert of Mainz", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5f": "31 October 1517", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d60": "31 October 1517", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d61": "31 October 1517, Luther wrote to his bishop, Albert of Mainz", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d62": "86", "56f80143aef2371900625d68": "Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory (also attested as 'into heaven", "56f80143aef2371900625d69": "Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings", "56f80143aef2371900625d6a": "Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings", "56f80143aef2371900625d6b": "Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17377": "God", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17378": "forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17379": "Christ on account of such false assurances", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737a": "forgiveness was God", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737b": "error", "56f8046faef2371900625d71": "Tetzel", "56f8046faef2371900625d72": "no means representative of contemporary Catholic teaching on indulgences", "56f8046faef2371900625d73": "contemporary Catholic", "56f8046faef2371900625d74": "Catholic dogma of the time", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17387": "Gerhard Prause, the story of the posting on the door, even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17388": "one of the pillars of history, has little foundation", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17389": "Philipp Melanchthon", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738a": "Philipp Melanchthon, though it is thought that he was not in Wittenberg", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738b": "Walter Kr\u00e4mer, G\u00f6tz Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause", "56f8074faef2371900625d79": "January 1518", "56f8074faef2371900625d7a": "history", "56f8074faef2371900625d7b": "January 1518 that friends of Luther translated the 95 Theses", "56f8074faef2371900625d7c": "two months", "56f8074faef2371900625d7d": "two months", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17391": "1519", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17392": "1519", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17393": "Psalms", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17394": "1520", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395": "1520", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739b": "Hebrews, Romans", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739c": "1510 to 1520", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739d": "1510 to 1520", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739e": "1510 to 1520", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739f": "chief", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d83": "God", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d84": "1525", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d85": "1525 publication On the Bondage of the Will, which was written in response to On Free Will by Desiderius Erasmus", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d86": "1525 publication On the Bondage of the Will, which was written in response to On Free Will by Desiderius Erasmus", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d87": "17", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8d": "Luther's rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8e": "two points", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8f": "rediscovery of \"", "56f80e1daef2371900625d90": "two", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d95": "Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d96": "Mainz and Magdeburg", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d97": "Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d98": "St Peter's Church", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d99": "Mainz and Magdeburg", "56f811bdaef2371900625d9f": "Leo X", "56f811bdaef2371900625da0": "Pope Leo X was used to reformers and heretics", "56f811bdaef2371900625da1": "1518", "56f811bdaef2371900625da2": "1518", "56f811bdaef2371900625da3": "1518", "56f81393aef2371900625da9": "Saxony", "56f81393aef2371900625daa": "Saxon", "56f81393aef2371900625dab": "Eck", "56f81393aef2371900625dac": "popes", "56f81393aef2371900625dad": "theologian", "56f81537aef2371900625db3": "15 June 1520", "56f81537aef2371900625db4": "15 June 1520, the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull (edict) Exsurge Domine that he risked excommunication", "56f81537aef2371900625db5": "15 June 1520", "56f81537aef2371900625db6": "broker", "56f81537aef2371900625db7": "1521", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f1": "18 April 1521, Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f2": "1521", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f3": "Holy Roman Empire", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f4": "Diet of Worms", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f5": "Emperor Charles V presiding. Prince Frederick III, Elector of Saxony", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fb": "Johann Eck", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fc": "Empire", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fd": "Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe": "Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173ff": "Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17415": "Michael Mullett considers this speech as a \"world classic of epoch-making oratory", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17416": "Michael Mullett considers this speech as a \"world classic of epoch-making oratory", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17417": "Michael Mullett", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17418": "a \"world classic of epoch", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17427": "recant his writings", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17428": "Luther", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17429": "Luther refused to recant his writings", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e1742a": "dramatic form of words.\"", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e17439": "Emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms on 25 May 1521, declaring Luther an outlaw", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743a": "25 May 1521", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743b": "25 May 1521", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743c": "1521", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743d": "kill Luther", "56f82989aef2371900625e6b": "Wittenberg", "56f82989aef2371900625e6c": "armed highwaymen. They escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach", "56f82989aef2371900625e6d": "Eisenach", "56f82989aef2371900625e6e": "New Testament from Greek", "56f82989aef2371900625e6f": "Mainz", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17457": "1 August 1521", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17458": "1 August 1521", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17459": "1 August 1521", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745a": "1 August 1521", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745b": "1 August 1521", "56f84485aef2371900625f71": "1521", "56f84485aef2371900625f72": "Private", "56f84485aef2371900625f73": "November, Luther wrote The Judgement of Martin", "56f84485aef2371900625f74": "private", "56f84485aef2371900625f75": "November, Luther wrote The Judgement of Martin", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e17519": "1521", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751a": "1521", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751b": "1521", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751c": "1521", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d": "1521", "56f84760aef2371900625f81": "1521, exceeding anything envisaged by Luther", "56f84760aef2371900625f82": "Andreas Karlstadt, supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel", "56f84760aef2371900625f83": "1521, exceeding anything envisaged by Luther", "56f84760aef2371900625f84": "Andreas Karlstadt", "56f84760aef2371900625f85": "baptism, and Christ's imminent return. When the town council", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e1752f": "6 March 1522", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17530": "6 March 1522", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17531": "eight days in Lent, beginning on Invocavit Sunday, 9 March, Luther preached eight sermons", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17532": "9 March, Luther preached eight sermons, which became known as the \"Invocavit", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17533": "necessary", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9d": "sixth sermon, the Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9e": "Jerome Schurf", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9f": "sixth sermon, the Wittenberg jurist", "56f84a60aef2371900625fa0": "Dr. Martin", "56f84a60aef2371900625fa1": "every day misguided", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa7": "public order", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa8": "conservative force within the Reformation. After banishing the Zwickau prophets", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa9": "conservative force within the Reformation. After banishing the Zwickau prophets", "56f84b68aef2371900625faa": "fomenting social unrest and violence", "56f84b68aef2371900625fab": "banishing the Zwickau prophets, he now faced a battle against not only the established Church but also the radical reformers", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb1": "Thomas M\u00fcntzer", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb2": "Thomas M\u00fcntzer helped instigate the German Peasants", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb3": "1524\u201325", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb4": "liberal\" phraseology", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb5": "upper classes in general. Revolts broke out in Franconia, Swabia, and Thuringia in 1524", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc1": "aggrieved", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc2": "burning of convents", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc3": "sympathised with some of the peasants' grievances, as he showed in his response to the Twelve Articles in May 1525", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc4": "sympathised with some of the peasants' grievances, as he showed in his response to the Twelve Articles in May 1525", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc5": "sympathised with some of the peasants' grievances, as he showed in his response to the Twelve Articles in May 1525", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754b": "three", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754c": "ignoring Christ's counsel to \"Render unto Caesar", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754d": "1\u20137", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754e": "1\u20137", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754f": "God and Empire", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755d": "many rebels laid down their weapons; others felt betrayed. Their defeat by the Swabian League at the Battle of Frankenhausen", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755e": "15 May 1525", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755f": "15 May 1525", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17560": "1525", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17561": "15 May 1525", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756d": "Katharina von Bora", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756e": "April 1523, when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756f": "41", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17570": "Katharina von Bora", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17571": "12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17577": "1525", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17578": "13 June 1525", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17579": "Bugenhagen. The ceremonial", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757a": "Bugenhagen. The ceremonial walk to the church", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757b": "1525", "56f855caaef2371900625ff3": "Andreas Karlstadt and Justus Jonas", "56f855caaef2371900625ff4": "clerical", "56f855caaef2371900625ff5": "Biblical grounds", "56f855caaef2371900625ff6": "Andreas Karlstadt and Justus Jonas", "56f855caaef2371900625ff7": "reckless. Luther", "56f8575aaef2371900625ffd": "1529", "56f8575aaef2371900625ffe": "Luther and his wife moved into a former monastery", "56f8575aaef2371900625fff": "six", "56f8575aaef2371900626000": "my poverty", "56f8575aaef2371900626001": "Luther confided", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175af": "1526", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b0": "two catechisms", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b1": "1526", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b2": "1526", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b3": "1526", "56f85bb8aef237190062600f": "confusing or upsetting the people", "56f85bb8aef2371900626010": "practical reforms fell short of his earlier radical pronouncements", "56f85bb8aef2371900626011": "Saxony", "56f85bb8aef2371900626012": "John the Steadfast", "56f85bb8aef2371900626013": "temporal sovereign", "56f85cf0aef2371900626019": "liturgy", "56f85cf0aef237190062601a": "1526", "56f85cf0aef237190062601b": "1526", "56f85cf0aef237190062601c": "German Mass, which he published in early 1526", "56f85cf0aef237190062601d": "reformers", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c3": "order of worship during their visitation of the Electorate of Saxony", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c4": "Electorate of Saxony", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c5": "1527", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c6": "Christian doctrine", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c7": "many pastors", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cd": "1529", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175ce": "1529", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cf": "1529", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d0": "1529", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d1": "1529", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d7": "catechism", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d8": "catechism", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d9": "Catechism", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175da": "hymns", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db": "hymns and his translation of the Bible", "56f86966aef2371900626053": "pastors", "56f86966aef2371900626054": "three persons of the Trinity", "56f86966aef2371900626055": "Small Catechism", "56f86966aef2371900626056": "Small Catechism", "56f86966aef2371900626057": "Trinity", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f5": "1522", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f6": "1522, and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the Old Testament in 1534", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f7": "translation", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f8": "inserting the word \"alone\" after \"faith", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f9": "Faith alone", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17605": "Saxon chancellery, intelligible to both northern and southern Germans", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17606": "Saxon chancellery", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17607": "German spoken at the Saxon chancellery, intelligible to both northern and southern Germans", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17608": "everyday Germans", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17609": "everyday Germans", "56f86e91aef2371900626067": "rising", "56f86e91aef2371900626068": "a popular and influential Bible translation", "56f86e91aef2371900626069": "William Tyndale's English Bible (1525 forward), a precursor of the King James Bible", "56f86e91aef237190062606a": "Lucas Cranach that contained anti-papal imagery, it played a major role in the spread of Luther's doctrine throughout Germany", "56f86e91aef237190062606b": "William Tyndale's English Bible (1525 forward), a precursor of the King James Bible", "56f87000aef2371900626071": "hymn-writer, authoring hymns", "56f87000aef2371900626072": "Luke 2:11\u201312", "56f87000aef2371900626073": "Luke 2:11\u201312", "56f87000aef2371900626074": "Luke 2:11\u201312", "56f87000aef2371900626075": "20th century", "56f8720eaef237190062608f": "Ein neues Lied wir", "56f8720eaef2371900626090": "the execution of Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes, the first individuals", "56f8720eaef2371900626091": "Heinrich Voes, the first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views", "56f8720eaef2371900626092": "John C. Messenger's translation by the title and first line \"Flung to the Heedless Winds\" and sung to the tune Ibstone", "56f8720eaef2371900626093": "John C. Messenger", "56f87392aef2371900626099": "1524 creedal hymn \"Wir glauben all an einen Gott\"", "56f87392aef237190062609a": "18th-century hymnals", "56f87392aef237190062609b": "three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring Luther's 1529 three-part explanation of the Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism", "56f87392aef237190062609c": "German creedal hymn", "56f87392aef237190062609d": "Luther's 1524 creedal hymn \"Wir glauben all an einen Gott", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e1766f": "1538", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17670": "Vater unser im Himmelreich\", corresponds exactly to Luther's explanation of the prayer in the Small Catechism", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17671": "1538", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17672": "multiple revisions", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17673": "Luther's 1538 hymnic", "56f87760aef23719006260cc": "1523 as a hymnic version of Psalm 130 and sent it as a sample to encourage evangelical colleagues", "56f87760aef23719006260cd": "1524 Luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza Reformation", "56f87760aef23719006260ce": "evangelical colleagues to write psalm-hymns", "56f87760aef23719006260cf": "1524", "56f87760aef23719006260d0": "Luther", "56f879bdaef23719006260de": "Christmas", "56f879bdaef23719006260df": "Christmas", "56f879bdaef23719006260e0": "Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein", "56f879bdaef23719006260e1": "two", "56f879bdaef23719006260e2": "sollen", "56f87e95aef237190062610a": "1541", "56f87e95aef237190062610b": "Walter", "56f87e95aef237190062610c": "Psalm 67's prayer", "56f87e95aef237190062610d": "1541. Preachers and composers of the 18th century", "56f87e95aef237190062610e": "1541", "56f88025aef237190062611e": "Lutheran hymnals", "56f88025aef237190062611f": "Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation. He supplied four of eight", "56f88025aef2371900626120": "24 of the 32", "56f88025aef2371900626121": "1524", "56f88025aef2371900626122": "Walter, Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn, all published in 1524", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f3": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f4": "Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f5": "Johann Sebastian", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f6": "Johann Sebastian", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f7": "Johann Sebastian", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fd": "Christian's soul sleeps", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fe": "false", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176ff": "Christian", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17700": "existence", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17701": "John Calvin and Philipp Melanchthon", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17707": "Johann Gerhard. Lessing (1755", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17708": "Franz Pieper observed that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17709": "Lutheran theologian Franz Pieper", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e1770a": "1755", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17723": "Francis Blackburne in 1765 argued that John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther, while Gottfried Fritschel pointed out in 1867", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17724": "Francis Blackburne in 1765", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17725": "Francis Blackburne in 1765", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17726": "Gottfried Fritschel", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17727": "Gottfried Fritschel pointed out in 1867", "56f88c37aef2371900626176": "1529, Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse", "56f88c37aef2371900626177": "1529", "56f88c37aef2371900626178": "doctrinal unity", "56f88c37aef2371900626179": "fourteen", "56f88c37aef237190062617a": "fourteen points out of fifteen", "56f88eafaef2371900626194": "Zwingli, Melanchthon, Martin Bucer, and Johannes Oecolampadius", "56f88eafaef2371900626195": "sacramental union", "56f88eafaef2371900626196": "blood of Christ", "56f88eafaef2371900626197": "sacramental union", "56f88eafaef2371900626198": "Zwingli, Melanchthon, Martin Bucer, and Johannes Oecolampadius", "56f8907faef23719006261b2": "1530", "56f8907faef23719006261b3": "Marburg Colloquy", "56f8907faef23719006261b4": "1530 of the Augsburg Confession, and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League", "56f8907faef23719006261b5": "Swiss cities", "56f8907faef23719006261b6": "Protestant nobles", "56f895339e9bad19000a0177": "both faith and reason, and held them in dialectical partnership", "56f895339e9bad19000a0178": "deeply valued both faith and reason, and held them in dialectical partnership", "56f895339e9bad19000a0179": "deeply valued both faith and reason, and held them in dialectical partnership", "56f895339e9bad19000a017a": "both faith and reason", "56f895339e9bad19000a017b": "dialectical partnership", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5d": "1523", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5e": "1523", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5f": "1523", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c60": "1523", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c61": "1543", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a5": "Marburg Colloquy, Suleiman the Magnificent was besieging Vienna with a vast Ottoman army", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a6": "1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses, provoking accusations of defeatism", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a7": "punish Christians", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a8": "Vienna", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a9": "non-religious war against the Turks. In 1526", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9d": "Latin translation of the Qur", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9e": "1542", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9f": "1542, Luther read a Latin translation of the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca0": "1542", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca1": "1542", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022b": "1537", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022c": "anonymous antinomian theses circulating in Wittenberg. These theses asserted that the law is no longer to be taught to Christians", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022d": "Luther", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022e": "1537, Johannes", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022f": "anonymous antinomian theses circulating in Wittenberg", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0251": "reviews", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0252": "second", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0253": "gospel", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0254": "Christians", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0255": "tantamount", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025b": "natural law \u2013 also positively", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025c": "judgment", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025d": "third", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025e": "third use of the law", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025f": "Ten Commandments", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da7": "Ten Commandments", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da8": "angel", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da9": "life", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02b9": "December 1539", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02ba": "1539", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bb": "1539, Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bc": "chiefly holds Luther", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bd": "December 1539", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02eb": "ninety", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ec": "Jews", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ed": "1516", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ee": "marvelous stupidity", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ef": "1523", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e05": "Jews", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e06": "1543", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e07": "1543", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e08": "1543", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e09": "vile", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3b": "1537", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3c": "1537", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3d": "Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3e": "Luther's anti-Jewish", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3f": "1580s", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e75": "Luther", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e76": "1930s", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e77": "Der St\u00fcrmer, on his birthday in 1937", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e78": "anti-Jewish", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e79": "Julius Streicher, editor of the Nazi newspaper Der St\u00fcrmer, on his birthday in 1937", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a0389": "17 December 1941", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038a": "Luther", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038b": "Kristallnacht", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038c": "Germany", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038d": "Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03bf": "Hans J. Hillerbrand", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c0": "Biographer", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c1": "anti-Semitism and thus provided material for the modern hatred of the Jews", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c2": "18th", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c3": "German history", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03db": "new element to the standard Christian suspicion of Judaism", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dc": "Ronald Berger writes that Luther is credited with \"Germanizing the Christian critique of Judaism", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dd": "hysterical", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03de": "2012", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03df": "Semitic", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eed": "Politics and Polemics 1531\u201346 (1983", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eee": "Mark U. Edwards in his book Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531\u201346 (1983", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eef": "vulgarity and violence\" for effect, both in his writings condemning the Jews", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef0": "\"vulgarity and violence\" for effect, both in his writings condemning the Jews and in diatribes against \"Turks\" (Muslims) and Catholics", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef1": "Politics and Polemics 1531\u201346 (1983", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f35": "1980s, Lutheran Church denominations", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f36": "4,745", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f37": "1928-1933", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f38": "1928-1933", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f45": "1546", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f46": "1536", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f47": "1546", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f48": "1536", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f49": "1546", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f61": "1546 Luther preached three times in the Market Church in Halle, staying with his friend Justus Jonas", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f62": "1545 and 1546", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f63": "1545 and 1546", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f64": "1546", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f65": "three times in the Market Church in Halle, staying with his friend Justus Jonas during Christmas", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7d": "Eisleben", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7e": "Eisleben", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7f": "Eisleben", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f80": "L\u00e9on Poliakov", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f81": "usury and became Christians", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a0": "Mansfeld", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a1": "four Mansfeld counts: Albrecht, Philip, John George", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a2": "1545", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a3": "1546", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a4": "Hans", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c6": "17 February 1546", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c7": "17 February 1546", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c8": "17 February 1546", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c9": "1546", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04ca": "17 February 1546. After 8 a.m", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e0": "2:45 a.m. on 18 February 1546, aged 62, in Eisleben", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e1": "troops", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e2": "18 February 1546, aged 62, in Eisleben, the city of his birth. He was buried in the Castle Church in Wittenberg", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e3": "Castle Church in Wittenberg", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e4": "Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon. A year later, troops", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007": "Latin", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1008": "Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in Latin", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009": "Latin", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0514": "frail Catholic saints", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0515": "images of frail Catholic saints, Luther", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0516": "frail Catholic saints", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0517": "frail Catholic saints", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0518": "frail Catholic saints", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103d": "31", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103e": "31", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103f": "31", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1040": "31", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1041": "18 February with a commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": "SoCal", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d5": "California's southernmost 10", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": "economic center", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d7": "Los Angeles", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d8": "eight counties\"", "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "8- and 10-county", "5705e33f52bb89140068964d": "8- and 10-county definitions", "5705e33f52bb89140068964e": "Tijuana", "5705e33f52bb89140068964f": "Tijuana", "5705e33f52bb891400689650": "Tijuana", "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": "Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego", "5705e3f252bb89140068966b": "seven", "5705e3f252bb89140068966c": "12 million", "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": "Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million", "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": "22 million", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": "Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona, and the Mojave Desert at the border with the state of Nevada", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7705": "Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona, and the Mojave Desert at the border with the state of Nevada", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7706": "Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona, and the Mojave Desert at the border with the state of Nevada", "5705e63175f01819005e7720": "792,621", "5705e63175f01819005e7721": "3,792,621", "5705e63175f01819005e7722": "621, Los Angeles", "5705e63175f01819005e7723": "California", "5705e63175f01819005e7724": "792,621", "5705e99452bb891400689688": "Los Angeles", "5705e99452bb891400689689": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside", "5705e99452bb89140068968a": "counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino", "5705e99452bb89140068968b": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15", "5705e99452bb89140068968c": "Los Angeles", "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": "Los Angeles", "5705eb3375f01819005e7765": "Los Angeles", "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": "Walt Disney Company", "5705eb3375f01819005e7767": "southern California", "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": "Sony", "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": "skateboard", "5705ec1675f01819005e776f": "Tony Hawk", "5705ec1675f01819005e7770": "surf breaks", "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": "Oahu", "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": "Transpacific Yacht Race, or Transpac, from Los Angeles", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b8": "Palm Springs", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b9": "Palm Springs", "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": "desert city of Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces", "5705eccb52bb8914006896bb": "nearby open spaces", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "37\u00b0 9' 58.23\" latitude, around 11 miles", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cb": "11 miles", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cc": "northern and southern California), the term \"southern California", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cd": "Tehachapi Mountains", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ce": "Tehachapi Mountains", "5705eee952bb8914006896de": "California", "5705eee952bb8914006896df": "Alta California", "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": "Los Angeles", "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": "California", "5705eee952bb8914006896e2": "1850", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": "equitable taxes", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": "Californios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a6": "three times in the 1850s", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": "California State Legislature and signed by the State governor John B. Weller. It was approved overwhelmingly by nearly 75%", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": "Milton Latham", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": "Los Angeles Times", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f1": "1900", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f2": "1900, the Los Angeles Times defined southern California", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f3": "1999, the Times", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f4": "seven counties of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, Ventura and Santa Barbara.\" In 1999", "5705f36452bb891400689718": "tourism groups", "5705f36452bb891400689719": "two AAA Auto Clubs of the state, the California State Automobile Association", "5705f36452bb89140068971a": "two", "5705f36452bb89140068971b": "southern region", "5705f36452bb89140068971c": "north Los Angeles County and eastern Kern and San Bernardino Counties", "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": "Great Lakes Megalopolis and the Northeastern megalopolis", "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": "Baja California", "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": "suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways", "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": "suburban communities", "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0": "international metropolitan region in the form of San Diego\u2013Tijuana", "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": "Interstate 5, the main gap to continued urbanization is Camp Pendleton", "5705fb7f52bb891400689751": "Interstate 15 and Interstate 215", "5705fb7f52bb891400689752": "Riverside-San Bernardino area as a separate metropolitan area from Los Angeles County", "5705fb7f52bb891400689753": "Los Angeles", "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "Orange Counties, there are some differences in development, as most of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties (the non-desert portions", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976a": "Mediterranean", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": "90-60's while as winters are 70-50", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976c": "90-60", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": "rare", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976e": "90-60", "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": "Pacific Ocean", "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": "geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem", "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "a diversity outnumber", "5705fd8475f01819005e7843": "Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains", "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": "Peninsular", "5705fec152bb89140068977a": "10,000", "5705fec152bb89140068977b": "10,000", "5705fec152bb89140068977c": "4.0. The magnitude 6.7", "5705fec152bb89140068977d": "20 billion", "5705fec152bb89140068977e": "$20 billion", "5705ffde52bb891400689784": "San Andreas Fault", "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "6.7+ earthquake, such as the San Andreas Fault", "5705ffde52bb891400689786": "Andreas Fault, which can produce a magnitude 8.0 event. Other faults include the San Jacinto Fault, the Puente Hills", "5705ffde52bb891400689787": "a California Earthquake", "5705ffde52bb891400689788": "USGS", "570602fa52bb89140068979e": "many culturally distinct areas but as a whole combine to create the southern California atmosphere", "570602fa52bb89140068979f": "global", "570602fa52bb8914006897a0": "global recognition", "570603c475f01819005e7882": "22,680,010", "570603c475f01819005e7883": "680,010", "570603c475f01819005e7884": "10.0%", "570603c475f01819005e7885": "10.0%", "570603c475f01819005e7886": "10.0%", "5706074552bb8914006897d4": "Metropolitan Statistical Areas, one international metropolitan area, and multiple metropolitan divisions. The region is home to two extended metropolitan areas that exceed five million", "5706074552bb8914006897d5": "five million", "5706074552bb8914006897d6": "five million", "5706074552bb8914006897d7": "Greater Los Angeles", "5706074552bb8914006897d8": "five million", "570607f575f01819005e78b4": "eight", "570607f575f01819005e78b5": "100,000", "570607f575f01819005e78b6": "34 cities over 100,000", "570607f575f01819005e78b7": "100,000", "570607f575f01819005e78b8": "lie along or in close proximity to the coast, with the exception of San Bernardino and Riverside", "5706094b52bb8914006897de": "diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum", "5706094b52bb8914006897df": "Hollywood", "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": "housing", "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": "diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum", "5706094b52bb8914006897e2": "bubble 2001\u20132007", "57060a1175f01819005e78d2": "1920s", "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": "U.S., cattle and citrus were major industries until farmlands were turned into suburbs", "57060a1175f01819005e78d5": "U.S., cattle and citrus were major industries until farmlands were turned into suburbs", "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": "U.S., cattle and citrus were major industries until farmlands were turned into suburbs", "57060a1175f01819005e78d6": "farmlands were turned into suburbs", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": "Downtown Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Bernardino, Downtown Bakersfield, South Coast Metro and Downtown Riverside", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f9": "Downtown Los Angeles", "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": "Downtown Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Bernardino, Downtown Bakersfield, South Coast Metro and Downtown Riverside", "57060cc352bb89140068980e": "Glendale", "57060cc352bb89140068980f": "Los Angeles Area are the major business districts of Downtown Burbank", "57060cc352bb891400689810": "San Fernando Valley", "57060cc352bb891400689811": "Westwood and Warner Center", "57060df252bb891400689820": "business districts of Downtown San Bernardino", "57060df252bb891400689821": "Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town which are in San Bernardino and Downtown Riverside", "57060df252bb891400689822": "Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town which are in San Bernardino and Downtown Riverside", "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": "Orange County", "57060eaf75f01819005e7911": "University of California", "57060eaf75f01819005e7912": "Orange County", "57060eaf75f01819005e7913": "Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center", "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": "Irvine Spectrum, West Irvine", "57060f3e75f01819005e7922": "Downtown San Diego", "57060f3e75f01819005e7923": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego", "57060f3e75f01819005e7924": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego", "57060f3e75f01819005e7925": "San Diego", "570610b275f01819005e792a": "Los Angeles International Airport", "570610b275f01819005e792b": "Los Angeles International Airport", "570610b275f01819005e792c": "Los Angeles International Airport", "570610b275f01819005e792d": "Los Angeles International Airport", "570610b275f01819005e792e": "Los Angeles International Airport", "5706111a52bb89140068984c": "seven lines of the commuter rail system, Metrolink", "5706111a52bb89140068984d": "seven lines of the commuter rail system, Metrolink, run out of Downtown Los Angeles", "5706111a52bb89140068984e": "Six of the seven lines of the commuter rail system, Metrolink", "5706111a52bb89140068984f": "Los Angeles, Ventura, San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange, and San Diego counties", "570611c475f01819005e793c": "Los Angeles", "570611c475f01819005e793d": "Los Angeles", "570611c475f01819005e793e": "Southern California is also home to the Port of Los Angeles", "5706139252bb891400689864": "Tech Coast", "5706139252bb891400689865": "Tech Coast", "5706139252bb891400689866": "Tech Coast", "5706139252bb891400689867": "5 University of California campuses", "5706139252bb891400689868": "12", "5706143575f01819005e7950": "Los Angeles", "5706143575f01819005e7951": "Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA (Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles", "5706143575f01819005e7952": "Los Angeles", "5706143575f01819005e7953": "Los Angeles Kings, Anaheim Ducks); and MLS (LA Galaxy", "5706143575f01819005e7954": "LA Galaxy", "5706149552bb891400689880": "Chivas", "5706149552bb891400689881": "2014, there were two Major League Soccer teams in Los Angeles \u2014 the LA Galaxy and Chivas USA", "5706149552bb891400689882": "Los Angeles", "5706149552bb891400689883": "Los Angeles", "5706149552bb891400689884": "Chivas", "570614ff52bb89140068988a": "UCLA Bruins", "570614ff52bb89140068988b": "southern California", "570614ff52bb89140068988c": "southern California", "570614ff52bb89140068988d": "12 Conference", "570614ff52bb89140068988e": "12 Conference", "5706155352bb891400689894": "a growing sport in southern California, particularly at the high school level", "5706155352bb891400689895": "southern California", "5706155352bb891400689896": "sport in southern California", "57092322efce8f15003a7db0": "November 1990", "57092322efce8f15003a7db1": "November 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, BSkyB", "57092322efce8f15003a7db2": "November 1990", "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": "British Sky Broadcasting Group plc changed its name to Sky plc", "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": "Sky plc", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc4": "Irish", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc5": "Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": "\u00a31.3bn", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": "\u00a31.3bn. In February 2015", "57094b4f9928a814004714f6": "digital", "57094b4f9928a814004714f7": "three", "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": "4 and National Grid Wireless. Prior to October 2005", "57094b4f9928a814004714f9": "Three on 31 October 2005", "57094b4f9928a814004714fa": "October 2005", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": "Sky+ PVR", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd7": "September 2007", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": "1 July 2007", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": "January 2010", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": "Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD", "57094d489928a8140047150a": "NDS, a Cisco Systems company", "57094d489928a8140047150b": "BSkyB utilises the VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system", "57094d489928a8140047150c": "BSkyB utilises the VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system owned by NDS, a Cisco Systems", "57094d489928a8140047150d": "over all digital satellite receivers", "57094d489928a8140047150e": "PVR", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": "Virgin Media", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dfe": "2007", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": "March 2007", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "1 March 2007", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": "HD channels and Video On Demand content which was not previously carried by cable", "570960cf200fba1400367f01": "July 2013", "570960cf200fba1400367f02": "31 July 2013", "570960cf200fba1400367f03": "July 2013", "570960cf200fba1400367f04": "31 July 2013", "570960cf200fba1400367f05": "cloud storage", "570961aa200fba1400367f15": "Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch", "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "four", "570961aa200fba1400367f17": "27 September 2001", "570961aa200fba1400367f18": "27 September 2001", "570961aa200fba1400367f19": "5 million", "570963a5200fba1400367f33": "British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB", "570963a5200fba1400367f34": "British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB", "570963a5200fba1400367f35": "11 million", "570963a5200fba1400367f36": "11 million customers as of 2015", "57096505ed30961900e84082": "Sky Q Hub) and mobile applications", "57096505ed30961900e84083": "18 November 2015, Sky announced Sky Q, a range of products and services to be available in 2016", "57096505ed30961900e84084": "Sky Q, Sky Q Silver and Sky Q Mini), a broadband router", "57096505ed30961900e84085": "2016", "57096505ed30961900e84086": "2016", "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": "DVB", "570966e0200fba1400367f50": "channels", "570966e0200fba1400367f51": "MPEG-4", "570966e0200fba1400367f52": "DVB-S2 standard. Interactive services and 7-day EPG", "570966e0200fba1400367f53": "DVB-S2 standard. Interactive services and 7-day EPG", "570967c4ed30961900e840ba": "1998", "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "1998", "570967c4ed30961900e840bc": "1998", "570967c4ed30961900e840bd": "hundreds", "570967c4ed30961900e840be": "28.5\u00b0E", "5709686c200fba1400367f77": "22 May 2006", "5709686c200fba1400367f78": "40,000", "5709686c200fba1400367f79": "Thomson. On Thursday 18 May 2006", "5709686c200fba1400367f7a": "17,000", "5709686c200fba1400367f7b": "4,222,000", "57096b66200fba1400367fa7": "8 February 2007", "57096b66200fba1400367fa8": "March", "57096b66200fba1400367fa9": "terrestrial", "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "Virgin Media", "57096b66200fba1400367fab": "8 February 2007", "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": "free-to-air and unencrypted, some are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription", "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": "monthly subscription, and some are pay-per-view services", "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "VideoGuard UK", "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz) which is fitted at the end of the dish and pointed at the correct satellite constellation", "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "Sky", "57096e1ced30961900e84102": "autumn of 1991", "57096e1ced30961900e84103": "1992 season. ITV", "57096e1ced30961900e84104": "\u00a318m to \u00a334m per year", "57096e1ced30961900e84105": "BBC", "57096e1ced30961900e84106": "television", "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": "no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG", "57096f37200fba1400367fe6": "\u00a315\u2013100,000", "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": "BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from Ofcom", "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": "over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality", "57096f37200fba1400367fe9": "content or carriage issues", "57097051ed30961900e84132": "1 October 1998", "57097051ed30961900e84133": "1 October 1998", "57097051ed30961900e84134": "1 October 1998", "57097051ed30961900e84135": "1 October 1998", "57097051ed30961900e84136": "over 100,000", "57097141200fba1400367ff9": "2007", "57097141200fba1400367ffa": "Virgin Media", "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "Virgin Media (re-branded in 2007", "57097141200fba1400367ffc": "30 July 2009", "57097141200fba1400367ffd": "4 HD in the future. Nonetheless, the linear channels were not offered, Virgin Media instead concentrating on its Video On Demand service", "57097b50200fba140036804d": "10 million", "57097b50200fba140036804e": "36%", "57097b50200fba140036804f": "August 2004", "57097b50200fba1400368050": "36%", "57097b50200fba1400368051": "elsewhere", "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": "Conservative MP", "57097c8fed30961900e841f3": "style of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, that could be used to buy only \"essentials", "57097c8fed30961900e841f4": "December, the UK\u2019s parliament", "57097c8fed30961900e841f5": "Daily Mail newspaper", "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": "Sky TV bills", "57097d63ed30961900e841fc": "\u00a330", "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": "BSkyB", "57097d63ed30961900e841fe": "Virgin", "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": "BSkyB", "57097d63ed30961900e84200": "against each other relating to the carriage", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": "Victoria is highly diversified: service", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": "GSP", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3f": "GSP", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": "Melbourne", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c41": "Melbourne Cricket Ground", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": "miners", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c48": "New South Wales", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c49": "Buckland Valley", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4a": "1,000", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "cramped and unsanitary; an outbreak of typhoid at Buckland Valley in 1854 killed over 1,000", "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "November 2006", "570d26efb3d812140066d490": "eight", "570d26efb3d812140066d491": "eight electorates", "570d26efb3d812140066d492": "40", "570d26efb3d812140066d493": "November 2006", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": "western and northern suburbs", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4": "Victoria's North Western and Eastern rural regional areas. The Greens, who won their first lower house seats in 2014", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": "Melbourne", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "2014, are strongest in inner Melbourne", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7": "2014", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bd": "61.1%", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": "61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman Catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7%", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": "637", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c0": "61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman Catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7%", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": "61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman Catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7%", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": "Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": "Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": "Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca7": "135th meridian east in 1788", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca8": "Koori", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": "135th meridian east in 1788", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45caa": "1803", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45cab": "135th meridian east in 1788", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbb": "10,000", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbc": "33%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbd": "10,000 sq mi) of Victorian farmland are sown for grain", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbe": "90%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbf": "90%", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45ccf": "1975", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": "1975", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1": "1975", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": "1975", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": "1855 colonial constitution, passed by the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act 1855", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce3": "Victoria", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce4": "32 \u00b0C", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce5": "warmest", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": "2\u20137 \u00b0C", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": "119.8 \u00b0F", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d01": "British public schools. Independent schools are usually affiliated with Protestant churches", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": "British public schools. Independent schools are usually affiliated with Protestant churches", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": "Students", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d04": "Protestant churches", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": "curriculum", "570d3468b3d812140066d543": "Toyota and Holden", "570d3468b3d812140066d544": "Victorian plants\u2014in Broadmeadows and Geelong", "570d3468b3d812140066d545": "October 2016", "570d3468b3d812140066d546": "Victorian plants\u2014in Broadmeadows and Geelong", "570d3468b3d812140066d547": "Victorian plants\u2014in Broadmeadows and Geelong", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54d": "geologically and climatically diverse areas, ranging from the wet, temperate climate of Gippsland", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": "986", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "600", "570d35b7b3d812140066d550": "Murray River", "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "flower), Leadbeater's possum", "570d391fb3d812140066d575": "Victorian Alps", "570d391fb3d812140066d576": "coldest", "570d391fb3d812140066d577": "east-west through the centre of Victoria. Average temperatures are less than 9 \u00b0C", "570d391fb3d812140066d578": "32 \u00b0F", "570d391fb3d812140066d579": "Omeo on 13 June 1965", "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": "Metro Trains Melbourne", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da0": "Overland Melbourne\u2014Adelaide; and NSW TrainLink", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": "Melbourne and suburbs", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": "Victoria", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da3": "Melbourne and suburbs", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbd": "37 seats", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbe": "37 seats", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": "Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly (the lower house) and the Legislative Council", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": "Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly (the lower house) and the Legislative Council", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1": "Daniel Andrews", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd7": "1 July 1851", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd8": "1851", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": "1851", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": "76,000", "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": "20 million", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fd": "548", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fe": "1,548 public schools, 489", "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": "462,000", "570d44abb3d812140066d600": "63,519", "570d44abb3d812140066d601": "540,800 students were enrolled in public schools, and just over 311,800", "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "60%", "570d4606b3d812140066d61a": "60%", "570d4606b3d812140066d61b": "60%", "570d4606b3d812140066d61c": "60%", "570d4606b3d812140066d61d": "$13.7 million", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d": "1,600 mm", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": "1,435 mm", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": "1,600 mm", "570d47b8b3d812140066d630": "1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1\u20442 in) standard gauge. Two tourist railways operate over 760 mm (2 ft 6", "570d47b8b3d812140066d631": "1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1\u20442 in) standard gauge. Two tourist railways operate over 760 mm (2 ft 6", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e13": "1788", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": "New South Wales", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15": "1788", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e16": "1788", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e31": "1854", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33": "1854", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e32": "1854", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34": "1854", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35": "1855", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": "Daniel Andrews", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66e": "Daniel Andrews", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66f": "Daniel Andrews", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d670": "Daniel Andrews", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": "political agenda", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "17% to $8.7 billion", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7e": "17% to $8.7 billion", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": "32,463", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": "136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60%", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": "136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60%", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": "big part in tourism", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bc": "big part in tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism and sports tourism. Most of these events are centred on Melbourne", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd": "Melbourne", "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "big part in tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism and sports tourism", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bf": "Queenscliff Music Festival", "57105da9a58dae1900cd699e": "1562, concentrated mainly in the southern and central parts of France, about one-eighth the number of French Catholics", "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "two million", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": "1562", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": "1598", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "1562", "57106185b654c5140001f8db": "derision", "57106185b654c5140001f8dd": "Geneva and the Swiss Confederation", "57106185b654c5140001f8dc": "Swiss", "57106185b654c5140001f8de": "1560", "57106185b654c5140001f8df": "wrest power in France", "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": "1294", "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": "1294", "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": "1294", "57106644b654c5140001f8e8": "folio", "57106644b654c5140001f8e9": "1487", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8ef": "Edict of 1598", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": "Montpellier", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": "1598 granted to the Huguenots", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f1": "royal army in 1622", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": "1598", "571077ecb654c5140001f909": "1688", "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": "1671 with the arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion (Viljoen", "571077ecb654c5140001f90b": "1671", "571077ecb654c5140001f90c": "1688", "571077ecb654c5140001f90d": "1700", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ca": "Jess\u00e9 de Forest, sailed to North America in 1624", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cb": "Jess\u00e9 de Forest", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cc": "French church in New Amsterdam", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cd": "Boschwick", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": "Newtown Creek", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "1685, Rev. Elie Prioleau from the town of Pons in France", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "1685", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e2": "1685, Rev. Elie Prioleau from the town of Pons in France", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e0": "1697", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": "1685, Rev. Elie Prioleau from the town of Pons in France", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": "Stadtholder William III of Orange", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": "Orange", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": "Louis and the French state", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": "Calvinist Dutch Republic, which led the opposition to Louis XIV", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ec": "king Louis XIV", "57107d73b654c5140001f91d": "legal recognition", "57107d73b654c5140001f91e": "Nantes", "57107d73b654c5140001f91f": "Edict of Fontainebleau", "57107d73b654c5140001f920": "three-quarters eventually were killed or submitted, roughly 500,000", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f2": "France", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": "St. Bartholomew's Day massacre when 5,000 to 30,000", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": "5,000 to 30,000", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "France", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f6": "5,000 to 30,000", "57108073b654c5140001f927": "France", "57108073b654c5140001f926": "royal authority", "57108073b654c5140001f928": "1620", "57108073b654c5140001f929": "Louis XIII", "57108073b654c5140001f925": "1620", "57108198b654c5140001f937": "one million", "57108198b654c5140001f938": "2%", "57108198b654c5140001f939": "2%", "57108198b654c5140001f93a": "Alsace in northeast France and the C\u00e9vennes mountain", "57108198b654c5140001f93b": "south, who still regard themselves as Huguenots to this day.[citation needed] A diaspora of French Australians still considers itself Huguenot", "57108c95b654c5140001f979": "21 miles", "57108c95b654c5140001f97a": "21 miles north of New York in a town which they named New Rochelle", "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": "National Historic Landmark site and contains the oldest street in the United States of America", "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": "Huguenot Street Historic", "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": "current", "57108d69b654c5140001f983": "Nantes, the Dutch Republic", "57108d69b654c5140001f984": "75,000 to 100,000", "57108d69b654c5140001f985": "ca. 2 million", "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "25% of the Amsterdam population was Huguenot.[citation needed] In 1705, Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia", "57108d69b654c5140001f987": "75,000", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1a": "ghost of le roi Huguet (regarded by Roman Catholics", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1b": "Hugo", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1c": "Hugo", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1d": "habitually gathered at night", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1e": "le roi Huguet", "571090abb654c5140001f995": "weaver", "571090abb654c5140001f996": "16th century to about 1830", "571090abb654c5140001f997": "churches", "571090abb654c5140001f998": "Faversham and Maidstone", "571090abb654c5140001f999": "16th century to about 1830", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a41": "1696", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "1696", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a42": "Cork City; and D'Olier Street in Dublin", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43": "French Church Street in Cork City; and D'Olier Street in Dublin", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a44": "1696", "57109275b654c5140001f99f": "exodus of Huguenots from France", "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "1759-60", "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": "non-Catholics", "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": "1759-60", "57109275b654c5140001f9a3": "1759", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": "1598", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5d": "1598, when Henry of Navarre", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": "Nantes", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": "founding of new Protestant churches", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "1598, when Henry of Navarre", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": "education of children as Catholics", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": "Protestant services, required education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a68": "Four thousand", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a69": "Catholics", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": "French refugees, providing money from both government and private agencies to aid their relocation. Those Huguenots who stayed in France", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a76": "French colonisers who arrived in Brazil in 1555 to found France Antarctique", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a77": "1555", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a78": "1555", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a79": "1560", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a7a": "Guanabara Confession of Faith, became the first Protestant confession of faith in the whole of the Americas", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": "Cape province", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a87": "wine", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": "French", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a89": "Huguenot", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": "Paul Revere was descended from Huguenot refugees", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a99": "Paul Revere was descended from Huguenot refugees", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9a": "North America worships in Charleston, South Carolina, at a church that dates to 1844", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9b": "Manakin Episcopal Church", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": "Manakin Episcopal Church in Virginia as an historic shrine with occasional services. The Society has chapters in numerous states, with the one in Texas", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "British lace industry at the time. Although 19th century sources have asserted that some of these refugees were lacemakers and contributed to the East Midlands lace", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": "Bedfordshire", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab4": "immigrant lacemakers in this period is of twenty-five widows who settled in Dover", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": "eighteenth century", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b3": "new neighbourhoods: Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b4": "one-fifth", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": "nearly a century", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": "1806-07", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": "1700, one-fifth of the city's population was French speaking. The Berlin", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": "Great Elector Frederick William welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged and underpopulated country. Following this exodus, Huguenots", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": "200,000 to 1,000,000", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": "regional", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": "1702 and 1709", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b2a": "destroy all the bands of Camisards, between 1702 and 1709", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": "Norman Huguenots under the leadership of Jean Ribault established the small colony of Fort Caroline on the banks of the St. Johns River", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": "Jean Ribault", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": "Norman Huguenots under the leadership of Jean Ribault established the small colony of Fort Caroline on the banks of the St. Johns River", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b33": "1565 French naval", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b34": "Fort Caroline", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": "French", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": "St. Augustine", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa19": "Caroline in what is now Jacksonville, Florida. War at home again precluded a resupply mission, and the colony struggled. In 1565", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1a": "1564", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": "French", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a": "Virginia", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b": "Virginia", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c": "1700 several hundred French Huguenots migrated from England to the colony of Virginia", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": "390", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "390", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": "1568\u20131609", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": "1568\u20131609", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2d": "William the Silent", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2e": "Gaspard de Coligny", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "Gaspard de Coligny", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": "50,000 Protestant Walloons", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b61": "50,000", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b62": "50,000", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b63": "Andr\u00e9 Lortie", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": "transubstantiation during Mass", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": "William of Orange", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b73": "William of Orange", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": "William of Orange", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b75": "Smaller settlements", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b76": "Irish linen", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa45": "Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbr\u00fccken to establish a Huguenot community in present-day Saarland in 1604", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa46": "Louis de Cond\u00e9", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": "Huguenot community in present-day Saarland in 1604", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa48": "1604", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa49": "1604", "5711119cb654c5140001fae3": "Protestant European nations such as England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate", "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "Protestant European", "5711119cb654c5140001fae6": "Protestant European nations", "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": "Quebec", "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": "English colonies of North America, and Quebec", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": "association with Hugues Capet", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": "association with Hugues Capet", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bce": "Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to little Hugos", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": "association with Hugues Capet", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bd0": "French linguistic origins, arguing that for the word to have spread into common use in France", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6": "Gallican Roman Catholics", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": "Gallican Roman Catholics", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8": "1530. William Farel was a student of Lefevre", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "Lefevre", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda": "Swiss Reformation", "57111428b654c5140001faff": "24", "57111428b654c5140001fb00": "3 October 1572, Catholics", "57111428b654c5140001fb01": "thousands", "57111428b654c5140001fb02": "1573 pardoned the perpetrators", "57111429b654c5140001fb03": "3,000 and 7,000 more in the French provinces. By 17 September, almost 25,000", "571114cfb654c5140001fb09": "Louis XIV", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": "1643", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "1643", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0c": "1643", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0d": "1685", "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": "Westchester", "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": "French", "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": "John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor, a tract of land consisting of six thousand one hundred acres with the help of Jacob Leisler", "5711163bb654c5140001fb16": "La Rochelle", "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": "Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church, which contains heirlooms", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "the Huguenot congregations", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "nineteenth century", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": "congregations", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": "the Huguenot congregations", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c04": "Eleutherian gunpowder mills", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0a": "Pierre Bayle", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0b": "Rotterdam", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0c": "Pierre Bayle. He started teaching in Rotterdam", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": "100 foundational texts of the US Library of Congress", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0e": "Nicolas", "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "French Protestant Church of London was established by Royal Charter in 1550", "57111992b654c5140001fb44": "French Protestant Church of London was established by Royal Charter in 1550", "57111992b654c5140001fb45": "French Protestant Church of London was established by Royal Charter in 1550", "57111992b654c5140001fb46": "Soho Square", "57111992b654c5140001fb47": "Black Eagle", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "1685, Huguenot refugees found a safe haven", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "1685, Huguenot refugees found a safe haven in the Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany and Scandinavia. Nearly 50,000 Huguenots", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3e": "1685, Huguenot refugees found a safe haven in the Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany and Scandinavia. Nearly 50,000", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": "1685, Huguenot refugees found a safe haven in the Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany and Scandinavia. Nearly 50,000", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": "Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c51": "Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": "ace Adolf Galland", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53": "la Peri\u00e8re", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c54": "Federal Minister of the Interior, Thomas de Maizi\u00e8re", "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": "solar power", "57112686b654c5140001fbd4": "Rankine", "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": "the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam", "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": "steam", "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": "external combustion", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": "atmospheric engine, invented by Thomas Newcomen around 1712", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb3": "Thomas Newcomen around 1712", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb4": "Thomas Newcomen around 1712", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": "Thomas Newcomen around 1712", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": "Thomas Newcomen around 1712", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc4": "Richard Trevithick in the United Kingdom and, on 21 February 1804", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc5": "1804", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "1804", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": "Richard Trevithick in the United Kingdom and, on 21 February 1804", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc8": "south", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0e": "Rankine cycle", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0f": "multi-stage centrifugal", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d10": "1850s", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": "1850s", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": "1850s", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d18": "three or four", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d19": "triple and quadruple expansion engines", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": "19th", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": "19th century", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": "Olympic", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": "Corliss, and later, poppet valve gears had separate admission and exhaust valves driven by trip mechanisms or cams profiled", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": "Joy", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24": "exhaust", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": "Lead fusible plugs", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "firebox crown", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": "firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": "the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": "little effect on dampening the fire", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d28": "James Watt", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d29": "1781 James Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2a": "1781 James Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2b": "10,000 hp", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2c": "1781 James Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": "AD; the first recorded rudimentary steam engine being the aeolipile described by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d33": "Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d34": "mathematician Hero of Alexandria. In the following centuries", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d35": "Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d36": "1606", "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": "Near the end of the 19th century compound engines", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2a": "19th century", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": "engines", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": "early 20th century", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": "triple expansion engines", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": "steam turbines", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "late part of the 19th century", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5c": "hundred", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5d": "90%", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5e": "electric power is provided by steam turbines. In the United States 90%", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": "nuclear reactor, geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine or industrial process", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6f": "combustion chamber", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": "solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine or industrial process", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71": "heat source", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d80": "analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81": "1851", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d82": "Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London Exhibition in 1862", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d83": "1851", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84": "London Exhibition in 1862", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a": "Vauclain", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8b": "180\u00b0, the groups being set at 90\u00b0 to each other. In one case (the first type of Vauclain", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "180\u00b0", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": "counterflow), entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same port. The complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3e": "two piston", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": "two piston strokes", "5711488ab654c5140001fc40": "two piston strokes", "5711488ab654c5140001fc41": "four events \u2013 admission, expansion", "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": "steam intakes in hot areas", "57114aceb654c5140001fc48": "remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow", "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": "superior", "57114b1a2419e31400955575": "simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks", "57114b1a2419e31400955576": "trunnion", "57114b1a2419e31400955577": "trunnion", "57114b1a2419e31400955578": "trunnion", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53": "Rankine cycle", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54": "the exhaust steam is directly", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": "Low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a binary cycle", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": "Rankine cycle", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": "a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": "565 \u00b0C", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": "stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30 \u00b0C. This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63%", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": "30 \u00b0C", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": "30 \u00b0C", "57114f0050c2381900b54a65": "Steam engines", "57114f0050c2381900b54a66": "steamboats and road vehicles. Their use in agriculture", "57114f0050c2381900b54a67": "Stanley Steamer", "57114f0050c2381900b54a68": "Revolution", "57114f0050c2381900b54a69": "agriculture led to an increase in the land available for cultivation", "571153422419e3140095557d": "four years later, the successful twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca", "571153422419e3140095557e": "Matthew Murray", "571153422419e3140095557f": "Matthew Murray", "571153422419e31400955580": "Matthew Murray", "571153422419e31400955581": "George", "5711541350c2381900b54a6f": "British engineer Arthur Woolf", "5711541350c2381900b54a70": "1804 by British engineer Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805", "5711541350c2381900b54a71": "torque variability", "5711541350c2381900b54a72": "equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder", "571154c72419e31400955587": "90%", "571154c72419e31400955588": "20th century", "571154c72419e31400955589": "late 20th century", "571154c72419e3140095558a": "large ship propulsion", "571154c72419e3140095558b": "reduction gearing (although the Turbinia", "571155ae2419e31400955591": "Rankine cycle", "571155ae2419e31400955592": "William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath", "571155ae2419e31400955593": "steam power production applications. In the 1990s", "571155ae2419e31400955594": "John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath", "571155ae2419e31400955595": "90% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all solar, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants", "571156152419e3140095559b": "65 million", "571156152419e3140095559f": "Newcomen design. Early Watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million", "571156152419e3140095559e": "steam engine's energy efficiency was its \"duty\"", "571156152419e3140095559d": "94", "571156152419e3140095559c": "65 million", "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": "steam engines", "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": "turbine type steam engines, the \"steam age", "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": "turbine type steam engines, the \"steam age", "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": "internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating", "57115b2850c2381900b54a7f": "1698", "57115b2850c2381900b54a80": "1698", "57115b2850c2381900b54a81": "1698", "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": "1698 by Thomas", "57115b2850c2381900b54a83": "John Smeaton", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": "Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": "Oliver Evans", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8b": "1800 Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": "1800 Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": "1800 Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801", "57115bf350c2381900b54a93": "Sweden", "57115bf350c2381900b54a94": "Sweden", "57115bf350c2381900b54a95": "30%", "57115bf350c2381900b54a96": "27-30%", "57115bf350c2381900b54a97": "27-30%", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": "surface condensers", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": "automobile radiator", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": "steam turbines in power stations use surface condensers", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa0": "dry type cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly. Evaporative", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa1": "may use about 3600", "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": "James", "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": "James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788", "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": "James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788", "57115dbe2419e314009555a8": "James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788", "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": "James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788", "57115e532419e314009555af": "1880", "57115e532419e314009555b0": "1930", "57115e532419e314009555b1": "1930", "57115e532419e314009555b2": "1930", "57115e532419e314009555b3": "road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": "cutoff", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa8": "giving excessive compression", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": "choking", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aaa": "fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction", "57115f652419e314009555b9": "1606", "57115f652419e314009555ba": "Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606", "57115f652419e314009555bb": "1606", "57115f652419e314009555bc": "1698", "57115f652419e314009555bd": "Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston, and was used in 1712", "57115ff82419e314009555c3": "more rotors (rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft, alternating with a series of stators", "57115ff82419e314009555c4": "more rotors (rotating discs", "57115ff82419e314009555c5": "static discs) fixed to the turbine casing", "57115ff82419e314009555c6": "turbine casing. The rotors have a propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge. Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion", "57115ff82419e314009555c7": "3600 revolutions per minute (RPM) in the USA with 60", "5711607f2419e314009555cd": "steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines. For mobile applications steam has been largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors", "5711607f2419e314009555ce": "mobile applications steam has been largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors", "5711607f2419e314009555cf": "steam turbine plant", "5711607f2419e314009555d0": "Steam", "5711607f2419e314009555d1": "about fuel sources and pollution have incited a renewed interest in steam both as a component of cogeneration processes and as a prime mover", "571161092419e314009555d7": "pistonless", "571161092419e314009555d8": "Wankel engine in place", "571161092419e314009555d9": "steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion", "5711619950c2381900b54aaf": "1763\u20131775", "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": "James", "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": "1763\u20131775", "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": "James Watt developed (1763\u20131775", "5711619950c2381900b54ab3": "John Smeaton's improved version of Newcomen's. Newcomen's and Watt's early engines were \"atmospheric\"", "5711623e50c2381900b54ab9": "two independent", "5711623e50c2381900b54aba": "spring", "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": "spring", "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": "greater steam pressure and more power from the engine. The more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring-loaded valve", "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": "greater steam pressure and more power from the engine", "5711628a2419e314009555dd": "acme of the horizontal engine was the Corliss steam engine, patented in 1849", "5711628a2419e314009555de": "1849", "5711628a2419e314009555e1": "30%", "5711628a2419e314009555df": "1849", "5711628a2419e314009555e0": "Rumford medal", "571163172419e314009555e7": "steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic", "571163172419e314009555e8": "Watt", "571163172419e314009555e9": "experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser", "571163172419e314009555ea": "Joseph Black", "571163172419e314009555eb": "heat, which was confirmed by the original discoverer Joseph", "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": "One of the principal advantages the Rankine cycle holds over others", "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": "relatively little work is required to drive the pump", "5711648850c2381900b54ac5": "1% to 3%", "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": "1500 \u00b0C", "5711651050c2381900b54acb": "present; pumps (such as an injector", "5711651050c2381900b54acc": "boiler during operation", "5711651050c2381900b54acd": "superheaters", "5711651050c2381900b54ace": "water", "5711651050c2381900b54acf": "Mechanical stoker", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": "British invention steam turbine where speed", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad6": "British", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7": "British invention steam turbine", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8": "British invention steam turbine", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad9": "1905", "571166352419e314009555f1": "all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator", "571166352419e314009555f2": "non-condensing direct-drive locomotives", "571166352419e314009555f3": "electrical generator", "571166352419e314009555f4": "Nuclear-powered ships and submarines either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power, or else employ turbo-electric transmission", "571166352419e314009555f5": "long haul freight operations in Sweden", "5711669550c2381900b54adf": "practical Carnot cycle because, when an efficient turbine", "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": "boiler", "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": "constant pressure) processes in the Rankine cycle and isothermal", "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": "Rankine cycle and isothermal", "5711669550c2381900b54ae3": "isothermal (constant temperature) processes in the theoretical Carnot cycle. In this cycle a pump is used to pressurize", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": "8", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe", "571a484210f8ca1400304fc0": "two", "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": "silicon dioxide, making up almost half of the crust's mass", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": "oxygen", "571bb2269499d21900609ca9": "8%", "571bb2269499d21900609caa": "silicon dioxide", "571bb2269499d21900609cab": "8", "571bb2269499d21900609cad": "half of the crust's mass", "571bb2269499d21900609cac": "hydrogen and helium. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms", "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": "chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8", "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": "O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen", "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": "oxides", "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": "mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium", "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": "hydrogen and helium. At standard temperature and pressure", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94a": "photosynthesis", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": "sunlight", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": "high-altitude ozone", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09c": "chemically reactive to remain a free", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09d": "organic molecules in living organisms", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09e": "constituent of lifeforms", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": "energy of sunlight", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c0a0": "allotrope) of oxygen, ozone", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": "Robert Boyle", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd6": "John Mayow", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": "nitroaereus", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": "1641\u20131679", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a6": "Robert Boyle", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": "English chemist John Mayow (1641\u20131679", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "Robert Boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": "John Mayow (1641", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0aa": "Robert Boyle", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": "Priestley", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": "British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": "HgO) inside a glass tube", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": "Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named \"dephlogisticated", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": "August 1, 1774", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": "August 1, 1774", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b2": "August 1, 1774", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": "August 1, 1774", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b4": "August 1, 1774", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "Leonardo da Vinci", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fde": "2nd century BCE", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": "2nd century BCE Greek writer on mechanics, Philo of Byzantium", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "mechanics", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0ba": "2nd century BCE", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bb": "2nd century BCE Greek writer on mechanics", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bc": "Pneumatica", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bd": "Leonardo da Vinci", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0be": "Philo's work by observing that a portion of air", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": "trigger combustion. Oxygen", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a961": "Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a962": "oxygen to a fire", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": "Oxygen is the oxidant, not the fuel, but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion", "571cebc05efbb31900334e49": "a spark, is needed to trigger combustion", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": "rapid combustion", "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": "rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": "rapid", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "oxygen promote rapid combustion", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a968": "the Apollo 1 crew", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": "Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96a": "1\u20443", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": "ignition sources are minimized", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": "O\n2", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": "O\n2", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a2": "Steel pipes", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a4": "Apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": "oxygen compounds, in particular various complex silicates (in silicate minerals). The Earth's mantle, of much larger mass", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe7": "carbon dioxide", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe5": "carbon dioxide (CO\n2). The Earth's crustal rock is composed in large part of oxides of silicon", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3e": "carbon dioxide (CO\n2). The Earth's crustal rock is composed in large part of oxides of silicon (silica SiO\n2", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3f": "Earth's crustal rock", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": "crustal rock", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": "oxides of silicon", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": "oxygen compounds, in particular various complex silicates (in silicate minerals). The Earth's mantle, of much larger mass", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "monatomic", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c5": "John", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": "John", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": "Joseph Louis", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c8": "Amedeo Avogadro", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "wood or coal", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": "leave little residue", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d0": "buoyancy of the gaseous combustion products", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d1": "incorrect was that metals", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d2": "burns", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "chemically bonded to each other. The bond can be variously described based on level of theory", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "chemically bonded to each other. The bond can be variously described based on level of theory", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": "sequential", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "chemically", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "sequential", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2": "1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e3": "1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e5": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": "1777", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ec": "triplet oxygen", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": "triplet oxygen", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ee": "organic molecules", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": "spontaneous", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0f0": "\u03c0* orbitals", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": "Sur la combustion en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, which was published in 1777", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": "Sur la combustion en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, which was published in 1777", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": "combustion en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, which was published in 1777", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f9": "Sur la combustion en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, which was published in 1777", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": "combustion en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, which was published in 1777", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": "ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c101": "ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c102": "lung tissue", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c103": "upper atmosphere", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c104": "ozone", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10a": "allotrope of elemental oxygen on Earth is called dioxygen", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": "Earth is called dioxygen", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "O2", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": "O2", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": "energy content, O2", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114": "James Dewar", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c115": "1891 Scottish chemist James", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116": "1895 by German engineer Carl von Linde and British engineer William Hampson", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": "oxyacetylene", "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "Oxygen", "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": "seawater contains about 4.95 mL per liter. At 5 \u00b0C", "571c96095efbb31900334dbe": "more soluble in water than nitrogen", "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": "0 \u00b0C than at 20 \u00b0C", "571c96095efbb31900334dc0": "14.6 mg\u00b7L\u22121", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": "49.2% of the Earth's crust by mass and is the major component of the world's oceans (88.8%", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11f": "chemical element by mass in the Earth's biosphere, air, sea and land. Oxygen is the third", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c120": "20", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "88.8%", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c122": "ultraviolet radiation impacting oxygen-containing molecules such as carbon dioxide", "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": "19th century scientists", "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": "carbon dioxide", "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": "22, 1877", "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "cool oxygen gas enough to liquefy it. He sent a telegram on December 22, 1877", "571caac55efbb31900334dca": "March 29", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": "16", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd1": "oxygen-16", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": "Genesis", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd3": "depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's disk", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd4": "coalescence of dust grains", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": "molecular O\n2", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": "molecular oxygen per se", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": "molecular oxygen per se", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12b": "molecular oxygen per se", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12c": "molecular oxygen per se", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": "oxygen", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": "12%", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": "18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": "millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle). Seawater molecules", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c": "687 and 760 nm", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d": "carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "687 and 760 nm", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": "687 and 760 nm", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140": "687 and 760 nm", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": "oxygen", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c147": "liquid oxygen", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": "2 molecules are paramagnetic. That is, they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": "O\n2 molecules are paramagnetic. That is, they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c14a": "a magnetic field", "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": "Reactive oxygen species", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": "ion", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddc": "microbes", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": "Reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide ion", "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": "2.5 billion", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": "90.20 K", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de5": "90.20 K", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": "Rayleigh scattering of blue light). High-purity liquid O\n2", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de7": "liquid nitrogen", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "segregated from combustible", "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content", "571cc8815efbb31900334def": "2", "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": "solubility of O\n2 at lower temperatures (see Physical properties) has important implications for ocean life, as polar oceans", "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": "algae", "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "2 in eutrophic water bodies", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c150": "oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in Earth's atmosphere before photosynthetic archaea and bacteria", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": "3.5 billion years ago. Free oxygen first appeared in significant quantities during the Paleoproterozoic", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c152": "banded iron formations", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "1.7 billion", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": "3\u20132.7 billion", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "unusually high concentration of oxygen gas", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": "biogeochemical", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": "three main reservoirs on Earth", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": "modern Earth's atmosphere", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": "modern Earth's atmosphere. Photosynthesis", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df8": "pumped through a pipeline", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df9": "molecular sieves", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "O\n2 gas involves passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": "Oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-cryogenic", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfc": "O\n2 gas involves passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "Oxygen gas", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c165": "pure O\n2 gas", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": "pure O\n2 gas", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": "electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": "Chemical catalysts", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": "mild euphoric, has a history of recreational use in oxygen bars and in sports. Oxygen bars are establishments, found in Japan, California", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16f": "doubtful; a placebo", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": "American football, also sometimes go off field between plays to wear oxygen masks", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c172": "doubtful; a placebo", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": "O\n2 mixtures only if they are breathed during aerobic", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": "Hyperbaric (high-pressure) medicine", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e04": "O\n2 concentration in the lungs helps to displace carbon monoxide from the heme group of hemoglobin", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05": "anaerobic", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": "a dive, resulting in bubbles", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17b": "emphysema", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "oxygen levels in the patient's blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": "emphysema", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c178": "O\n2", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": "gaseous oxygen", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": "chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": "chemical bonds", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": "FeO", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "chemical bonds", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": "thin", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": "O\n2", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": "cabin safety instructions dictate, forces iron filings into the sodium chlorate inside the canister. A steady stream of oxygen gas", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18f": "exothermic", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c190": "oxygen", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c196": "Oxygen storage methods include high pressure oxygen", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": "gas", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": "gas", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c199": "compressed gas", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": "volumes", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": "organic", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": "organic", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": "organic", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "three atoms", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e10": "organic compounds that contain oxygen", "571cde695efbb31900334e16": "biomolecule", "571cde695efbb31900334e17": "few common complex biomolecules, such as squalene and the carotenes", "571cde695efbb31900334e18": "no oxygen. Of the organic compounds with biological relevance, carbohydrates", "571cde695efbb31900334e19": "no oxygen. Of the organic compounds with biological relevance, carbohydrates contain the largest proportion by mass of oxygen. All fats", "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": "phosphate and hydroxylapatite", "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": "lungs and central nervous system can also occur in deep scuba diving and surface", "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": "central nervous system can also occur in deep scuba diving and surface supplied diving", "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": "160 kPa (about 1.6 atm) may lead to convulsions (normally fatal for divers", "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": "seizures", "571ce3745efbb31900334e24": "central nervous system", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": "pure O\n2 in space applications, such as in some modern space suits", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2b": "Apollo, causes no damage due to the low total pressures used. In the case of spacesuits, the O\n2 partial pressure in the breathing gas", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": "Apollo", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "pure O\n2 in space applications, such as in some modern space suits", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "O\n2 partial pressure (for more information on this, see space suit and arterial blood gas", "571ce6655efbb31900334e34": "Oxygen gas (O\n2", "571ce6655efbb31900334e35": "Oxygen gas", "571ce6655efbb31900334e36": "kPa), equal to about 50%", "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": "Oxygen gas (O\n2", "571ce6655efbb31900334e38": "30%", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952d": "October 1973", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952e": "1973 oil crisis", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952f": "1979 oil crisis, termed the \"second oil shock", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89530": "effects", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89531": "Syria", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": "foreign policy", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": "multilateral negotiations with the combatants", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2a": "January 18, 1974, US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had negotiated an Israeli troop withdrawal from parts of the Sinai Peninsula", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2b": "March 1974", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": "August 15, 1971", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": "dollar", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": "August 15, 1971", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4d": "dollars", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": "dollars", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": "dollar", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd4": "1971", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": "1973\u20131974", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": "1967, the dollar price of oil had risen by less than two percent per year. Until the oil shock", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bd": "October 6, 1973, Syria and Egypt, with support from other Arab nations", "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "Iran", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bf": "6, 1973", "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": "US ally. Weeks", "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": "price", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "70%", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "70%", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": "70%, to $5.11 a barrel. The following day, oil ministers agreed to the embargo", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ee": "$2.2 billion", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": "October 16, 1973", "57261dab38643c19005ad037": "100 billion", "57261dab38643c19005ad038": "violent Sunni extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda and the Taliban", "57261dab38643c19005ad039": "exacerbated political tensions, particularly in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia spent over 100 billion", "57261dab38643c19005ad03a": "dispensed in the form of aid to other underdeveloped nations whose economies", "57261dab38643c19005ad03b": "Wahhabism", "57261f9f271a42140099d4a9": "excessive inflation, reduced productivity, and lower economic growth.\"", "57261f9f271a42140099d4aa": "superpower", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ab": "1973", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": "US than oil", "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": "embargo", "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": "price", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0": "Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": "rugged terrain such as the Arctic", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "five to ten years", "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": "six faced partial cutbacks", "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": "America", "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": "Harold Wilson", "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": "Israelis during the Six-Day War. His successor, Ted Heath", "5726487b5951b619008f6ee1": "pre-1967", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": "UK", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": "embargo", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": "coal miners and railroad workers", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": "Italy, Switzerland", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db3a": "Sweden", "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "Price controls exacerbated the crisis in the US. The system limited the price of \"old oil\"", "57264cac708984140094c1b4": "a higher price to encourage investment", "57264cac708984140094c1b5": "greater scarcity", "57264cac708984140094c1b7": "Motorists faced long lines at gas stations beginning in summer 1972 and increasing by summer 1973", "57264d9edd62a815002e80fe": "William E. Simon", "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff": "1973", "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "William E. Simon as the first Administrator of the Federal Energy Office", "57264d9edd62a815002e8101": "1974, 20%", "57264efddd62a815002e8134": "55 mph", "57264efddd62a815002e8135": "55 mph", "57264efddd62a815002e8136": "1977 the cabinet-level Department of Energy was created, followed by the National Energy Act of 1978", "57264efddd62a815002e8137": "28, 1995, Bill Clinton", "57264efddd62a815002e8138": "1975, and in 1977 the cabinet-level Department of Energy was created, followed by the National Energy Act of 1978", "572650325951b619008f6fa9": "fossil fuels", "572650325951b619008f6faa": "American energy policies since the crisis have been dominated by crisis-mentality thinking, promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions", "572650325951b619008f6fab": "promise solutions that are politically expedient, but whose prospects are doubtful", "57265200708984140094c237": "seize Middle Eastern oilfields in late 1973", "57265200708984140094c238": "seize Middle Eastern oilfields in late 1973", "57265200708984140094c239": "seize Middle Eastern oilfields in late 1973", "57265200708984140094c23a": "American occupation would need to last 10 years as the West developed alternative energy sources, and would result in the \u2018total alienation\u2019 of the Arabs", "57265360dd62a815002e819a": "71%", "57265360dd62a815002e819b": "71%", "57265360dd62a815002e819c": "November 7, 1973", "57265360dd62a815002e819d": "22, Japan issued a statement \"asserting that Israel", "57265360dd62a815002e819e": "December 25", "57265526708984140094c2bd": "Afghanistan", "57265526708984140094c2be": "Iran", "57265526708984140094c2bf": "Saudi arms purchases from the US exceeded five times Israel's. Another motive for the large scale", "57265526708984140094c2c0": "January 1979", "57265526708984140094c2c1": "1979", "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": "Japanese imports, primarily the Toyota Corona", "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": "Japanese imports, primarily the Toyota Corona", "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": "Japanese imports, primarily the Toyota Corona", "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": "six cylinder engines", "572659535951b619008f703f": "1981 voluntary export restraints", "572659535951b619008f7040": "Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II", "572659535951b619008f7041": "Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810", "572659535951b619008f7042": "Acura, Lexus", "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": "Hilux", "57265a58dd62a815002e8271": "Chevrolet LUV", "57265a58dd62a815002e8272": "Ford Courier", "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": "Ford Ranger, Dodge Dakota", "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": "13.5 in 1970", "57265bdfdd62a815002e829f": "four passengers by the late 1970s", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "North America forced General Motors, Ford and Chrysler", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": "Mercury Marquis, and various other luxury oriented sedans", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": "mid-1970s", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b8": "1977, GM's full-sized cars reflected the crisis. By 1979", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b9": "1981", "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": "vehicle", "57265e11708984140094c3bb": "1981", "57265e11708984140094c3bc": "1979 energy crisis at nearly $40 per barrel, decreased during the 1980s", "57265e11708984140094c3bd": "1979 energy crisis at nearly $40 per barrel", "57265e11708984140094c3be": "$40 per barrel, decreased during the 1980s to less than $10 per barrel. Adjusted for inflation, oil briefly fell back to pre-1973 levels", "5725b41838643c19005acb7f": "Mercury", "5725b41838643c19005acb80": "Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight", "5725b41838643c19005acb81": "1968", "5725b41838643c19005acb82": "John F. Kennedy", "5725b41838643c19005acb83": "25, 1961, address to Congress", "5725b56589a1e219009abd20": "Soviet Union in 1975", "5725b56589a1e219009abd21": "Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles. Apollo/Saturn vehicles", "5725b56589a1e219009abd22": "Soviet Union in 1975", "5725b56589a1e219009abd23": "Skylab", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd40": "1967", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd41": "1967 Apollo 1 cabin", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd42": "astrophysical exploration. Budget cuts", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd43": "six missions", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd44": "landing", "5725b77889a1e219009abd54": "Apollo 8", "5725b77889a1e219009abd55": "17", "5725b77889a1e219009abd56": "382", "5725b77889a1e219009abd57": "low Earth orbit. Apollo 8", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d453": "1960", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d454": "Mercury capsule", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d455": "ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d457": "Mercury", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d456": "1960", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7": "Hugh L. Dryden", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe8": "Maxime Faget", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe9": "three", "5725ba5038643c19005acbea": "July 1960", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c7": "John F. Kennedy", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c8": "1960", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9": "November 1960", "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca": "James", "5725bb34271a42140099d0cb": "aerospace technology", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1d": "April 12, 1961", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1e": "April 12, 1961", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1f": "April 12, 1961", "5725bc7138643c19005acc20": "April 12, 1961", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc31": "Lyndon B. Johnson", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc32": "Lyndon B. Johnson", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc33": "April 20", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34": "April 20, Kennedy sent a memo to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, asking Johnson to look into the status of America's space program", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a5": "R", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a6": "Gilruth's Space Task Group, which had been directing the nation's manned space program from NASA", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a7": "MSC", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a8": "Rice University, and Administrator Webb announced the conversion on September 19, 1961", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a9": "Florida", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdce": "July 1961", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdcf": "Kurt H. Debus", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd0": "1962", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd1": "November 29, 1963", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd7": "several launch pads. Although at least three", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd8": "250,000", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd9": "76 km", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd6": "3.7 million cubic meter", "5725c123271a42140099d131": "Dr. George E. Mueller", "5725c123271a42140099d132": "Robert Seamans to reorganize the Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF). On July 23, 1963", "5725c123271a42140099d133": "Robert Seamans to reorganize the Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF). On July 23, 1963", "5725c123271a42140099d134": "Marshall Space Flight Center (von Braun) and the Launch Operations Center", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6b": "industry", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6c": "Samuel C. Phillips", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6d": "Samuel C. Phillips", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6e": "January 1964", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6f": "Apollo Program Director. Mueller agreed, and Phillips managed Apollo from January 1964", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44": "John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the LOR approach. Throughout 1960", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe45": "1961", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe46": "Robert Seamans", "5725c604271a42140099d185": "ad-hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant Nicholas E. Golovin in July 1961", "5725c604271a42140099d186": "ad-hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant Nicholas E. Golovin in July 1961", "5725c604271a42140099d187": "LOR", "5725c604271a42140099d188": "LOR", "5725c604271a42140099d189": "ad-hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant Nicholas E. Golovin in July 1961", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d531": "Jerome Wiesner", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d532": "Jerome", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d533": "NASA", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d534": "11, 1962", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a1": "von Braun", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a2": "von Braun. Webb", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a3": "November 1962", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a4": "selection of Grumman", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d577": "lander spacecraft to be used as a \"lifeboat\" in the event of a failure of the command ship", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578": "lander spacecraft", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d579": "electrical power and life", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d57a": "1964 MSC study concluded, \"The LM [as lifeboat] ... was finally dropped, because no single reasonable CSM failure", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c1": "cone-shaped command module", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c2": "LEM, later shortened to Lunar Module, LM) which would take two men to the lunar surface and return them to the CSM", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c3": "two", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec8": "three astronauts", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec9": "Command Module", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abeca": "ablative heat shield", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecb": "11", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecc": "5,560", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1b": "cylindrical Service Module (SM", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1c": "long-distance communications on the lunar flights", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1d": "24", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1e": "300 pounds (23,300 kg) fully fueled, while a later version designed to carry a lunar orbit scientific instrument package weighed just over 54,000", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1f": "lunar missions, an orbital scientific instrument package", "5725cda338643c19005acd3f": "North American Aviation", "5725cda338643c19005acd40": "oversized to about twice", "5725cda338643c19005acd41": "1964", "5725cda338643c19005acd42": "CSM", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0a": "two", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0b": "atmosphere", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0d": "33,300 pounds", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0e": "34 hours", "5725d01989a1e219009abf28": "Nova", "5725d01989a1e219009abf29": "Army", "5725d01989a1e219009abf2b": "June 11, 1962", "5725d0e3271a42140099d235": "LC-34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water", "5725d0e3271a42140099d236": "five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965", "5725d0e3271a42140099d237": "five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965", "5725d0e3271a42140099d238": "translunar", "5725d2ef271a42140099d255": "version", "5725d2ef271a42140099d256": "1,600,000", "5725d2ef271a42140099d257": "third stage of the Saturn", "5725d2ef271a42140099d258": "40,000", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65b": "three-stage Saturn V", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65c": "10.1 m) in diameter and stood 363", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65d": "three-stage", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65e": "three", "5725d51589a1e219009abf6e": "Mercury and Gemini veterans", "5725d51589a1e219009abf6f": "11 and Apollo 12", "5725d51589a1e219009abf70": "fly in space, and landed on the Moon", "5725d51589a1e219009abf71": "Apollo 17", "5725d51589a1e219009abf72": "11 and Apollo 12", "5725d61038643c19005acdd3": "32", "5725d61038643c19005acdd4": "October, 2008", "5725d61038643c19005acdd5": "posthumously to Grissom, White, and Chaffee in 1969", "5725d61038643c19005acdd6": "Walter M. Schirra, Donn Eisele", "5725d61038643c19005acdd7": "NASA", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde7": "LC-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB. The first, AS-201", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde8": "LC-34 on suborbital flights in 1966", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9": "8,477 km) downrange in the Atlantic ocean", "5725d6cb38643c19005acdea": "1966", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf90": "207/208, or AS-278", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91": "207/208", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92": "207/208", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93": "lunar extravehicular activity (EVA). The traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear \"fishbowl", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf94": "207/208, or AS-278", "5725d8a3271a42140099d28f": "Gemini and Apollo programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966", "5725d8a3271a42140099d290": "Mercury astronaut", "5725d8a3271a42140099d291": "January 1966", "5725d8a3271a42140099d292": "1966", "5725d8a3271a42140099d293": "January 27", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69b": "December 1966", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69c": "December 1966", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69d": "December 1966", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69e": "August 1967. McDivitt, Scott", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ab": "Samuel Phillips", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ac": "tiger team\" to investigate North American's problems and identify corrections. Phillips documented his findings in a December 19 letter to NAA president Lee Atwood", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ad": "CSM", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ae": "North American's problems and identify corrections", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd": "altitude chamber", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6be": "Grissom, White, and Chaffee", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf": "countdown", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6c0": "altitude chamber", "5725dc1638643c19005ace01": "January 27, 1967", "5725dc1638643c19005ace02": "January 27, 1967", "5725dc1638643c19005ace03": "January 27, 1967", "5725dc1638643c19005ace04": "January 27, 1967", "5725dc1638643c19005ace05": "100%", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe2": "Congress", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3": "George Low", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe4": "George Low", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe5": "an accident review board, overseen by both houses of Congress", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ed": "hatch", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ee": "flammable cabin and space suit", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ef": "NASA", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0": "NASA discontinued the manned Block I program, using the Block I spacecraft", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f1": "unmanned Saturn V flights", "5725df1838643c19005ace15": "September 1967", "5725df1838643c19005ace16": "September 1967", "5725df1838643c19005ace17": "September 1967", "5725e08389a1e219009ac010": "April 4, 1968", "5725e08389a1e219009ac011": "April 4, 1968", "5725e08389a1e219009ac012": "April 4, 1968", "5725e08389a1e219009ac013": "April 4, 1968", "5725e152271a42140099d2cd": "22, 1968", "5725e152271a42140099d2ce": "LM in Earth orbit, launched from pad 37 on January 22, 1968", "5725e152271a42140099d2cf": "Grumman", "5725e152271a42140099d2d0": "January 22, 1968", "5725e152271a42140099d2d1": "Apollo 1. The LM", "5725e28f38643c19005ace23": "1968, crewed by McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart, launched on a Saturn V", "5725e28f38643c19005ace24": "September 15, 1968", "5725e28f38643c19005ace25": "20 hours", "5725e28f38643c19005ace26": "George", "5725e28f38643c19005ace27": "1968", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac038": "July 1969", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac039": "G mission was achieved on Apollo 11 in July 1969", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03a": "black-and-white television", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03b": "July 1969", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03c": "July 1969", "5725e44238643c19005ace35": "November 1969", "5725e44238643c19005ace36": "April 1967", "5725e44238643c19005ace37": "April 1967", "5725e44238643c19005ace38": "April 1967 on the Ocean of Storms. The Command Module Pilot was Gemini veteran Richard F. Gordon, Jr. Conrad and Bean", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d71f": "LRV", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d720": "greater flexibility and visibility", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d721": "15 Saturn Vs were enough for lunar landing missions through Apollo 20. NASA publicized a preliminary list of eight", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d722": "three", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d723": "exploration area and allowing televised liftoff", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d729": "Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise in April 1970", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72a": "crewed with a single veteran as Commander, with two rookies", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b": "Fred Haise in April 1970", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72c": "oxygen tank", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72d": "Lovell, Jack Swigert", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac086": "18 and 19", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087": "20. NASA's yearly budget also began to shrink in light", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac088": "18 and 19. The two unused", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac089": "1971", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e": "extremely old", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09f": "Earth", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a0": "geochemical", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1": "David Scott and James Irwin", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f": "thick", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace80": "micrometeoroid impact craters", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace81": "micrometeoroid impact craters", "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f": "2009", "5725ec7538643c19005ace90": "2009, NASA held a symposium on project costs which presented an estimate of the Apollo program costs in 2005 dollars as roughly $170 billion", "5725ec7538643c19005ace91": "20.4 billion", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb3": "Apollo X", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4": "Apollo Applications Program", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb5": "Venus", "5725ef6838643c19005acece": "1973", "5725ef6838643c19005acecf": "1973", "5725ef6838643c19005aced0": "February 8, 1974", "5725ef6838643c19005aced1": "Apollo Telescope Missions. Skylab's last crew departed the station on February 8, 1974", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0be": "50 kilometers", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0bf": "11", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0c0": "unknown", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cc": "Apollo 8", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd": "Christmas Eve, 1968", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0ce": "Christmas Eve, 1968", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf": "Christmas Eve", "5725f239271a42140099d35d": "Westinghouse Electric Corporation", "5725f239271a42140099d35e": "lunar", "5725f239271a42140099d35f": "shortage", "5725f239271a42140099d360": "magnetic tape shortage", "5725f239271a42140099d361": "Nafzger", "5725f39638643c19005acef7": "$230,000", "5725f39638643c19005acef8": "Johnson Space Center", "5725f39638643c19005acef9": "kinescope", "5725f39638643c19005acefa": "$230,000", "5725f39638643c19005acefb": "Johnson Space Center", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5c": "European Union", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": "European Union law", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": "three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5f": "three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law. The main sources of primary law are the Treaties establishing the European Union", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": "sources", "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "European Union law", "5725c28a271a42140099d14e": "European Union law is a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives", "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": "European Union", "5725c28a271a42140099d150": "treaties and legislation", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f0": "European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": "three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f2": "Treaties", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f3": "three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": "European Union law is applied by the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d2": "European Union law", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d3": "European Commission can take proceedings", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d4": "European Court of Justice", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": "European Union law", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d503": "European Union law", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": "European Commission can take proceedings", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d505": "European Court of Justice", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": "sources", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": "European Union law", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890b": "lesser rights European Union law", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890c": "European Court of Justice", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": "European Union law", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": "Treaty", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": "TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": "European Parliament (elected by citizens", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": "European Court of Justice is the supreme judicial body", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": "European Central Bank. The European Court of Justice", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": "TEU", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "Pierre-et-Miquelon", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": "European Union can interpret the Treaties", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": "European Union", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": "force", "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": "The primary law of the EU consists mainly of the founding treaties", "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": "Gibraltar", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8950": "European Union law. Treaties apply as soon as they enter into force", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8951": "Justice of the European Union", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": "coal and steel", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": "1957", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": "1985, Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1994 (though again Norway", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be": "1979", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": "Greenland", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0": "Norway", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1": "Croatia in 2013", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b2": "internal market in the Single European Act 1986", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": "1994", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4": "1985", "57264865dd62a815002e8062": "Nice Treaty", "57264865dd62a815002e8063": "France", "57264865dd62a815002e8064": "Nice Treaty, there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent", "57264865dd62a815002e8065": "2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force", "57264865dd62a815002e8066": "Nice Treaty", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": "the Nice Treaty", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "Nice Treaty", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": "2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": "Nice Treaty", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808c": "European Commission", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808d": "the main executive body of the European Union", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": "Jean-Claude Juncker) sets the agenda for the EU's work. Decisions", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": "Lisbon 2007", "57264a8cdd62a815002e8090": "Luxembourg", "572691545951b619008f76e1": "17", "572691545951b619008f76e2": "Jean-Claude Juncker", "572691545951b619008f76e3": "Claude Juncker) sets the agenda for the EU's work", "572691545951b619008f76e4": "Ireland", "572691545951b619008f76e5": "Parliament", "57264e455951b619008f6f65": "Parliament", "57264e455951b619008f6f66": "1999", "57264e455951b619008f6f67": "Commissioners", "57264e455951b619008f6f68": "\u20ac60m bribe in connection with a Tobacco Products Directive", "57264e455951b619008f6f69": "Commissioner can sit in on ECB meetings, but do not have voting rights", "5726926a5951b619008f7709": "1999", "5726926a5951b619008f770a": "1999", "5726926a5951b619008f770b": "\u2018", "5726926a5951b619008f770c": "European Anti-fraud", "5726926a5951b619008f770d": "2012", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee": "kratia", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef": "1999", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0": "five years", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1": "two-thirds", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2": "two-thirds majority can censure the whole Commission (as happened to the Santer Commission in 1999", "5726938af1498d1400e8e446": "consultation rights", "5726938af1498d1400e8e447": "European Union", "5726938af1498d1400e8e448": "1979", "5726938af1498d1400e8e449": "five years", "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a": "European Socialists", "5726545f708984140094c2a5": "second main legislative", "5726545f708984140094c2a6": "Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk", "5726545f708984140094c2a7": "352", "5726545f708984140094c2a8": "352", "5726545f708984140094c2a9": "there", "57269424dd62a815002e8a1e": "TEU article 15", "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": "\"European Council", "57269424dd62a815002e8a20": "352", "57269424dd62a815002e8a21": "TEU article 16(4) and TFEU article 238", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fa": "unanimity to block Commission amendment", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": "absolute and qualified majority", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fc": "EU law", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fd": "4", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": "Justice", "572695285951b619008f774b": "294", "572695285951b619008f774c": "Commission", "572695285951b619008f774d": "4 and 5", "572695285951b619008f774e": "readings", "572658435951b619008f7025": "judicial", "572658435951b619008f7026": "judicial body, within which there is a higher European Court of Justice", "572658435951b619008f7027": "three years", "572658435951b619008f7028": "member state", "572658435951b619008f7029": "European Union", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "judicial", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": "judicial body, within which there is a higher European Court of Justice", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": "Civil Service Tribunal", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": "three years", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": "European Union", "57265e455951b619008f70bb": "Rome", "57265e455951b619008f70bc": "267", "57265e455951b619008f70bd": "1964 and 1968", "5726975c708984140094cb1f": "national courts", "5726975c708984140094cb20": "1964", "5726975c708984140094cb21": "Italian energy corporations", "572699db5951b619008f7799": "German constitutional principles. Most other member states have expressed similar reservations", "572699db5951b619008f779a": "German constitutional principles. Most other member states have expressed similar reservations. This suggests the EU's legitimacy rests on the ultimate authority", "572699db5951b619008f779b": "1972", "572699db5951b619008f779d": "rogation\" of those principles when it enacted the European Communities Act 1972", "572699db5951b619008f779c": "social state principles) then it cannot override German law", "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": "constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds", "57269aa65951b619008f77ac": "1986", "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "judicial", "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": "European Union", "57269bb8708984140094cb95": "1) clear and unambiguous (2", "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "288", "57269bb8708984140094cb97": "postal", "57269bb8708984140094cb98": "tariff", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": "standing", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13": "4", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14": "4 weeks", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b15": "1990s three Advocate Generals persuasively", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": "Court of Justice", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517": "central government, it can still be bound by Directives", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e518": "18 to 28", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "British Gas plc the Court of Justice held that Mrs Foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": "Mrs Foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer, British Gas plc, which made women", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534": "Fourth", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "incorporations", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e536": "Marleasing SA", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e537": "6 million", "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550": "European Union law are rules of law which have been developed by the European Court of Justice", "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": "public international law and legal doctrines and principles present in the legal systems of European Union member states and in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights", "5726a09f708984140094cc39": "European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1950s", "5726a09f708984140094cc3a": "European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1950s", "5726a09f708984140094cc3b": "onerous", "5726a14c708984140094cc51": "European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1960s", "5726a14c708984140094cc52": "European Union law", "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "legal effect in the European Union", "5726a14c708984140094cc54": "\"", "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "constitutional traditions common to the member states", "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87": "European Court of Justice", "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": "European Union mention protection for fundamental rights", "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": "envisaged for European Union measures, that is legislative and administrative actions by European Union institutions, to be subject to human rights", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba0": "European", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1": "European Convention on Human Rights in 1950", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba2": "1999", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": "2007", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "European Union", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": "European Union law", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": "7 December 2000", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": "Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af": "1997", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b0": "1989", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b1": "30 general", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2": "40", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": "11 of the then 12", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1": "12 member states. The UK", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "\"Social Chapter", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3": "1992", "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": "1997", "5726a5525951b619008f78de": "1997", "5726a5525951b619008f78df": "Social Policy, the 1994 Works Council Directive, which required workforce consultation in businesses", "5726a5525951b619008f78e0": "1996", "5726a5525951b619008f78e1": "Social Policy, the 1994", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf6": "ECSC) agreement between France", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf7": "France, Italy", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8": "Article 65 of the agreement banned cartels", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9": "66", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa": "1957", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": "101", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "101(1), including price fixing", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656": "106 and 107", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": "102", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b55": "2007", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": "45 to 66", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": "consumer prices", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "free trade", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": "environmental improvement. Increasingly the Court of Justice", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": "democratic society", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": "Austria", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0": "36 justification", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": "farmer", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2": "Mr Schmidberger's German undertaking", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": "25 per cent", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9": "France", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ea": "2009", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": "cocoa butter", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "motorcycles", "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": "Keck and Mithouard", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "throat", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": "age", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "Commercial Practices", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74": "people", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75": "social security", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": "social security", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": "social security", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": "Mr", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": "1 to 7", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": "Jean-Marc Bosman", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": "Gaelic", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": "incapacity", "5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa": "Hendrix", "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": "\" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice", "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": "Court of Justice", "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": "higher education, along with other forms of vocational training, should be more access, albeit with qualifying periods. In Commission v", "5726bcde708984140094cfc2": "higher education", "5726c002708984140094d073": "European Union", "5726c002708984140094d074": "56", "5726c002708984140094d075": "Stuttgart", "5726c002708984140094d076": "49", "5726c002708984140094d077": "Italy to comply with maximum tariffs", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8a": "2006", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "European Union", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8c": "October 2007", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8d": "Dimas", "5726c3da708984140094d0d9": "German health clinic", "5726c3da708984140094d0da": "social security", "5726c3da708984140094d0db": "narcotic drugs", "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": "Mrs Geraets-Smits claimed she should be reimbursed by Dutch social insurance for costs of receiving treatment in Germany", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": "Mail newspaper's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the Netherlands without first settling its tax bills in the UK", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": "\u00a31 of capital to start a company, while Denmark", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": "\u00a31", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac7": "Germany", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": "V v Nordic Construction GmbH", "5725b81b271a42140099d097": "Amazonia", "5725b81b271a42140099d098": "100,000", "5725b81b271a42140099d099": "nine nations. The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil, with 60%", "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": "Guiana. States or departments in four", "5725b81b271a42140099d09b": "Amazon", "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": "Selva Amaz\u00f3nica, Amazon\u00eda or usually Amazonia; French: For\u00eat amazonienne", "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": "7,000", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00": "Selva Amaz\u00f3nica", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": "60%", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02": "16,000", "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": "60%", "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": "2,700,000 sq mi), of which 5,500,000", "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": "nine nations. The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil, with 60%", "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": "nine nations", "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": "16,000", "5725be0f271a42140099d117": "66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0. Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million", "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "34 million", "5725be0f271a42140099d119": "relatively narrow band. It expanded again during the Middle Miocene", "5725be0f271a42140099d11a": "Miocene", "5725be0f271a42140099d11b": "66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0. Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f94": "66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0. Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": "45\u00b0. Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": "66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0. Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f97": "Middle Miocene", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "narrow band. It expanded again during the Middle Miocene", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": "34 million", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": "34 million", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b9": "34 million", "5725c071271a42140099d127": "mid-Eocene", "5725c071271a42140099d128": "easterly flow toward the Atlantic", "5725c071271a42140099d129": "Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310 million", "5725c071271a42140099d12a": "easterly flow toward the Atlantic", "5725c071271a42140099d12b": "easterly flow toward the Atlantic", "57283d173acd2414000df78f": "mid-Eocene", "57283d173acd2414000df790": "Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic", "57283d173acd2414000df791": "Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic", "57283d173acd2414000df792": "easterly flow toward the Atlantic", "57283d173acd2414000df793": "mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon", "5729e6313f37b319004785a9": "mid-Eocene", "5729e6313f37b319004785aa": "mid-Eocene", "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": "Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic", "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": "easterly flow toward the Atlantic", "5729e6313f37b319004785ad": "Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310 million", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50b": "the LGM was lower", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": "Amazon basin paleolakes", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": "open forest and grassland", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": "Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably", "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "21,000", "572841772ca10214002da1a7": "21,000", "572841772ca10214002da1a8": "sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin", "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "basin", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "21,000", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77a": "paleolakes", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": "moist tropical", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": "small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": "east than is seen today. This debate", "5725c63438643c19005acc9f": "NASA's CALIPSO", "5725c63438643c19005acca0": "43 million", "5725c63438643c19005acca1": "2,600", "5725c63438643c19005acca2": "132 million", "5725c63438643c19005acca3": "43 million", "5728455bff5b5019007da078": "NASA's CALIPSO satellite", "5728455bff5b5019007da079": "NASA's CALIPSO satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon", "5728455bff5b5019007da07a": "132 million tons of dust remain in the air, 43 million tons", "5728455bff5b5019007da07b": "132 million", "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": "75 degrees west longitude", "5729ea263f37b319004785bd": "CALIPSO", "5729ea263f37b319004785be": "NASA's CALIPSO", "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": "NASA's CALIPSO satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon", "5729ea263f37b319004785c0": "1,600 miles", "5729ea263f37b319004785c1": "15%", "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": "poor soil", "5725c95f38643c19005accf4": "0.52", "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": "hunting, with agriculture", "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": "5 million", "5725c95f38643c19005accf7": "5 million", "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": "5 million", "572847dd4b864d19001648bd": "Betty Meggers", "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "2 inhabitants", "572847dd4b864d19001648bf": "her book Amazonia", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6c9": "a large population through agriculture", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6ca": "her book Amazonia", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cb": "2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cc": "5 million", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed2": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": "1540s", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": "1540s", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": "AD 0\u20131250", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed6": "11,000", "5729edd56aef051400155112": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542", "5729edd56aef051400155113": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542", "5729edd56aef051400155114": "AD 0\u20131250", "5729edd56aef051400155115": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542", "5729edd56aef051400155116": "11,000", "5725cf3238643c19005acd61": "black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest", "5725cf3238643c19005acd62": "black earth", "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": "silviculture", "5725cf3238643c19005acd64": "Xingu", "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": "Terra preta", "5729ef266aef05140015511c": "Terra preta", "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "fertile soil", "5729ef266aef05140015511e": "middle of the Amazon forest", "5729ef266aef05140015511f": "Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida", "5729ef266aef051400155120": "Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61b": "2.5 million", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61c": "five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": "40,000", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": "five", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": "96,660 and 128,843", "5729f0db6aef051400155126": "2.5 million", "5729f0db6aef051400155127": "2.5 million", "5729f0db6aef051400155128": "40,000", "5729f0db6aef051400155129": "378", "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": "five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests", "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "247", "5726722bdd62a815002e8529": "16,000", "5726722bdd62a815002e852a": "90,790 tonnes", "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": "90,790 tonnes", "5726722bdd62a815002e852c": "438,000", "5729f2646aef051400155130": "16,000", "5729f2646aef051400155131": "16,000", "5729f2646aef051400155132": "62 acres) of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species. A study in 1999", "5729f2646aef051400155133": "790 tonnes of living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 \u00b1 47 tonnes", "5729f2646aef051400155134": "790 tonnes of living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 \u00b1 47 tonnes per hectare. To date, an estimated 438,000", "5729f3831d0469140077967b": "electric eels", "5729f3831d0469140077967c": "black caiman", "5729f3831d0469140077967d": "electric eels can produce an electric shock that can stun or kill, while piranha", "5729f3831d0469140077967e": "bite and injure humans", "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "yellow fever and Dengue fever", "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": "the forest remained basically intact. Farms established during the 1960s", "5729fd56af94a219006aa730": "human settlement and development of the land. Prior to the early 1960s, access to the forest's interior", "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": "burn", "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": "the colonists were unable to manage their fields and the crops because of the loss of soil fertility and weed invasion", "5729fd56af94a219006aa733": "outer", "5729feaf6aef051400155188": "160,000 to 227,000", "5729feaf6aef051400155189": "587,000", "5729feaf6aef05140015518a": "livestock pasture", "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": "second-largest global producer of soybeans after the United", "5729feaf6aef05140015518c": "Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91%", "572a005f1d046914007796b7": "two", "572a005f1d046914007796b8": "two", "572a005f1d046914007796b9": "22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18%", "572a005f1d046914007796bb": "2000", "572a005f1d046914007796ba": "392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18%", "572a020f6aef051400155198": "about loss of biodiversity", "572a020f6aef051400155199": "destruction of the forest", "572a020f6aef05140015519a": "carbon contained within the vegetation", "572a020f6aef05140015519b": "0.62 \u00b1 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996", "572a020f6aef05140015519c": "1.1 \u00d7 1011", "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": "2100", "572a03a06aef0514001551ab": "2100", "572a03a06aef0514001551ac": "2100", "572a03a06aef0514001551ad": "21st century", "572a03a06aef0514001551ae": "21st century by climate", "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": "indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation", "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": "indigenous lowland South American peoples", "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": "deforestation and ecocide", "572a064a3f37b31900478660": "indigenous peoples", "572a064a3f37b31900478661": "lowland South American peoples", "572a07c11d046914007796d5": "remote sensing for the conservation of the Amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin", "572a07c11d046914007796d6": "Google Earth, members of the Trio Tribe, who live in the rainforests of southern Suriname", "572a07c11d046914007796d7": "handheld GPS devices", "572a07c11d046914007796d8": "handheld GPS devices and programs", "572a07c11d046914007796d9": "Amazon", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": "tree growth stages within different parts of the forest", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75c": "carbon related emissions", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75d": "2006 Tatiana Kuplich", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75e": "four", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75f": "Synthetic aperture", "572a0b101d046914007796e9": "2005, parts of the Amazon basin", "572a0b101d046914007796eb": "three years of drought. Scientists", "572a0b101d046914007796ec": "hundred years", "572a0b101d046914007796ed": "\"tipping point\"", "572a0b101d046914007796ea": "three years of drought. Scientists", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f": "2005 the drought was focused on the southwestern part. The findings were published in the journal Science", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": "734,000", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771": "three epicenters", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772": "2005", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa773": "5 gigatons of carbon dioxide", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe1": "comb jellies", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe2": "phylum of animals", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe3": "cnidarians", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": "comb jellies", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": "animals", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "swimming", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": "comb jellies", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "\u2018combs", "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "comb jellies", "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": "comb jellies", "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": "water flow through the body cavity", "57263eaa38643c19005ad374": "kteis 'comb' and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 pher\u014d 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies", "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "phylum of animals", "5725bae289a1e219009abd90": "ten times their own weight", "5725bae289a1e219009abd91": "100\u2013150", "5725bae289a1e219009abd92": "25", "5725c337271a42140099d163": "100\u2013150", "5725c337271a42140099d164": "egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed", "5725c337271a42140099d165": "ten", "5725c337271a42140099d166": "25", "5725c337271a42140099d167": "spiders", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ee": "ten", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ef": "crustaceans", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": "spiders", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "sticky cells", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2": "100\u2013150", "5725bc0338643c19005acc11": "hermaphrodites", "5725bc0338643c19005acc12": "miniature cydippids", "5725bc0338643c19005acc13": "juveniles", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": "sequential hermaphrodites", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f": "hermaphrodites", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "simultaneous hermaphrodites", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": "young", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": "an explosive rate", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": "sequential hermaphrodites", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": "hermaphrodites", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": "hermaphrodites", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4": "young", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5": "miniature beroids", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc39": "Mnemiopsis", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a": "Mnemiopsis", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b": "environmental changes", "5725c69738643c19005accb9": "marine food chains", "5725c69738643c19005accba": "fish", "5725c69738643c19005accbb": "marine food chains", "5725c69738643c19005accbc": "high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods", "5726431d271a42140099d7f5": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months", "5726431d271a42140099d7f6": "wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains", "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": "Mnemiopsis", "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": "fish stocks", "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": "One ctenophore", "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": "66 million", "5725c91e38643c19005accec": "66 million years ago. Evidence accumulating since the 1980s", "5725c91e38643c19005acced": "soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores", "5725c91e38643c19005accee": "lagerst\u00e4tten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million", "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": "soft, gelatinous bodies", "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "515", "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": "all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor, because all the other traditional ctenophore groups are descendants of various cydippids", "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "lagerst\u00e4tten", "5725cb33271a42140099d1db": "animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": "sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dd": "sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians", "5725cb33271a42140099d1de": "animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish", "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": "sticky and adhere to prey, although a few ctenophore species", "572646655951b619008f6ebf": "etc.), and less complex than bilaterians", "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "phylum", "572646655951b619008f6ec1": "sticky and adhere to prey, although a few ctenophore species", "572646655951b619008f6ec2": "carpet-like basement", "572646655951b619008f6ec3": "sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians", "572647d0708984140094c14b": "mesoglea", "572647d0708984140094c14c": "mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores", "572647d0708984140094c14d": "sandwich a middle layer of jelly", "572647d0708984140094c14e": "sponges. Both ctenophores and cnidarians have a type of muscle", "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": "comb rows, that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called \"ctenes", "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "non-colonial animals", "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": "ctenes", "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": "1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) in size", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db40": "two textbooks base", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "phylum with relatively few species, ctenophores", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42": "three", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43": "phylum with relatively few species, ctenophores", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a0": "epithelium", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1": "bioluminescence", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a2": "\"throat\"", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": "compartments", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a4": "animal", "57264cfa708984140094c1c3": "swimming-plates", "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": "swimming-plates", "57264cfa708984140094c1c5": "a 9 + 3 pattern, where the extra compact filament", "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": "reverse direction. Hence ctenophores", "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": "2 millimeters", "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": "their buoyancy, but experiments", "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "seawater", "57264e66dd62a815002e811c": "the mesoglea to reduce its volume and increase its density", "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": "seawater. If they enter less dense brackish water", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e": "aboral organ", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": "sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60": "aboral organ", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": "end from the mouth", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc62": "aboral organ", "57265746dd62a815002e8218": "sea gooseberry", "57265746dd62a815002e8219": "gooseberry", "57265746dd62a815002e821a": "ctenophores have bodies", "57265746dd62a815002e821b": "slender", "57265746dd62a815002e821c": "egg-shaped body", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": "little tentacles\"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": "microscopic", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcae": "three types of movement", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcaf": "three", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0": "tentilla", "572659ea5951b619008f7051": "eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth", "572659ea5951b619008f7052": "eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth", "572659ea5951b619008f7053": "eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth", "572659ea5951b619008f7054": "the statocyst a ciliary groove", "57265aaf5951b619008f706b": "lobes", "57265aaf5951b619008f706c": "four", "57265aaf5951b619008f706d": "many species of lobates", "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "four", "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": "suspended planktonic prey", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd36": "clapping their lobes", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": "clapping", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": "eight comb-rows", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "eight comb-rows", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50": "Nuda", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": "Nuda", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": "roida", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": "Nuda", "57265e97708984140094c3c3": "Cestida", "57265e97708984140094c3c6": "Venus' girdle", "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon", "57265e97708984140094c3c5": "The Cestida", "57265e97708984140094c3c7": "a \"darting motion\"", "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": "oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles on the aboral surface", "572681c1dd62a815002e8797": "muscular \"foot\". All but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows", "572681c1dd62a815002e8798": "comb-rows", "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": "cryptically colored", "572683075951b619008f7513": "pores", "572683075951b619008f7514": "internal fertilization", "572683075951b619008f7515": "Mnemiopsis", "572683075951b619008f7516": "The gonads", "572683075951b619008f7517": "platyctenids use internal fertilization and keep the eggs", "572684365951b619008f753f": "tentacles", "572684365951b619008f7540": "flat, bottom-dwelling platyctenids, the juveniles behave more like true larvae", "572684365951b619008f7541": "body forms of their parents", "572684365951b619008f7542": "flat, bottom-dwelling platyctenids, the juveniles behave more like true larvae", "572684365951b619008f7543": "adults", "572686fc708984140094c8e5": "Bathyctena chuni, Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea vexilligera, are disturbed", "572686fc708984140094c8e6": "ink", "572686fc708984140094c8e7": "ink", "572686fc708984140094c8e8": "ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies", "5726887e708984140094c917": "salps", "5726887e708984140094c918": "Pleurobrachia's long tentacles mainly capture relatively strong swimmers such as adult copepods", "5726887e708984140094c919": "genus Haeckelia prey", "5726887e708984140094c91a": "10", "5726887e708984140094c91b": "\"cydippid\" Lampea", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": "low ratio of organic matter to salt and water made them a poor diet for other animals", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d": "keta", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": "prey mainly on other ctenophores. Some jellyfish and turtles", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33f": "deliberately feeding on gelatinous zooplankton during blooms", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": "ctenophores", "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": "eating both fish larvae", "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "Western Atlantic", "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": "leidyi", "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": "Western Atlantic", "57268c01dd62a815002e8916": "1991", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c": "soft, gelatinous bodies", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": "comb jelly", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e": "mid-Cambrian", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f": "Canadian rocks of similar age, about 505 million", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": "Canadian rocks of similar age", "57268f05dd62a815002e8990": "Simon Conway Morris et al", "57268f05dd62a815002e8991": "Simon Conway Morris et al", "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": "rows of cilia, used for filter feeding. They suggested that Stromatoveris was an evolutionary", "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": "China", "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": "515 million", "57269016708984140094ca41": "animal lineages (e.g., Porifera) or that they evolved independently in the ctenophore", "57269016708984140094ca42": "animal phylum", "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "modern ctenophores except the beroids", "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "26 species, including 4 recently discovered ones", "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "65.5 million", "572691bedd62a815002e89df": "Richard Harbison's purely morphological analysis in 1985", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": "159", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": "220 miles", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f": "ash tree", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd50": "ash leaf", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd51": "Fresno (/\u02c8fr\u025bzno\u028a/ FREZ-noh), the county seat of Fresno County", "5725cfd0271a42140099d225": "1872", "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": "Millerton residents, drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding", "5725cfd0271a42140099d227": "1885", "5725cfd0271a42140099d228": "1885", "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": "1872, the Central Pacific Railroad", "5725d183271a42140099d23d": "94.0% white, 3.3% black and 2.7%", "5725d183271a42140099d23e": "Pinedale", "5725d183271a42140099d23f": "Pinedale", "5725d183271a42140099d240": "1942", "5725d183271a42140099d241": "Japanese Americans", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d639": "September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": "1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b": "September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63c": "September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d": "September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf58": "Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous \"WWVA Jamboree", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a": "neighboring town of Madera", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": "Fresno Barn", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "Aken", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d687": "three", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": "Fresno Chaffee Zoo, and Rotary Storyland and Playland. Kearney Park is the largest of the Fresno region's park system", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": "Fresno Chaffee Zoo", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": "Shinzen Japanese Gardens, numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails, is in North Fresno", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": "Fresno region's park system and is home to historic Kearney Mansion", "5725d7e438643c19005acdf9": "1880s and World War II", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfa": "San Joaquin Valley", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "San Joaquin Light & Power Building", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfc": "Hughes Hotel (burned down)", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b3": "Fulton Street in Downtown Fresno was Fresno's main financial and commercial district before being converted into one of the nation's first pedestrian malls in 1964", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b4": "Fresno's main financial and commercial district before being converted into one of the nation's first pedestrian malls in 1964", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "Pierre-Auguste Renoir", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "automobile traffic", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": "28' on the east side of the street) to continue with the pedestrian friendly environment of the district", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": "Chestnut Avenue to the West. Its major thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c6": "Chestnut Avenue to the West. Its major thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c7": "Fresno County", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c8": "William P. Bell", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c9": "William P. Bell", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfea": "1939", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfeb": "1939", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": "water tower", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": "1916 the college", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": "1916", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d7": "1970s", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": "1970s", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d9": "1978", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": "Olive and Wishon Avenues. Fresno", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": "Olive and Wishon Avenues", "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "restaurants", "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": "restaurants", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04a": "an attractive area for restaurant and other local businesses", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": "Tower", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04c": "LGBT and hipster Communities.; Additionally, Tower District", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": "twentieth century", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": "Fresno architects, Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d735": "Fresno architects, Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d736": "twentieth century", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0ae": "1910", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0af": "William Stranahan", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b0": "1914", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": "1914 developers Billings & Meyering", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "Huntington Boulevard, which provided streetcar connections between downtown and the County", "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f": "Southwest Fresno", "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": "southwest of the 99 freeway (which divides it from Downtown Fresno", "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "American", "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": "Southwest Fresno", "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "southwest of the 99 freeway (which divides it from Downtown Fresno), west of the 41 freeway and south of Nielsen Ave", "5725f00938643c19005aced7": "20th century", "5725f00938643c19005aced8": "tall palm", "5725f00938643c19005aced9": "Fresno Street and Thorne Ave", "5725f00938643c19005aceda": "Brookhaven", "5725f00938643c19005acedb": "late 2008", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": "Fresno Housing Authority", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d770": "Fresno", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d771": "industrial", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "Fresno Chandler Executive", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d773": "little", "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": "Fresno", "5725f2c838643c19005aceee": "22 miles", "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": "2,500", "5725f2c838643c19005acef0": "22 miles", "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": "October, 6am to 10pm and November through March, 6am to 7pm", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fa": "1946", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb": "William Smilie", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": "Sierra Sky Park", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": "1946, Sierra Sky Park Airport is a residential airport community born of a unique agreement in transportation law to allow personal aircraft and automobiles", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "1946, Sierra Sky Park Airport", "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": "definition", "5725f5b1271a42140099d372": "83", "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": "meteorology", "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": "rose direction occurrences", "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": "presence of southeastern wind directions", "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": "115 \u00b0F", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1a": "46.1 \u00b0C), set on July 8, 1905", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "9.54 inches (242.3 mm) in November 1885", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "115 \u00b0F (46.1 \u00b0C", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": "115 \u00b0F", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "665", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf24": "665. The population density was 4,404.5", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf25": "665", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": "30.0% of the population in 2010, down from 72.6% in 1970", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "1,700", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": "349", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2": "11,698 (7.4%", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "12,843 (8.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1,388 (0.9%", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": "111,529 families (70.4%", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": "3.07. There were 111,529 families (70.4%", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac128": "140,079 households, and 97,915 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,097.9", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac129": "149,025", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12a": "50.2% White, 8.4%", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12b": "11.2%", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12c": "4,097", "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": "Chico, Sacramento, Salinas, and Stockton", "5725fb8138643c19005acf40": "Fresno", "5725fb8138643c19005acf41": "June 1, 1953", "5725fb8138643c19005acf42": "1953. KMJ", "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": "1, 1953. KMJ", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": "99, the main north/south freeway", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": "99, the main north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the California Central Valley. State Route 168, the Sierra Freeway, heads east", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3af": "41", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "Fresno from Atascadero in the south, and then heads north to Yosemite. State Route 180 (Kings Canyon Freeway", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd": "Fresno", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7de": "1950s", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7df": "99", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": "cities", "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": "Amtrak San Joaquins", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4a": "Downtown Fresno", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": "Amtrak San Joaquins. The main passenger rail station is the recently renovated historic Santa Fe Railroad Depot in Downtown Fresno", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": "Amtrak San Joaquins. The main passenger rail station is the recently renovated historic Santa Fe Railroad Depot in Downtown Fresno", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4d": "Fresno", "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": "late 1950s, American computer scientist", "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": "Paul Baran", "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": "US Department of Defense", "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": "late 1960s", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": "American computer scientist", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": "Bell", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc31": "coining", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": "networking paradigm", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": "fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred, while packet switching may", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf7a": "contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit", "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": "circuit switching, a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth", "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": "Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm", "572634a789a1e219009ac56e": "Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm", "572634a789a1e219009ac56f": "fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred, while packet switching may", "5726219489a1e219009ac2ce": "intermediate forwarding nodes", "5726219489a1e219009ac2cf": "intermediate forwarding nodes", "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": "10BASE5", "5726356938643c19005ad2ff": "intermediate forwarding nodes", "5726356938643c19005ad300": "intermediate forwarding nodes", "5726356938643c19005ad301": "physical medium (such as radio or 10BASE5", "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "adaptive message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation", "5726249538643c19005ad080": "Baran", "5726249538643c19005ad081": "three key ideas", "5726249538643c19005ad082": "survivable communications networks", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": "RM 3420 in 1964", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": "two points, dividing user messages into message blocks", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": "adaptive message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": "survivable communications network. The work focuses on three key ideas: use of a decentralized", "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": "1965, Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK", "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": "Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK", "572629c6271a42140099d6a5": "Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK", "572629c6271a42140099d6a6": "ARPANET", "5726378238643c19005ad313": "Donald Davies", "5726378238643c19005ad314": "Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK", "5726378238643c19005ad315": "ARPANET", "5726385e271a42140099d797": "The packets are routed individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery", "5726385e271a42140099d798": "individually", "5726385e271a42140099d799": "packet is labeled with a destination address, source address, and port numbers", "5726385e271a42140099d79a": "address, source address, and port numbers", "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": "any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication", "5726398589a1e219009ac58a": "the connection id in a table", "5726398589a1e219009ac589": "packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication", "5726398589a1e219009ac588": "packet", "57263b1638643c19005ad333": "25", "57263b1638643c19005ad335": "Internet", "57263b1638643c19005ad334": "interconnect LANs", "57263b1638643c19005ad336": "two", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7b": "1969", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c": "1973", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7d": "Datagram Protocol (UDP", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7e": "1973", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d": "1985 for Apple Macintosh computers", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8e": "1980s and 90s. AppleTalk", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8f": "AppleTalk", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc90": "Apple Inc. in 1985 for Apple Macintosh computers", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a2": "Louis Pouzin", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a3": "Louis Pouzin", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a4": "Louis Pouzin", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a5": "ARPANET architecture", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c3": "Digital Equipment Corporation, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c4": "1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c5": "three layers, it later (1982", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c6": "Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II", "57263fd138643c19005ad37b": "1965", "57263fd138643c19005ad37c": "Schenectady, Phoenix, Chicago, and Phoenix", "57263fd138643c19005ad37d": "Warner", "57263fd138643c19005ad37e": "1965", "5726414e271a42140099d7e5": "1966", "5726414e271a42140099d7e6": "Lansing", "5726414e271a42140099d7e7": "Merit's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf5": "1973", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf6": "ARPA IPTO director Larry Roberts", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf7": "1973", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf8": "ARPANET technology but changed the host interface to X.25", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf9": "GTE", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd13": "Mr. Tyme", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd14": "computers", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd15": "host computers", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd16": "government agencies", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd17": "government agencies", "572643de5951261400b5195a": "two kinds of X.25", "572643de5951261400b5195b": "Bell Northern Research", "572643de5951261400b5195c": "Northern Telecom sold several DATAPAC clones to foreign PTTs", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404d": "Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra. Started by Telecom Australia", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404e": "Telstra. Started by Telecom Australia", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404f": "mid-late 1990s", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac6": "public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac7": "speaking Datanet 1", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac8": "KPN", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac9": "KPN). Strictly speaking Datanet 1", "5726462b708984140094c117": "Computer Science Network", "5726462b708984140094c118": "1981", "5726462b708984140094c119": "ARPANET", "5726472bdd62a815002e8042": "Internet2", "5726472bdd62a815002e8043": "2006, Internet2", "5726472bdd62a815002e8044": "Abilene, in 1998", "5726472bdd62a815002e8045": "2006, Internet2", "5726472bdd62a815002e8046": "October, 2007, Internet2", "572647e2dd62a815002e805c": "1985-1995", "572647e2dd62a815002e805d": "1985", "572647e2dd62a815002e805e": "1985 to promote advanced research and education networking", "572648d1708984140094c15d": "April 1995", "572648d1708984140094c15e": "April 1995", "572648d1708984140094c15f": "April 1995", "572648d1708984140094c160": "100", "572648d1708984140094c161": "April 1995", "57264684708984140094c123": "Mediterranean and Europe", "57264684708984140094c124": "1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats", "57264684708984140094c125": "30\u201360%", "57264684708984140094c126": "350\u2013375 million", "57264684708984140094c127": "17th century", "572647935951b619008f6ec9": "plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis", "572647935951b619008f6eca": "1338\u201339 near Lake Issyk Kul", "572647935951b619008f6ecb": "October 2010, medical geneticists", "572647935951b619008f6ecc": "1331, with a deadly plague arriving soon after. Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million", "572647935951b619008f6ecd": "25 million", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0a": "via Genoese traders", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0b": "1347", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0c": "Jani Beg was suffering from the disease", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0d": "Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0e": "war, famine, and weather", "572648ed5951b619008f6f03": "Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348", "572648ed5951b619008f6f04": "Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350", "572648ed5951b619008f6f05": "1351", "572648ed5951b619008f6f06": "Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348", "572648ed5951b619008f6f07": "1349", "57264991f1498d1400e8db2e": "various countries", "57264991f1498d1400e8db2f": "1347", "57264991f1498d1400e8db30": "1347", "57264991f1498d1400e8db31": "1348", "57264a74708984140094c18b": "Gasquet (1908", "57264a74708984140094c18c": "Gasquet", "57264a74708984140094c18d": "Gasquet (1908) claimed that the Latin name atra mors", "57264a74708984140094c18e": "Gasquet (1908", "57264a74708984140094c18f": "mid 14th-century", "57264b3edd62a815002e80aa": "heavens", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ab": "king of France that blamed the heavens", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ac": "Miasma", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ad": "Miasma", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c6": "Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c7": "19th-century", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c8": "French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c9": "pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites", "57264c42dd62a815002e80ca": "two populations of rodents", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e4": "Francis Aidan Gasquet", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e5": "Francis Aidan", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e6": "1908, implicating rats", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e7": "Francis Aidan", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e8": "medieval epidemics", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7a": "100%", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7b": "100", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7c": "80 percent", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7d": "100%", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7e": "eight days", "57264e2f708984140094c1e1": "October 2010", "57264e2f708984140094c1e2": "October 2010", "57264e2f708984140094c1e3": "Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998", "57264e2f708984140094c1e4": "October 2010", "57264e2f708984140094c1e5": "October 2010", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbae": "medieval mass graves. These clades", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbaf": "modern Y. pestis strains", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb0": "1349", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb1": "Marseille", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb2": "1349", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa1": "the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa2": "Black Death victims in the East Smithfield", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa3": "medieval Europe", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa4": "Nature", "5726509bdd62a815002e815a": "British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970", "5726509bdd62a815002e815b": "1970", "5726509bdd62a815002e815c": "1970", "5726509bdd62a815002e815d": "zoologist", "5726509bdd62a815002e815e": "British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970", "5726516a708984140094c223": "an identification", "5726516a708984140094c224": "hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period. Most work has been done on the spread of the plague in England", "5726516a708984140094c225": "100%", "5726516a708984140094c226": "100% as no census was undertaken between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377", "5726516a708984140094c227": "100%", "57265285708984140094c25b": "bubonic plague); that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance; and that the DNA results may be flawed", "57265285708984140094c25c": "rural", "57265285708984140094c25d": "17th centuries", "57265285708984140094c25e": "Black Death", "57265285708984140094c25f": "15", "5726534d708984140094c26d": "fleas on rats", "5726534d708984140094c26e": "2001", "5726534d708984140094c26f": "2014", "5726534d708984140094c270": "additional septicemic", "5726534d708984140094c271": "25", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc28": "Iraq, Iran", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc29": "40%", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2a": "evenly", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b": "100,000", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2c": "contagion. Monks", "572654e2708984140094c2b7": "14th to 17th centuries", "572654e2708984140094c2b8": "14th to 17th centuries", "572654e2708984140094c2b9": "Geoffrey Parker, \"France alone lost almost a million", "5726559edd62a815002e81c8": "England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million", "5726559edd62a815002e81c9": "1350", "5726559edd62a815002e81ca": "10\u201315% of the population, while the death rate of the plague of 1479\u201380 could have been as high as 20%", "5726559edd62a815002e81cb": "1636, and ended with the Great Plague of London in 1665", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc68": "40,000", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc69": "30 per cent of the time. The Black Death", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6b": "1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6c": "Oslo in 1654", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6a": "1361 and 1528. The plague of 1576\u201377 killed 50,000", "57265700dd62a815002e820e": "100,000 in Sweden, and 300,000", "57265700dd62a815002e820f": "100,000 in Sweden, and 300,000", "57265700dd62a815002e8210": "100,000 in Sweden, and 300,000", "57265700dd62a815002e8211": "1700", "57265700dd62a815002e8212": "1720 in Marseille", "5726577f708984140094c301": "1500 and 1850", "5726577f708984140094c302": "50 thousand inhabitants", "5726577f708984140094c303": "1850", "5726577f708984140094c304": "30 to 50 thousand", "572657d9dd62a815002e8230": "melt", "572657d9dd62a815002e8231": "rock, and magma", "572657d9dd62a815002e8232": "rock, and magma", "572657d9dd62a815002e8233": "sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock, and magma", "572657d9dd62a815002e8234": "the mineral content of the rock which gives it a characteristic fabric", "57265d08708984140094c397": "seafloor", "57265d08708984140094c398": "oceanic lithosphere is the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle. This coupling between rigid plates", "57265d08708984140094c399": "seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere", "57265d08708984140094c39a": "between rigid plates moving on the surface of the Earth and the convecting mantle", "57265d08708984140094c39b": "1960s", "57265f605951b619008f70db": "Arcs of volcanoes and earthquakes", "57265f605951b619008f70dc": "plate subducts under another. Transform boundaries, such as the San Andreas fault system, resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes", "57265f605951b619008f70dd": "San Andreas fault system, resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes. Plate tectonics", "57265f605951b619008f70de": "single", "57265f605951b619008f70df": "how", "57266193dd62a815002e832a": "seismic", "57266193dd62a815002e832b": "simplified", "57266193dd62a815002e832d": "crust and lithosphere on top, the mantle below (separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers", "57266193dd62a815002e832e": "crust", "57266193dd62a815002e832c": "seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers), and the outer core and inner core", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf2": "four timelines show the geologic time scale", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4": "four timelines", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf5": "Holocene", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf6": "short epochs", "572665ff708984140094c4c3": "cross-cutting relationships pertains", "572665ff708984140094c4c4": "penetrates", "572665ff708984140094c4c5": "the fault is a normal fault", "572665ff708984140094c4c6": "the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de90": "xenoliths", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de91": "foreign bodies are picked up as magma or lava flows", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de92": "principle of inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de93": "The principle of inclusions", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de94": "gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer", "572669a9dd62a815002e8416": "faunal succession", "572669a9dd62a815002e8417": "William Smith almost a hundred years before the publication of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution", "572669a9dd62a815002e8418": "sedimentary strata", "572669a9dd62a815002e8419": "a relative age", "572669a9dd62a815002e841a": "Charles Darwin", "57266c015951b619008f7237": "absolute dates to geologic events", "57266c015951b619008f7238": "geologists", "57266c015951b619008f7239": "absolute ages to rock units, and these absolute dates could be applied to fossil sequences in which there was datable material", "57266c015951b619008f723a": "rock", "57266c015951b619008f723b": "fossil sequences in which there was datable material, converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8c": "pluton emplacement. Thermochemical", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8d": "isotopes", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8e": "crystal lattice", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8f": "stratigraphic sequence", "5726701add62a815002e84c8": "horizontal compression", "5726701add62a815002e84c9": "brittle deformation can occur, thrust faults", "5726701add62a815002e84ca": "drag folds as slip occurs along the fault", "5726701add62a815002e84cb": "drag folds as slip occurs along the fault", "5726701add62a815002e84cc": "anticlines", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe4": "Extension causes the rock units", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe5": "boudins", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe6": "over a length of less than a meter. Rocks", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe7": "metamorphosed. These stretched rocks can also pinch into lenses", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe8": "the rock units", "572673f5708984140094c69b": "Dikes", "572673f5708984140094c69c": "lava tube of a volcano", "572673f5708984140094c69d": "topographic gradients", "572673f5708984140094c69e": "fault", "572673f5708984140094c69f": "Deformational events are often also associated with volcanism", "57267640f1498d1400e8e074": "layered basaltic lava flows", "57267640f1498d1400e8e075": "Canada", "57267640f1498d1400e8e076": "lower rock units", "57267640f1498d1400e8e077": "Cambrian time. Other areas are much more geologically complex. In the southwestern United States, sedimentary, volcanic, and intrusive rocks", "57267640f1498d1400e8e078": "Canada", "572677e7708984140094c723": "the study of rocks", "572677e7708984140094c724": "rocks", "572677e7708984140094c725": "structural geology", "572677e7708984140094c726": "soils", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec": "Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ed": "plane-polarized and cross-polarized light, including their birefringence, pleochroism, twinning", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ee": "individual crystals", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ef": "rocks in the field, petrologists", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0f0": "optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe", "57267b3c5951b619008f7423": "temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases", "57267b3c5951b619008f7424": "high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases", "57267b3c5951b619008f7425": "fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure", "57267d52708984140094c7d9": "Structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples", "57267d52708984140094c7da": "microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples", "57267d52708984140094c7db": "microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks", "57267d52708984140094c7dc": "analog", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872c": "orogenic wedges", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872d": "orogenic wedges", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872e": "sand", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872f": "a critically tapered (all angles remain the same) orogenic wedge", "57267ebfdd62a815002e8730": "erosion", "57268066708984140094c821": "stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field", "57268066708984140094c822": "geophysical", "57268066708984140094c823": "a better view of the subsurface", "57268066708984140094c824": "computer programs", "57268066708984140094c825": "water, coal", "57268220f1498d1400e8e218": "Geochronologists", "57268220f1498d1400e8e216": "biostratigraphers", "57268220f1498d1400e8e219": "rock units", "57268220f1498d1400e8e217": "Geochronologists", "572683f95951b619008f7525": "Persia", "572683f95951b619008f7526": "973\u20131048", "572683f95951b619008f7527": "hundreds of miles from the ocean", "572683f95951b619008f7528": "981\u20131037", "572683f95951b619008f7529": "deposition of silt", "57268527708984140094c8bf": "James Hutton", "57268527708984140094c8c0": "modern geologist", "57268527708984140094c8c1": "dry land", "57268527708984140094c8c2": "1785", "572686ac5951b619008f75a9": "1809", "572686ac5951b619008f75aa": "1809", "572686ac5951b619008f75ab": "1809", "572686ac5951b619008f75ad": "Geology", "572686ac5951b619008f75ac": "1809", "57268882f1498d1400e8e306": "Geology", "57268882f1498d1400e8e307": "Charles Darwin", "57268882f1498d1400e8e308": "Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism", "57268882f1498d1400e8e309": "Hutton", "57268882f1498d1400e8e30a": "Charles Lyell", "5726642f5951b619008f7157": "277 miles", "5726642f5951b619008f7158": "166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles", "5726642f5951b619008f7159": "Eurocities", "5726642f5951b619008f715a": "Northumberland until 1400, when it became a county itself, a status it retained until becoming part of Tyne and Wear in 1974", "5726642f5951b619008f715b": "1974", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de30": "Robert Curthose", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de31": "wool trade in the 14th century", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de32": "16th century", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de33": "16th century", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de34": "Tyne Bridge. It has hosted the world", "5726660d5951b619008f71b1": "Pons Aelius", "5726660d5951b619008f71b2": "Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne", "5726660d5951b619008f71b3": "2,000", "5726660d5951b619008f71b4": "2,000", "5726660d5951b619008f71b5": "Pictish", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b4": "Henry II", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b5": "Elizabeth in 1589", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b6": "1174", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b7": "William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b8": "Henry IV in 1400", "57266783f1498d1400e8de86": "coal from Tyneside", "57266783f1498d1400e8de87": "Newcastle burgesses known as the Hostmen", "57266783f1498d1400e8de88": "1538", "57266783f1498d1400e8de89": "18th century", "57266783f1498d1400e8de8a": "18th century", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def6": "Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def7": "London", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def8": "7,000 out of 20,000", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def9": "47%", "57266a15f1498d1400e8defa": "20,000", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8434": "King", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8435": "Scots, captured the town of Newburn", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8436": "drummes", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8437": "grateful King", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8438": "Charles I", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df53": "Victorian industrial revolution brought industrial structures", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df54": "Maling", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df55": "1817 the Maling company", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df52": "heavy engineering were central", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df56": "invention of the steam turbine", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df78": "medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df79": "medieval street layout", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7a": "Stairs", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7b": "30", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7c": "Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a0": "Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a1": "1830s by Richard Grainger", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a2": "British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner, describes Grey Street", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a3": "Richard Grainger and John Dobson", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a4": "1960s", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa4": "Newcastle is the Town Moor", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa5": "James' Park, Newcastle United Football Club's ground, though this is not exercised, although the Freemen", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa7": "Royal Shakespeare Company", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa8": "Royal Shakespeare Company. The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa6": "freemen", "57267076708984140094c601": "Large-scale regeneration", "57267076708984140094c602": "Gateshead Council", "57267076708984140094c603": "Gateshead music centre", "57267076708984140094c604": "Gateshead", "57267076708984140094c605": "North-East. The River Tyne had the temporary Bambuco Bridge in 2008", "572671165951b619008f72b7": "Grainger Town area", "572671165951b619008f72b8": "1835 and 1842", "572671165951b619008f72b9": "four stories", "572671165951b619008f72ba": "244", "572671e55951b619008f72d7": "1808", "572671e55951b619008f72d8": "1835", "572671e55951b619008f72d9": "2000", "572671e55951b619008f72da": "1835", "572671e55951b619008f72db": "I or II", "57267383dd62a815002e8552": "Cfb", "57267383dd62a815002e8553": "January 1982", "57267383dd62a815002e8554": "rain", "57267383dd62a815002e8555": "extremes", "57267383dd62a815002e8556": "Scandinavia, Newcastle has milder winters and cooler summers, similar to the remainder of the British Isles", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03a": "2010", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03b": "John Lewis stores", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03c": "1838", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03d": "Bainbridge\u2019s official ledgers", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03e": "1838", "5726769c708984140094c711": "Newcastle include Grainger Street", "5726769c708984140094c712": "Tesco store in the United Kingdom is located in Kingston Park on the edge of Newcastle", "5726769c708984140094c713": "Tesco", "5726769c708984140094c714": "Tesco store in the United Kingdom is located in Kingston Park on the edge of Newcastle. Close to Newcastle", "5726769c708984140094c715": "Kingston Park on the edge of Newcastle. Close to Newcastle, the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe, the MetroCentre, is located in Gateshead", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ac": "Tyneside", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ad": "terraces", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ae": "Tyneside flat", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0af": "Ouseburn valley", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0b0": "Robert Sakula", "572678c0dd62a815002e863e": "7.8%", "572678c0dd62a815002e863f": "6%", "572678c0dd62a815002e8640": "five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%, and on a par with Oxford and Reading, greater than Manchester and Liverpool", "572678c0dd62a815002e8641": "Cheltenham", "572678c0dd62a815002e8642": "local authorities", "572679c35951b619008f73db": "189,863", "572679c35951b619008f73dc": "189,863, whereas the metropolitan borough of Newcastle had a population of around 259,000", "572679c35951b619008f73dd": "650,000", "572679c35951b619008f73de": "189,863", "572679c35951b619008f73df": "student populations", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e122": "37.8", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e123": "37.8 (the national average being 38.6). Many people in the city have Scottish or Irish ancestors", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e124": "Border Reiver", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e125": "2,000", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e126": "1%", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a6": "Geordie", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a7": "much of England after the end of Roman Imperial rule. This language", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a8": "Newcastle", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a9": "larn", "57267b65dd62a815002e86aa": "larn", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d6": "Scandinavia", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d7": "Northern United Kingdom", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d8": "bonny\" (meaning \"pretty\"), \"howay\" (\"come on\"), \"stot\" (\"bounce", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d9": "Northern England", "57267c63dd62a815002e86da": "Bairn\" and \"hyem", "57267ce7708984140094c7c9": "Ear Institute", "57267ce7708984140094c7ca": "noisiest", "57267ce7708984140094c7cb": "80.4 decibels", "57267ce7708984140094c7cc": "health", "57267ce7708984140094c7cd": "arbitrarily", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e194": "Collingwood Street", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e195": "years", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e196": "multiplex cinema. Newcastle", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e197": "Pink Triangle", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e198": "caf\u00e9s and clubs", "57267f695951b619008f74bd": "Stephen Kemble of the famous Kemble family successfully managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years (1791\u20131806", "57267f695951b619008f74be": "Stephen Kemble of the famous Kemble family successfully managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years (1791\u20131806", "57267f695951b619008f74bf": "1791\u20131806", "57267f695951b619008f74c0": "Stephen Kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons. The original Theatre Royal in Newcastle was opened on 21 January 1788", "57267f695951b619008f74c1": "Grey Street", "5726800add62a815002e8750": "theatres", "5726800add62a815002e8751": "Benjamin Green", "5726800add62a815002e8752": "John and Benjamin Green", "5726800add62a815002e8753": "Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre", "5726800add62a815002e8754": "Theatre", "572680865951b619008f74e7": "150,000", "572680865951b619008f74e8": "8000", "572680865951b619008f74e9": "John and Benjamin Green", "572680865951b619008f74ea": "John and Benjamin Green. Operating since 1793 and founded as a \u2018conversation club,\u2019 its lecture theatre", "572680865951b619008f74eb": "Joseph Swan", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fa": "CAMRA", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fb": "Newcastle and Gateshead", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fc": "CAMRA", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fd": "NewcastleGateshead", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fe": "NewcastleGateshead", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23c": "Newcastle Town Moor", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23d": "Newcastle Town Moor", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23e": "Temperance", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23f": "June, in Leazes Park", "57268341f1498d1400e8e240": "Leazes Park", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24c": "Mela", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24e": "Bengali and Hindu cultures. NewcastleGateshead", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24f": "Mela", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e250": "East Asian", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24d": "Bengali and Hindu cultures. NewcastleGateshead", "5726847f708984140094c8ab": "folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song, \"Fog on the Tyne\" (1971", "5726847f708984140094c8ac": "1971", "5726847f708984140094c8ad": "AC/DC", "5726847f708984140094c8ae": "Skyclad", "5726847f708984140094c8af": "Martin Walkyier thrash metal band, Sabbat", "57268525dd62a815002e8806": "November 2006 and May 2008", "57268525dd62a815002e8807": "Old Town Hall, Gateshead", "57268525dd62a815002e8808": "three cinemas", "57268525dd62a815002e8809": "last surviving news cinema", "57268525dd62a815002e880a": "education and teaching suites", "57268692dd62a815002e8826": "Newcastle", "57268692dd62a815002e8827": "Tyneside", "57268692dd62a815002e8828": "shipbuilding", "57268692dd62a815002e8829": "2009 the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities", "57268692dd62a815002e882a": "Seven Stories a museum", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e2": "1971 film Get Carter was shot on location in and around Newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what Newcastle looked like in the 1960s and early 1970s", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e3": "Get Carter", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e4": "Mike Figgis", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e5": "Mike Figgis and starring Tommy Lee Jones, Melanie Griffith", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e6": "1988 film noir thriller", "572687e1dd62a815002e8852": "Gosforth Park", "572687e1dd62a815002e8853": "Newcastle has a horse racing course at Gosforth Park. The city is also home to the Newcastle Eagles", "572687e1dd62a815002e8854": "Newcastle has a horse racing course at Gosforth Park", "572687e1dd62a815002e8855": "Newcastle has a horse racing course at Gosforth Park", "572687e1dd62a815002e8856": "9.5 km) Blaydon Race (a road race from Newcastle to Blaydon), which has taken place on 9", "57268885dd62a815002e886a": "6 miles (9.7 km) from the city centre on the northern outskirts of the city near Ponteland", "57268885dd62a815002e886b": "6 miles", "57268885dd62a815002e886c": "10 million", "57268885dd62a815002e886d": "five million", "57268885dd62a815002e886e": "15 million", "572689385951b619008f761b": "19th century public portico", "572689385951b619008f761c": "six", "572689385951b619008f761d": "1850 by Queen Victoria", "572689385951b619008f761e": "John Dobson, and was constructed in collaboration with Robert Stephenson", "572689385951b619008f761f": "Manors", "572689b6dd62a815002e8890": "London", "572689b6dd62a815002e8891": "three hours", "572689b6dd62a815002e8892": "Peterborough", "572689b6dd62a815002e8893": "Inverness. CrossCountry trains", "572689b6dd62a815002e8894": "Manchester and Liverpool", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88ce": "five phases between 1980", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88cf": "five", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d0": "mobile radio system to the underground Metro system. The Metro system was the first in the UK", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d1": "Gateshead", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d2": "37 million", "57268bb25951b619008f7645": "light rail trains", "57268bb25951b619008f7646": "smart ticketing", "57268bb25951b619008f7647": "North Shields). In addition; tracks, signalling and overhead wires", "57268bb25951b619008f7648": "ticket gates", "57268bb25951b619008f7649": "Sunderland", "57268d1b708984140094c9cd": "A1", "57268d1b708984140094c9ce": "8", "57268d1b708984140094c9cf": "Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass", "57268d1b708984140094c9d0": "A1, the roads between this and the A1's former alignment through the Tyne Tunnel", "57268d1b708984140094c9d1": "Tyne Tunnel", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e6": "3 main bus", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e7": "two", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e8": "Durham", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e9": "Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3ea": "Eldon Square Bus Station", "57269120708984140094ca59": "National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998", "57269120708984140094ca5a": "social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling", "57269120708984140094ca5b": "healthy", "57269120708984140094ca5c": "busier", "57269120708984140094ca5d": "1998", "5726934f5951b619008f771d": "North Shields, Danish DFDS Seaways run a service to IJmuiden (near Amsterdam", "5726934f5951b619008f771e": "Newcastle International Ferry Terminal, at North Shields, Danish DFDS Seaways run a service to IJmuiden (near Amsterdam", "5726934f5951b619008f771f": "late 2008", "5726934f5951b619008f7720": "2008", "5726934f5951b619008f7721": "Norwegian and Fjords", "57269526dd62a815002e8a4e": "eleven", "57269526dd62a815002e8a4f": "11 to 18 schools and seven", "57269526dd62a815002e8a50": "Benfield School", "57269526dd62a815002e8a51": "Newcastle College is the largest general further education college", "57269526dd62a815002e8a52": "George Stephenson", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6c": "two universities", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6d": "Newcastle University", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6e": "Northumbria University", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6f": "Northumbria at Newcastle in 1992 as part of the UK-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities", "57269698dd62a815002e8a70": "Sunday Times University of the Year", "572699b55951b619008f778f": "three cathedrals, the Anglican St. Nicholas, with its elegant lantern tower of 1474", "572699b55951b619008f7790": "1474", "572699b55951b619008f7791": "three cathedrals began their lives as parish churches. St Mary's became a cathedral in 1850 and St Nicholas' in 1882", "572699b55951b619008f7792": "1882", "572699b55951b619008f7793": "Augustus Welby Pugin and the Coptic Cathedral located in Fenham", "57269b165951b619008f77b3": "St Andrew", "57269b165951b619008f77b4": "12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726", "57269b165951b619008f77b5": "porch in 1726", "57269b165951b619008f77b6": "The present building was begun in the 12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726", "57269b165951b619008f77b7": "a battering during the Siege of Newcastle by the Scots", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ca": "January 1959", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cb": "January 1959", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cc": "BBC North East and Cumbria", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cd": "Barrack Road", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ce": "BBC Radio Newcastle", "57269d745951b619008f77d7": "June 2007", "57269d745951b619008f77d8": "Newcastle Student Radio", "57269d745951b619008f77d9": "Newcastle and Gateshead since 1951", "57269d745951b619008f77da": "Newcastle Royal Victoria Infirmary", "57269d745951b619008f77db": "8 June 2007", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e520": "British composer of concertos in the 18th century, was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1709", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e521": "1770", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e522": "George Stephenson", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e523": "Avison", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e524": "April 1879", "57269fab5951b619008f7807": "Newcastle", "57269fab5951b619008f7808": "Newcastle", "57269fab5951b619008f7809": "physicist Peter Higgs, and former WWE NXT champion Neville", "57269fab5951b619008f780a": "Newcastle. Multiple circumnavigator David Scott Cowper, Nobel Prize winning physicist Peter Higgs, and former WWE NXT champion Neville", "57269fab5951b619008f780b": "Peter Higgs", "5726710b708984140094c61d": "Queen Victoria and Prince", "5726710b708984140094c61e": "4.5 million", "5726710b708984140094c61f": "1852", "5726710b708984140094c620": "1852", "572680ac708984140094c83d": "Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea", "572680ac708984140094c83e": "1852", "572680ac708984140094c83f": "1852", "572680ac708984140094c840": "Culture", "572680ac708984140094c841": "2001", "57268294708984140094c877": "12.5 acres", "57268294708984140094c878": "12.5 acres", "57268294708984140094c879": "12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries. Its collection spans 5,000", "57268294708984140094c87a": "12.5 acres", "57268294708984140094c87b": "12.5 acres", "572685cd5951b619008f7573": "Great Exhibition of 1851", "572685cd5951b619008f7574": "Henry Cole", "572685cd5951b619008f7575": "1851", "572685cd5951b619008f7576": "Somerset House", "572685cd5951b619008f7577": "Gottfried Semper", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e378": "Queen Victoria was on 22 June 1857", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e379": "Queen Victoria was on 22 June 1857", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37a": "1891", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37b": "22 June 1857", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37c": "1949", "57268f2c708984140094ca25": "September and November 1946", "57268f2c708984140094ca26": "September and November 1946, attracting nearly a million", "57268f2c708984140094ca27": "September and November 1946", "57268f2c708984140094ca28": "September and November 1946", "57268f2c708984140094ca29": "1948", "572691d7708984140094ca6d": "young people, the V&A became the first museum in Britain", "572691d7708984140094ca6e": "young people, the V&A became the first museum in Britain", "572691d7708984140094ca6f": "July 1973", "572691d7708984140094ca70": "British", "57269656708984140094cafd": "five years", "57269656708984140094cafe": "\u00a376 million", "57269656708984140094caff": "expensive gallery project ever undertaken in Scotland. The V&A Dundee", "57269656708984140094cb00": "Scotland. The V&A Dundee will be on the city's waterfront", "57269656708984140094cb01": "Scotland", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a98": "South Kensington", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a99": "1857 that the museum moved to the present site. This area of London was known as Brompton but had been renamed South Kensington", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9a": "1858-9 to house", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9b": "June 1862", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9c": "1862", "57269c06708984140094cba1": "Owen Jones", "57269c06708984140094cba2": "1864\u201369", "57269c06708984140094cba3": "James Gamble & Reuben Townroe having six panels depicting: Humphry Davy", "57269c06708984140094cba4": "James Gamble & Reuben Townroe having six panels depicting: Humphry Davy (chemistry); Isaac Newton", "57269c06708984140094cba5": "James Gamble & Reuben Townroe having six panels depicting: Humphry Davy", "57269d68708984140094cbd7": "1866", "57269d68708984140094cbd8": "Edward Burne-Jones", "57269d68708984140094cbd9": "Edward Burne-Jones", "57269d68708984140094cbda": "Edward Burne-Jones", "57269d68708984140094cbdb": "1929", "5726a0205951b619008f781b": "Royal Engineers", "5726a0205951b619008f781c": "1867", "5726a0205951b619008f781d": "Portland", "5726a0205951b619008f781e": "1867", "5726a0205951b619008f781f": "2008", "5726a2445951b619008f7861": "sgraffito", "5726a2445951b619008f7862": "Starkie Gardner", "5726a2445951b619008f7863": "1870\u201373", "5726a2445951b619008f7864": "south side of the garden", "5726a2445951b619008f7865": "Godfrey Sykes", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5fe": "red brick and Portland stone, stretches 720 feet (220 m", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5ff": "red brick and Portland stone, stretches 720 feet", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e600": "720 feet (220 m", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e601": "red brick and Portland stone, stretches 720 feet", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e602": "many of the British artists whose work is displayed in the museum", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4b": "Alfred Drury", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4c": "Alfred Drury. These fa\u00e7ades surround four levels of galleries", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4d": "Webb", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4e": "marble in the entrance hall and flanking staircases, although the galleries", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4f": "Alfred Drury", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9e": "immediate post-war years", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9f": "Henry Cole wing", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca0": "Royal College of Science", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca1": "Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne of the Royal College of Art. These are set in the columned screen wall", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca2": "1978", "5726afeb708984140094cdd7": "Indian, Japanese, Chinese, iron work, the main glass galleries and the main silverware gallery", "5726afeb708984140094cdd8": "2005: portrait miniatures, prints and drawings, displays in Room 117, the garden, sacred silver and stained glass", "5726afeb708984140094cdd9": "2001, it was decided to embark on a major redesign of all the galleries", "5726afeb708984140094cdda": "South Kensington", "5726afeb708984140094cddb": "MUMA) were responsible for the new Cafe and designed the new Medieval and Renaissance galleries", "5726b12f5951b619008f7aaf": "Kim Wilkie and opened as the John Madejski Garden, on 5 July 2005", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab0": "Kim Wilkie", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab1": "5 July 2005", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab2": "elliptical water feature lined in stone with steps around the edge", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab3": "American Sweetgum", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e4": "Royal Institute of British Architects", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e5": "2004", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e7": "600,000", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e6": "RIBA Drawings and Archives", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e8": "600,000 drawings, over 750,000 papers and paraphernalia, and over 700,000", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b99": "330", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9a": "four hundred years", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9b": "330", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9c": "American architects", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9d": "Jacques Gentilhatre and Antonio Visentini", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6a": "c1600", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6b": "c1600", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6c": "c1600", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6d": "1523", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6e": "Alhambra", "5726bc505951b619008f7c79": "19,000", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7a": "20th century", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7b": "20th century", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7c": "400", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7d": "1909", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c0": "60,000", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c1": "60,000", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c2": "60,000", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c4": "1991", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c3": "1991", "5726bf325951b619008f7cfd": "70,000", "5726bf325951b619008f7cfe": "70,000", "5726bf325951b619008f7cff": "Chinese art opened in 1991", "5726bf325951b619008f7d00": "1991", "5726bf325951b619008f7d01": "70,000", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd8": "December 1986", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd9": "December 1986", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fda": "13th-century", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdb": "December 1986", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdc": "bronze", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de7": "19th century", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de8": "green-glazed ceramics", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de9": "14th- and 15th-century", "5726c80c5951b619008f7dea": "mother-of-pearl made between 500 AD and 2000", "5726c80c5951b619008f7deb": "ivory", "5726c9a4708984140094d16f": "three parchment-bound manuscripts, Forster I, Forster II", "5726c9a4708984140094d170": "Leonardo da Vinci's note books. The Codex consists of three parchment-bound manuscripts, Forster I, Forster II", "5726c9a4708984140094d171": "18,000", "5726c9a4708984140094d172": "18,000", "5726c9a4708984140094d173": "18,000", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9086": "William Morris", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9087": "Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9088": "Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9089": "William Morris", "5726cc11dd62a815002e908a": "Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc4": "National Art Library (also called Word and Image Department", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc5": "Victoria and Albert Museum collection catalog used to be kept in different formats including printed exhibit catalogs, and card catalogs", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc6": "1980s to the 1990s, but those electronic files were not available to the library users", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc8": "up in the computer system", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc7": "Albert Museum web-site called \"Search the Collections", "5726cfa3708984140094d209": "Victoria and Albert Museum", "5726cfa3708984140094d20a": "2007", "5726cfa3708984140094d20b": "Andy Warhol", "5726cfa3708984140094d20c": "15,000", "5726cfa3708984140094d20d": "step of the Factory", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f69": "patrons", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6a": "Horace Walpole", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6b": "Horace Walpole", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6c": "Horace Walpole", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6d": "porcelain", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdb": "drinking", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecda": "wider trends in British culture", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecde": "John Ruskin, contributed to the Arts and Crafts", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdc": "mass production", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdd": "John Ruskin", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed16": "Trajan", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed17": "half in order", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed18": "David", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed19": "two large, skylighted rooms two storeys high housing hundreds of plaster casts of sculptures, friezes and tombs", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed1a": "two earlier Davids", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e4": "1731", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e5": "1731", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e6": "1731", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e7": "1909", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e8": "1909", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd8": "Mintons & Royal Doulton", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd9": "Royal Doulton are represented in the collection. There is an extensive collection of Delftware produced in both Britain and Holland", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edda": "Iznik pottery from Turkey", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddb": "Royal Doulton are represented in the collection. There is an extensive collection of Delftware", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddc": "Royal Doulton are represented in the collection. There is an extensive collection of Delftware", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ab": "4000", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ac": "4000 years of glass making, and has over 6000", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ad": "Africa, Britain, Europe, America and Asia", "5726de7a5951b619008f80af": "\u00c9mile Gall\u00e9, the Art Deco style is represented by several examples by Ren\u00e9 Lalique", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ae": "Ren\u00e9 Lalique", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee52": "1994", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee53": "1994", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee54": "Danny Lane", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee55": "Dale Chihuly", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee56": "1243\u201348 comes from the Sainte-Chapelle, is displayed along with other examples in the new Medieval & Renaissance galleries", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c4": "10,000", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c5": "British and 2,000", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c6": "10,000", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c7": "10,000", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c8": "10,000 British and 2,000", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed8": "14,000", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed9": "nearby department store", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eeda": "One of the first significant gifts of costume came in 1913", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedb": "1913", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedc": "1913", "5726e4eedd62a815002e9438": "178 Vivienne Westwood costumes", "5726e4eedd62a815002e9439": "178 Vivienne Westwood", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943a": "178 Vivienne Westwood", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943b": "178 Vivienne Westwood", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943c": "Pierre Cardin", "5726e680dd62a815002e946e": "1859 and 1865", "5726e680dd62a815002e946f": "Italian and French Renaissance", "5726e680dd62a815002e9470": "1859 and 1865", "5726e680dd62a815002e9471": "18th-century art and furnishings", "5726e680dd62a815002e9472": "18th-century art and furnishings", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a4": "1580", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a5": "1580", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a6": "c1750", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a7": "c1750", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a8": "Ernest Gimson", "5726e9c65951b619008f8247": "6000", "5726e9c65951b619008f8248": "6000 items is one of the finest and most comprehensive collections of jewellery in the world and includes works dating from Ancient Egypt", "5726e9c65951b619008f8249": "154", "5726e9c65951b619008f824a": "154", "5726e9c65951b619008f824b": "Judith Bollinger", "5726ee28708984140094d656": "15%", "5726ee28708984140094d657": "1496", "5726ee28708984140094d658": "8 tonnes", "5726ee28708984140094d659": "8 tonnes, 10.5 metres high and 11 metres", "5726ee28708984140094d655": "10,000", "5726ef12dd62a815002e959e": "c1110", "5726ef12dd62a815002e959f": "58 cm high Gloucester Candlestick, dated to c1110", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a0": "c1180", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a1": "c1180", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a2": "St Thomas Becket", "5726f1ec708984140094d6aa": "Chris Smith", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ad": "Bryan Davies", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ab": "25 February 2010", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ac": "25 February 2010", "5726f1ec708984140094d6a9": "February 2010", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bc": "1130 British and 650", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bd": "1130 British and 650", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0be": "1130 British and 650 European oil paintings, 6800", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bf": "Elizabeth II", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0c0": "Andr\u00e9s Marzal De Sax in Valencia", "5726f4a0708984140094d6e9": "1857 John Sheepshanks donated 233", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ea": "1857 John Sheepshanks donated 233", "5726f4a0708984140094d6eb": "1857", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ec": "1857 John Sheepshanks", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ed": "1857 John Sheepshanks donated 233", "5726f755708984140094d737": "1882", "5726f755708984140094d738": "Virgin and Child) that formed part of the Jones bequest of 1882", "5726f755708984140094d739": "Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child) that formed part of the Jones bequest of 1882", "5726f755708984140094d73a": "1882 and as such are displayed in the galleries of continental art 1600\u20131800", "5726f90b708984140094d75d": "1887", "5726f90b708984140094d75e": "1887", "5726f90b708984140094d75f": "781", "5726f90b708984140094d760": "1887", "5726f90b708984140094d761": "James Lafayette's society portraits, a collection of more than 600 photographs", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96ce": "22,000 objects in the collection that cover the period from about 400 AD to 1914", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96cf": "22,000", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d0": "22,000", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d1": "22,000", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9706": "National Galleries of Scotland", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9707": "Narcissus restored by Valerio Cioli c1564", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9708": "1493\u20131500", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9709": "1493\u20131500", "5726fc63dd62a815002e970a": "Chancel Chapel from Santa Chiara Florence", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9732": "more than 20", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9733": "20", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9734": "20 works in the museum collection, making it one of the largest collections of the sculptor's work outside France", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9735": "1914, as acknowledgement of Britain's support of France in World War I", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9736": "1914", "572700c8dd62a815002e976a": "British and Europeans", "572700c8dd62a815002e976b": "Nicholas Stone", "572700c8dd62a815002e976c": "British and Europeans", "572700c8dd62a815002e976d": "Nicholas Stone, Caius Gabriel Cibber", "572702a3dd62a815002e9790": "Dorothy and Michael Hintze sculpture galleries", "572702a3dd62a815002e9791": "Michael Hintze sculpture galleries in 2006", "572702a3dd62a815002e9792": "sculpture and mythology", "572702a3dd62a815002e9793": "Dorothy and Michael Hintze sculpture galleries in 2006", "572702a3dd62a815002e9794": "Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23c": "53,000", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23d": "53,000 examples, mainly western European though all populated continents", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23e": "weaving, printing", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23f": "53,000 examples, mainly western European though all populated continents", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f240": "technique", "57270541dd62a815002e97c8": "St Gereon", "57270541dd62a815002e97c9": "15th-century tapestries, woven in the Netherlands", "57270541dd62a815002e97ca": "four Devonshire Hunting Tapestries, very rare 15th-century tapestries, woven in the Netherlands", "57270541dd62a815002e97cb": "four Devonshire Hunting Tapestries, very rare 15th-century tapestries, woven in the Netherlands", "57270541dd62a815002e97cc": "Sheldon & Mortlake", "57270676dd62a815002e97f0": "14th-century", "57270676dd62a815002e97f1": "William Morris, including, embroidery, woven fabrics, tapestries (Including 'The Forest' tapestry of 1887", "57270676dd62a815002e97f2": "1887", "57270676dd62a815002e97f3": "Marion Dorn", "57270676dd62a815002e97f4": "Serge Chermayeff", "57270817708984140094d8c7": "March 2009", "57270817708984140094d8c8": "March 2009", "57270817708984140094d8c9": "March 2009", "57270817708984140094d8ca": "March 2009", "57270817708984140094d8cb": "March 2009", "57270ab9708984140094d8f7": "Conservation", "57270ab9708984140094d8f8": "long-term preservation of the collections, and covers all the collections held by the V&A and the V&A Museum of Childhood", "57270ab9708984140094d8f9": "damaging artefacts", "57270ab9708984140094d8fa": "the V&A Museum of Childhood", "57270ab9708984140094d8fb": "surveys, assessments", "57267b755951b619008f7433": "Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company", "57267b755951b619008f7434": "1957", "57267b755951b619008f7435": "Los Angeles and Burbank, California", "57267b755951b619008f7436": "Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, with additional major offices and production facilities in New York City, Los Angeles and Burbank, California", "57267b755951b619008f7437": "1957", "57267ca75951b619008f7469": "October 12, 1943", "57267ca75951b619008f746a": "October 12, 1943", "57267ca75951b619008f746b": "October 12, 1943", "57267ca75951b619008f746c": "80%", "57267ca75951b619008f746d": "October 12, 1943", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8740": "232", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8741": "Citadel Broadcasting, which purchased the ABC Radio properties in 2007", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8742": "eight", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8743": "simultaneous", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8744": "Citadel Broadcasting, which purchased the ABC Radio properties in 2007", "5726808bdd62a815002e8776": "three companies: the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company", "5726808bdd62a815002e8777": "electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America", "5726808bdd62a815002e8778": "1927", "5726808bdd62a815002e8779": "new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by NBC Red, which served the major cities, and to test drama series", "5726808bdd62a815002e877a": "1927", "572681ab708984140094c85d": "Federal Communications Commission", "572681ab708984140094c85e": "1938", "572681ab708984140094c85f": "1940", "572681ab708984140094c860": "1938", "572681ab708984140094c861": "NBC Blue", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fc": "Mark Woods", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fd": "Mark Woods", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fe": "7.5 million", "572684f5dd62a815002e87ff": "David Sarnoff", "572684f5dd62a815002e8800": "Swiss Bank Corporation in 1997", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29e": "Savers", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29f": "12, 1943", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a0": "George B. Storer in 1944", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a1": "president and CEO of ABC until December 1949", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a2": "CEO of ABC until December 1949", "57268739708984140094c8ed": "U.S. from Nazi Germany", "57268739708984140094c8ee": "Paul Whiteman", "57268739708984140094c8ef": "Milton Cross", "57268739708984140094c8f0": "several big names, such as Bing Crosby", "57268739708984140094c8f1": "public service", "57269260dd62a815002e89ea": "33%", "57269260dd62a815002e89eb": "27 of that year, ABC announced the launch of ABC1", "57269260dd62a815002e89ec": "October, the company's attempt to develop ABC International", "57269260dd62a815002e89ed": "October, the company's attempt to develop ABC International", "57269260dd62a815002e89ee": "$155 million", "57269344f1498d1400e8e43e": "1959", "57269344f1498d1400e8e43f": "satellite television", "57269344f1498d1400e8e440": "Japan and Latin America", "57269344f1498d1400e8e441": "all of its interests in international networks, mainly in Japan and Latin America", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5c": "1950s", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5d": "Beirut", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5e": "5%", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5f": "June 1953", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb60": "June 1953", "5726e5ac708984140094d51b": "Peanuts television specials, having acquired the broadcast rights from CBS, which originated the specials in 1965", "5726e5ac708984140094d51c": "Emmy Awards", "5726e5ac708984140094d51d": "1965", "5726e5ac708984140094d51e": "Emmy Awards", "5726e5ac708984140094d51f": "television specials", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef30": "1974", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef31": "Ryan Seacrest", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef32": "1956", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef33": "1974", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef34": "1956, 1997", "5726e671dd62a815002e9464": "1963. ABC also broadcasts the morning news program Good Morning America and has done so since 1975", "5726e671dd62a815002e9465": "1963. ABC also broadcasts the morning news program Good Morning America and has done so since 1975", "5726e671dd62a815002e9466": "Procter & Gamble-produced soap The Edge", "5726e671dd62a815002e9467": "soap opera General Hospital, the latter of which is the longest-running entertainment program in the history of the ABC television network, having aired since 1963", "5726e671dd62a815002e9468": "soap opera", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6e": "ESPN Sports Saturday block on Saturday", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6c": "2006", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6b": "weekend", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6a": "Disson Skating", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6d": "compilation", "5726e860708984140094d579": "Frank Marx", "5726e860708984140094d57a": "2 through 6", "5726e860708984140094d57b": "1947", "5726e860708984140094d57c": "Frank Marx", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa0": "108 existing television", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa1": "108 existing television", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa2": "headstart", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa3": "fall of 1949, ABC found itself in the position of an outsider", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950a": "U.S. Supreme Court", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950b": "Paramount Theatres", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950c": "$5 million", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950d": "58% ownership stake in ABC, giving him $5 million", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950e": "$5 million", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff2": "Leonard Goldenson", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff3": "William S. Paley", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff4": "June 6, 1951", "5726ed12708984140094d645": "1952", "5726ed12708984140094d646": "February 9, 1953", "5726ed12708984140094d647": "February 9, 1953, the FCC approved UPT's purchase of ABC in exchange for $25 million", "5726ed12708984140094d648": "$25 million", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f024": "August 1", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f025": "KGO-TV in San Francisco, which had received its license prior to the freeze, made its debut on May 5, 1949", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f026": "Mount Wilson", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f027": "80,937", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c6": "September 30, 1960", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c7": "September 30, 1960", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c8": "September 30, 1960", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c9": "hole", "5726f0865951b619008f82e5": "$7.5 million and initiated discussions to renew ABC's television contract for Walt Disney Presents, which was due to expire in 1961", "5726f0865951b619008f82e6": "1961", "5726f0865951b619008f82e7": "1961", "5726f0865951b619008f82e8": "1961", "572734af708984140094dae3": "2000", "572734af708984140094dae4": "Troika Design Group to design", "572734af708984140094dae5": "02 identity", "572734af708984140094dae6": "promotional campaign focused around its circle", "572735a15951b619008f86bf": "Pittard Sullivan", "572735a15951b619008f86c0": "2002", "572735a15951b619008f86c1": "2002", "572735a15951b619008f86c2": "1998\u20132002", "572736625951b619008f86d1": "gold CGI design on a blue background, accompanied by the slogan \"That Special Feeling\" in a script font. Ten years later, in 1993", "572736625951b619008f86d2": "1993", "572736625951b619008f86d3": "1983", "572736625951b619008f86d4": "1983", "572736fc5951b619008f86d9": "three-dimensional", "572736fc5951b619008f86da": "black background representing the circle with glossy gold letters", "572736fc5951b619008f86db": "circle with glossy gold letters", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4be": "Paul Rand", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4bf": "1963\u201364 season. The letters are strongly reminiscent of the Bauhaus", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c0": "Herbert", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c1": "1962", "5727387b5951b619008f86e9": "September 2005", "5727387b5951b619008f86ea": "September 2005", "5727387b5951b619008f86eb": "six", "57273954708984140094db05": "2004, ABC's average viewership declined by ten ratings points, landing the network in fourth place, behind NBC, CBS and Fox", "57273954708984140094db06": "Grey's Anatomy as well as reality series Dancing with the Stars", "57273954708984140094db07": "Anne Sweeney", "57273954708984140094db08": "7, 2005, ABC Sports and ESPN signed an eight-year broadcast rights agreement with NASCAR", "57273a0d708984140094db0d": "2002", "57273a0d708984140094db0e": "Michael Eisner", "57273a0d708984140094db0f": "Bachelor", "57273a0d708984140094db10": "elimination-style dating show's success led to a spinoff, The Bachelorette", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4da": "30, 2000, as a result of a carriage dispute with ABC, Time Warner", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4db": "30, 2000, as a result of a carriage", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dc": "2. ABC ended the 2000", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dd": "April 30, 2000", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d6": "2000", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d7": "Boy Meets World", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d8": "Friday comedy block", "57273c195951b619008f8721": "August 1999", "57273c195951b619008f8722": "August 1999", "57273c195951b619008f8723": "August 1999", "57273c195951b619008f8724": "August 1999", "57273d19708984140094db3d": "1995", "57273d19708984140094db3e": "July 31, 1995, The Walt Disney Company announced an agreement to merge with Capital Cities/ABC for $19 billion", "57273d19708984140094db3f": "$387 million", "57273d19708984140094db40": "president", "57273d19708984140094db41": "ABC", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f508": "1965\u201366", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f509": "three broadcast television networks", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f50a": "Beating the Odds", "57273ef15951b619008f8751": "1953", "57273ef15951b619008f8752": "1, 1953", "57273ef15951b619008f8753": "Baltimore in 1959", "57273f9d708984140094db51": "Robert Kintner", "57273f9d708984140094db52": "October 1954", "57273f9d708984140094db53": "October 1954", "57273f9d708984140094db54": "5 million", "5727403af1498d1400e8f526": "Paramount Pictures", "5727403af1498d1400e8f527": "Lone Ranger", "5727403af1498d1400e8f528": "1952 to 1965", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1c": "1942 films Kings Row and Casablanca", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1d": "1954 film The Boy from Oklahoma); and Maverick", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1e": "Walt Disney", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1f": "Warner Bros", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53e": "Roy contacted Goldenson", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53f": "$500,000", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f540": "1953", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f541": "October 27, 1954", "572742daf1498d1400e8f550": "July 1968", "572742daf1498d1400e8f551": "Harold", "572742daf1498d1400e8f552": "1968", "572742daf1498d1400e8f553": "seven", "5727436af1498d1400e8f558": "September 1969", "5727436af1498d1400e8f559": "September 1969", "5727436af1498d1400e8f55a": "1971", "5727436af1498d1400e8f55b": "$400,000", "572743fb708984140094db93": "early 1970s", "572743fb708984140094db94": "ABC", "572743fb708984140094db95": "behavioral and demographic", "5727448b5951b619008f87a1": "Monday Night Football", "5727448b5951b619008f87a2": "2006", "5727448b5951b619008f87a3": "1970", "5727448b5951b619008f87a4": "15%\u201316%", "57274633dd62a815002e9a4e": "1970", "57274633dd62a815002e9a4f": "$10 million", "57274633dd62a815002e9a50": "$10 million", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a66": "April 1970, Congress", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a67": "January 2, 1971", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a68": "Henry Plitt", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a69": "17, 1972", "572747dd5951b619008f87a9": "1970s", "572747dd5951b619008f87aa": "Michael Eisner, who joined ABC in 1966", "572747dd5951b619008f87ab": "1970s", "572747dd5951b619008f87ac": "Michael Eisner, who joined ABC in 1966", "572748745951b619008f87b1": "spring of 1975, Fred Pierce", "572748745951b619008f87b2": "1975, Fred Pierce", "572748745951b619008f87b3": "November 3, 1975", "572748745951b619008f87b4": "1973", "5727492f708984140094dbb5": "president of NBC's entertainment division. The rousing success of Happy Days also led to a successful spin-off series, Laverne & Shirley", "5727492f708984140094dbb6": "Laverne & Shirley", "5727492f708984140094dbb7": "1976. Charlie's Angels and Three's Company (which debuted in 1977", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a90": "Alex Haley", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a91": "September, The Love Boat, a comedy-drama anthology", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a92": "nine", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a93": "77", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a94": "an openly gay main character (played by a then-unknown Billy Crystal); it last ran on the network on April 20, 1981", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b4": "Roone Arledge", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b5": "1977", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b6": "7 Lincoln Square", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b7": "7 Lincoln Square\"", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dc": "June 1978, Arledge", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dd": "Hugh Downs", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5de": "Barbara Walters). In February 1979, ABC sold its recording division to MCA Inc. for $20 million", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5df": "$20 million", "57274cac708984140094dbdd": "24-hour news channel called ABC Cable News, with plans to launch the network in 1995", "57274cac708984140094dbde": "1995", "57274cac708984140094dbdf": "29", "57274cac708984140094dbe0": "29", "57274d905951b619008f87e1": "America", "57274d905951b619008f87e2": "2005", "57274d905951b619008f87e3": "Caris & Co", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f1": "2009", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f2": "2009", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f3": "2, 2009", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f4": "individual episodes of ABC and Disney Channel programs available for purchase on iTunes", "57274f07708984140094dbed": "2010", "57274f07708984140094dbee": "drama's lowest-rated season since its debut in 2004", "57274f07708984140094dbef": "2004", "57274f07708984140094dbf0": "dramedy to Wednesdays", "5727504b5951b619008f881d": "1970", "5727504b5951b619008f881e": "1970", "5727504b5951b619008f881f": "1970", "5727504b5951b619008f8820": "Ruby-Spears and Hanna-Barbera libraries, to Turner Broadcasting System", "57275273dd62a815002e9b16": "Disney\u2013ABC International Television (formerly known as Buena Vista International", "57275273dd62a815002e9b17": "Buena Vista Television) handles domestic television distribution", "57275273dd62a815002e9b18": "Buena Vista Television) handles domestic television distribution, while Disney\u2013ABC International Television (formerly known as Buena Vista International Television) handles international television distribution", "57275273dd62a815002e9b19": "Palomar theatrical library", "57275339dd62a815002e9b28": "March 2015", "57275339dd62a815002e9b29": "eight", "57275339dd62a815002e9b2a": "49", "57275339dd62a815002e9b2b": "96.26%", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b44": "1946", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b45": "1953", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b46": "1953", "57275573708984140094dc45": "2011", "57275573708984140094dc46": "3 standard definition. All of the network's programming has been presented in HD since January 2012", "57275573708984140094dc47": "January 2012", "57275573708984140094dc48": "Saturday morning E/I block Litton", "57275650708984140094dc5f": "720p high definition", "57275650708984140094dc60": "720p high definition, the native resolution", "57275650708984140094dc61": "11", "57275650708984140094dc62": "720p high definition, the native resolution", "57275743f1498d1400e8f680": "ABC", "57275743f1498d1400e8f681": "ABC", "57275743f1498d1400e8f682": "midseason run. Despite this and another noticeable ratings decline, ABC would manage to outrate", "57275743f1498d1400e8f683": "low-rated midseason run. Despite this and another noticeable ratings decline, ABC would manage to outrate", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b6": "14", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b7": "April 14, 2011, ABC canceled the long-running soap operas", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b8": "41 and 43 years on the air, respectively (following backlash from fans, ABC sold the rights to both shows to Prospect Park", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b9": "Revolution", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6ba": "seven months. The 2011\u201312 season", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6ca": "18\u201349 demographic for the first time since 2004", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cb": "2013\u201314 season", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cc": "ended", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cd": "Suburgatory", "57275a505951b619008f889f": "2000", "57275a505951b619008f88a0": "Den", "57275a505951b619008f88a1": "Den reality format) also became a midseason sleeper hit on Sundays in the spring of 2010", "57275a505951b619008f88a2": "Tim Allen", "57275bfb708984140094dc97": "Thomas Murphy", "57275bfb708984140094dc98": "Thomas Murphy", "57275bfb708984140094dc99": "Thomas Murphy", "57275bfb708984140094dc9a": "September 1994", "57275bfb708984140094dc9b": "ten", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6da": "1993", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6db": "DIC Entertainment", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dc": "Warner", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dd": "23.63%", "57275e125951b619008f88d7": "Chicago radio station WLS", "57275e125951b619008f88d8": "1960, Canadian entrepreneur John Bassett", "57275e125951b619008f88d9": "John Bassett", "57275e125951b619008f88da": "25%", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f4": "World", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f5": "April 29, 1961", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f6": "April 29, 1961", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f7": "Sports Programs, Inc. and produced by a young Roone Arledge which featured a different sporting event each broadcast. ABC purchased Sports", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f706": "ABC Records in 1966", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f707": "radio", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f708": "three recently married couples", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f709": "7 West 66th Street", "57276166dd62a815002e9bd8": "90%", "57276166dd62a815002e9bd9": "1981, five months", "57276166dd62a815002e9bda": "Three's Company, Laverne & Shirley and Fantasy Island, and gained new hits in Too Close for Comfort, Soap spinoff Benson", "57276166dd62a815002e9bdb": "Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS), a cable channel operated as a joint venture with the Hearst Corporation", "5727623a5951b619008f8921": "January 4, 1984", "5727623a5951b619008f8922": "KXYZ to the Infinity Broadcasting Corporation. On January 4, 1984", "5727623a5951b619008f8923": "RCA", "5727623a5951b619008f8924": "RCA to merge ARTS and competing arts service, The Entertainment Channel, into a single cable", "572763a8708984140094dcd9": "Daniel B. Burke", "572763a8708984140094dcda": "Daniel B. Burke", "572763a8708984140094dcdb": "$465 million", "572763a8708984140094dcdc": "Thomas", "572763a8708984140094dcdd": "September 1991, the network premiered Home Improvement", "572764855951b619008f8951": "General Hospital", "572764855951b619008f8952": "11", "572764855951b619008f8953": "7:00", "572764855951b619008f8954": "Jimmy Kimmel", "57276576dd62a815002e9c18": "U.S. states where ABC does not have a locally licensed affiliate (New Jersey", "57276576dd62a815002e9c19": "affiliations", "57276576dd62a815002e9c1a": "Birmingham, Alabama (WBMA-LD), Lima, Ohio (WLQP-LP", "57276576dd62a815002e9c1b": "Maryland", "57276690708984140094dd01": "transverse entities have been created to produce national programming", "57276690708984140094dd02": "ABC Studios", "57276690708984140094dd03": "1962 and by Touchstone Television beginning in 1985, before Touchstone was reorganized as ABC Studios in February 2007", "57276690708984140094dd04": "1962 and by Touchstone Television beginning in 1985, before Touchstone was reorganized as ABC Studios in February 2007", "5727678e5951b619008f8973": "Square", "5727678e5951b619008f8974": "1500 Broadway on land in Times Square owned by a development fund for the 42nd Street Project; opened in 1999, Good Morning America and Nightline", "5727678e5951b619008f8975": "Peter Jennings Way in 2006", "5727678e5951b619008f8976": "2006", "572768d9708984140094dd13": "cable", "572768d9708984140094dd14": "Hulu", "572768d9708984140094dd15": "July 6, 2009", "572768d9708984140094dd16": "April that year that also allowed Disney to acquire a 27%", "572769e85951b619008f8985": "Hulu", "572769e85951b619008f8986": "January 7, 2014", "572769e85951b619008f8987": "U.S. broadcast networks", "572769e85951b619008f8988": "January 7, 2014", "57276a8f5951b619008f8995": "14, 2013", "57276a8f5951b619008f8996": "four", "57276a8f5951b619008f8997": "four variants are used selectively in advertising and by affiliates", "57276a8f5951b619008f8998": "2013\u201314 season during the network's upfront presentation on May 14, 2013, and officially introduced on-air on June 17", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b2": "14", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b3": "14", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b4": "Receiver", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b5": "1961", "57276d7f708984140094dd3f": "one or both of the existing stations, usually via off-hours clearances", "57276d7f708984140094dd40": "five times", "57276d7f708984140094dd41": "WTRF", "57276d7f708984140094dd42": "full-time ABC affiliate until the 1960s", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd0": "September 3, 1958", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd1": "Desilu", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd2": "April 1959", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd3": "April 1959", "5727705f5951b619008f89f3": "September 23, 1962 as the first television series to be broadcast in color on the network. On April 1, 1963", "5727705f5951b619008f89f4": "$15.5 million", "5727705f5951b619008f89f5": "Hanna-Barbera", "5727705f5951b619008f89f6": "Hanna-Barbera, The Jetsons, which debuted on September 23, 1962", "5727705f5951b619008f89f7": "1963", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f840": "December 7, 1965", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f841": "United States Department of Justice", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f842": "Department of Justice", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f843": "1967", "57277373dd62a815002e9d24": "December 1984", "57277373dd62a815002e9d25": "Leonard Goldenson", "57277373dd62a815002e9d26": "$500 million", "57277373dd62a815002e9d27": "$900 million", "57277373dd62a815002e9d28": "$900 million", "572774cf5951b619008f8a51": "September 5, 1985. After the ABC/Capital Cities merger was finalized on January 3, 1986", "572774cf5951b619008f8a52": "January 3, 1986", "572774cf5951b619008f8a53": "5, 1985", "572774cf5951b619008f8a54": "September 5, 1985", "572774cf5951b619008f8a55": "1985", "57277585708984140094de2b": "four of ABC's marquee shows of the 1970s ended their runs during the mid-1980s: Laverne & Shirley", "57277585708984140094de2c": "1986", "57277585708984140094de2d": "Three networks in 1984", "57277585708984140094de2e": "four of ABC's marquee shows of the 1970s ended their runs during the mid-1980s: Laverne & Shirley", "57277585708984140094de2f": "Three networks in 1984", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c4": "TGIF", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c5": "1989 debut of the \"TGIF\" block", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c6": "Miller-Boyett", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c7": "Milkis", "572776e85951b619008f8a7f": "seven radio stations nationwide in order to purchase Houston radio stations KXYZ and KXYZ-FM for $1 million", "572776e85951b619008f8a80": "Ralph Nelson", "572776e85951b619008f8a81": "Ralph Nelson", "572776e85951b619008f8a82": "1985", "572776e85951b619008f8a83": "Redwood City, California; that park was sold in 1972", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9d": "1957", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9e": "detective series. Despite an almost 500%", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9f": "10% and 18%", "5727780a5951b619008f8aa0": "Ollie Treiz", "5727780a5951b619008f8aa1": "Dick Clark", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90a": "counterprogramming against its competitors\", offering a strong lineup of programs that contrasted with those seen on its rival networks", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90b": "western series (as well as series such as the actioner Zorro", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90c": "public enthusiasm and sponsorship", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90d": "detective", "57277af2708984140094dec3": "WATCH ABC", "57277af2708984140094dec4": "Boston, Kansas City, Milwaukee", "57277af2708984140094dec5": "14 season. Hearst Television", "57277af2708984140094dec6": "May 2013", "57277bfc708984140094ded9": "Sinclair", "57277bfc708984140094deda": "WABM-DT2/WDBB-DT2 in the Birmingham market, which serve as repeaters of WBMA-LD", "57277bfc708984140094dedb": "15", "57277bfc708984140094dedc": "28", "57277bfc708984140094dedd": "Howard Stirk Holdings", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e76": "June 16, 2007", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e77": "Troika", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e78": "water and ribbon effects", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e79": "ABC News", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea4": "1994", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea5": "Joseph, Missouri, which is designated by Nielsen", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea6": "Tampa, Florida (WFTS-TV and WWSB) and Grand Rapids", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea7": "WTSP", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f5": "Mongol Empire and being proclaimed \"Genghis", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f6": "Mongol Empire", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f7": "wholesale massacres of the civilian populations", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f8": "Khwarezmian and Xia", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f9": "\"Genghis", "5726a00d708984140094cc25": "edei", "5726a00d708984140094cc26": "1227", "5726a00d708984140094cc27": "1227", "5726a00d708984140094cc28": "1227", "5726a00d708984140094cc29": "1227 after defeating the Western Xia", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e578": "1162", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e579": "Yes\u00fcgei, a Khamag Mongol's major chief of the Kiyad and an ally of Toghrul", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57a": "1162", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57b": "1162", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbc": "one sister named Tem\u00fclen", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbd": "Begter and Belgutei. Like many of the nomads of Mongolia", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbe": "B\u00f6rte", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbf": "Khongirad", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bc0": "Dai Setsen", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb7": "Begter, Temujin's older half-brother, began to exercise the power of the eldest", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb8": "Temujin's mother Hoelun (not Begter's mother)", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb9": "Khasar", "5726a4a9708984140094ccba": "Khasar", "5726a5f65951b619008f7903": "around 1177", "5726a5f65951b619008f7904": "1177", "5726a5f65951b619008f7905": "Genghis Khan", "5726a5f65951b619008f7906": "Bo'orchu, two of Genghis", "5726a5f65951b619008f7907": "ger", "5726a784708984140094ccff": "Tem\u00fcjin grew up observing the tough political climate of Mongolia", "5726a784708984140094cd00": "unstable political climate", "5726a784708984140094cd01": "Chinese dynasties to the south. Tem\u00fcjin's mother Hoelun taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of Mongolia", "5726a784708984140094cd02": "Hoelun", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c34": "B\u00f6rte of the Onggirat", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c35": "Merkits", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c36": "Tem\u00fcjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c37": "Jochi (1185", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c38": "1185", "5726a9ed5951b619008f7969": "three more sons, Chagatai", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796a": "three more sons, Chagatai", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796b": "1232). Genghis", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796c": "1232). Genghis", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796d": "six", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a2": "sworn brother or blood brother) Toghrul, who was Khan of the Keraites", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a3": "1197. This relationship was first reinforced when B\u00f6rte was captured by the Merkits", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a4": "own tribe, the Jadaran", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a5": "20,000", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a6": "Jamukha", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca": "1186", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cb": "Kokochu", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cc": "1186", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cd": "Dalan Balzhut", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ce": "Qara Khitai", "5726ae32708984140094cdab": "stronger", "5726ae32708984140094cdac": "absolute obedience and following his rule of law, the Yassa code", "5726ae32708984140094cdad": "orphans", "5726ae32708984140094cdae": "great loyalty among the conquered people, making Tem\u00fcjin stronger with each victory", "5726af765951b619008f7a51": "Jochi", "5726af765951b619008f7a52": "Jochi", "5726af765951b619008f7a53": "Jamukha", "5726af765951b619008f7a54": "Keraite", "5726b0985951b619008f7a91": "generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai", "5726b0985951b619008f7a92": "1201, a khuruldai", "5726b0985951b619008f7a93": "Qara Khitai", "5726b0985951b619008f7a94": "Subutai, Jelme", "5726b0985951b619008f7a95": "Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Tem\u00fcjin. In 1201", "5726b1d95951b619008f7acd": "friendship and reunion", "5726b1d95951b619008f7ace": "Jamukha, stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army. Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion", "5726b1d95951b619008f7acf": "Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion", "5726b1d95951b619008f7ad0": "noble", "5726b879708984140094cf01": "siege warfare from the Chinese", "5726b879708984140094cf02": "Wang", "5726b879708984140094cf03": "Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to drive a wedge between him and his loyal brother Khasar", "5726b879708984140094cf04": "Wang", "5726b879708984140094cf05": "Jochi", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf1": "1206", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf2": "Tem\u00fcjin", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf3": "Khagan was not conferred on Genghis until after his death, when his son and successor, \u00d6gedei", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf4": "\"Genghis Khan\". The title Khagan", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf5": "1206", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3b": "1234", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3c": "1234", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3d": "1234", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3e": "1215", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3f": "Western Xia", "5726bd655951b619008f7c9f": "west", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca0": "Jin dynasty. Therefore, Genghis", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca1": "two tumen (20,000", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca2": "20,000 soldiers) against Kuchlug", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca3": "20,000 soldiers) against Kuchlug", "5726bf135951b619008f7ce9": "1218", "5726bf135951b619008f7cea": "1218", "5726bf135951b619008f7ceb": "Qara Khitai, the Mongol Empire and its control extended as far west as Lake Balkhash", "5726bf135951b619008f7cec": "Khwarezmia", "5726bf135951b619008f7ced": "Muslim", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f76": "13th century", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f77": "Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f78": "Ala ad-Din Muhammad", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f79": "100,000", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f7a": "Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa6": "Khwarezmian Empire", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa7": "three", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa8": "northeast of Khwarezmia. The second division under Jebe marched secretly to the southeast part of Khwarzemia", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa9": "Samarkand", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8faa": "Samarkand", "5726c3b3708984140094d0cf": "Khwarezmia", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d0": "Inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d1": "molten", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d2": "20,000 men and two years", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d3": "superior strategy and tactics. Genghis", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f5": "Samarkand", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f6": "Bukhara", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f7": "farmland", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae2": "Ata-Malik Juvayni, a high official in the service of the Mongol empire", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae3": "fortress", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae4": "Ata-Malik Juvayni", "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddd": "gates to the Mongols", "5726c7a85951b619008f7dde": "slavery", "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddf": "artisans and craftsmen", "5726c7a85951b619008f7de0": "ground", "5726c7a85951b619008f7de1": "slavery", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9046": "1220", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9047": "1220, Genghis Khan gathered his forces in Persia and Armenia to return to the Mongolian steppes. Under the suggestion of Subutai", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9048": "two forces", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9049": "larger Kievan", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e904a": "80,000", "57272bcb5951b619008f8683": "1237", "57272bcb5951b619008f8684": "Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' in 1237", "57272bcb5951b619008f8685": "Transoxiana", "57272bcb5951b619008f8686": "back to Mongolia soon afterwards, and Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand", "57272bcb5951b619008f8687": "Mongolia", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43a": "1226", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43b": "1226", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43c": "1226", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43d": "November, Genghis laid siege to the Tangut city Lingzhou and crossed the Yellow River", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43e": "November, Genghis laid siege", "57272dd55951b619008f8697": "1227", "57272dd55951b619008f8698": "1227", "57272dd55951b619008f8699": "Genghis Khan", "57272dd55951b619008f869a": "1227", "57272dd55951b619008f869b": "1227", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44e": "Jochi among the brothers. According to traditional historical accounts, the issue over Jochi's paternity was voiced most strongly by Chagatai", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44f": "Chagatai", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f450": "voiced most strongly by Chagatai. In The Secret History of the Mongols", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f451": "\u00d6gedei", "57272ff2708984140094dabd": "Jochi", "57272ff2708984140094dabe": "Chagatai", "57272ff2708984140094dabf": "Jochi were to become successor, it was likely that Chagatai would engage in warfare with him and collapse the empire", "57272ff2708984140094dac0": "Jochi", "5727311d5951b619008f86ab": "1226", "5727311d5951b619008f86ac": "1223", "5727311d5951b619008f86ad": "Urgench from destruction", "5727311d5951b619008f86ae": "1226", "5727311d5951b619008f86af": "Rashid al-Din", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46a": "Western Xia, Genghis", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46b": "hunting or battle", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46c": "Western Xia in battle", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46d": "Mongol chronicles connect Genghis", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46e": "Oirads", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f474": "death, Genghis Khan asked to be buried without markings", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f475": "death, Genghis Khan asked to be buried without markings", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f476": "Onon", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f477": "many years", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48c": "1954", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48d": "Ta'er Shi near Xining, which soon fell under Communist control. In early 1954", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48e": "1939", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48f": "bier", "57273455f1498d1400e8f490": "1968 during the Cultural Revolution, Red Guards", "57273581708984140094daeb": "rural Mongolia", "57273581708984140094daec": "rural Mongolia", "57273581708984140094daed": "long-lost burial site", "57273581708984140094daee": "rural Mongolia", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b5": "Yassa", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b4": "military code, called the Yassa", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b6": "military code, called the Yassa", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b7": "racy", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b8": "Genghis Khan", "57273887dd62a815002e99a2": "Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance", "57273887dd62a815002e99a3": "rise of Genghis Khan, Ong", "57273887dd62a815002e99a4": "religious tolerance", "57273887dd62a815002e99a5": "Nestorian Christianity", "572739a75951b619008f86f7": "Chinese. Women played a relatively important role in Mongol Empire and in family, for example T\u00f6regene Khatun", "572739a75951b619008f86f8": "Pax Mongolica", "572739a75951b619008f86f9": "T\u00f6regene Khatun", "572739a75951b619008f86fa": "Mongolian", "57273b1a5951b619008f8709": "confidant of the successive Mongol Khans", "57273b1a5951b619008f870a": "governing", "57273b1a5951b619008f870b": "Jin", "57273b1a5951b619008f870c": "nomads and thus had no experience governing cities. For this purpose Genghis Khan invited a Khitan prince", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e2": "absolute trust in his generals, such as Muqali, Jebe and Subutai", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e3": "Karakorum. Muqali", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e4": "Genghis", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e5": "great deal of autonomy", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e6": "great deal of autonomy in making command decisions, Genghis", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f6": "siege warfare", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f7": "Muslim and Chinese siege engines", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f8": "small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f9": "driving them in front of the army", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fa": "Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fb": "1227", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fc": "Japan", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fd": "1279", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51e": "Turkey", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51f": "great military leader", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f520": "Turkey", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f521": "Turkey", "5727404b708984140094db59": "Mongolian People's Republic period", "5727404b708984140094db5a": "Genghis Khan became one of the central figures of the national identity. He is looked upon positively by Mongolians for his role in uniting warring tribes", "5727404b708984140094db5b": "memory of Genghis Khan", "5727404b708984140094db5c": "positively by Mongolians for his role in uniting warring tribes", "5727404b708984140094db5d": "\"Genghis Khan's children\", and to Genghis Khan", "57274126dd62a815002e9a24": "image to avoid trivialization", "57274126dd62a815002e9a25": "candy", "57274126dd62a815002e9a26": "likeness are endorsed on products, streets, buildings, and other places. His face can be found on everyday commodities, from liquor bottles", "57274126dd62a815002e9a27": "Chinggis Khaan International Airport. Major Genghis Khan statues have been erected before the parliament and near Ulaanbaatar", "57274126dd62a815002e9a28": "Khaan International Airport", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a": "Ikh Zasag (Great Administration), the first written Mongolian law", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63b": "Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63c": "Chinggis Khaan", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63d": "Genghis", "57275250708984140094dc25": "5 million", "57275250708984140094dc26": "5 million", "57275250708984140094dc27": "Kublai Khan completed that conquest and established the Yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting China", "57275250708984140094dc28": "Yuan", "57275250708984140094dc29": "conquest", "572753af708984140094dc2f": "Iran", "572753af708984140094dc30": "three-fourths of the population of the Iranian Plateau, possibly 10 to 15 million", "572753af708984140094dc31": "three-fourths of the population of the Iranian Plateau, possibly 10 to 15 million", "572754cd5951b619008f8863": "Hulagu Khan destroyed much of Iran's northern part and sacked Baghdad although his forces were halted by the Mamluks of Egypt", "572754cd5951b619008f8864": "Mamluks", "572754cd5951b619008f8865": "Egyptian Mamluks right out of Levant", "572754cd5951b619008f8866": "1237", "572754cd5951b619008f8867": "annihilated all of the major cities of Eastern Europe with the exceptions of Novgorod and Pskov", "572756715951b619008f8877": "Timur", "572756715951b619008f8878": "Timur", "572756715951b619008f8879": "Nishapur", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69a": "tenggis, meaning \"ocean\", \"oceanic", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69b": "Baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the Mongols", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69c": "Chinese", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69d": "Mongolian", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69e": "Chinggis", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b78": "variety of ways in different languages such as Mongolian Chinggis Khaan", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b79": "variety", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7a": "Chinese", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7b": "Mongolian Chinggis Khaan", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7c": "Tem\u00fcjin", "5726d8bd708984140094d35b": "pharma", "5726d8bd708984140094d35c": "tobacco and patent medicines", "5726d8bd708984140094d35d": "rcery or even poison", "5726d8bd708984140094d35e": "pharma", "5726d8bd708984140094d35f": "15th\u201317th centuries", "5726d9935951b619008f7fed": "healthcare", "5726d9935951b619008f7fee": "optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines", "5726d9935951b619008f7fef": "drug treatment for an individual", "5726d9935951b619008f7ff0": "optimisation", "5726d9935951b619008f7ff1": "pharmacists", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b2": "the UK is considered a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b3": "GPhC is the governing body for pharmacy health care professionals", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b4": "General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b5": "UK", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b6": "UK is considered a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist", "5726db5add62a815002e92d5": "Greek physician", "5726db5add62a815002e92d6": "Greek physician Pedanius", "5726db5add62a815002e92d7": "Greek physician Pedanius", "5726db5add62a815002e92d4": "4th century BC) was one of several men", "5726db5add62a815002e92d8": "Greek physician Pedanius", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9320": "794", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9321": "794", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9322": "Meiji Restoration (1868", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9323": "1868", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9324": "two personal physicians", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee04": "medicine", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee05": "copper", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee06": "His Liber servitoris", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee08": "973\u20131050", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee07": "copper", "5726deed5951b619008f80c5": "1221 in the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy, which now houses a perfume museum. The medieval Esteve", "5726deed5951b619008f80c6": "1422", "5726deed5951b619008f80c7": "Ll\u00edvia", "5726deed5951b619008f80c8": "medieval Esteve Pharmacy, located in Ll\u00edvia", "5726deed5951b619008f80c9": "1422", "5726e08e5951b619008f810f": "pharmacy legislation", "5726e08e5951b619008f8110": "legislation", "5726e08e5951b619008f8111": "patients", "5726e08e5951b619008f8112": "more dependent upon automation", "5726e08e5951b619008f8113": "dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts", "5726e179dd62a815002e93ae": "hospitals", "5726e179dd62a815002e93af": "clinical pharmacists and they often specialize in various disciplines of pharmacy", "5726e179dd62a815002e93b0": "medications", "5726e179dd62a815002e93b1": "more education and training", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb2": "Hospital pharmacies", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb3": "unit-dose", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb4": "compounding", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb5": "intravenously", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb6": "Hospital pharmacies", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9404": "patient care", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405": "clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9406": "Clinical pharmacists often collaborate with physicians", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9407": "patient care rounds drug product selection", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9408": "Clinical pharmacists care", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cb": "clinical pharmacist's role involves creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems, identifying goals of therapy", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cc": "all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cd": "clinical pharmacist's role involves creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems, identifying goals of therapy", "5726e5c95951b619008f81ce": "drug interactions", "5726e985dd62a815002e94da": "collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic", "5726e985dd62a815002e94db": "North Carolina and New Mexico", "5726e985dd62a815002e94dc": "2011 the board of Pharmaceutical Specialties", "5726e985dd62a815002e94dd": "Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist and these pharmacists", "5726e985dd62a815002e94de": "Indian Health Service, and NIH) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority", "5726ea985951b619008f8261": "Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review", "5726ea985951b619008f8262": "pharmacy", "5726ea985951b619008f8263": "several large pharmacy", "5726ea985951b619008f8264": "branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings", "5726ea985951b619008f8265": "institutional settings", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826b": "pharmacies have been established worldwide. Many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826c": "brick-and-mortar community pharmacies", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826d": "2000", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826e": "customer", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826f": "brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00c": "drugs", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00d": "dangerous", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00e": "potentially dangerous", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00f": "sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f010": "Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs", "5726edecdd62a815002e957e": "concern with Internet pharmacies", "5726edecdd62a815002e957f": "United States, in order for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05e": "concern with Internet pharmacies", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05f": "United States, in order for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f060": "Internet pharmacies", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f061": "valid patient-doctor", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f062": "Vicodin", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f7": "Canada", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f8": "push to legalize importation of medications", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f9": "federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers", "5726f0e35951b619008f82fa": "a prescription, who has ever been charged by authorities", "5726f0e35951b619008f82fb": "Canada", "5726f2375951b619008f830f": "Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science", "5726f2375951b619008f8310": "Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists", "5726f2375951b619008f8311": "quickly", "5726f2375951b619008f8312": "Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists", "5726f2375951b619008f8313": "Pharmacy informatics", "5726f36cdd62a815002e95fe": "19", "5726f36cdd62a815002e95ff": "28", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9600": "chronic and complex disease states", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9601": "2013 being specialty drugs", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9602": "lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da": "physicians", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0db": "pharmacists may supply", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dc": "10 percent", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dd": "10 percent", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0de": "United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians", "5726f635dd62a815002e9657": "GP", "5726f635dd62a815002e9656": "dispense", "5726f635dd62a815002e9658": "1.6 kilometres", "5726f635dd62a815002e9659": "1.6 kilometres", "5726f7715951b619008f838d": "high risk", "5726f7715951b619008f838e": "financial self-interest", "5726f7715951b619008f838f": "absolute powers", "5726f7715951b619008f8391": "financial", "5726f7715951b619008f8390": "financial", "5726f868dd62a815002e9684": "pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication", "5726f868dd62a815002e9685": "pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication", "5726f868dd62a815002e9686": "MTM", "5726f868dd62a815002e9687": "clinical services that pharmacists", "5726f868dd62a815002e9688": "pharmacists", "5726f96ddd62a815002e9698": "pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights (as in Alberta and British Columbia", "5726f96ddd62a815002e9699": "Canada", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969a": "Ontario", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969b": "clinical pharmacy has had an evolving influence on the practice", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969c": "Canada, pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights", "5726fa525951b619008f83f7": "20th century. Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as the Bowl of Hygieia", "5726fa525951b619008f83f8": "Pharmacy", "5726fa525951b619008f83f9": "20th century", "5726fa525951b619008f83fa": "Germany and Austria", "5726fa525951b619008f83fb": "France, Argentina", "5726e65e708984140094d53d": "many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease", "5726e65e708984140094d53e": "many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease", "5726e65e708984140094d53f": "into subsystems", "5726e65e708984140094d540": "disease", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efda": "many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdb": "many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdc": "into subsystems", "5728eff82ca10214002daadc": "neuroimmune", "5728eff82ca10214002daadd": "pathogens, from viruses", "5728eff82ca10214002daade": "many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease", "5728eff82ca10214002daadf": "fluid\u2013brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain", "572a14af3f37b319004786c1": "wide variety", "572a14af3f37b319004786c3": "subsystems", "572a14af3f37b319004786c2": "humoral", "572a14af3f37b319004786c4": "pathogens", "5726eb785951b619008f8275": "neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens", "5726eb785951b619008f8276": "neutralization by the immune system", "5726eb785951b619008f8277": "eukaryotes", "5726eb785951b619008f8278": ")", "572a135daf94a219006aa79f": "bacteriophage", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a0": "ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and invertebrates. These mechanisms include phagocytosis", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a1": "humans", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a2": "over time", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe2": "autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe3": "immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe4": "humans", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe5": "humans", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe6": "Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer", "5728f2e26aef051400154896": "attacking normal tissues", "5728f2e26aef051400154897": "less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections", "5728f2e26aef051400154898": "all aspects of the immune system", "5728f2e26aef051400154899": "HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f166": "Athens in 430 BC", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f167": "18th century", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f168": "Pasteur's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease, such as the miasma", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f169": "Walter Reed", "5728f3724b864d1900165116": "microorganisms", "5728f3724b864d1900165117": "1891 proofs, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905, that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease. Viruses", "5728f3724b864d1900165118": "1901", "5728f3724b864d1900165119": "plague of Athens in 430 BC", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e": "pathogen", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16f": "infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f170": "second layer of protection", "5728f6446aef0514001548e4": "Innate immune systems", "5728f6446aef0514001548e5": "non-specific response. Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals", "5728f6446aef0514001548e6": "the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks", "5728f6446aef0514001548e7": "bacteria and viruses", "5728f7774b864d190016512e": "self and non-self molecules", "5728f7774b864d190016512f": "self molecules", "5728f7774b864d1900165130": "non-self molecules", "5728f7774b864d1900165131": "self molecules are called antigens", "5728f7774b864d1900165132": "short for antibody generators) and are defined as substances", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5a": "the innate immune system", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5b": "host", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5c": "microbes", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5d": "confer long-lasting immunity against a pathogen", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6a": "chemical, and biological barriers. The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6b": "waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6c": "openings", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6d": "mucus", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6e": "respiratory tract", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec7": "respiratory tract", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec8": "tears, and breast milk", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec9": "defensins and zinc", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9eca": "gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ecb": "a chemical barrier following menarche", "5728fd206aef05140015494c": "pathogenic bacteria", "5728fd206aef05140015494d": "non-specifically target bacteria", "5728fd206aef05140015494e": "pure cultures of the lactobacilli", "5728fd206aef05140015494f": "probiotic", "572900f73f37b31900477f69": "Inflammation", "572900f73f37b31900477f6a": "redness", "572900f73f37b31900477f6b": "Eicosanoids", "572900f73f37b31900477f6c": "injured or infected cells", "572900f73f37b31900477f6d": "white blood cells", "572905ce1d04691400778f83": "Phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens", "572905ce1d04691400778f84": "cytokines. Once a pathogen has been engulfed by a phagocyte, it becomes trapped in an intracellular vesicle", "572905ce1d04691400778f85": "engulfed by a phagocyte, it becomes trapped in an intracellular vesicle called a phagosome", "572905ce1d04691400778f86": "phagosome, which subsequently fuses", "572905ce1d04691400778f87": "nutrients", "5729081d3f37b31900477fab": "pursuit of invading pathogens", "5729081d3f37b31900477fac": "bloodstream", "5729081d3f37b31900477fad": "60%", "5729081d3f37b31900477fae": "chemotaxis", "5729081d3f37b31900477faf": "enzymes", "572908c13f37b31900477fbd": "Leukocytes", "572908c13f37b31900477fbe": "leukocytes", "572908c13f37b31900477fbf": "Leukocytes (white blood cells", "572908c13f37b31900477fc0": "innate leukocytes include the phagocytes", "5729efab3f37b319004785cf": "DC", "5729efab3f37b319004785d0": "intestines", "5729efab3f37b319004785d1": "present antigens to T cells", "5729efab3f37b319004785d2": "DC", "5729f06f1d04691400779674": "tumor cells and infected cells", "5729f06f1d04691400779673": "invading microbes", "5729f06f1d04691400779675": "\"", "5729f06f1d04691400779676": "cells", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e1": "early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e2": "early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is \"remembered\" by a signature antigen", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e3": "mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by \"memory cells\". Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d3": "two major subtypes of T cells", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4": "ulating", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d5": "B cells and T cells carry receptor", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d6": "T cell", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d7": "recognize intact antigens", "5729f39a6aef05140015514c": "sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses", "5729f39a6aef05140015514e": "a co-receptor on the T cell, called CD8", "5729f39a6aef05140015514d": "co-receptor on the T cell, called CD8", "5729f39a6aef051400155150": "granulysin (a protease", "5729f39a6aef05140015514f": "T cell contacts such cells, it releases cytotoxins", "5729f4b41d0469140077968b": "CD4", "5729f4b41d0469140077968c": "many receptors (around 200\u2013300", "5729f4b41d0469140077968d": "200\u2013300", "5729f4b41d0469140077968e": "cytokines", "5729f4b41d0469140077968f": "CD40", "5729f5a03f37b31900478605": "\u03b1\u03b2) T cells", "5729f5a03f37b31900478606": "T cells", "5729f5a03f37b31900478607": "er", "5729f5a03f37b31900478608": "receptor diversity", "5729f5a03f37b31900478609": "hours", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6f9": "B cell identifies pathogens", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fa": "B cell", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fb": "lymphokines", "5729f799af94a219006aa707": "long-lived memory", "5729f799af94a219006aa708": "B cells and T cells are activated and begin to replicate, some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells", "5729f799af94a219006aa709": "passive short-term memory or active long-term memory", "5729f799af94a219006aa70a": "B cells and T cells are activated and begin to replicate, some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells", "5729f8516aef05140015516c": "microbes", "5729f8516aef05140015516d": "IgG", "5729f8516aef05140015516e": "artificially from one individual to another via antibody-rich serum", "5729f8516aef05140015516f": "IgG", "5729f9953f37b3190047861f": "immunomodulators", "5729f9953f37b31900478620": "autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty", "5729f9953f37b31900478621": "lupus erythematosus strike", "5729f9953f37b31900478622": "sex hormones", "5729fa40af94a219006aa70f": "NFIL3", "5729fa40af94a219006aa710": "heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma", "5729fa40af94a219006aa711": "sleep deprivation, active immunizations may have a diminished effect and may result in lower antibody production", "5729fb003f37b31900478627": "progressive decline in hormone levels with age", "5729fb003f37b31900478628": "UVB radiation", "5729fb003f37b31900478629": "hormones", "5729fb003f37b3190047862a": "cholecalciferol", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969d": "er T cells. Tumor antigens", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969e": "M", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969f": "MHC class I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens", "5729fc3d1d046914007796a0": "tumors", "5729fd111d046914007796a5": "plants", "5729fd111d046914007796a6": "Individual plant cells", "5729fd111d046914007796a7": "rapid apoptosis", "5729fd111d046914007796a8": "RNA silencing mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can block virus replication", "5729fd111d046914007796a9": "systemic response", "5729fe5c3f37b3190047862f": "autoimmune", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478630": "self and non-self", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478631": "autoimmunity", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478632": "self\" peptides. One of the functions of specialized cells (located in the thymus and bone marrow) is to present young lymphocytes", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa739": "Immunodeficiencies", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73a": "50 years of age due to immunosenescence", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73b": "50 years", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73c": "obesity, alcoholism, and drug use are common causes of poor", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73d": "malnutrition", "5729ffda1d046914007796af": "B and T cells", "5729ffda1d046914007796b0": "immunization", "5729ffda1d046914007796b1": "artificially, through vaccination. The principle behind vaccination (also called immunization", "5729ffda1d046914007796b2": "natural specificity of the immune system, as well as its inducibility. With infectious disease remaining one of the leading causes of death", "572a019f3f37b31900478643": "overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barrier, for example, by using a type II secretion system", "572a019f3f37b31900478644": "may insert a hollow tube into the host cell, providing a direct route for proteins", "572a019f3f37b31900478645": "a type III secretion system, they may insert a hollow tube", "572a019f3f37b31900478646": "elude host immune responses", "572a02483f37b3190047864b": "Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne", "572a02483f37b3190047864c": "mid-1950s", "572a02483f37b3190047864d": "tocompatibility", "572a02483f37b3190047864e": "mid-1950s", "572a03086aef0514001551a2": "Glucocorticoids", "572a03086aef0514001551a3": "Lower doses of anti-inflammatory", "572a03086aef0514001551a4": "conjunction with cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate or azathioprine", "572a03086aef0514001551a5": "transduction pathways", "572a04d51d046914007796cd": "cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes", "572a04d51d046914007796ce": "catecholamines, peak. There are two theories", "572a04d51d046914007796cf": "melatonin. Inflammation causes a great deal of oxidative stress and the presence of melatonin", "572a04d51d046914007796d0": "great deal of oxidative stress and the presence of melatonin during sleep times", "572a058aaf94a219006aa751": "vitamin D receptor", "572a058aaf94a219006aa752": "T-cell to bind", "572a058aaf94a219006aa753": "symbiotic", "572a058aaf94a219006aa754": "CYP27B1", "572a058aaf94a219006aa755": "vitamin D calcidiol", "572a06af3f37b31900478667": "nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens", "572a06af3f37b31900478668": "defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found in all animals and plants", "572a06af3f37b31900478669": "phagocytic cells", "572a06af3f37b3190047866a": "a role in the immune response to viruses", "572a07fc6aef0514001551dc": "classical molecules of the adaptive immune system (e.g., immunoglobulins and T cell receptors", "572a07fc6aef0514001551dd": "jawless vertebrates", "572a07fc6aef0514001551de": "jawless vertebrates, such as the lamprey and hagfish. These animals", "572a07fc6aef0514001551df": "an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates", "572a096e6aef0514001551e4": "lymphocytes", "572a096e6aef0514001551e5": "unique defense mechanism, called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens", "572a096e6aef0514001551e6": "viral pathogens", "572a096e6aef0514001551e7": "CRISPR", "572a0a686aef0514001551ec": "cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff", "572a0a686aef0514001551ed": "Robert Koch", "572a0a686aef0514001551ee": "humoral theory of immunity, held, among others, by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, stated that the active immune agents", "572a0a686aef0514001551ef": "cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells \u2013 more precisely, phagocytes", "572a0a686aef0514001551f0": "cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells \u2013 more precisely, phagocytes", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f6": "tumors", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f7": "MHC class I molecules", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f8": "cytokine TGF-\u03b2", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f9": "TGF-\u03b2", "572a0bf96aef051400155204": "Hypersensitivity", "572a0bf96aef051400155205": "four", "572a0bf96aef051400155206": "I", "572a0bf96aef051400155207": "I hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic reaction", "572a0bf96aef051400155208": "antibody-dependent (or cytotoxic", "572a0ce11d046914007796fd": "intracellular pathogenesis). Here, a pathogen spends most of its life-cycle inside host cells", "572a0ce11d046914007796fe": "poisoning", "572a0ce11d046914007796ff": "viruses", "572a0ce11d04691400779700": "tuberculosis", "572a0ce11d04691400779701": "examples include Streptococcus (protein G), Staphylococcus", "572a0e4b6aef051400155214": "antigenic variation", "572a0e4b6aef051400155215": "HIV, which mutates", "572a0e4b6aef051400155216": "HIV, which mutates", "572a0e4b6aef051400155217": "HIV", "572a0f073f37b3190047867f": "surveillance", "572a0f073f37b31900478680": "papillomavirus", "572a0f073f37b31900478681": "tyrosinase", "572a0f073f37b31900478682": "certain skin cells", "572a0f073f37b31900478683": "certain skin cells", "572a10cd6aef051400155222": ">500", "572a10cd6aef051400155223": "hydrophobic amino acids; however, more recent developments rely on machine learning techniques using databases of existing known epitopes", "572a10cd6aef051400155224": "proteomics", "572a10cd6aef051400155225": "B cells", "572a10cd6aef051400155226": "B cells", "572a12386aef051400155234": "sudden", "572a12386aef051400155235": "negative consequences of sleep deprivation", "572a12386aef051400155236": "Th2", "572a12386aef051400155237": "Th1", "572a142e3f37b319004786b9": "proteases. After complement proteins initially bind to the microbe", "572a142e3f37b319004786bc": "plasma membrane", "572a142e3f37b319004786ba": "rapid", "572a142e3f37b319004786bb": "carbohydrates on the surfaces of microbes", "57271c235951b619008f860b": "1919 Revolution. Civil disobedience", "57271c235951b619008f860c": "1919 Revolution", "57271c235951b619008f860d": "2003", "57271c235951b619008f860e": "Soviet Union, recently with the 2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine", "57271c235951b619008f860f": "Soviet Union", "5728d4c03acd2414000dff9f": "1919 Revolution", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa0": "1919 Revolution", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa1": "1919 Revolution", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa2": "1919 Revolution", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa3": "1919 Revolution", "57271f125951b619008f8635": "Antigone", "57271f125951b619008f8636": "King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon, the current King of Thebes", "57271f125951b619008f8637": "Antigone, in which Antigone, one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus", "57271f125951b619008f8638": "Antigone", "57271f125951b619008f8639": "King", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb3": "Antigone", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb4": "King of Thebes, Oedipus", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb5": "King of Thebes, Oedipus", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb6": "play Antigone, in which Antigone, one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb7": "One of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in Sophocles' play Antigone", "5727213c708984140094da35": "Percy Shelley", "5727213c708984140094da36": "Percy Shelley", "5727213c708984140094da38": "David Thoreau in his essay Civil Disobedience", "5727213c708984140094da39": "Peterloo massacre of 1819", "5727213c708984140094da37": "Henry David Thoreau", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f18": "Percy Shelley", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f19": "nonviolent", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1a": "nonviolent protest", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1c": "Peterloo massacre of 1819", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1b": "David Thoreau", "572726c9708984140094da7b": "federal", "572726c9708984140094da7e": "Marshall Cohen", "572726c9708984140094da7c": "ambiguity and in modern times, become utterly debased", "572726c9708984140094da7d": "ambiguity and in modern times, become utterly debased", "5728d6f02ca10214002da90e": "Marshall Cohen", "5728d6f02ca10214002da90f": "ambiguity and in modern times, become utterly debased", "5728d6f02ca10214002da910": "ambiguity and in modern times, become utterly debased. Marshall Cohen", "5728d6f02ca10214002da911": "ambiguity and in modern times, become utterly debased", "5728d6f02ca10214002da912": "ambiguity and in modern times, become utterly debased", "572807802ca10214002d9bf8": "LeGrande", "572807802ca10214002d9bf9": "LeGrande", "572807802ca10214002d9bfa": "lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience", "572807802ca10214002d9bfb": "Alice in Wonderland", "572807802ca10214002d9bfc": "Alice in Wonderland", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4c": "violent civil disobedience", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4d": "voluminous", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4e": "violent civil disobedience", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4f": "lawful", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f50": "violent civil disobedience", "57280f974b864d1900164370": "civil disobedience", "57280f974b864d1900164371": "a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies", "57280f974b864d1900164372": "Civil disobedience", "57280f974b864d1900164373": "civil disobedience", "57280f974b864d1900164374": "Civil disobedience", "5728d9403acd2414000e001b": "Civil disobedience", "5728d9403acd2414000e001c": "Civil disobedience", "5728d9403acd2414000e001d": "Civil disobedience", "5728d9403acd2414000e001e": "Civil disobedience", "5728d9403acd2414000e001f": "Civil disobedience", "572812e74b864d19001643ce": "Thoreau's political philosophy", "572812e74b864d19001643cf": "confused taxman", "572812e74b864d19001643d0": "Thoreau's political philosophy pitching the conscience", "572812e74b864d19001643d1": "collector whose hand hits the wood. Before Thoreau\u2019s imprisonment", "572812e74b864d19001643d2": "knocks on the door, it is an individual in the form of a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005d": "Thoreau's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005e": "Thoreau\u2019s imprisonment", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005f": "confused taxman", "5728dafe3acd2414000e0060": "confused taxman", "5728dafe3acd2414000e0061": "Thoreau\u2019s imprisonment", "5728151b4b864d1900164428": "Brownlee", "5728151b4b864d1900164429": "civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities", "5728151b4b864d190016442a": "civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities", "5728151b4b864d190016442b": "breaches of law in protest against international organizations and foreign governments", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0080": "Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0081": "international organizations and foreign governments", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e007f": "Brownlee", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0083": "Brownlee", "572818f54b864d190016446c": "lawbreak", "572818f54b864d190016446d": "disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience", "572818f54b864d190016446e": "civil disobedience", "572818f54b864d190016446f": "Eilmann", "572818f54b864d1900164470": "Puah refused a direct order", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d2": "civil disobedience", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d3": "Stephen Eilmann argues that if it is necessary to disobey rules", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d4": "open disobedience", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d5": "Stephen Eilmann", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d6": "Stephen Eilmann", "57281c594b864d19001644a2": "Christian", "57281c594b864d19001644a3": "civil disobedience", "57281c594b864d19001644a4": "defects justifying rebellion", "57281c594b864d19001644a5": "help preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience", "57281c594b864d19001644a6": "civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent. Black's Law Dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience", "5728df634b864d1900164fe2": "Christian Bay's encyclopedia article states that civil disobedience", "5728df634b864d1900164fe3": "non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience", "5728df634b864d1900164fe4": "justify civil rebellion", "5728df634b864d1900164fe6": "Black's Law Dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience", "5728202c4b864d19001644ec": "civil disobedience", "5728202c4b864d19001644ed": "Thoreau", "5728202c4b864d19001644ee": "Ferenc De\u00e1k directed revolutionary civil disobedience", "5728202c4b864d19001644ef": "civil disobedience. It has been claimed that the Hungarians under Ferenc De\u00e1k", "5728202c4b864d19001644f0": "Non-revolutionary civil disobedience", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00e9": "revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ea": "simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged \"wrong\" by an individual conscience", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00eb": "conscience", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ec": "Non-revolutionary civil disobedience", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ed": "revolutionary civil disobedience", "572822233acd2414000df555": "solitary civil disobedience", "572822233acd2414000df556": "Unarmed Jews gathered in the streets to prevent the installation of pagan images", "572822233acd2414000df557": "tax collector", "572822233acd2414000df558": "rose to higher political office", "572822233acd2414000df559": "Mexican War", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0131": "collective", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0132": "civil disobedience took place during the Roman Empire", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0133": "jail solidarity", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0134": "solitary", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0135": "solitary civil disobedience, such as that committed by Thoreau, but these sometimes go unnoticed", "572825a92ca10214002d9efe": "Bedau writes, \"There is a whole class of acts, undertaken in the name of civil disobedience", "572825a92ca10214002d9eff": "harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals", "572825a92ca10214002d9f00": "U", "572825a92ca10214002d9f01": "180", "572825a92ca10214002d9f02": "738 days", "5728e5224b864d1900165032": "civil disobedience", "5728e5224b864d1900165033": "Bedau writes, \"There is a whole class of acts, undertaken in the name of civil disobedience", "5728e5224b864d1900165034": "illegal", "5728e5224b864d1900165035": "illegal protests toward public policy", "5728e5224b864d1900165036": "180-foot (55 m)-tall, 600-year-old California Redwood tree for 738 days", "5728284e3acd2414000df5cd": "sending an email", "5728284e3acd2414000df5ce": "Lebanon", "5728284e3acd2414000df5cf": "pure speech, civil disobedience", "5728284e3acd2414000df5d0": "Filthy Words\" from a George Carlin comedy album", "5728284e3acd2414000df5d1": "FCC v. Pacifica Foundation", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0171": "pure speech, civil disobedience", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0172": "civil disobedience", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0173": "pure speech, civil disobedience", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0174": "pure speech, civil disobedience", "57282dfb4b864d1900164668": "distributed denial-of-service attacks", "57282dfb4b864d1900164669": "closed GCSB Waihopai by padlocking the gates", "57282dfb4b864d190016466a": "GCSB", "57282dfb4b864d190016466b": "civil disobedients are constrained in their use of coercion by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue", "57282dfb4b864d190016466c": "draft dodging, distributed denial-of-service attacks, and sit-ins, make it more difficult for a system to function", "5728e715ff5b5019007da914": "civil disobedience", "5728e715ff5b5019007da916": "illegal boycotts", "5728e715ff5b5019007da917": "illegal boycotts", "5728e715ff5b5019007da918": "illegal boycotts", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6c": "criminal investigations and arrests arise also in civil disobedience cases", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6d": "Thoreau", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6e": "criminal investigators", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6f": "civil disobedience cases", "5728e8212ca10214002daa70": "Thoreau", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c5": "civil disobedients", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c6": "no", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c7": "civil disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment because of their belief in the validity of the social contract", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c8": "bind", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c9": "civil disobedients, being anarchists", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01d9": "civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01da": "submit to the punishment prescribed by law", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01db": "two", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dc": "civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dd": "\"creative plea", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650aa": "August 1957", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ab": "August 1957", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ac": "August 1957", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ad": "afternoon", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ae": "August 1957", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97c": "Howard Zinn writes, \"There may be many times when protesters", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97d": "Howard Zinn", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97e": "Howard Zinn", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97f": "Howard Zinn writes, \"There may be many times when protesters", "5728eef92ca10214002daab0": "Camden 28", "5728eef92ca10214002daab1": "civil disobedients", "5728eef92ca10214002daab2": "mass arrest situations", "5728eef92ca10214002daab3": "prosecution proposes a plea bargain to civil", "5728eef92ca10214002daab4": "Mohandas Gandhi pleaded guilty and told the court", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e55": "defiant speech", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e56": "defiant", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e57": "civil disobedience defendants", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e58": "defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions, in allocution. In U.S. v. Burgos-Andujar", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e59": "defendants choose to make a defiant speech", "5728facd4b864d1900165170": "Steven Barkan", "5728facd4b864d1900165171": "Steven Barkan", "5728facd4b864d1900165172": "civil disobedience", "5728facd4b864d1900165173": "Vietnam War era", "5728facd4b864d1900165174": "civil disobedience", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef5": "disobedience may be helpful, any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef6": "disobedience may be helpful, any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef7": "theory", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef8": "covertly and avoiding attribution", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef9": "Michael Bayles", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f11": "Indirect civil disobedience", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f12": "civil disobedience", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f13": "Vietnam", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f14": "necessity", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f15": "inside courthouses", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2b": "Brownlee", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2d": "criminal punishment. Brownlee", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2e": "Leonard Hubert Hoffmann writes, \"In deciding whether or not to impose punishment", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2f": "deserts", "57273a465951b619008f86ff": "the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser", "57273a465951b619008f8700": "a designated purchaser, while construction", "57273a465951b619008f8701": "six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries", "57273a465951b619008f8702": "six to nine percent", "57273a465951b619008f8703": "client", "57273cca708984140094db33": "architect", "57273cca708984140094db34": "architect", "57273cca708984140094db35": "effective planning", "57273cca708984140094db36": "megaprojects", "57273cca708984140094db37": "job", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4fe": "general", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4ff": "industrial. Building construction", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f500": "heavy/highway", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f501": "heavy civil or heavy engineering", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f502": "Industrial includes refineries", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a02": "ENR", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a03": "about the size of design and construction companies", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a04": "2014", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a05": "hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0a": "three subsectors: building", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0b": "construction service firms", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0c": "North American Industry", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0d": "firms", "57274046dd62a815002e9a12": "the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings", "57274046dd62a815002e9a13": "small renovations", "57274046dd62a815002e9a14": "property", "57274046dd62a815002e9a15": "structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation", "57274046dd62a815002e9a16": "careful oversight during the project", "572742bd5951b619008f8785": "construction", "572742bd5951b619008f8786": "e.g. brick", "572742bd5951b619008f8787": "lot of waste", "572742bd5951b619008f8788": "conditions", "572744aff1498d1400e8f588": "3D printing technology", "572744aff1498d1400e8f589": "20 hours", "572744aff1498d1400e8f58a": "3D-printed building is scheduled to be built in 2014", "572744aff1498d1400e8f58b": "2 metres", "572745c6708984140094db9a": "reality", "572745c6708984140094db99": "industrialized world", "572745c6708984140094db9b": "i", "572745c6708984140094db9c": "drawings", "572745c6708984140094db9d": "a contract to the most cost efficient bidder", "57274e0d708984140094dbe5": "specialties, especially among large firms", "57274e0d708984140094dbe6": "past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors", "57274e0d708984140094dbe7": "one-stop shopping", "57274e0d708984140094dbe8": "a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction", "57274e975951b619008f87f9": "Several project structures can assist the owner in this integration, including design-build, partnering and construction management", "57274e975951b619008f87fa": "Several project structures can assist the owner in this integration, including design-build, partnering and construction management", "57274e975951b619008f87fb": "design", "57274f67708984140094dbf5": "financial problems", "57274f67708984140094dbf6": "preventable financial problems", "57274f67708984140094dbf7": "little money to complete the project", "57274f67708984140094dbf8": "the construction field. Financial planning", "5727502f708984140094dc07": "Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers", "5727502f708984140094dc08": "mortgage banker", "5727502f708984140094dc09": "over the life of the project", "5727502f708984140094dc0b": "overruns", "5727502f708984140094dc0a": "estimators", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af0": "zoning and building code requirements", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af1": "zoning and building code requirements", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af2": "prohibitum considerations", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af3": "se considerations, or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad \u2013 bridge collapses or explosions", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af4": "residential district", "572751b4708984140094dc1b": "a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations", "572751b4708984140094dc1c": "more parties", "572751b4708984140094dc1d": "little as possible. The time element in construction means that a delay costs money", "572751b4708984140094dc1e": "the contracts must be designed to ensure that each side", "572751b4708984140094dc1f": "poorly drafted contracts", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0e": "relationship contracting", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0f": "Public-Private Partnering", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b10": "Public-Private Partnering", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b11": "co-operation", "572753335951b619008f8853": "architect or engineer", "572753335951b619008f8854": "her role is to design the works, prepare the specifications and produce construction drawings", "572753335951b619008f8855": "architect's client and the main contractor. Any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor", "572753335951b619008f8856": "architect's client and the main contractor", "572753335951b619008f8857": "building", "57275411dd62a815002e9b30": "owner", "57275411dd62a815002e9b31": "B contractors", "57275411dd62a815002e9b32": "the appropriate contractor", "57275411dd62a815002e9b33": "contractors", "57275411dd62a815002e9b34": "2. This is in contrast to a design-bid-build contract", "572754fff1498d1400e8f660": "dug, contractors", "572754fff1498d1400e8f661": "electrical", "572754fff1498d1400e8f662": "cable", "572754fff1498d1400e8f663": "inspector", "572754fff1498d1400e8f664": "local building code", "572755b7708984140094dc4d": "$960 billion", "572755b7708984140094dc4e": "$680 billion", "572755b7708984140094dc4f": "667,000", "572755b7708984140094dc50": "38,000 heavy, and 432,000", "572755b7708984140094dc51": "828,000", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f674": "\u00a343", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f675": "\u00a343", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f676": "more than $100,000", "572756fe708984140094dc71": "Construction", "572756fe708984140094dc72": "occupational injury rate among construction workers in the United States was nearly three times that for all workers", "572756fe708984140094dc73": "occupational injuries in the construction industry", "572756fe708984140094dc74": "scaffolding", "572746addd62a815002e9a5e": "independent schools, non-governmental, or nonstate schools", "572746addd62a815002e9a5f": "g. sport scholarship", "572746addd62a815002e9a60": "mandatory taxation through public", "572746addd62a815002e9a61": "independent schools, non-governmental, or nonstate schools, are not administered by local, state or national governments", "57274712708984140094dbad": "$45,000", "57274712708984140094dbae": "12", "57274712708984140094dbaf": "Australia", "57274712708984140094dbb0": "Australia and Canada", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59a": "lower sixth", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59b": "lower sixth", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59c": "7 through 12 (year twelve is known as lower sixth) and year 13 (upper sixth", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59d": "peer tuitions", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59e": "7 through 12 (year twelve is known as lower sixth", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a4": "Roman Catholic schools. Other religious groups represented in the K-12 private education sector include Protestants, Jews, Muslims and the Orthodox Christians", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a5": "K-12 private education", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a6": "K-12 private education sector include Protestants, Jews, Muslims and the Orthodox Christians", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a82": "government schools. Student uniforms for Australian private schools are generally stricter and more formal than in government schools - for example, a compulsory blazer", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a83": "compulsory blazer", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a84": "more expensive than their public counterparts", "57274971708984140094dbbb": "Presbyterian", "57274971708984140094dbbc": "Sydney", "57274971708984140094dbbd": "Sydney", "57274971708984140094dbbe": "Ursula's College and Loreto Normanhurst for girls", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9a": "7, Paragraph 4", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9b": "second Gleichschaltung", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9c": "11.1%", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9d": "1992 and 2008 the percent", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9e": "2008 the percent", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bc": "derungsverbot", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bd": "Ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools, which are run by private individuals", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5be": "low tuition fees", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d4": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d5": "German dual education system", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d6": "whole by charging their students tuition fees", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d7": "religious", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e4": "independent schools, but since some private schools receive financial aid from the government, it can be an aided or an unaided school", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e5": "30 different Examination Boards or academic authorities that conduct examinations for school leaving certificates", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e6": "30", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e7": "broad", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa4": "societies", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa5": "adult illiterate population", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa6": "non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa7": "non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa8": "local language in government schools", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aae": "scoil phr\u00edobh\u00e1ideach", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aaf": "\u20ac5,000", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab0": "scoil phr\u00edobh\u00e1ideach", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab1": "e., the Society", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab2": "\u20ac25,000", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f6": "1957", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f7": "1957", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f8": "1957", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f9": "1957", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5fa": "1957, the government instructed all schools to surrender their properties and be assimilated into the National School system. This caused an uproar", "57274e145951b619008f87e7": "funds are called 'aided' schools", "57274e145951b619008f87e8": "private", "57274e145951b619008f87e9": "e.g., the Galaxy Public School in Kathmandu", "57274e145951b619008f87ea": "Preschool education is mostly limited to organized neighbourhood nursery schools", "57274e145951b619008f87eb": "Preschool education", "57274eca5951b619008f87ff": "88 private schools in New Zealand, catering for around 28,000", "57274eca5951b619008f8800": "88 private schools in New Zealand, catering for around 28,000", "57274eca5951b619008f8801": "3.7%", "57274eca5951b619008f8802": "between 1979 and 1984, when the nation's then-private Catholic school system", "57274eca5951b619008f8803": "niche markets", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61e": "King's College and Diocesan School", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61f": "Cambridge", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f620": "Christchurch", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f621": "Andrew's College", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f622": "Catholic schismatic group, the Society of St Pius X", "5727500f708984140094dbfd": "32%", "5727500f708984140094dbfe": "32%", "5727500f708984140094dbff": "32% of secondary enrollment and about 80%", "5727500f708984140094dc00": "August 1992", "5727500f708984140094dc01": "private schools, by replacing values education for third and fourth years", "572750df5951b619008f882f": "financial assistance for tuition and other school fees of students turned away from public high schools because of enrollment overflows", "572750df5951b619008f8830": "post-secondary and non-degree programmes, including vocational and technical courses. The Private Education Student Financial Assistance is made available to underprivileged", "572750df5951b619008f8831": "underprivileged, but deserving high school graduates, who wish to pursue college/technical education in private colleges and universities", "5727515f708984140094dc11": "1996", "5727515f708984140094dc12": "1996", "5727515f708984140094dc13": "1996", "5727515f708984140094dc14": "clarification", "5727515f708984140094dc15": "nineteenth", "57275409708984140094dc35": "semi-private\" form called Model C, and many of these schools changed their admissions policies to accept children of other races. Following the transition to democracy", "57275409708984140094dc36": "government schools formerly reserved for other race groups", "57275409708984140094dc37": "semi-private\" form called Model C, and many of these schools changed their admissions policies to accept children of other races. Following the transition to democracy", "572754dd708984140094dc3b": "10% of Swedish pupils", "572754dd708984140094dc3c": "30 schools and a web-based environment, has 700 employees and teaches nearly 10,000", "572754dd708984140094dc3d": "30 schools and a web-based environment, has 700 employees and teaches nearly 10,000", "572754dd708984140094dc3e": "chain", "572754dd708984140094dc3f": "innovative school voucher", "572756265951b619008f886d": "13", "572756265951b619008f886e": "13", "572756265951b619008f886f": "13 per cent", "572756265951b619008f8870": "13 per cent", "572756265951b619008f8871": "\u00a33,000", "572757bef1498d1400e8f690": "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka", "572757bef1498d1400e8f691": "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that demanded United States schools desegregate", "572757bef1498d1400e8f692": "1954 decision in the landmark court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that demanded United States schools desegregate", "572757bef1498d1400e8f693": "1954", "572757bef1498d1400e8f694": "United States schools desegregate", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6ae": "student tuition, endowments", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6af": "individual state Blaine", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b0": "individual state Blaine", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b1": "charter", "572759665951b619008f8883": "1852", "572759665951b619008f8884": "1852", "572759665951b619008f8885": "1976", "572759665951b619008f8886": "1972", "572759665951b619008f8887": "law", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b94": "$40,000", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b95": "Groton School had substantial endowments running to hundreds of millions of dollars supplemented by fundraising drives. Boarding schools with a reputation for quality in the United States", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b96": "40,000 annually for day schools in New York City, and nearly $50,000", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b97": "substantial endowments running to hundreds of millions", "5727aa413acd2414000de921": "John Harvard", "5727aa413acd2414000de922": "Radcliffe College", "5727aa413acd2414000de923": "1900. James Bryant Conant", "5727aa413acd2414000de924": "John Harvard (its first benefactor), Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher learning, and the Harvard Corporation", "5727aa413acd2414000de925": "Charles W. Eliot's long tenure (1869\u20131909", "5727aeac3acd2414000de987": "79 individual libraries with over 18 million", "5727aeac3acd2414000de988": "18 million", "5727aeac3acd2414000de989": "18 million", "5727aeac3acd2414000de98a": "eight", "5727aeac3acd2414000de98b": "150", "5727aec03acd2414000de991": "Charles River", "5727aec03acd2414000de992": "$37.6 billion", "5727aec03acd2414000de993": "Charles River", "5727aec03acd2414000de994": "ten faculties", "5727aec03acd2414000de995": "209-acre", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c2": "1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c3": "\u00a3779 and his library of some 400 books. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c4": "John of London", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c5": "1639", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c6": "1650", "5727b0892ca10214002d93e8": "Puritan", "5727b0892ca10214002d93e9": "English university", "5727b0892ca10214002d93ea": "English university model\u2014\u200b\u200bmany leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge\u2014\u200b\u200bbut conformed Puritanism", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea99": "1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9a": "Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, a struggle broke out over their replacements. Henry Ware was elected to the chair in 1805", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9b": "Samuel Webber", "5727c0402ca10214002d9564": "Louis Agassiz", "5727c0402ca10214002d9565": "Harvard College", "5727c0402ca10214002d9566": "Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95ba": "Charles W. Eliot, president 1869\u20131909", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bb": "Charles W. Eliot, president 1869\u20131909", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bc": "William Ellery Channing", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94ce": "James Bryant Conant (president, 1933\u20131953) reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94cf": "1943", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94d0": "American education", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec13": "four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe. Following the merger of Harvard and Radcliffe admissions in 1977", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec14": "1977", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec15": "Harvard and Radcliffe", "5727c8863acd2414000dec49": "5 km) west-northwest", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4a": "twelve residential Houses, nine", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4b": "Harvard Yard", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4c": "Harvard Yard in Cambridge, about 3 miles", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9576": "358-acre", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9577": "John W. Weeks", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9578": "21-acre (8.5 ha) campus in the Longwood", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d72": "fifty percent", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d73": "Cambridge", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d74": "Cambridge", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f0": "2,400 professors, lecturers", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f1": "200", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f2": "14,000", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f3": "magenta", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f4": "school color is crimson, which is also the name of the Harvard sports teams and the daily newspaper", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c4": "2008", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c5": "30% loss in 2008-09. In December 2008, Harvard announced that its endowment had lost 22%", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c6": "$1.2 billion", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c7": "$159 million", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c8": "$159 million", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded13": "Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech given by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded14": "Kent-Brown", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded15": "$230 million (out of $400 million", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded3f": "Undergraduate admission to Harvard is characterized by the Carnegie Foundation as \"more selective, lower transfer-in\". Harvard College accepted 5.3%", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded40": "2007 as the program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities, yet for the class of 2016", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded41": "Undergraduate admission to Harvard is characterized by the Carnegie Foundation", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded42": "2016", "5727d3843acd2414000ded69": "2008", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6a": "seven classes outside of their concentration. Since 2008", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6b": "students", "5727d4922ca10214002d977c": "John Harvard Scholar\" and \"Harvard College Scholar", "5727d4922ca10214002d977d": "four half", "5727d4922ca10214002d977e": "4\u20135%", "5727d4922ca10214002d977f": "90% in 2004 to 60%", "5727d6154b864d1900163e34": "$38,000", "5727d6154b864d1900163e35": "$38,000", "5727d6154b864d1900163e36": "10%", "5727d6154b864d1900163e37": "88%", "5727d6154b864d1900163e38": "88% of Harvard's aid for undergraduate students, with aid also provided by loans (8%", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969a": "Harvard University", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969c": "three of the most popular libraries", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969d": "Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969b": "18 million", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5e": "three museums", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5f": "central and northern European art, and the Fogg Museum", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e60": "Semitic Museum featuring artifacts from excavations in the Middle East", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee17": "2004-2009", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee18": "2003", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee19": "Harvard is the second most commonly named \"dream college", "5727da564b864d1900163e8e": "42", "5727da564b864d1900163e8f": "42 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division I Ivy League", "5727da564b864d1900163e90": "two years", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fc": "1903", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fd": "1903", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fe": "1903, Harvard Stadium", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96ff": "sport", "5727dc473acd2414000dee43": "Malkin Athletic Center", "5727dc473acd2414000dee44": "MAC\", serves both as the university", "5727dc473acd2414000dee45": "three", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163eba": "23 years", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebb": "June on the Thames River in eastern Connecticut", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebc": "Harvard Crimson men", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebd": "2003", "5727de862ca10214002d9860": "General Ban Ki-moon; American political leaders John Hancock, John Adams, John Quincy Adams", "5727de862ca10214002d9861": "Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era", "5727de862ca10214002d9862": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Figueres", "5727de862ca10214002d9863": "Antonis Samaras", "5727e0474b864d1900163f08": "Conan O'Brien", "5727e0474b864d1900163f09": "Leonard Bernstein", "5727e0474b864d1900163f0a": "Werner Baer, Harlan Hanson; poets Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot and E. E. Cummings; conductor Leonard Bernstein", "5727e0474b864d1900163f0b": "W. E. B. Du Bois", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f34": "Michael Sandel", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f35": "Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f36": "Wilson", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954a": "853,382 in 2014", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954b": "596", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954c": "1,345,596 in 2010", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954d": "Duval County", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954e": "1968", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9676": "Johns River", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9677": "550 km) north of Miami", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9678": "1822", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9679": "1564", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d967a": "Andrew Jackson", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958e": "deep-water port", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958f": "Jacksonvillians\" or \"Jaxsons", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9590": "two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Florida's third largest seaport. The two US Navy", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9591": "Jacksonvillians", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bec": "thousands of years", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bed": "2500 BC", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bee": "2500 BC", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bef": "2500 BC", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bf0": "Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c26": "Jean Ribault", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c27": "1562 calling it the River of May because he discovered it in May. Ribault erected a stone column near present-day", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c28": "20, 1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c29": "San Mateo", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c2a": "St. Johns River", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d06": "Wacca Pilatka and the British called the Cow Ford or Cowford", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d07": "Andrew Jackson", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d08": "Wacca Pilatka and the British", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d09": "Spanish. Britain ceded control of the territory back to Spain in 1783", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d0a": "Florida Legislative Council on February 9, 1832", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c76": "hogs and cattle being shipped from Florida", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c77": "February 1864 Union forces left Jacksonville", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c78": "Cedar Creek", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c79": "March 1864 a Confederate cavalry confronted a Union expedition resulting in the Battle of Cedar Creek. Warfare and the long occupation left the city disrupted after the war", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c7a": "Jacksonville proper resulted in the first Confederate victory in Florida", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbc": "winter resorts", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbd": "Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February 22, 1888 during his trip to Florida", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbe": "yellow fever outbreaks", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbf": "1893", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cc0": "Grover Cleveland", "5728170d3acd2414000df443": "eight hours", "5728170d3acd2414000df444": "2,000", "5728170d3acd2414000df445": "Jennings", "5728170d3acd2414000df446": "Raleigh, North Carolina", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d44": "New York\u2013based filmmakers", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d45": "silent film studios", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d46": "Winter Film Capital of the World\". However, the emergence of Hollywood", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d47": "Norman Studios", "57281ab63acd2414000df493": "newer housing in the suburbs", "57281ab63acd2414000df494": "55.1%", "57281ab63acd2414000df495": "white flight\" left Jacksonville", "57281ab63acd2414000df496": "public", "57281ab63acd2414000df497": "75.8%", "57281bb84b864d190016449a": "sanitation", "57281bb84b864d190016449b": "six referendums between 1960 and 1965", "57281bb84b864d190016449c": "1958", "57281bb84b864d190016449d": "1960 and 1965", "57281d494b864d19001644be": "mid-1960s, corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city's officials, who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network", "57281d494b864d19001644bf": "mid-1960s", "57281d494b864d19001644c0": "Claude Yates", "57281d494b864d19001644c1": "Claude Yates", "57281edd3acd2414000df4eb": "1, 1968", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ec": "Hans Tanzler posed with actress Lee Meredith", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ed": "1967, voters approved the plan. On October 1, 1968", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ee": "Jacksonville voters in 2000, authorized a half-penny sales tax. This would generate most of the revenue required for the $2.25 billion", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ef": "Julington Creek", "572820512ca10214002d9e72": "962 km2) is land and ; 13.34%", "572820512ca10214002d9e73": "Trout River, a major tributary of the St. Johns River", "572820512ca10214002d9e74": "St. Johns River, is located entirely within Jacksonville", "572820512ca10214002d9e75": "Baldwin", "572820512ca10214002d9e76": "Baldwin", "572821274b864d1900164510": "1990", "572821274b864d1900164511": "1990", "572821274b864d1900164512": "Downtown Jacksonville's skyline is the Bank of America Tower, constructed in 1990", "572821274b864d1900164513": "42 floors", "572821274b864d1900164514": "37-story", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc4": "subtropical", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc5": "mild", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc6": "mild weather during winters and hot and humid", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc7": "Jacksonville's low latitude", "57282358ff5b5019007d9dde": "104 \u00b0F (40 \u00b0C", "57282358ff5b5019007d9ddf": "thunderstorms to erupt", "57282358ff5b5019007d9de0": "rapid heating of the land relative to the water, combined with extremely high humidity", "57282358ff5b5019007d9de1": "64 to 92 \u00b0F (18 to 33 \u00b0C", "572824f13acd2414000df58f": "Tropical Storm Bonnie would cause minor damage in 2004, spawning a minor tornado in the process. On May 28, 2012", "572824f13acd2414000df590": "Jacksonville was from Hurricane Dora", "572824f13acd2414000df591": "1964", "572824f13acd2414000df592": "Simpson", "572824f13acd2414000df593": "darkness", "572826634b864d19001645be": "5,751", "572826634b864d19001645bf": "821", "572826634b864d19001645c0": "5,751", "572826634b864d19001645c1": "25,033", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bb": "273", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bc": "3.21", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bd": "29.7%", "572827fc3acd2414000df5be": "366", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ee": "759,900", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ef": "$759", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f0": "759", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f1": "2015", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f2": "October 2015", "5729d36b1d04691400779607": "40%", "5729d36b1d04691400779608": "1% of adults alone owned 40% of global assets in the year 2000", "5729d36b1d04691400779609": "10 million dollar millionaires\" grew to nearly $41 trillion", "5729d36b1d0469140077960a": "759,900", "5729d36b1d0469140077960b": "Western", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc0": "22, 2014", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc1": "22, 2014, the \"richest 1 percent", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc2": "half of all Americans combined.\" According to the New York Times on July 22, 2014", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc3": "substantial privilege", "5729d44b1d04691400779611": "Forbes richest 400 Americans \"grew up in substantial privilege", "5729d44b1d04691400779612": "90 percent", "5729d44b1d04691400779613": "substantial head start\". In September 2012", "5729d44b1d04691400779614": "60 percent\" of the Forbes richest 400 Americans", "5729d44b1d04691400779615": "60 percent", "5727e9523acd2414000def95": "Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land", "5727e9523acd2414000def96": "labor income distribution", "5727e9523acd2414000def97": "Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income", "5727e9523acd2414000def98": "professions and lower-paid professions", "5727e9523acd2414000def99": "labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers", "5729d51d3f37b3190047858f": "labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers", "5729d51d3f37b31900478590": "Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land", "5729d51d3f37b31900478591": "labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers", "5729d51d3f37b31900478592": "worker", "5729d51d3f37b31900478593": "a market economy", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986e": "organic composition of capital", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986f": "stagnant wages for the working class", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9870": "less workers", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9871": "organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment", "5729d609af94a219006aa661": "labor inputs", "5729d609af94a219006aa662": "Marxian analysis, capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs", "5729d609af94a219006aa663": "the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers", "5729d609af94a219006aa664": "Marxian analysis, capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs", "5729d609af94a219006aa665": "substitution of capital equipment for labor", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b6": "price of skill", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b7": "supply", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b8": "chronically understaffed", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b9": "the workers wages", "5727ec062ca10214002d99ba": "unfair", "5729d878af94a219006aa66b": "i.e. where professional and labor organizations cannot limit the number of workers", "5729d878af94a219006aa66c": "the same way as prices", "5729d878af94a219006aa66d": "wages", "5729d878af94a219006aa66e": "hand, markets", "5729d878af94a219006aa66f": "high levels of inequality", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df001": "up wages due to the nature of the job, since there is a relative shortage of workers", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df002": "many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df003": "low demand) will result in a low wage for that job. This is because competition between workers drives down the wage", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df004": "may also receive higher wages", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df005": "wages", "5729da0faf94a219006aa675": "many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply", "5729da0faf94a219006aa676": "low wage for that job. This is because competition between workers", "5729da0faf94a219006aa677": "between workers", "5729da0faf94a219006aa678": "few able or willing workers", "5729da0faf94a219006aa679": "between workers drives down the wage. An example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ec": "entrepreneurship", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ed": "Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ee": "push\" motivations", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ef": "entrepreneurialism", "5727ee372ca10214002d99f0": "former type of entrepreneurialism", "5729de24af94a219006aa689": "self-employment", "5729de24af94a219006aa68a": "entrepreneurship", "5729de24af94a219006aa68b": "push\" motivations", "5729de24af94a219006aa68c": "push\" motivations", "5729de24af94a219006aa68d": "former type of entrepreneurialism", "5727ef664b864d1900164060": "progressive tax system", "5727ef664b864d1900164061": "progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases. In a progressive tax system", "5727ef664b864d1900164062": "Gini index for an income", "5727ef664b864d1900164063": "direct impact on the level of inequality within a society", "5729e02f1d04691400779639": "the taxable base amount increases. In a progressive tax system", "5729e02f1d0469140077963a": "a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society", "5729e02f1d0469140077963b": "social spending", "5729e02f1d0469140077963c": "Gini", "5727f05b4b864d1900164068": "workers", "5727f05b4b864d1900164069": "wages", "5727f05b4b864d190016406a": "An important factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals' access to education", "5727f05b4b864d190016406b": "individuals", "5727f05b4b864d190016406c": "wages", "5729e1101d04691400779641": "creation of inequality is variation", "5729e1101d04691400779642": "a high demand for workers, creates high wages", "5729e1101d04691400779643": "lower", "5729e1101d04691400779644": "lower incomes", "5729e1101d04691400779645": "growth", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05b": "P", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05c": "$105 billion", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05d": "average United States worker", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05e": "2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency", "5729e1e36aef0514001550ba": "2014", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bb": "2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bc": "slow growth, S", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bd": "$105 billion", "5729e1e36aef0514001550be": "five years", "5727f2714b864d1900164072": "1910\u20131940", "5727f2714b864d1900164073": "1910\u20131940", "5727f2714b864d1900164074": "1910\u20131940", "5727f2714b864d1900164075": "Lagerlof and Galor", "5727f2714b864d1900164076": "skilled and unski", "5729e2b76aef0514001550ce": "1910\u20131940", "5729e2b76aef0514001550cf": "1910\u20131940", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d0": "1910\u20131940", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d1": "Lagerlof and Galor stated that gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth, and continued gender inequality in education", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d2": "low economic growth, and continued gender inequality in education", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e7": "union", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e8": "European", "5727f6723acd2414000df0ea": "little", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e9": "continental European liberalism", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69d": "the causes of economic inequality", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69e": "social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69f": "2006", "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a0": "little support for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes", "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a1": "lower level of economic mobility than all the continental", "5727f7523acd2414000df10d": "Scandinavia", "5727f7523acd2414000df10e": "vice-versa.\"", "5727f7523acd2414000df10f": "weak labor movements", "5727f7523acd2414000df110": "Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap", "5729e4291d04691400779651": "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington", "5729e4291d04691400779652": "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington", "5729e4291d04691400779653": "technological changes and globalization", "5729e4291d04691400779654": "high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality", "5729e4291d04691400779655": "weak labor movements and vice-versa", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a18": "liberalisation has had a measurable", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a19": "liberalisation has had a measurable", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1a": "rising inequality", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1b": "low-skilled jobs", "5729f1283f37b319004785d7": "may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale. When rich countries trade with poor countries", "5729f1283f37b319004785d8": "low-skilled workers", "5729f1283f37b319004785d9": "economist", "5729f1283f37b319004785da": "minor", "5729f1283f37b319004785db": "Robert Lawrence", "5727fd123acd2414000df185": "53%", "5727fd123acd2414000df186": "53% in Botswana to -40%", "5727fd123acd2414000df187": "gap", "5727fd123acd2414000df188": "pay gap in favor of males in the labor market", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e7": "53%", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e8": "53%", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e9": "Thomas Sowell", "5729f1c13f37b319004785ea": "Thomas Sowell", "5729f1c13f37b319004785eb": "A U.S. Census's report stated that in US", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ab": "social welfare", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ac": "Simon Kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development. According to Kuznets", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ad": "Simon Kuznets", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ae": "more wealth and income and introducing inequality. Eventually, through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs, more developed countries move back to lower levels", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6dd": "Economist Simon Kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6de": "Economist Simon Kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6df": "more capital", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e0": "more wealth and income and introducing inequality", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e1": "possible", "57287b322ca10214002da3be": "1910", "57287b322ca10214002da3bf": "1970s", "57287b322ca10214002da3c0": "service", "57287b322ca10214002da3c1": "service", "5729f3883f37b319004785f1": "Kuznets", "5729f3883f37b319004785f2": "Kuznets saw middle-income", "5729f3883f37b319004785f3": "more recent testing of this theory with superior panel", "5729f3883f37b319004785f4": "middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the Kuznets", "5729f3883f37b319004785f5": "Kuznets", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26c": "concentration", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26d": "individuals", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26e": "Thomas Piketty in his book Capital in the Twenty-First Century", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26f": "beneficiaries of the new wealth. Over time, wealth condensation", "5729f4273f37b319004785fb": "certain conditions, newly created wealth concentrates", "5729f4273f37b319004785fc": "the accumulation of wealth", "5729f4273f37b319004785fd": "Thomas Piketty in his book Capital in the Twenty-First Century", "5729f4273f37b319004785fe": "Thomas Piketty", "5729f4273f37b319004785ff": "pp", "5729f4e46aef051400155157": "Joseph Stiglitz argues that rather than explaining concentrations of wealth and income", "5729f4e46aef051400155156": "Economist", "5729f4e46aef051400155158": "rare and desired skills to reward wealth creation, greater productivity", "5729f4e46aef051400155159": "shape", "5729f4e46aef05140015515a": "\"", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6ef": "lower rates of social goods", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f0": "human capital is neglected for high-end consumption", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f1": "r = -.907", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f2": "health and social problems", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f3": "r = -.620", "572a05eb3f37b31900478653": "2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality", "572a05eb3f37b31900478654": "2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality", "572a05eb3f37b31900478655": "negative", "572a05eb3f37b31900478656": "odes", "572a05eb3f37b31900478657": "economic growth", "572a06866aef0514001551be": "British", "572a06866aef0514001551bf": "lower in countries like Japan and Finland and states like Utah and New Hampshire", "572a06866aef0514001551c0": "Kate Pickett", "572a06866aef0514001551c2": "23", "572a06866aef0514001551c1": "Utah and New Hampshire", "572a070c6aef0514001551c8": "full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel \u2013 led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes", "572a070c6aef0514001551c9": "incomes", "572a070c6aef0514001551ca": "poorer countries", "572a070c6aef0514001551cb": "77 years in 2004", "572a070c6aef0514001551cc": "80 years) and Japan (82", "572a07a86aef0514001551d2": "correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality", "572a07a86aef0514001551d3": "nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson", "572a07a86aef0514001551d4": "nine factors, authors", "572a07a86aef0514001551d5": "Richard Wilkinson", "572a07a86aef0514001551d6": "22", "572a0a391d046914007796df": "Crime rate has also been shown to be correlated with inequality", "572a0a391d046914007796e0": "homicides", "572a0a391d046914007796e1": "fifty studies", "572a0a391d046914007796e3": "U.S States and Canadian Provinces there is a tenfold difference in homicide rates related to inequality", "572a0a391d046914007796e2": "tenfold", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa765": "economic inequality is problematic", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa766": "distributive efficiency", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa767": "great deal of utility to that person, such as basic necessities like food, water, and healthcare", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa768": "richer", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa769": "higher aggregate utility", "572a0c541d046914007796f3": "the measure of inequality", "572a0c541d046914007796f4": "libertarian", "572a0c541d046914007796f5": "Tory, consumption inequality was actually lower in 2001", "572a0c541d046914007796f6": "Thomas", "572a0c541d046914007796f7": "journalist Thomas B. Edsall. Other studies", "572a0d21af94a219006aa783": "Central Banking", "572a0d21af94a219006aa784": "Central Banking economist Raghuram", "572a0d21af94a219006aa785": "deep financial 'fault lines' that have made [financial] crises more likely to happen than in the past\" \u2013 the Financial crisis of 2007\u201308", "572a0d21af94a219006aa786": "declining purchasing power, political pressure has developed to extend easier credit", "572a0d21af94a219006aa787": "a tendency to go \"from bubble to bubble\" fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation", "572a0e0e1d04691400779707": "the duration of economic growth spells", "572a0e0e1d04691400779708": "not just economic prosperity, but also the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education. According to IMF staff economists", "572a0e0e1d04691400779709": "20 percent", "572a0e0e1d0469140077970a": "20 percent", "572a0e0e1d0469140077970b": "poor and the middle class matter", "572a0ecb1d04691400779717": "economists David Castells", "572a0ecb1d04691400779718": "David Castells-Quintana and Vicente Royuela", "572a0ecb1d04691400779719": "subsequent long-run economic growth", "572a0ecb1d0469140077971a": "David Castells-Quintana and Vicente Royuela, increasing inequality", "572a0ecb1d0469140077971b": "David Castells-Quintana and Vicente Royuela", "572a1046af94a219006aa78d": "Joseph Stiglitz presented evidence", "572a1046af94a219006aa78e": "Joseph Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries", "572a1046af94a219006aa78f": "Economist Joseph Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009", "572a1046af94a219006aa790": "2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand. Economist Branko Milanovic, wrote in 2001", "572a1046af94a219006aa791": "widespread education", "572a11663f37b31900478693": "1993", "572a11663f37b31900478694": "1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market", "572a11663f37b31900478695": "Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development", "572a11663f37b31900478696": "redistributive taxation", "572a11663f37b31900478697": "politically and socially unstable", "572a12381d0469140077972d": "Barro", "572a12381d0469140077972e": "Robert Barro, found that there is \"little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment\". According to work by Barro", "572a12381d0469140077972c": "Harvard economist Robert Barro", "572a12381d0469140077972b": "Harvard economist", "572a12381d0469140077972f": "1960", "572a13841d0469140077973b": "Kuznets curve", "572a13841d0469140077973c": "Thomas Piketty challenges this notion, claiming that from 1914 to 1945 wars and \"violent economic and political shocks\" reduced inequality", "572a13841d0469140077973d": "Thomas Piketty", "572a13841d0469140077973e": "Economist", "572a13841d0469140077973f": "Thomas Piketty challenges this notion, claiming that from 1914 to 1945 wars", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7df": "1970s established possible avenues", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e0": "a 1955 review, savings by the wealthy, if these increase with inequality", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e1": "consumer demand. A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e2": "several years", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e3": "robustly associated with more equality", "572a1a5c6aef051400155284": "poorer sections", "572a1a5c6aef051400155285": "economic growth on poverty reduction \u2013 the growth elasticity of poverty \u2013 can depend on the existing level of inequality", "572a1a5c6aef051400155286": "nearly 60 years", "572a1a5c6aef051400155287": "United Nations", "572a1a5c6aef051400155288": "reducing poverty", "572a1ba46aef05140015528e": "land and housing", "572a1ba46aef05140015528f": "various associations and other arrangements", "572a1ba46aef051400155290": "extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building", "572a1ba46aef051400155291": "over 200 steps and up to 14 years", "572a1ba46aef051400155292": "200", "572a1c943f37b319004786e1": "1984 and 1991", "572a1c943f37b319004786e2": "David Rodda noted that from 1984 and 1991, the number of quality rental units", "572a1c943f37b319004786e3": "1984 and 1991, the number of quality rental units", "572a1c943f37b319004786e4": "Rhoda 1994:148", "572a1c943f37b319004786e5": "low income residents", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f5": "Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f6": "those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to manage their finances", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f7": "aspiring to achieve the standards of living enjoyed by their wealthier counterparts", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f8": "wealthier counterparts", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f9": "greater inequality and potential economic instability", "572a1f086aef0514001552c0": "the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution is created, resulting in many cases, in more environmental degradation", "572a1f086aef0514001552c1": "multiplier would be lower, and thus the amount of environmental degradation", "572a1f086aef0514001552c2": "1/3 of current levels, so about 2 billion", "572a1f086aef0514001552c3": "2 billion", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d0": "attribute", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d1": "class", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d2": "unearned property income by virtue of ownership titles in capital equipment, financial assets and corporate stock", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3": "socially", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d4": "reflective", "572a20816aef0514001552e4": "Robert Nozick", "572a20816aef0514001552e5": "redistributes wealth by force", "572a20816aef0514001552e6": "one where all individuals", "572a20816aef0514001552e7": "Nozick", "572a20816aef0514001552e8": "forceful taking of property, and a certain amount of redistribution", "572a213e6aef0514001552ee": "human development approach \u2013 looks at income inequality and poverty as form of \u201ccapability deprivation", "572a213e6aef0514001552ef": "human development approach \u2013 looks at income inequality and poverty", "572a213e6aef0514001552f0": "human development approach \u2013 looks at income inequality and poverty", "572a213e6aef0514001552f1": "human development approach \u2013 looks at income inequality and poverty", "572a213e6aef0514001552f2": "\u201ccapability deprivation\u201d. Unlike neoliberalism", "572a2224af94a219006aa823": "a person\u2019s capabilities", "572a2224af94a219006aa824": "healthy", "572a2224af94a219006aa825": "customs", "572a2224af94a219006aa826": "rampant violence in the area", "572a2224af94a219006aa827": "towards a better relevant income", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e2": "British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e3": "British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e4": "British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e5": "blue British police box", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e6": "British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f2": "BBC", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f3": "Russell T Davies", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f4": "BBC", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f5": "BBC Wales", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f6": "BBC", "5727f18c3acd2414000df063": "Twelve", "5727f18c3acd2414000df064": "Peter Capaldi", "5727f18c3acd2414000df065": "Peter Capaldi", "5727f18c3acd2414000df066": "Twelve actors", "5727f18c3acd2414000df067": "Peter Capaldi took on the role after Matt Smith's exit in the 2013 Christmas special \"The Time of the Doctor\"", "5727f2583acd2414000df087": "Gallifrey", "5727f2583acd2414000df088": "planet Gallifrey, who simply goes by the name \"The Doctor\"", "5727f2583acd2414000df089": "40", "5727f2583acd2414000df08a": "him to travel across time and space. The TARDIS has a \"chameleon circuit", "5727f2583acd2414000df08b": "blue British Police box", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a5": "one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a6": "renegade", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a7": "new appearance and personality", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a8": "humans", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a9": "renegade Time", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a32": "second", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a33": "BBC's first merchandising boom", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a34": "Wilson", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a35": "Anthony Coburn", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a36": "second", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a44": "More Than 30 Years", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a45": "Jonathan Powell", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a46": "30 Years", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a47": "1990", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a48": "co-star Sophie Aldred", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9956": "house", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9957": "Philip Segal, a British expatriate who worked for Columbia Pictures' television arm in the United States", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9958": "1996", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9959": "9.1 million", "5727f678ff5b5019007d995a": "9.1 million", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9960": "Rose\" on BBC One on 26 March 2005", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9961": "26 March 2005", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9963": "2009", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9964": "January 2016, Moffat announced that he would step down after the 2017 finale, to be replaced by Chris Chibnall", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9962": "26 March 2005", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7c": "1963", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7d": "1963", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7e": "2005", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7f": "1996 telefilm. This is similar to the 1988 continuation of Mission Impossible, but differs from most other series relaunche", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a80": "1989", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164160": "30 November 1963", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164161": "30 November 1963", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164162": "eighty seconds", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164163": "30 November 1963", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164164": "eighty seconds", "5727fdb94b864d190016417c": "\"Hiding", "5727fdb94b864d190016417d": "London", "5727fdb94b864d190016417e": "London", "5727fdb94b864d190016417f": "Digital Spy", "5727fdb94b864d1900164180": "Digital Spy", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a1": "3%", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a2": "3%", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a3": "Philip Howard", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a4": "violence", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a5": "violence", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8c": "TARDIS", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8d": "BBC scriptwriter Anthony Coburn", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8e": "BBC scriptwriter Anthony Coburn", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8f": "1998", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a90": "2002, the Patent Office", "572800b03acd2414000df1f1": "26 seasons on BBC One, from 23 November 1963 until 6 December 1989", "572800b03acd2414000df1f2": "6 December 1989", "572800b03acd2414000df1f3": "12", "572800b03acd2414000df1f4": "rogue", "572800b03acd2414000df1f5": "26 seasons on BBC One, from 23 November 1963 until 6 December 1989", "572801823acd2414000df1fb": "2005", "572801823acd2414000df1fc": "13 45-minute", "572801823acd2414000df1fd": "Christmas Day", "572801823acd2414000df1fe": "Eleventh Hour\" from 2010 exceeded an hour in length", "572801823acd2414000df1ff": "2008", "5728023a4b864d19001641f4": "826", "5728023a4b864d19001641f5": "826", "5728023a4b864d19001641f6": "826", "5728023a4b864d19001641f7": "826", "5728023a4b864d19001641f8": "826", "572803493acd2414000df229": "William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton", "572803493acd2414000df22a": "97 of 253", "572803493acd2414000df22b": "3, 4, & 5, from which 79 episodes are missing). In 1972", "572803493acd2414000df22c": "1978", "572803493acd2414000df22d": "six", "572804522ca10214002d9b94": "prints", "572804522ca10214002d9b95": "tape recordings", "572804522ca10214002d9b97": "exception of Marco Polo, \"Mission to the Unknown\" and The Massacre of St Bartholomew", "572804522ca10214002d9b96": "8 mm cine", "572804522ca10214002d9b98": "8 mm cine film and clips that were shown on other programmes", "572805363acd2414000df26d": "BBC on VHS", "572805363acd2414000df26e": "1968", "572805363acd2414000df26f": "1968", "572805363acd2414000df270": "Theta-Sigma", "572805363acd2414000df271": "November 2006", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b42": "regeneration", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b43": "William Hartnell's poor health", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b44": "star William Hartnell's poor health. The actual term \"regeneration\" was not initially conceived of until the Doctor's third on-screen", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b45": "\"regeneration\" was not initially conceived of until the Doctor's third on-screen", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b46": "\"regeneration\" was not initially conceived of until the Doctor's third on-screen", "572808bf4b864d190016429a": "12 times", "572808bf4b864d190016429b": "13", "572808bf4b864d190016429c": "twelfth", "572808bf4b864d190016429d": "twelfth", "572808bf4b864d190016429e": "twelfth", "572809ab4b864d19001642ae": "2013", "572809ab4b864d19001642af": "Doctor", "572809ab4b864d19001642b0": "Michael Jayston", "572809ab4b864d19001642b1": "1986", "572809ab4b864d19001642b2": "1986", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c66": "Eleventh Doctor meets an unknown incarnation of himself, whom he refers to as \"his secret\" and who is subsequently revealed to be the War Doctor", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c67": "Richard Hurndall", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c68": "Peter Davison", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c6a": "Richard Hurndall replaced William Hartnell. Patrick Troughton again returned in 1985's The Two Doctors with Colin Baker", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c69": "David Tennant, and most recently in 2013", "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca8": "Four", "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca9": "2003, an audio drama titled Zagreus featuring Paul McGann, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Peter Davison", "57280cac2ca10214002d9caa": "audio drama The Four Doctors", "57280cac2ca10214002d9cab": "audio adventure Project: Lazarus. In 2010", "57280cac2ca10214002d9cac": "2003", "57280e323acd2414000df349": "2013", "57280e323acd2414000df34a": "2013", "57280e323acd2414000df34b": "1983", "57280e323acd2414000df34c": "2013", "57280e323acd2414000df34d": "1983", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35b": "Susan Foreman", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35c": "Susan Foreman", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35d": "Susan Foreman", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35e": "Ninth Doctor thought he was the last surviving Time Lord", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35f": "Susan Foreman", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c30": "human, or humanoid aliens", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c31": "Deadly Assassin", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c33": "1963", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c34": "Susan Foreman", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c32": "Sarah Jane Smith", "572811434b864d190016438c": "revival, the Doctor generally travels with a primary female companion", "572811434b864d190016438d": "Rose Tyler", "572811434b864d190016438e": "Amy Pond", "572811434b864d190016438f": "2005", "572811434b864d1900164390": "Catherine Tate", "572812142ca10214002d9d2a": "Russell T Davies", "572812142ca10214002d9d2b": "2005", "572812142ca10214002d9d2c": "2005", "572812142ca10214002d9d2d": "2, the Macra", "572812142ca10214002d9d2e": "Zygons", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c80": "1963", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c81": "Skaro", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c82": "Dalek race, which first appeared in the show's second serial in 1963", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c83": "Davros", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c84": "1963", "572813b52ca10214002d9d68": "Lord who desires to rule the universe. Conceived as \"Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes\", the character first appeared in 1971", "572813b52ca10214002d9d69": "1989", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6a": "Eric Roberts", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6b": "Peter Pratt and Geoffrey Beevers until Anthony Ainley took over and continued to play the character until Doctor Who's hiatus in 1989", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6c": "Peter Pratt and Geoffrey Beevers until Anthony Ainley took over and continued to play the character until Doctor Who's hiatus in 1989", "572814882ca10214002d9d72": "Michelle Gomez", "572814882ca10214002d9d73": "Derek Jacobi", "572814882ca10214002d9d74": "Michelle Gomez", "572814882ca10214002d9d75": "Michelle Gomez", "572814882ca10214002d9d76": "Michelle Gomez", "572816213acd2414000df429": "Ron Grainer", "572816213acd2414000df42a": "Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, with assistance from Dick Mills", "572816213acd2414000df42b": "musique concr\u00e8te", "572816213acd2414000df42c": "17", "572816213acd2414000df42d": "Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, with assistance from Dick Mills", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db0": "Peter Howell for season 18 (1980", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db1": "John Debney", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db2": "Ron Grainer's original theme for Doctor Who in 1996", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db3": "Ron Grainer's original theme for Doctor Who in 1996", "572817802ca10214002d9db4": "Ron Grainer's original theme for Doctor Who in 1996. For the return of the series in 2005", "5728185f3acd2414000df45b": "Gold", "5728185f3acd2414000df45d": "November 2013", "5728185f3acd2414000df45c": "Gold returned as composer for the 2010", "5728185f3acd2414000df45e": "November 2013", "5728185f3acd2414000df45f": "November 2013", "572819864b864d190016447e": "Jon Pertwee, who had played the Third", "572819864b864d190016447f": "1978", "572819864b864d1900164480": "January 2011", "572819864b864d1900164481": "KLF) released the single \"Doctorin", "572819864b864d1900164482": "24", "57281a952ca10214002d9dea": "Dudley Simpson", "57281a952ca10214002d9deb": "1964", "57281a952ca10214002d9dec": "15", "57281a952ca10214002d9ded": "1964", "57281a952ca10214002d9dee": "Weng-Chiang", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfa": "Murray Gold and Ben Foster and has been performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfb": "19 November 2006", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfc": "Christmas Day 2006", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfd": "27 July 2008", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfe": "Murray Gold and Ben Foster", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1e": "Six soundtrack", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1f": "5 was released on 8 November 2010", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e20": "Six soundtrack releases have been released since 2005", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e21": "Carol", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e22": "Six soundtrack releases have been released since 2005", "57281f203acd2414000df4f5": "Second Doctor", "57281f203acd2414000df4f6": "Eleventh Doctor had the \"DW\" TARDIS insignia placed to the right in 2012", "57281f203acd2414000df4f7": "Eighth", "57281f203acd2414000df4f8": "1973", "57281f203acd2414000df4f9": "Fourth Doctor's final season. The logo used for the Ninth Doctor was slightly edited for the Tenth", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9c": "John F. Kennedy", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9d": "9 and 14 million", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9e": "over 12 million", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9f": "1964\u20131965", "57282036ff5b5019007d9da0": "9 and 14 million", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db2": "16 million", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db3": "18 months", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db4": "five million", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db5": "soap opera Coronation Street, the most popular show at the time. After the series' revival in 2005", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db6": "2005", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd4": "1983", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd5": "1988", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd6": "12", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd7": "12 May 1996 on CITV", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd8": "23", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed6": "ABC1", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed7": "1983", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed8": "1983", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed9": "January 1965", "5728245b2ca10214002d9eda": "January 1965", "572825714b864d1900164590": "Three Doctors and aired each series (several years late) through to series 24 in 1991", "572825714b864d1900164591": "1976 beginning with The Three Doctors and aired each series (several years late) through to series 24 in 1991", "572825714b864d1900164592": "YTV", "572825714b864d1900164593": "Weng-Chiang", "572825714b864d1900164594": "Judith Merril", "572826762ca10214002d9f2c": "Christopher Eccleston recorded special video introductions for each episode (including a trivia question as part of a viewer contest", "572826762ca10214002d9f2d": "Confidential", "572826762ca10214002d9f2e": "26 December 2005", "572826762ca10214002d9f2f": "9", "572826762ca10214002d9f30": "9", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e26": "BBC Video on DVD, on sale in the United Kingdom, Australia", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e27": "Betamax tape and Video 2000", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e28": "2009", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e29": "Spearhead", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e2a": "2009", "572828383acd2414000df5c3": "Trevor Martin", "572828383acd2414000df5c4": "Terry Nation wrote The Curse of the Daleks, a stage play mounted in the late 1960s", "572828383acd2414000df5c5": "Terry Nation wrote The Curse of the Daleks, a stage play mounted in the late 1960s", "572828383acd2414000df5c6": "David Banks", "572828383acd2414000df5c7": "Terry Nation wrote The Curse of the Daleks, a stage play mounted in the late 1960s", "572829532ca10214002d9fa2": "Russell T Davies, the BBC commissioned Davies to produce a 13-part spin-off series titled Torchwood", "572829532ca10214002d9fa3": "2008", "572829532ca10214002d9fa4": "London\". A second series of Torchwood aired in 2008", "572829532ca10214002d9fa5": "Children of Earth which was set largely in London", "572829532ca10214002d9fa6": "2008", "57282f204b864d190016468a": "Elisabeth Sladen who reprised her role as investigative journalist Sarah Jane Smith", "57282f204b864d190016468b": "24 September 2007", "57282f204b864d190016468c": "David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor. In 2010", "57282f204b864d190016468d": "2010", "57282f204b864d190016468e": "24 September 2007", "5728303e4b864d19001646aa": "1993", "5728303e4b864d19001646ab": "1993", "5728303e4b864d19001646ac": "crossover with the soap opera EastEnders", "5728303e4b864d19001646ad": "glasses", "5728303e4b864d19001646ae": "glasses", "572831512ca10214002da04a": "1999", "572831512ca10214002da04b": "four", "572831512ca10214002da04c": "Rowan Atkinson) encounters both the Master (Jonathan Pryce) and the Daleks. During the special the Doctor is forced to regenerate several times", "572831512ca10214002da04d": "Rowan Atkinson) encounters both the Master (Jonathan Pryce) and the Daleks. During the special the Doctor is forced to regenerate several times", "572831512ca10214002da04e": "Steven Moffat", "572833662ca10214002da086": "Guy", "572833662ca10214002da087": "Blue Harvest\" and \"420", "572833662ca10214002da088": "4 series Queer as Folk", "572833662ca10214002da089": "Oliver", "572833662ca10214002da08a": "collector and enthusiast", "572834524b864d1900164716": "21-minute", "572834524b864d1900164717": "1966. Ten years", "572834524b864d1900164718": "21-minute narrated abridgement of the First Doctor television story The Chase", "572834524b864d1900164719": "21-minute narrated abridgement of the First Doctor television story The Chase", "572834524b864d190016471a": "1966", "572835854b864d190016472e": "1999, Big Finish Productions has released several different series of Doctor Who audios", "572835854b864d190016472f": "Paul McGann's Eight Doctor joining the line in 2001", "572835854b864d1900164730": "1999, Big Finish Productions", "572835854b864d1900164731": "Paul McGann's Eight Doctor joining the line in 2001", "572835854b864d1900164732": "Paul McGann's Eight Doctor joining the line in 2001", "572836732ca10214002da0dc": "mid-sixties", "572836732ca10214002da0dd": "mid-sixties", "572836732ca10214002da0de": "1979", "572836732ca10214002da0df": "Panini", "572836732ca10214002da0e0": "mid-sixties", "572837402ca10214002da0f4": "BBC Television in the early 1960s", "572837402ca10214002da0f5": "BBC Television in the early 1960s", "572837402ca10214002da0f6": "BBC takes no position on the canonicity of any of such stories, and producers of the show have expressed distaste for the idea", "572837402ca10214002da0f7": "BBC", "572838323acd2414000df737": "five consecutive (2005\u20132010) awards at the National Television Awards during Russell T Davies' tenure as executive producer. In 2011, Matt Smith", "572838323acd2414000df738": "2006 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series and five consecutive (2005\u20132010", "572838323acd2414000df739": "Matt Smith", "572838323acd2414000df73a": "Michelle Gomez", "572838323acd2414000df73b": "2016", "57283a392ca10214002da118": "2013", "57283a392ca10214002da119": "iTunes traffic", "57283a392ca10214002da11a": "2013, the Peabody Awards", "57283a392ca10214002da11b": "2013", "57283a392ca10214002da11c": "iTunes", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa4": "1975, Season 11 of the series won a Writers' Guild of Great Britain", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa5": "4 countdown in 2001", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa6": "2000", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa7": "2000", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa8": "2000", "57283ce72ca10214002da14c": "2009", "57283ce72ca10214002da14d": "five", "57283ce72ca10214002da14e": "2009", "57283ce72ca10214002da14f": "2009", "57283ce72ca10214002da150": "2009", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc6": "six", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc7": "Karen Gillan who won Best Actress. Doctor Who has been nominated for over 200", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc8": "Karen Gillan who won Best Actress. Doctor Who has been nominated for over 200", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc9": "Karen Gillan", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fca": "Matt Smith won Best Actor in the 2012 National Television awards alongside Karen Gillan", "57283e652ca10214002da166": "Spike Milligan (a Dalek invades his bathroom \u2014 Milligan, naked, hurls a soap sponge at it) and Lenny Henry", "57283e652ca10214002da167": "Jon Culshaw frequently impersonates", "57283e652ca10214002da168": "comedians including Spike Milligan (a Dalek invades his bathroom", "57283e652ca10214002da16a": "Jon Culshaw frequently impersonates the Fourth Doctor in the BBC Dead Ringers series. Doctor Who fandom has also been lampoon", "57283e652ca10214002da169": "Jon Culshaw frequently impersonates the Fourth Doctor in the BBC Dead Ringers", "57283c464b864d19001647c8": "Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or U of C) is a private research university in Chicago", "57283c464b864d19001647c9": "1890", "57283c464b864d19001647ca": "5,000", "57283c464b864d19001647cb": "seven professional schools", "57283c464b864d19001647cc": "5,000", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbc": "Chicago", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbd": "Chicago's physics department", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbe": "beneath the university", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbf": "Chicago", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fc0": "2020", "57283f014b864d19001647e8": "American Baptist Education Society", "57283f014b864d19001647e9": "American Baptist Education Society", "57283f014b864d19001647ea": "1891", "57283f014b864d19001647eb": "1891", "57283f014b864d19001647ec": "1891", "57284142ff5b5019007da00a": "Marshall Field", "57284142ff5b5019007da00b": "Chicago", "57284142ff5b5019007da00c": "Cobb Lecture Hall", "57284142ff5b5019007da00d": "$100,000", "57284142ff5b5019007da00e": "Martin", "572843304b864d1900164848": "1910", "572843304b864d1900164849": "1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois", "572843304b864d190016484a": "confer", "572843304b864d190016484b": "Chicago professors", "572843304b864d190016484c": "1910", "57284456ff5b5019007da05c": "1929", "57284456ff5b5019007da060": "undergraduate college's liberal-arts", "57284456ff5b5019007da05f": "1929, the university's fifth", "57284456ff5b5019007da05e": "1929, the university's fifth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office; the university underwent many changes during his 24-year", "57284456ff5b5019007da05d": "1929, the university's fifth", "57284618ff5b5019007da0a8": "Chicago", "57284618ff5b5019007da0a9": "Shimer College and 10 others, adopted an early entrant program that allowed very young students to attend college", "57284618ff5b5019007da0aa": "young", "57284618ff5b5019007da0ab": "Hyde Park", "57284618ff5b5019007da0ac": "young students to attend college", "572847ff3acd2414000df869": "George Beadle", "572847ff3acd2414000df86a": "George Beadle", "572847ff3acd2414000df86b": "1967", "572847ff3acd2414000df86c": "two", "572847ff3acd2414000df86d": "1967", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f2": "2008", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f3": "Chicago", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f4": "$100 million", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f5": "Chicago announced plans to establish the Milton Friedman Institute which attracted both support and controversy from faculty members and students. The institute will cost around $200 million", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f6": "$300 million", "57284b904b864d19001648e2": "Chicago campus", "57284b904b864d19001648e3": "Henry Ives Cobb", "57284b904b864d19001648e4": "six quadrangles, each surrounded by buildings, bordering one larger quadrangle. The buildings of the Main Quadrangles", "57284b904b864d19001648e5": "Cobb, Shepley", "57284b904b864d19001648e6": "Cobb, Shepley", "57284d484b864d1900164900": "1955", "57284d484b864d1900164901": "1955, Eero Saarinen", "57284d484b864d1900164902": "Social Service", "57284d484b864d1900164903": "Edward Durrell", "57284d484b864d1900164904": "2003", "57284e9fff5b5019007da150": "Singapore, London", "57284e9fff5b5019007da151": "Chicago. The Center in Paris, a campus", "57284e9fff5b5019007da152": "Hong Kong which opened in 2015", "57284e9fff5b5019007da153": "Hong Kong which opened in 2015", "57284e9fff5b5019007da154": "2014, and a center in Hong Kong which opened in 2015", "5728501aff5b5019007da166": "Robert Zimmer", "5728501aff5b5019007da167": "50", "5728501aff5b5019007da168": "fourteen", "5728501aff5b5019007da169": "Andrew Alper", "5728501aff5b5019007da16a": "Eric Isaacs, would become Provost. Isaacs was replaced as Provost in March 2016 by Daniel Diermeier", "5728510f4b864d1900164936": "Higher Learning Commission", "5728510f4b864d1900164937": "four divisions of graduate research and seven professional schools", "5728510f4b864d1900164938": "seven professional schools", "57285213ff5b5019007da180": "Chicago grants Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 50", "57285213ff5b5019007da181": "Chicago grants Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 50 academic majors and 28", "57285213ff5b5019007da182": "five", "57285213ff5b5019007da183": "do not fit in one of the other four divisions", "572853e8ff5b5019007da188": "2012-2013", "572853e8ff5b5019007da189": "Chicago", "572853e8ff5b5019007da18a": "Chicago \u2013 it is UChicago that can most convincingly", "572853e8ff5b5019007da18b": "academic difficulty; according to Uni", "572855973acd2414000df925": "Chicago Laboratory Schools (a private day school for K-12 students", "572855973acd2414000df926": "university", "572855973acd2414000df927": "four public charter schools on the South Side of Chicago", "572855973acd2414000df928": "primary and secondary schools", "572855973acd2414000df929": "K-12 students", "572856beff5b5019007da190": "six libraries that contain a total of 9.8 million", "572856beff5b5019007da191": "six libraries that contain a total of 9.8 million", "572856beff5b5019007da192": "Regenstein Library", "572856beff5b5019007da193": "United States. The Joe and Rika Mansueto Library", "572856beff5b5019007da194": "3 million", "57285841ff5b5019007da19a": "12 research", "57285841ff5b5019007da19b": "113", "57285841ff5b5019007da19c": "Near Eastern studies", "57285841ff5b5019007da19d": "physics laboratory", "57285841ff5b5019007da19e": "Mexico", "57286010ff5b5019007da1ca": "Milton Friedman and other economists", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cb": "Chicago Pile-1", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cc": "Willard F. Libby in 1947", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cd": "Nathaniel Kleitman and Eugene Aserinsky", "572861cc4b864d190016495e": "1933", "572861cc4b864d190016495f": "1933", "572861cc4b864d1900164960": "1933", "572861cc4b864d1900164961": "2000", "572861cc4b864d1900164962": "arts", "572863363acd2414000df985": "Chicago", "572863363acd2414000df986": "5,984 students in its professional schools, and 15,244 students overall. In the 2012 Spring Quarter, international students comprised almost 19%", "572863363acd2414000df987": "Chicago", "572863363acd2414000df988": "Chicago", "572863363acd2414000df989": "19%", "572864542ca10214002da2de": "1935, Chicago", "572864542ca10214002da2df": "NCAA's Division III", "572864542ca10214002da2e0": "1946", "572864542ca10214002da2e1": "Jay Berwanger", "572864542ca10214002da2e2": "1946", "5728659f4b864d190016498a": "400", "5728659f4b864d190016498b": "RSOs", "5728659f4b864d190016498c": "118 tournaments and 15 national championships", "5728659f4b864d190016498d": "RSOs", "5728659f4b864d190016498e": "Off-Off Campus", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fc": "Chicago", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fd": "Chicago", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fe": "two", "5728667eff5b5019007da1ff": "2 million", "572867543acd2414000df9a1": "fifteen", "572867543acd2414000df9a2": "fifteen fraternities and seven", "572867543acd2414000df9a3": "Alpha Phi Omega. Four", "572867543acd2414000df9a4": "fifteen fraternities and seven sororities at the University of Chicago", "572867543acd2414000df9a5": "ten of the fraternities", "5728683b3acd2414000df9af": "Chicago", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b0": "Chicago", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b1": "1963, the Festival of the Arts", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b2": "1987, the University of Chicago", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b3": "1987", "57286951ff5b5019007da20e": "Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella", "57286951ff5b5019007da20f": "Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella", "57286951ff5b5019007da210": "Larry Ellison", "57286951ff5b5019007da211": "Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella, Oracle Corporation founder and the third richest man in America Larry Ellison", "57286951ff5b5019007da212": "Jon Corzine", "57286ab72ca10214002da31e": "Saul Alinsky", "57286ab72ca10214002da31f": "Saul Alinsky", "57286ab72ca10214002da320": "Robert Bork", "57286ab72ca10214002da321": "Paul Wolfowitz", "57286ab72ca10214002da322": "Eliot Ness, Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens", "57286bf84b864d19001649d4": "American Mind\" Allan Bloom", "57286bf84b864d19001649d6": "Kurt Vonnegut", "57286bf84b864d19001649d2": "Lauren", "57286bf84b864d19001649d5": "Allan Bloom", "57286bf84b864d19001649d3": "Philip Roth", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e0": "Philip", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e1": "Katherine Dunham", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e2": "developer of the Halo", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e3": "Mike Nichols, film director and screenwriter Philip Kaufman, and Carl Van Vechten", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e4": "Mike Nichols, film director and screenwriter Philip Kaufman", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d1": "science", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d2": "John M", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d3": "James Watson, best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA, experimental physicist Luis Alvarez", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d4": "John B. Goodenough, mathematician and Fields Medal recipient Paul Joseph Cohen, and geochemist Clair Cameron Patterson", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d5": "Joseph Cohen, and geochemist Clair Cameron Patterson", "572870b2ff5b5019007da222": "Eugene Fama", "572870b2ff5b5019007da223": "Republican U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Conservative", "572870b2ff5b5019007da224": "Paul Samuelson", "572870b2ff5b5019007da225": "Eugene Fama", "572871bc4b864d1900164a04": "David Graeber and Donald Johanson", "572871bc4b864d1900164a05": "Johanson", "572871bc4b864d1900164a06": "Samuel Reshevsky", "572872dd2ca10214002da37e": "faculty in physics", "572872dd2ca10214002da37f": "Arthur", "572872dd2ca10214002da380": "Compton Effect Arthur H. Compton", "572872dd2ca10214002da381": "Edward Teller", "572872dd2ca10214002da382": "Maria Goeppert-Mayer", "5728742cff5b5019007da246": "Henry Breasted, mathematician Alberto Calder\u00f3n", "5728742cff5b5019007da247": "Alberto Calder\u00f3n", "5728742cff5b5019007da248": "Henry Breasted, mathematician Alberto Calder\u00f3n, Nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender Friedrich Hayek", "5728742cff5b5019007da249": "Seaborg", "5728742cff5b5019007da24a": "Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley, astronomer Gerard Kuiper", "5728759cff5b5019007da25b": "Steven Levitt, current governor of India's central bank Raghuram Rajan", "5728759cff5b5019007da25a": "74th United States Secretary of the Treasury and former Goldman Sachs", "5728759cff5b5019007da25c": "David Bevington", "5728759cff5b5019007da25d": "David Bevington", "5728759cff5b5019007da25e": "Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno, evolutionary biologist Jerry Coyne", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b6": "Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b7": "Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b8": "China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b9": "Mongolian Borjigin", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1ba": "Kublai", "572860e03acd2414000df977": "Mongol Empire and an imperial Chinese dynasty", "572860e03acd2414000df978": "Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Tang dynasty", "572860e03acd2414000df979": "Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Tang dynasty", "572860e03acd2414000df97a": "Genghis", "57286192ff5b5019007da1dc": "Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n", "57286192ff5b5019007da1dd": "1271", "57286192ff5b5019007da1de": "1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan", "57286192ff5b5019007da1df": "Yeke Mongghul Ulus\" (lit. \"Great Mongol State\"), resulting in Dai \u00d6n Yeke Mongghul Ulus", "57286192ff5b5019007da1e0": "Great Khan", "572863c72ca10214002da2d4": "Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia", "572863c72ca10214002da2d5": "1206", "572863c72ca10214002da2d6": "Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia", "572863c72ca10214002da2d7": "1206", "572863c72ca10214002da2d8": "1206", "572864dd4b864d1900164976": "Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze, Liu Heima", "572864dd4b864d1900164977": "Chinese and Khitan", "572864dd4b864d1900164978": "Khitan", "572864dd4b864d1900164979": "10,000", "572864dd4b864d190016497a": "4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000", "5728661e2ca10214002da2e8": "Shi Bingzhi", "5728661e2ca10214002da2e9": "Jin", "5728661e2ca10214002da2ea": "Han and Jurchen", "5728661e2ca10214002da2eb": "Shi Bingzhi", "5728661e2ca10214002da2ec": "Jin dynasty", "572867212ca10214002da2f2": "1260", "572867212ca10214002da2f3": "Chinese Song dynasty in southern China", "572867212ca10214002da2f4": "Chinese Song dynasty in southern China", "572867212ca10214002da2f5": "1260", "572867212ca10214002da2f6": "Zhongtong", "572867d72ca10214002da2fc": "Ogedei's grandson Kaidu refused to submit to Kublai", "572867d72ca10214002da2fd": "Ogedei's grandson Kaidu", "572867d72ca10214002da2fe": "hostage prince Wonjong", "572867d72ca10214002da2ff": "1259", "572867d72ca10214002da300": "1262", "572869b84b864d19001649ae": "1262", "572869b84b864d19001649b0": "local administrative structure", "572869b84b864d19001649b2": "rank", "572869b84b864d19001649b1": "imperial examinations and divided Yuan society into three, later four", "572869b84b864d19001649af": "1262", "57286b003acd2414000df9c1": "Karakorum in Mongolia", "57286b003acd2414000df9c2": "Karakorum", "57286b003acd2414000df9c3": "1264", "57286b003acd2414000df9c4": "1264", "57286b003acd2414000df9c5": "sage emperor", "57286bb84b864d19001649c8": "cultural growth. He supported the merchants", "57286bb84b864d19001649c9": "Mongolica, Mongol peace", "57286bb84b864d19001649ca": "China to Daidu", "57286bb84b864d19001649cb": "southern China to Daidu in the north. Mongol rule was cosmopolitan under Kublai Khan", "57286bb84b864d19001649cc": "southern China to Daidu in the north. Mongol rule was cosmopolitan under Kublai Khan", "57286c8cff5b5019007da218": "south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou", "57286c8cff5b5019007da219": "1115\u20131234", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21a": "1115\u20131234", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21b": "Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21c": "30,000", "57286d4f2ca10214002da328": "1274", "57286d4f2ca10214002da329": "1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin. An unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken against Japan in 1274", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32a": "1274", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32b": "1276", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32c": "1279", "57286dfa2ca10214002da332": "1279", "57286dfa2ca10214002da333": "1281", "57286dfa2ca10214002da334": "Annam", "57286dfa2ca10214002da335": "B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng (1288", "57286dfa2ca10214002da336": "Annam", "57286ead2ca10214002da346": "1253", "57286ead2ca10214002da347": "1285", "57286ead2ca10214002da348": "1285", "57286ead2ca10214002da349": "1307", "57286ead2ca10214002da34a": "1294 to 1307", "57286f373acd2414000df9db": "fourth Yuan emperor, Buyantu Khan", "57286f373acd2414000df9dc": "fourth Yuan emperor, Buyantu Khan", "57286f373acd2414000df9dd": "fourth Yuan emperor, Buyantu Khan", "57286f373acd2414000df9de": "fourth Yuan emperor", "57286f373acd2414000df9df": "fourth Yuan emperor", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e5": "Emperor Gegeen Khan", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e6": "Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e7": "Baiju", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e8": "Chinese", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e9": "five", "5728705c2ca10214002da35a": "1328", "5728705c2ca10214002da35b": "against Ragibagh known as the War of the Two Capitals", "5728705c2ca10214002da35c": "Shangdu in 1328", "5728705c2ca10214002da35d": "poison", "5728705c2ca10214002da35e": "Shangdu in 1328", "5728710c3acd2414000df9ef": "bureaucracy", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f0": "bureaucracy", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f1": "El", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f2": "El Tem\u00fcr", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f3": "bureaucracy", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa03": "1332 and subsequent death of Rinchinbal", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa04": "Emperor Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old Toghun Tem\u00fcr (Emperor Huizong", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa05": "13-year", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa06": "nine successors of Kublai Khan", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa07": "1345", "572872822ca10214002da374": "weakening Yuan armies", "572872822ca10214002da375": "Khan", "572872822ca10214002da376": "Yuan", "572872822ca10214002da377": "Chinese", "572872822ca10214002da378": "short and marked by intrigues and rivalries. Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army and the populace", "57287338ff5b5019007da232": "1340s", "57287338ff5b5019007da233": "Red Turban Rebellion started and grew into a nationwide uprising. In 1354", "57287338ff5b5019007da234": "1354", "57287338ff5b5019007da235": "Khanbaliq", "57287338ff5b5019007da236": "1368\u20131644", "572878942ca10214002da3a2": "Ilkhanate", "572878942ca10214002da3a3": "rich cultural diversity developed during the Yuan dynasty", "572878942ca10214002da3a4": "Persia", "572878942ca10214002da3a5": "carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton", "572879574b864d1900164a14": "Western musical instruments were introduced to enrich", "572879574b864d1900164a15": "Taoism endured certain persecutions in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government", "572879574b864d1900164a16": "Tibetan Buddhism) flourished, although Taoism endured certain persecutions in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government", "572879574b864d1900164a17": "examinations based on the Classics", "572879574b864d1900164a18": "Han society", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a28": "Europeans", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a29": "Cambaluc", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2a": "Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2b": "Cambaluc", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2c": "1299", "57287c142ca10214002da3d0": "Khan's top engineers and scientists", "57287c142ca10214002da3d1": "365", "57287c142ca10214002da3d2": "Khan's top engineers and scientists", "57287c142ca10214002da3d3": "Beijing was rebuilt with new palace grounds that included artificial lakes, hills and mountains, and parks. During the Yuan period, Beijing", "57287c142ca10214002da3d4": "introduction to China of a major food", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3da": "non-native Chinese people", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3db": "Eternal Heaven", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dc": "between the Song dynasty", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dd": "between the Song dynasty", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3de": "between the Song dynasty", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e4": "empire", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e5": "Kublai Khan", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6": "Kublai Khan reflected various cultures in the empire", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e7": "Chinese tripartite", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e8": "Kublai Khan reflected various cultures in the empire", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa3f": "real military authority", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa40": "central government departments", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa41": "Chinese dynasties", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa42": "Chinese dynasties", "57287e512ca10214002da3f8": "1269", "57287e512ca10214002da3f9": "1269", "57287e512ca10214002da3fa": "converse", "57287e512ca10214002da3fb": "Tangut", "57287e512ca10214002da3fc": "Temur", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da274": "1290 in all parts of the Mongol Empire commoners", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da275": "1291", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da276": "1290 in all parts of the Mongol Empire commoners", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa51": "sanqu", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa52": "Yuan dynasty arts and culture is that so much of it has survived in China, relatively to works from the Tang dynasty and Song dynasty", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa53": "Tang dynasty and Song dynasty, which have often been better preserved in places such as the Sh\u014ds\u014din", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa54": "zaju variety show was the incorporation of poetry both classical and of the newer qu form. One of the important cultural developments during the Yuan era", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa55": "zaju", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3c": "Yuan dynasty", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3d": "Islam", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3e": "Tibetan Buddhism", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3f": "Tibetan Affairs (Xuanzheng Yuan) was set up in Khanbaliq", "57287fec4b864d1900164a40": "Khan", "5728804b4b864d1900164a46": "1249\u20131314) solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern matrices", "5728804b4b864d1900164a47": "1249\u20131314) solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern matrices", "5728804b4b864d1900164a48": "1249\u20131314) solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern matrices", "5728804b4b864d1900164a49": "mathematicians during the Yuan era", "5728804b4b864d1900164a4a": "1303", "5728809f2ca10214002da40c": "mathematics", "5728809f2ca10214002da40d": "spherical trigonometry", "5728809f2ca10214002da40e": "spherical trigonometry", "5728809f2ca10214002da40f": "spherical trigonometry", "5728809f2ca10214002da410": "1281", "572881022ca10214002da416": "Mongols", "572881022ca10214002da417": "Mongols", "572881022ca10214002da418": "herbal remedies", "572881022ca10214002da419": "Imperial Academy of Medicine", "572881022ca10214002da41a": "scholars were attracted to the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics", "572881704b864d1900164a50": "four", "572881704b864d1900164a51": "Four Great Schools\" that the Yuan inherited from the Jin dynasty", "572881704b864d1900164a52": "Mongols", "572881704b864d1900164a53": "medical", "572881704b864d1900164a54": "1277\u20131347", "572881d34b864d1900164a5a": "Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court, where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or Muslim medicine", "572881d34b864d1900164a5b": "1263", "572881d34b864d1900164a5c": "1263", "572881d34b864d1900164a5d": "1263", "572881d34b864d1900164a5e": "huihui or Muslim medicine", "572882242ca10214002da420": "1273", "572882242ca10214002da421": "Wang Zhen's Nong Shu were printed with earthenware movable type, a technology invented in the 12th century", "572882242ca10214002da422": "12th century", "572882242ca10214002da423": "1273", "572882242ca10214002da424": "1273", "5728827b2ca10214002da42a": "Iran", "5728827b2ca10214002da42b": "bark of mulberry trees", "5728827b2ca10214002da42c": "1275", "5728827b2ca10214002da42d": "1275", "5728827b2ca10214002da42e": "1294", "572883153acd2414000dfa6f": "Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan", "572883153acd2414000dfa70": "Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan", "572883153acd2414000dfa71": "Mongols", "572883153acd2414000dfa72": "colonial\" coloration", "572883153acd2414000dfa73": "government", "572883a33acd2414000dfa79": "Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7a": "Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7b": "Bukhara", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7c": "Mongols", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7d": "Mongol", "57288428ff5b5019007da28e": "high position given to Muslims, some policies of the Yuan Emperors", "57288428ff5b5019007da28f": "Islamic", "57288428ff5b5019007da290": "Yuan", "57288428ff5b5019007da291": "\"barracks\"", "57288428ff5b5019007da292": "Yuan dynasty", "5728848cff5b5019007da298": "misleading and that the position of people", "5728848cff5b5019007da299": "Frederick W", "5728848cff5b5019007da29a": "four-class", "5728848cff5b5019007da29b": "less rich", "572885023acd2414000dfa83": "lower", "572885023acd2414000dfa84": "higher and Southern Chinese", "572885023acd2414000dfa85": "higher and Southern Chinese", "572885023acd2414000dfa86": "Southern", "572885023acd2414000dfa87": "Major commerce during this era gave rise to favorable conditions for private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8d": "Qocho over the Koreans at the court the Korean King objected, then the Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan rebuked the Korean King", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8e": "higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8f": "higher", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa90": "Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King", "572885c44b864d1900164a78": "Sichuan, Qinghai and Kashmir", "572885c44b864d1900164a79": "Shandong, Shanxi, the south-eastern part of present-day Inner Mongolia and the Henan areas to the north of the Yellow River", "572885c44b864d1900164a7a": "Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq", "572885c44b864d1900164a7b": "Beijing", "572885c44b864d1900164a7c": "Zhongshu Sheng", "5728dab94b864d1900164f96": "Kenya (/\u02c8k\u025bnj\u0259/; locally [\u02c8k\u025b\u0272a] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Kenya", "5728dab94b864d1900164f97": "East African Community", "5728dab94b864d1900164f98": "Kenya (/\u02c8k\u025bnj\u0259/; locally [\u02c8k\u025b\u0272a] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Kenya", "5728dab94b864d1900164f99": "Africa", "5728dab94b864d1900164f9a": "45 million", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dc": "cooler in the savannah grasslands around the capital city, Nairobi", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dd": "cooler in the savannah grasslands around the capital city, Nairobi", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9de": "Kenya", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9df": "Somalia and Ethiopia", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9e0": "desert landscapes", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac2": "Kenya", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac3": "1895", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac4": "around 97%", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac5": "19th century", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac6": "December 1963", "5728f5376aef0514001548c4": "Mount Kenya", "5728f5376aef0514001548c5": "Kamba", "5728f5376aef0514001548c6": "Embu and Kamba", "5728f9342ca10214002dab52": "Kenia and Kegnia", "5728f9342ca10214002dab53": "Ludwig Krapf recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia", "5728f9342ca10214002dab54": "Joseph Thompsons, a Scottish geologist and naturalist, indicated Mt. Kenya as Mt. Kenia, 1862", "5728f9342ca10214002dab55": "Joseph Thompsons, a Scottish geologist and naturalist, indicated Mt. Kenya as Mt. Kenia, 1862", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165166": "Five\" game animals of Africa", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165167": "game animals of Africa", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165168": "Five\" game animals of Africa", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165169": "June and September with millions", "5728f9cf4b864d190016516a": "2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi) from the Serengeti in neighbouring Tanzania to the Masai Mara in Kenya, in a constant clockwise", "5728fa576aef051400154920": "20 million", "5728fa576aef051400154921": "350,000", "5728fa576aef051400154922": "1.6-million", "5728fa576aef051400154923": "1.6-million", "5728fa576aef051400154924": "Louis Leakey", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3b": "Mombasa", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3c": "Mombasa", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3d": "15th-century", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef5": "many merchants and explorers. Among the cities that line the Kenyan coast is the City of Malindi", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef6": "14th century", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef7": "1414", "5729024f1d04691400778f5f": "August 1914", "5729024f1d04691400778f60": "British East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa", "5729024f1d04691400778f61": "tie", "5729024f1d04691400778f62": "1918", "5729024f1d04691400778f63": "Northern Rhodesia (today Zambia) fourteen days after the Armistice was signed in 1918", "572903d96aef0514001549a4": "highlands were already home to over a million", "572903d96aef0514001549a5": "central highlands were already home to over a million", "572903d96aef0514001549a6": "80,000 white settlers living in Kenya in the 1950s", "572903d96aef0514001549a7": "80,000", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4d": "15 January 1954", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4e": "aka General China) on 15 January 1954", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4f": "24 April 1954", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f50": "686 Mau Mau, amounting to 42%", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f51": "substantial governmental changes to land tenure occurred", "572906e23f37b31900477f8d": "Kenyans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957", "572906e23f37b31900477f8e": "Jomo Kenyatta", "572906e23f37b31900477f8f": "Jomo Kenyatta", "572906e23f37b31900477f90": "1963 of the United Kingdom. Exactly 12 months later on 12 December 1964", "572906e23f37b31900477f91": "Republic of Kenya", "572909406aef0514001549dc": "1988", "572909406aef0514001549dd": "1988", "572909406aef0514001549de": "Daniel arap", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc5": "Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc6": "Daniel arap Moi", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc7": "Legislative", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc8": "Executive power is exercised by the government", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc9": "Kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic", "57290b21af94a219006a9fcf": "low on Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd0": "27/100", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd1": "139th out of 176 total countries in the CPI, with a score of 27/100", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd2": "corruption from the Kenyan government", "57290d811d04691400778fcf": "Presidential elections", "57290d811d04691400778fd0": "Presidential elections", "57290d811d04691400778fd1": "Odinga", "57290d811d04691400778fd2": "Odinga declaring himself the \"people's president\" and calling for a recount", "57290e153f37b31900477fd9": "election", "57290e153f37b31900477fda": "Kenya started peace meetings and the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation", "57290e153f37b31900477fdb": "Evangelical Lutheran Church in Kenya", "57290e153f37b31900477fdc": "programmes", "57290ee2af94a219006a9fff": "February 2008", "57290ee2af94a219006aa000": "28 February 2008", "57290ee2af94a219006aa001": "PNU and ODM camps depending on each party's strength in Parliament", "57290ee2af94a219006aa002": "PNU and ODM", "57290ee2af94a219006aa003": "Odinga", "57290f963f37b31900477feb": "new office of the PM", "57290f963f37b31900477fec": "national TV", "57290f963f37b31900477fed": "ceremony", "57290f963f37b31900477fee": "PNU and ODM", "57290f963f37b31900477fef": "the grand coalition", "572913626aef051400154a30": "Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 August 2010", "572913626aef051400154a31": "4 August 2010", "572913626aef051400154a32": "constitutional", "572913626aef051400154a33": "27 August 2010", "572913626aef051400154a34": "Second Republic", "572914441d04691400779025": "December 2014", "572914441d04691400779026": "security", "572914441d04691400779027": "nine Western countries", "572914441d04691400779028": "19", "572914441d04691400779029": "Jubillee Coalition", "572914f46aef051400154a46": "William Ruto related to the 2007 election aftermath, US President Barack Obama", "572914f46aef051400154a47": "mid-2013 African trip. Later in the summer, Kenyatta visited China at the invitation of President Xi Jinping after a stop in Russia", "572914f46aef051400154a48": "2013 African trip. Later in the summer, Kenyatta visited China", "572914f46aef051400154a49": "July 2015", "572915621d0469140077902f": "around the world", "572915621d04691400779030": "December 2007 and the violence", "572915621d04691400779031": "December 2007 and the violence", "572915e43f37b31900478005": "Kenya\u2019s armed forces, like many government institutions in the country", "572915e43f37b31900478006": "less in public view, and thus less subject to public scrutiny and notoriety", "572915e43f37b31900478007": "2010", "572915e43f37b31900478008": "less in public view", "572916f16aef051400154a56": "0.519", "572916f16aef051400154a57": "Kenya", "572916f16aef051400154a58": "2005, 17.7%", "572916f16aef051400154a59": "frontier", "572917743f37b3190047800d": "tremendous growth in the service sector", "572917743f37b3190047800f": "food security", "572917743f37b31900478010": "75% of the labour force (a consistent characteristic of under-developed economies that have not attained food security \u2013 an important catalyst of economic growth", "572917743f37b3190047800e": "75%", "572917ff6aef051400154a5e": "61%", "572917ff6aef051400154a5f": "Kenya's services sector, which contributes 61% of GDP", "572917ff6aef051400154a60": "61%", "572917ff6aef051400154a62": "61% of GDP, is dominated by tourism", "572917ff6aef051400154a61": "Germany", "572918bd3f37b31900478016": "24%", "572918bd3f37b31900478017": "tea, horticultural produce, and coffee", "572918bd3f37b31900478015": "Agriculture", "572918bd3f37b31900478018": "Kenya", "57291a7b1d0469140077903f": "dry areas. Pigeon peas", "57291a7b1d04691400779040": "new pigeon pea varieties, instead of maize", "57291a7b1d04691400779041": "650 mm annual rainfall", "57291a7b1d04691400779042": "20\u201325%", "57291a7b1d04691400779043": "25%", "57291b461d04691400779049": "production regions in Africa", "57291b461d0469140077904a": "coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat", "57291b461d0469140077904b": "Africa", "57291b461d0469140077904c": "53%", "57291b461d0469140077904d": "Kenyans for Kenya initiative", "57291beb1d04691400779053": "Kenya", "57291beb1d04691400779054": "14%", "57291beb1d04691400779055": "three largest urban centres", "57291beb1d04691400779056": "informal", "57291d9e3f37b31900478035": "AGOA took effect in 2000", "57291d9e3f37b31900478036": "2000", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09b": "Kenya Power Company", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09c": "upper Tana River", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09d": "KenGen", "57291f153f37b31900478043": "Turkana and the commercial viability was just discovered. Tullow Oil estimates Kenya's oil reserves to be around 10 billion barrels", "57291f153f37b31900478044": "10 billion", "57291f153f37b31900478045": "10 billion", "57291f153f37b31900478046": "20% to 25%", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b1": "Kenya ... reached $474 million", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b2": "Kenya ... reached $474 million", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b3": "60", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b4": "China. About 25,000 tonnes of ilmenite was flagged off the Kenyan coastal town of Kilifi", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b5": "environmental", "57292046af94a219006aa0bb": "2007", "57292046af94a219006aa0bc": "2007", "57292046af94a219006aa0bd": "National Climate Change Action Plan, having acknowledged that omitting climate as a key development issue in Vision 2030", "57292046af94a219006aa0be": "2007, the Kenyan government unveiled Vision 2030", "57292046af94a219006aa0bf": "direct and robust delivery", "572920d73f37b31900478055": "labour is common in Kenya", "572920d73f37b31900478056": "30%", "572920d73f37b31900478057": "labour is common in Kenya", "572920d73f37b31900478058": "400 child protection officers in 2009", "572921646aef051400154a78": "commerce, schooling and government", "572921646aef051400154a79": "English and Swahili", "572921646aef051400154a7a": "commerce, schooling and government", "572921646aef051400154a7b": "Kenya's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities. The two official languages, English and Swahili", "572922206aef051400154a8a": "133,000 members. The only Jewish synagogue in the country is located in the capital, Nairobi", "572922206aef051400154a8b": "133,000 members. The only Jewish synagogue in the country is located in the capital, Nairobi", "572922206aef051400154a8c": "3 million", "572922206aef051400154a8d": "133,000", "57292449af94a219006aa0dd": "300,000", "57292449af94a219006aa0de": "Sixty percent", "57292449af94a219006aa0df": "Christian", "57292449af94a219006aa0e0": "Kenya (around 300,000", "572924b53f37b31900478067": "80%", "572924b53f37b31900478068": "80%", "572924b53f37b31900478069": "65,000", "572924b53f37b3190047806a": "65,000 qualified nurses registered in the country; 8,600 clinical officers and 7,000", "572925491d046914007790c3": "Diseases of poverty", "572925491d046914007790c4": "HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition", "572925491d046914007790c5": "malnutrition are the biggest burden, major child-killers", "572925491d046914007790c6": "2009", "572925491d046914007790c7": "15 million", "572925a81d046914007790cd": "British colonists", "572925a81d046914007790ce": "12 December 1963", "572925a81d046914007790cf": "Kenya's first system of education was introduced by British colonists. After Kenya's independence on 12 December 1963, an authority named the Ominde", "572925a81d046914007790d0": "12 December 1963", "572925a81d046914007790d1": "British colonists", "572926086aef051400154ac2": "1981", "572926086aef051400154ac3": "3", "572926086aef051400154ac4": "1981, the Presidential Working Party", "572926086aef051400154ac5": "1985", "572926653f37b31900478079": "January 1985", "572926653f37b3190047807a": "January 1985", "572926653f37b3190047807b": "January 1985", "572926653f37b3190047807c": "January 1985", "572926653f37b3190047807d": "70%", "572926d23f37b31900478083": "six years", "572926d23f37b31900478084": "six years and lasts 12 years comprising eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school", "572926d23f37b31900478085": "four years in high school or secondary school", "572926d23f37b31900478086": "four years", "5729276c1d046914007790d7": "85%", "5729276c1d046914007790d8": "85% of the whole population. Preschool, which targets", "5729276c1d046914007790d9": "85%", "5729276c1d046914007790da": "Certificate of Primary Education", "5729276c1d046914007790db": "national examination at the end of Form Four \u2013 the Kenya", "572927d06aef051400154ade": "Kenya", "572927d06aef051400154adf": "Kenya National Library Service", "572927d06aef051400154ae0": "peoples university", "572927d06aef051400154ae1": "Nairobi", "5729281baf94a219006aa11f": "Kenya", "5729281baf94a219006aa120": "boxing", "5729281baf94a219006aa121": "athletics", "5729281baf94a219006aa122": "athletics", "572928bf6aef051400154af0": "six gold, four silver and four", "572928bf6aef051400154af1": "six", "572928bf6aef051400154af2": "women", "572928bf6aef051400154af3": "Kenyan athletics circles", "572928bf6aef051400154af4": "Bernard Lagat the latest, choosing to represent the United States", "5729293d3f37b3190047809f": "Kenya", "5729293d3f37b319004780a0": "Kenya", "5729293d3f37b319004780a1": "2003", "5729293d3f37b319004780a2": "Rakep Patel", "5729293d3f37b319004780a3": "March 2007", "57292994af94a219006aa131": "motor rallying arena", "57292994af94a219006aa132": "motor rallying arena", "57292994af94a219006aa133": "Bj\u00f6rn Waldeg\u00e5rd, Hannu Mikkola", "572929d56aef051400154b0a": "three", "572929d56aef051400154b0b": "10 o'clock", "572929d56aef051400154b0c": "three meals in a day \u2013 breakfast in the morning (kiamsha kinywa", "572929d56aef051400154b0d": "population", "57293b843f37b31900478133": "WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53", "57293b843f37b31900478134": "1988 by two United Nations", "57293b843f37b31900478135": "greenhouse gas concentrations", "57293b843f37b31900478136": "IP", "57293b843f37b31900478137": "43", "57293bc91d0469140077919b": "Ismail El Gizouli", "57293bc91d0469140077919c": "Korean economist Hoesung Lee is the chair of the IPCC since October 8, 2015", "57293bc91d0469140077919d": "Korean economist Hoesung Lee", "57293bc91d0469140077919e": "Ismail El Gizouli", "57293bc91d0469140077919f": "Rajendra K. Pachauri in February 2015", "57293c246aef051400154bb8": "representatives appointed by governments", "57293c246aef051400154bb9": "350 government officials", "57293c246aef051400154bba": "observers. Sessions of the IPCC Bureau, workshops, expert and lead authors", "57293c246aef051400154bbb": "350", "57293ca73f37b3190047815b": "1989", "57293ca73f37b3190047815c": "1989", "57293ca73f37b3190047815e": "1989", "57293ca73f37b3190047815f": "WMO", "57293ca73f37b3190047815d": "1989", "57293d116aef051400154bc8": "research", "57293d116aef051400154bc9": "climate", "57293d116aef051400154bca": "\"grey literature\"", "57293d116aef051400154bcb": "model results, reports from government agencies", "57293d6d1d046914007791b7": "ten to fifteen", "57293d6d1d046914007791b8": "ten to fifteen", "57293d6d1d046914007791b9": "ten to fifteen", "57293d6d1d046914007791ba": "assembling", "57293d6d1d046914007791bb": "assembling the contributions of the other authors, ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements, and reporting to the Working Group chairs", "57293e221d046914007791d5": "the WG I", "57293e221d046914007791d6": "0.3 to 0", "57293e221d046914007791d7": "enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade", "57293e221d046914007791d8": "BAU", "57293e221d046914007791d9": "0.3 to 0.6 \u00b0C", "57293e983f37b3190047818b": "2001, 16 national science academies", "57293e983f37b3190047818c": "2001, 16 national science academies", "57293e983f37b3190047818d": "16 national science academies", "57293e983f37b3190047818e": "90%", "57293e983f37b3190047818f": "90%", "57293f353f37b3190047819b": "Richard Lindzen", "57293f353f37b3190047819c": "SPM", "57293f353f37b3190047819d": "TAR WGI, has responded to Lindzen's criticisms of the SPM. Houghton", "57293f353f37b3190047819e": "John Houghton", "57293f353f37b3190047819f": "John Houghton", "57293f8a6aef051400154bde": "two IPCC Special Report were finalized, the Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation", "57293f8a6aef051400154bdf": "SRREN) and the Special Report on Managing Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation", "57293f8a6aef051400154be0": "SREX). Both Special Reports were requested by governments", "57293f8a6aef051400154be1": "two", "572940246aef051400154bec": "publishing default emission factors", "572940246aef051400154bed": "publishing default emission factors", "572940246aef051400154bee": "publishing default", "572940246aef051400154bef": "UNEP Governing Council resolutions and decisions as well as on actions in support of the UNFCCC process", "572940973f37b319004781a5": "2035", "572940973f37b319004781a6": "2035", "572940973f37b319004781a7": "ICSI report \"Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale\"", "572940973f37b319004781a8": "2035", "572941273f37b319004781ad": "Former IPCC chairman", "572941273f37b319004781ae": "Robert", "572941273f37b319004781af": "Robert Watson", "572941273f37b319004781b0": "Himalayan glaciers", "572941273f37b319004781b1": "Himalayan glaciers has become a clamour without substance\" and the IPCC had investigated the other alleged mistakes", "57294209af94a219006aa201": "1999", "57294209af94a219006aa202": "1999", "57294209af94a219006aa203": "1999", "57294209af94a219006aa204": "MBH99", "57294279af94a219006aa209": "1000 and 1900", "57294279af94a219006aa20a": "Capitol Hill", "57294279af94a219006aa20b": "Fred", "57294279af94a219006aa20c": "2000", "57294279af94a219006aa20d": "United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation hearing on 18 July 2000. Contrarian John Lawrence Daly", "572943ab1d04691400779219": "Joe Barton, chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce wrote joint letters with Ed Whitfield", "572943ab1d0469140077921a": "23 June 2005, Rep. Joe Barton, chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce wrote joint letters with Ed Whitfield", "572943ab1d0469140077921b": "June 2005", "572943ab1d0469140077921c": "2005, Rep. Joe Barton, chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce wrote joint letters with Ed Whitfield", "572943ab1d0469140077921d": "Sherwood Boehlert, chairman of the House Science Committee, said this was a \"misguided and illegitimate investigation\" apparently aimed at intimidating scientists", "572944e03f37b319004781e2": "AR4", "572944e03f37b319004781e1": "AR4", "572944e03f37b319004781e4": "Ten of these 14 reconstructions covered 1,000", "572944e03f37b319004781e5": "affecting certain tree ring data", "572944e03f37b319004781e3": "Crowley & Lowery 2000", "572945b11d0469140077922f": "temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001", "572945b11d04691400779230": "climate", "572945b11d04691400779231": "climate, a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001", "572945b11d04691400779232": "climate, a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001", "572949306aef051400154c68": "far from overstating dangers and risks", "572949306aef051400154c69": "9\u201388 cm as projected by the IPCC itself in its Third Assessment Report, published in 2001", "572949306aef051400154c6a": "0.5\u20131.4 m [50\u2013140 cm", "572949306aef051400154c6b": "2001", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26b": "long-time participant", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26c": "Science", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26d": "Michael Oppenheimer, a long-time participant", "57294e6b1d04691400779275": "Montreal Protocol", "57294e6b1d04691400779276": "Montreal Protocol has been successful, in case of Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol failed", "57294e6b1d04691400779277": "opposing goals. The underlying linear model of policy", "5729506d6aef051400154cac": "Sheldon Ungar's comparison with global warming, the actors in the ozone depletion case", "5729506d6aef051400154cad": "Sheldon", "5729506d6aef051400154cae": "burden sharing conflicts", "5729506d6aef051400154caf": "climate change", "5729517d6aef051400154cc8": "the IPCC does not carry out its own", "5729517d6aef051400154cc9": "an IPCC report cannot be included. In an area of science", "5729517d6aef051400154cca": "science", "572951f16aef051400154cce": "five climate", "572951f16aef051400154ccf": "February 2010, in response to controversies", "572951f16aef051400154cd0": "February 2010", "572951f16aef051400154cd1": "February 2010", "572953013f37b3190047824d": "Chloroplasts' main role is to conduct photosynthesis", "572953013f37b3190047824e": "energy-storage molecules", "572953013f37b3190047824f": "ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water", "572953013f37b31900478250": "carbon dioxide", "572953013f37b31900478251": "100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat", "5729544c3f37b31900478257": "environmental factors like light color and intensity", "5729544c3f37b31900478258": "light color and intensity", "5729544c3f37b31900478259": "light color and intensity", "5729544c3f37b3190047825a": "a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell", "5729544c3f37b3190047825b": "cell", "572956c86aef051400154d1a": "1883 that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts are only found in plants and algae", "572956c86aef051400154d1b": "1905", "572956c86aef051400154d1c": "1905", "572956c86aef051400154d1d": "Andreas Schimper observed in 1883", "572956c86aef051400154d1e": "1883 that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts are only found in plants and algae", "572957361d046914007792cf": "blue-green algae", "572957361d046914007792d0": "blue-green algae", "572957361d046914007792d2": "thicker than in other gram-negative bacteria", "572957361d046914007792d3": "thicker than in other gram-negative bacteria, and which is located between their two cell membranes", "572957361d046914007792d1": "blue-green algae", "572957ad1d046914007792d9": "billion", "572957ad1d046914007792da": "billion", "572957ad1d046914007792db": "membranes", "572957ad1d046914007792dc": "cell", "572957ad1d046914007792dd": "ium", "5729582b1d046914007792e3": "primary plastids", "5729582b1d046914007792e4": "three chloroplast lineages", "5729582b1d046914007792e5": "red algal chloroplast lineage, or the chloroplastidan", "5729582b1d046914007792e6": "chloroplasts", "5729582b1d046914007792e7": "green chloroplast", "572958cc6aef051400154d2a": "13 species", "572958cc6aef051400154d2b": "alga Cyanophora, a glaucophyte", "572958cc6aef051400154d2c": "alga Cyanophora", "572958cc6aef051400154d2d": "carboxysome", "572958cc6aef051400154d2e": "icosahedral", "57295a116aef051400154d44": "greenish", "57295a116aef051400154d45": "Rhodoplasts have a double membrane", "57295a116aef051400154d46": "distinctive red color", "57295a116aef051400154d47": "thylakoids from stacking", "57295a116aef051400154d48": "granules", "57295b5b1d04691400779315": "algae and land plants", "57295b5b1d04691400779316": "H\u00e6matococcus", "57295b5b1d04691400779317": "green chloroplasts", "57295b5b1d04691400779318": "green algae and land plants", "57295b5b1d04691400779319": "chlorophyll b", "572961f61d04691400779359": "chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor", "572961f61d0469140077935a": "chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor", "572961f61d0469140077935b": "chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic", "572961f61d0469140077935c": "chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor", "572961f61d0469140077935d": "alga", "572962953f37b319004782f5": "green alga", "572962953f37b319004782f6": "group of common flagellated", "572962953f37b319004782f7": "stacked in groups of three", "572962953f37b319004782f8": "membrane-bound granules in the cytoplasm of the euglenophyte", "572962953f37b319004782f9": "primary endosymbiont", "572963221d04691400779385": "Cryptophytes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae", "572963221d04691400779386": "Cryptophyte chloroplasts have four membranes, the outermost of which is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum", "572963221d04691400779387": "red-algal derived chloroplast", "572963221d04691400779388": "ordinary starch", "572963221d04691400779389": "stacks of two", "572963876aef051400154dd2": "Apicomplexans are another group of chromalveolates", "572963876aef051400154dd3": "Apicomplexans are another group of chromalveolates", "572963876aef051400154dd4": "malaria parasite", "572963876aef051400154dd5": "Apicomplexans are another group of chromalveolates", "572963876aef051400154dd6": "amylopectin", "5729645b3f37b31900478321": "Apicoplasts have lost all photosynthetic function, and contain no photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids", "5729645b3f37b31900478322": "attractive", "5729645b3f37b31900478323": "sugar", "5729645b3f37b31900478324": "Apicoplasts have lost all photosynthetic function, and contain no photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids", "5729645b3f37b31900478325": "four", "572965566aef051400154e00": "triplet-stacked thylakoids. Starch", "572965566aef051400154e01": "Starch", "572965566aef051400154e02": "chloroplast", "572965566aef051400154e03": "red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane", "572965e73f37b3190047832b": "Karenia", "572965e73f37b3190047832c": "fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages", "572965e73f37b3190047832d": "four membranes", "572965e73f37b3190047832e": "four membranes", "572966626aef051400154e13": "genus Dinophysis have a phycobilin-containing chloroplast taken from a cryptophyte", "572966626aef051400154e14": "phycobilin-containing chloroplast taken from a cryptophyte", "572966626aef051400154e12": "chloroplast taken from a cryptophyte", "572966626aef051400154e15": "genus Dinophysis have a phycobilin-containing chloroplast taken from a cryptophyte", "572966ebaf94a219006aa391": "Kryptoperidinium and Durinskia have a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast", "572966ebaf94a219006aa392": "Kryptoperidinium", "572966ebaf94a219006aa393": "five", "572966ebaf94a219006aa394": "five", "572966ebaf94a219006aa395": "t", "572967e31d046914007793b1": "dinophyte nucleus", "572967e31d046914007793b2": "dinophyte that has a chloroplast that's not from the rhodoplast lineage", "572967e31d046914007793b3": "Lepidodinium viride and its close relatives are dinophytes", "572967e31d046914007793b4": "peridinin", "572967e31d046914007793b5": "Lepidodinium", "5729686d1d046914007793c1": "chloroplasts originate from that first set of endosymbiotic", "5729686d1d046914007793c2": "Paulinella cells contain one or two sausage shaped blue-green photosynthesizing structures called chromatophores", "5729686d1d046914007793c3": "long, containing around 850 protein encoding genes\u2014far less than the three million", "5729686d1d046914007793c4": "three million", "5729686d1d046914007793c5": "long, containing around 850 protein encoding genes\u2014far less than the three million", "572968cf1d046914007793cb": "cpDNA", "572968cf1d046914007793cc": "cpDNA", "572968cf1d046914007793cd": "1962", "572968cf1d046914007793ce": "1962", "572968cf1d046914007793cf": "1962", "57296977af94a219006aa3bd": "cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyce\u00e6", "57296977af94a219006aa3be": "land plants", "57296977af94a219006aa3bf": "stabilize", "572969f51d046914007793dd": "chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the 1970s", "572969f51d046914007793de": "two main models have been proposed. Scientists have attempted to observe chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the 1970s", "572969f51d046914007793e0": "rolling circle", "572969f51d046914007793df": "chloroplast DNA replicates using a double displacement", "572969f51d046914007793e1": "the D-loop moves through the circular DNA", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c3": "DNA", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c4": "cpDNA, there are several A \u2192 G deamination gradients", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c5": "second", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c6": "second theory suggests that most cpDNA is actually linear", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c7": "second", "57296ab93f37b31900478369": "linear and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures", "57296ab93f37b3190047836a": "linear cpDNA", "57296ab93f37b3190047836b": "linear cpDNA", "57296ab93f37b3190047836c": "linear cpDNA", "57296b151d046914007793f1": "chloroplasts in many chromalveolate lineages. Even if a chloroplast", "57296b151d046914007793f2": "former host's nucleus", "57296b151d046914007793f3": "red chloroplast", "57296b151d046914007793f4": "red algal derived chloroplast", "57296bf96aef051400154e52": "few chloroplast genes found new homes in the mitochondrial genome", "57296bf96aef051400154e53": "half", "57296bf96aef051400154e54": "half of the protein products of transferred genes aren't even targeted back to the chloroplast. Many became exaptations", "57296bf96aef051400154e55": "cytosol, you have to cross the cell membrane", "57296c5c3f37b3190047837f": "chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol", "57296c5c3f37b31900478380": "cytosol", "57296c5c3f37b31900478381": "cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates", "57296c5c3f37b31900478382": "folding prematurely", "57296cb21d04691400779403": "Zygnema", "57296cb21d04691400779404": "lens-shaped, 5\u20138 \u03bcm in diameter and 1\u20133 \u03bcm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes", "57296cb21d04691400779405": "lens-shaped, 5\u20138 \u03bcm in diameter and 1\u20133 \u03bc", "57296cb21d04691400779406": "half the cell in order Desmidiales. In some algae, the chloroplast", "57296cb21d04691400779407": "half the cell in order Desmidiales. In some algae, the chloroplast", "57296d1b1d0469140077940d": "double membrane", "57296d1b1d0469140077940e": "inner chloroplast membranes", "57296d1b1d0469140077940f": "inner chloroplast membranes", "57296d8d1d0469140077941d": "mitochondrial double membrane", "57296d8d1d0469140077941e": "proton pumps", "57296d8d1d0469140077941f": "oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria", "57296d8d1d04691400779420": "double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane. This is not a valid comparison\u2014the inner mitochondria membrane", "57296d8d1d04691400779421": "inner mitochondria membrane", "57296de03f37b3190047839b": "more", "57296de03f37b3190047839c": "Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts", "57296de03f37b3190047839d": "petals", "57296de03f37b3190047839e": "1962, some plant biologists dismissed the structures as artifactual", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e5": "chloroplast peripheral reticulum", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e6": "chloroplast peripheral reticulum", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e7": "a maze of membranous", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e8": "chloroplast peripheral reticulum", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e9": "vesicles to shuttle stuff", "57296eb01d04691400779435": "synthesize a small fraction of their proteins", "57296eb01d04691400779436": "two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes", "57296eb01d04691400779437": "two-thirds the size", "57296eb01d04691400779438": "two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes", "57296eb01d04691400779439": "translation initiation", "57296eee6aef051400154e8e": "plastoglobule", "57296eee6aef051400154e8f": "singular plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule", "57296eee6aef051400154e90": "singular plastoglobulus", "57296eee6aef051400154e91": "45\u201360 nanometers", "57296eee6aef051400154e92": "singular plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fb": "plastoglobulus", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fc": "plastoglobulus", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fd": "normal", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fe": "parent thylakoid. In old or stressed chloroplasts, plastoglobuli tend to occur in linked groups or chains", "57296f85af94a219006aa403": "higher plants", "57296f85af94a219006aa404": "pyrenoids. They are not found in higher plants", "57296f85af94a219006aa405": "pyrenoids. They are not found in higher plants", "57296f85af94a219006aa406": "pyrenoids", "57296f85af94a219006aa407": "pyrenoids", "57296fd71d0469140077943f": "the helical thylakoid", "57296fd71d04691400779440": "circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes", "57296fd71d04691400779441": "two to a hundred thylakoids", "57296fd71d04691400779442": "two to a hundred thylakoids", "57296fd71d04691400779443": "lamellar thylakoids", "5729703d3f37b319004783bb": "carotenoids", "5729703d3f37b319004783bc": "light energy", "5729703d3f37b319004783bd": "carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons. Molecules in the thylakoid membrane", "5729703d3f37b319004783be": "the energized electrons to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space", "5729703d3f37b319004783bf": "acidic", "572970916aef051400154eba": "two types of thylakoids\u2014granal thylakoids", "572970916aef051400154ebb": "granal thylakoids", "572970916aef051400154ebc": "granal thylakoids", "572970916aef051400154ebe": "two types of thylakoids\u2014granal thylakoids", "572970916aef051400154ebd": "pancake-shaped circular disks", "57297103af94a219006aa423": "thirty", "57297103af94a219006aa424": "thirty", "57297103af94a219006aa425": "\u03b2-carotene", "57297103af94a219006aa426": "orange carotenoid found in nearly all chloroplasts", "57297103af94a219006aa427": "orange-red zeaxanthin", "5729714daf94a219006aa42d": "third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria", "5729714daf94a219006aa42e": "all colors", "5729714daf94a219006aa42f": "phycoerytherin is one of the pigments", "5729714daf94a219006aa430": "Phycobilins", "5729714daf94a219006aa431": "third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria", "572971af6aef051400154ede": "carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis", "572971af6aef051400154edf": "O2 is produced by the initial light reactions of photosynthesis, causing issues down the line in the Calvin cycle", "572971af6aef051400154ee0": "O2 is produced by the initial light reactions of photosynthesis", "572971af6aef051400154ee1": "carbon dioxide into sugar molecules", "572971af6aef051400154ee2": "ATP energy", "5729723c6aef051400154ee8": "C4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis. In mesophyll cells", "5729723c6aef051400154ee9": "C4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis. In mesophyll cells", "5729723c6aef051400154eea": "C4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis. In mesophyll cells", "5729723c6aef051400154eeb": "CO2", "5729723c6aef051400154eec": "C4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis", "5729729a1d0469140077948b": "green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts", "5729729a1d0469140077948c": "parts", "5729729a1d0469140077948d": "chloroplasts can also be found in collenchyma tissue. A plant cell", "5729729a1d0469140077948e": "collenchyma tissue", "5729729a1d0469140077948f": "10 to 100 chloroplasts", "572972f46aef051400154ef2": "plants", "572972f46aef051400154ef3": "C4", "572972f46aef051400154ef6": "30\u201370 chloroplasts per cell, while stomatal guard cells contain only around 8\u201315", "572972f46aef051400154ef4": "millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts", "572972f46aef051400154ef5": "l", "5729735c3f37b319004783fb": "plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light", "5729735c3f37b319004783fc": "plant cell's cell wall", "5729735c3f37b319004783fd": "so that light strikes them edge", "5729735c3f37b319004783fe": "Mitochondria", "5729735c3f37b319004783ff": "plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light", "572973ccaf94a219006aa449": "two", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44a": "two main immune responses\u2014the hypersensitive response", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44b": "triggering defense-molecule", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44c": "damaging their photosynthetic system", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44d": "reactive oxygen species", "57297427af94a219006aa453": "cellular signals, reactive oxygen species are unstable molecules", "57297427af94a219006aa454": "molecules", "57297427af94a219006aa455": "cellular signals, reactive oxygen species are unstable molecules", "57297427af94a219006aa456": "initiate retrograde signaling\u2014signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus", "572974923f37b3190047840b": "photosynthesis", "572974923f37b3190047840c": "photosynthesis", "572974923f37b3190047840d": "oxygen", "572974923f37b3190047840e": "light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide", "572974923f37b3190047840f": "light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide", "572975073f37b31900478415": "use the potential energy", "572975073f37b31900478416": "mitochondria", "572975073f37b31900478417": "more hydrogen ions (up to a thousand times as many) inside the thylakoid system", "572975073f37b31900478418": "stroma through ATP synthase", "572975073f37b31900478419": "mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy", "572975511d046914007794a7": "NADP+", "572975511d046914007794a8": "Cyclic photophosphorylation", "572975511d046914007794a9": "C4", "572975511d046914007794aa": "Cyclic photophosphorylation", "572975a3af94a219006aa465": "Calvin", "572975a3af94a219006aa466": "six-carbon molecules", "572975a3af94a219006aa467": "six", "572975a3af94a219006aa468": "Calvin cycle starts by using the enzyme Rubisco to fix CO2 into five-carbon Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) molecules", "572976183f37b31900478431": "glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch", "572976183f37b31900478432": "efficiency of photosynthesis", "572976183f37b31900478433": "glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch, which accumulates into the starch grains", "572976183f37b31900478434": "Waterlogged roots", "572976183f37b31900478435": "efficiency of photosynthesis", "572976791d046914007794af": "carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP", "572976791d046914007794b0": "oxygen concentration", "572976791d046914007794b1": "RuBP", "572976791d046914007794b2": "oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2", "572976791d046914007794b3": "carbon fixation, and pyrenoids. Chloroplasts in C4", "572976cfaf94a219006aa493": "Chloroplasts alone", "572976cfaf94a219006aa494": "stroma", "572976cfaf94a219006aa495": "sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine", "572976cfaf94a219006aa496": "unclear whether the organelle", "57297725af94a219006aa49b": "two terms are sometimes used interchangeably", "57297725af94a219006aa49c": "cell organelle called a plastid", "57297725af94a219006aa49d": "zygote, or fertilized egg. Proplastids are commonly found in an adult plant", "57297725af94a219006aa49e": "amyloplasts", "5729779b6aef051400154f62": "exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation", "5729779b6aef051400154f63": "etioplast is a plastid", "5729779b6aef051400154f64": "inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma", "5729779b6aef051400154f65": "yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked", "5729779b6aef051400154f66": "chloroplast formation", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ad": "Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ae": "chromoplasts", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4af": "chloroplasts, like what happens when a carrot or a potato", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b0": "chloroplasts", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b1": "chloroplasts, like what happens when a carrot", "5729784b1d046914007794c9": "the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments", "5729784b1d046914007794ca": "the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments", "5729784b1d046914007794cb": "assemble into filaments", "5729784b1d046914007794cc": "cleaved more or less evenly. The protein MinD prevents FtsZ from linking up and forming filaments", "5729784b1d046914007794cd": "Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma", "5729789b6aef051400154f6c": "two plastid-dividing", "5729789b6aef051400154f6d": "two plastid-dividing", "5729789b6aef051400154f6e": "chloroplast membrane", "5729789b6aef051400154f6f": "5 nanometers across, arranged in rows 6.4 nanometers", "5729789b6aef051400154f70": "few species", "572978e66aef051400154f76": "chloroplast division", "572978e66aef051400154f78": "dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts", "572978e66aef051400154f79": "white light to complete division. Spinach leaves", "572978e66aef051400154f77": "dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts", "57297991af94a219006aa4b7": "developers of genetically modified crops. Since, in most flowering plants", "57297991af94a219006aa4b8": "developers of genetically modified crops", "57297991af94a219006aa4b9": "transplastomic plants at 3 in 1,000,000", "57297991af94a219006aa4ba": "transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen", "57296d571d04691400779413": "positive integer factors, whereas 6 is composite", "57296d571d04691400779414": "arbitrarily", "57296d571d04691400779415": "central", "57296d571d04691400779416": "primes", "57296d571d04691400779417": "1", "57296f293f37b319004783a3": "primality", "57296f293f37b319004783a4": "primality", "57296f293f37b319004783a5": "2", "57296f293f37b319004783a6": "2", "57296f293f37b319004783a7": "618", "572970c11d04691400779463": "many primes, as demonstrated by Euclid around 300 BC", "572970c11d04691400779464": "Euclid around 300 BC", "572970c11d04691400779465": "Euclid around 300 BC", "572970c11d04691400779466": "19th century", "572970c11d04691400779467": "19th century", "5729727baf94a219006aa437": "Goldbach's conjecture (that every even integer greater", "5729727baf94a219006aa438": "infinitely many pairs of primes", "5729727baf94a219006aa439": "Primes are used in several routines in information technology, such as public-key cryptography", "5729727baf94a219006aa43a": "several routines in information technology, such as public-key cryptography", "5729727baf94a219006aa43b": "Goldbach's conjecture", "572973f76aef051400154f0a": "5 end in 1", "572973f76aef051400154f0b": "three", "572973f76aef051400154f0c": "2. Similarly, when written in the usual decimal system, all prime numbers", "572973f76aef051400154f0d": "12 = 3 \u00b7 4. No even number greater than 2 is prime because by definition, any such number n has at least three distinct divisors", "572973f76aef051400154f0e": "0 or 5", "57297547af94a219006aa45b": "1", "57297547af94a219006aa45c": "1 as the first prime number. In the mid-18th century Christian Goldbach listed 1", "57297547af94a219006aa45d": "Goldbach listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with Leonhard Euler -- who did not agree. In the 19th century many mathematicians", "57297547af94a219006aa45e": "10,006", "57297547af94a219006aa45f": "1", "57297781af94a219006aa4a3": "1", "57297781af94a219006aa4a4": "1", "57297781af94a219006aa4a6": "sum of divisors", "57297781af94a219006aa4a5": "sum of divisors", "57297781af94a219006aa4a7": "1", "572978f91d046914007794d3": "Rhind", "572978f91d046914007794d4": "prime numbers come from the Ancient Greeks", "572978f91d046914007794d5": "circa 300 BC", "572978f91d046914007794d6": "a Mersenne prime. The Sieve of Eratosthenes", "572978f91d046914007794d7": "Mersenne prime", "57297a276aef051400154f88": "1640", "57297a276aef051400154f89": "Euler). Fermat also conjectured", "57297a276aef051400154f8a": "2p \u2212 1", "57297a276aef051400154f8c": "2p \u2212 1", "57297a276aef051400154f8b": "1640 Pierre de Fermat stated (without proof) Fermat's little theorem", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c7": "trial division", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c8": "primality of a given integer n", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c9": "1", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4cb": "three", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4ca": "1", "57297d421d046914007794e5": "two", "57297d421d046914007794e6": "Monte Carlo\") and deterministic algorithms", "57297d421d046914007794e7": "Monte Carlo\") and deterministic algorithms", "57297d421d046914007794e8": "Monte Carlo\") and deterministic algorithms", "57297d421d046914007794e9": "Monte Carlo", "57297ed93f37b3190047845f": "primality", "57297ed93f37b31900478460": "Fermat primality", "57297ed93f37b31900478461": "Carmichael", "57297ed93f37b31900478462": "primality", "57297ed93f37b31900478463": "primality", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d1": "prime. Prime numbers of this form are known as factorial primes. Other primes where either p + 1 or p \u2212 1", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d2": "2p \u2212 1", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d3": "Lehmer", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d4": "Sophie Germain primes", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d5": "Sophie Germain primes", "572982e66aef051400154f92": "2009", "572982e66aef051400154f93": "2009", "572982e66aef051400154f94": "$100,000", "572982e66aef051400154f95": "150,000 and $250,000 for primes with at least 100 million digits and 1 billion", "572982e76aef051400154f96": "256", "572985011d04691400779501": "floor", "572985011d04691400779502": "Chebyshev", "572985011d04691400779503": "Chebyshev", "572985011d04691400779504": "Chebyshev", "572985011d04691400779505": "Wilson", "572987e46aef051400154fa2": "many primes", "572987e46aef051400154fa3": "red", "572987e46aef051400154fa4": "primes congruent", "572987e46aef051400154fa5": "multiple of 9 is passed. Primes are highlighted in red. The rows (=progressions", "572987e46aef051400154fa6": "3, 6, or 9 contain at most one prime number. In all other rows", "572989846aef051400154fc0": "zeta", "572989846aef051400154fc1": "1", "572989846aef051400154fc2": "1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... diverges", "572989846aef051400154fc3": "1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... diverges (i", "572989846aef051400154fc4": "Euler", "57298ef11d0469140077952d": "1859", "57298ef11d0469140077952e": "1859", "57298ef11d0469140077952f": "1859", "57298ef11d04691400779530": "1859", "57298ef11d04691400779531": "about x/log x of numbers less than x are primes", "57299021af94a219006aa50c": "February 2011", "57299021af94a219006aa50b": "1912", "57299021af94a219006aa50d": "n = 2 \u00b7 1017", "57299021af94a219006aa50e": "Vinogradov's theorem says that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three primes. Chen", "57299021af94a219006aa50f": "2", "572991943f37b319004784a1": "2 (twin prime conjecture", "572991943f37b319004784a2": "2", "572991943f37b319004784a3": "every positive integer n. It is implied by the stronger Cram\u00e9r", "572991943f37b319004784a4": "n2 + 1", "572991943f37b319004784a5": "four primes", "57299326af94a219006aa515": "British mathematician G. H. Hardy prided themselves on doing work that had absolutely no military significance. However, this vision was shattered in the 1970s", "57299326af94a219006aa516": "G. H. Hardy prided", "57299326af94a219006aa517": "hash tables and pseudorandom number generators", "57299326af94a219006aa518": "algorithms", "57299326af94a219006aa519": "pseudorandom", "572995d46aef051400154fe8": "2 and 5, 1/p", "572995d46aef051400154fe9": "2 and 5, 1/p is always a recurring decimal", "572995d46aef051400154fea": "q", "572995d46aef051400154feb": "q", "572995d46aef051400154fec": "10", "572996c73f37b319004784b3": "RSA", "572996c73f37b319004784b4": "RSA", "572996c73f37b319004784b5": "1024", "572996c73f37b319004784b6": "modular exponentiation", "572996c73f37b319004784b7": "RSA", "572998673f37b319004784d5": "cicadas of the genus Magicicada", "572998673f37b319004784d6": "grubs underground", "572998673f37b319004784d7": "burrows", "572998673f37b319004784d8": "Magicicada make use of prime numbers", "572998673f37b319004784d9": "15-year cicadas would be up to 2%", "57299a6f6aef051400155016": "mathematics", "57299a6f6aef051400155017": "subfield", "57299a6f6aef051400155019": "prime knot is a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots", "57299a6f6aef05140015501a": "second", "57299a6f6aef051400155018": "prime knot is a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots", "57299c2c6aef051400155020": "R", "57299c2c6aef051400155021": "Prime numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring R", "57299c2c6aef051400155022": "two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring R", "57299c2c6aef051400155023": "x and y in R such that p divides the product xy", "57299c2c6aef051400155024": "p of R", "57299d1c1d04691400779581": "fundamental theorem of arithmetic", "57299d1c1d04691400779582": "theorem of arithmetic continues to hold in unique factorization domains", "57299d1c1d04691400779583": "Z[i], that is, the set of complex numbers", "57299d1c1d04691400779584": "arbitrary integers", "57299d1c1d04691400779585": "4k + 3 are Gaussian primes, whereas rational primes of the form 4k + 1", "57299ec43f37b3190047850d": "ring", "57299ec43f37b3190047850e": "ideal. Prime ideals", "57299ec43f37b3190047850f": "ring", "57299ec43f37b31900478510": "11), \u2026 The fundamental theorem of arithmetic generalizes to the Lasker\u2013Noether theorem", "57299ec43f37b31900478511": "Noetherian", "5729a03f1d04691400779593": "Prime ideals", "5729a03f1d04691400779594": "ramification", "5729a03f1d04691400779595": "integers of quadratic number fields", "5729a03f1d04691400779596": "integers of quadratic number fields can be used in proving quadratic", "5729a26d6aef05140015505a": "p", "5729a26d6aef05140015505b": "Q", "5729a26d6aef05140015505c": "p", "5729a26d6aef05140015505d": "global", "5729a3716aef05140015506a": "Olivier Messiaen", "5729a3716aef05140015506b": "French composer", "5729a3716aef05140015506c": "French composer", "5729a3716aef05140015506d": "unpredictable rhythms: the primes 41, 43, 47 and 53", "5729a3716aef05140015506e": "Olivier Messiae", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55b": "Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graub\u00fcnden", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55c": "Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graub\u00fcnden", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55d": "Cologne", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55e": "European river", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55f": "Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e37": "Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graub\u00fcnden", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3a": "Rijn) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graub\u00fcnden", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3b": "Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56b": "R\u0113nos", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56c": "R\u0113nos", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56d": "R\u0113nos", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56e": "R\u0113nos", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad7": "R\u0113nos", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad8": "English Rhine as well as in German Rhein and French Rhin", "572fe288a23a5019007fcada": "Rijn", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad9": "R\u012bnaz", "572fe288a23a5019007fcadb": "R\u0113nos", "572f567cb2c2fd140056803f": "Alpine Rhine is more", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568040": "1939", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568041": "\"Rhine-kilometers", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568042": "\"Rhine-kilometers", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568043": "20 km). The river length", "572fe393947a6a140053cdba": "\"Rhine-kilometers", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbb": "1939", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbc": "\"Rhine-kilometers", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbe": "\"Rhine-kilometers", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbd": "\"Rhine-kilometers", "572f5703a23a5019007fc573": "86", "572f5703a23a5019007fc574": "86 km", "572f5703a23a5019007fc575": "396 m", "572f5703a23a5019007fc576": "599 m to 396 m", "572f5703a23a5019007fc577": "West and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4b": "north near Chur", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4c": "86 km", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4d": "86 km long, and descends from a height of 599", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4e": "wide glacial alpine valley", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4f": "Switzerland", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686d": "Constance", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686e": "Constance", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686f": "Constance", "572f57c704bcaa1900d76870": "precipitating sediments", "572f57c704bcaa1900d76871": "precipitating sediments", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e55": "Constance", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e56": "Constance", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e57": "Constance", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e58": "Constance", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e59": "precipitating sediments", "572f5875947a6a140053c89a": "near Diepoldsau", "572f5875947a6a140053c89b": "near Diepoldsau", "572f5875947a6a140053c89c": "western Rhine Delta", "572f5875947a6a140053c89d": "western Rhine Delta", "572f5875947a6a140053c89e": "lake", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e69": "the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6b": "the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6a": "the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6c": "too, and it now flows parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6d": "continuous input of sediment", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57d": "three bodies of water: the Obersee", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc580": "upper lake", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57e": "lower lake\"), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc581": "Austrian", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57f": "upper lake\"), the Untersee (\"lower lake\"), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858b": "three bodies of water: the Obersee", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858c": "Austria near the Alps", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858d": "three bodies of water: the Obersee (\"upper lake\"), the Untersee", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858e": "Austrian", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858f": "Vorarlberg", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc587": "Constance hopper", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58a": "Lindau", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc588": "gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58b": "rhein", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc589": "Lindau", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e95": "hopper", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e96": "reappears on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e97": "Hagnau am Bodensee", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e98": "Constance hopper", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e99": "along the entire length of the lake", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5af": "Rhine", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b0": "Aare", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b1": "more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b2": "14,022 ft) summit of Finsteraarhorn", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b3": "Rhine knee at Basel, leaving Switzerland", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde0": "Rhine", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde1": "Aare", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde2": "doubles the Rhine's water discharge", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde3": "14,022 ft) summit of Finsteraarhorn", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde4": "Constance", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ea": "Basel", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8eb": "Rhine knee", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ec": "between High and Upper Rhine", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ed": "300 km", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ee": "300 km long and up to 40 km", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf2": "Basel", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf3": "Basel", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf4": "overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf5": "High Rhine", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf6": "between High and Upper Rhine", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b7": "19th Century", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b8": "19th Century", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b9": "19th Century", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680ba": "Grand Canal d'Alsace", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680bb": "large compensation pools", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5b": "19th Century", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5c": "19th Century", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5d": "19th Century", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5e": "19th Century", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5f": "a significant part of the river water", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cc": "Germany", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cd": "2,290 m3/s (81,000", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cb": "Rhine", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680ce": "Neckar", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cf": "400", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef5": "Germany", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef6": "more of its main tributaries, such as the Neckar", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef7": "Luxembourg", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef8": "The Rhine is the longest river in Germany", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef9": "2,290 m3", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5eb": "Between Bingen and Bonn, the Middle Rhine", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ec": "Rhine", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ed": "erosion", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ee": "40 castles and fortresses", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76eff": "Between Bingen and Bonn, the Middle Rhine", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f00": "Between Bingen and Bonn, the Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f02": "2002", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f03": "Bingen and Bonn", "572f6c85947a6a140053c940": "1980s", "572f6c85947a6a140053c942": "sea ports of Rotterdam, Antwerp and Amsterdam", "572f6c85947a6a140053c943": "Amsterdam", "572f6c85947a6a140053c944": "region with drinking water", "572f6c85947a6a140053c941": "Switzerland", "572ff293947a6a140053ce52": "major source of water pollution", "572ff293947a6a140053ce53": "plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up into Switzerland", "572ff293947a6a140053ce54": "plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up into Switzerland", "572ff293947a6a140053ce55": "Cologne, D\u00fcsseldorf and Duisburg. Duisburg is the home of Europe's largest inland port and functions", "572ff293947a6a140053ce56": "Amsterdam", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc621": "Rhine area are viniculture and tourism", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc622": "Goarshausen", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc623": "UNESCO World Heritage Site. Near Sankt Goarshausen, the Rhine", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc624": "Middle Rhine Valley", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce66": "viniculture and tourism", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce67": "R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce68": "R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce69": "Lorelei", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce6a": "Lorelei", "572f7588947a6a140053c984": "Duisburg with the largest river", "572f7588947a6a140053c985": "n", "572f7588947a6a140053c986": "Lippe", "572f7588947a6a140053c987": "400 m wide river. Near Krefeld", "572f7588947a6a140053c988": "Krefeld", "572ff430a23a5019007fcba9": "Lower", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbaa": "Germany", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbab": "conurbation in Germany, the Rhine-Ruhr region. One of the most important cities in this region is Duisburg with the largest river", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbac": "suspension bridge in Germany", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbad": "400 m", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568154": "Two thirds", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568153": "Rijn no longer coincides", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568155": "Two thirds", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f24": "water", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f25": "water", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f26": "Meuse", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f27": "Rijn no longer coincides", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a2": "Lek", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a3": "Pannerdens Kanaal", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a4": "Lek", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5": "Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2d": "Pannerdens Kanaal", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2e": "redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn. The IJssel branch carries one ninth", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2f": "ninth of the water", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f30": "Lek", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f31": "Lek", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568657": "Rijn", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568658": "north, which together formed the main river Rhine in Roman times. Though they retained the name, these streams no longer carry water from the Rhine", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568659": "Rijn", "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865a": "north branch of the Rhine", "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865b": "latter flows west into a sluice", "572ff673b2c2fd1400568669": "river delta where the Rhine flows into Lake Constance", "572ff673b2c2fd140056866a": "Millingen aan de Rijn, close to the Dutch-German border with the division of the Rhine into Waal and Nederrijn", "572ff673b2c2fd140056866b": "Rhine-Meuse", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f51": "Waal and Pannerdens Kanaal", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f52": "three", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f53": "southern", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f55": "two bifurcations: first, at Millingen aan de Rijn", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f54": "two bifurcations: first, at Millingen aan de Rijn", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568681": "1421", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568682": "1421 to 1904", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568683": "1421", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568685": "1421 to 1904", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568684": "upstream at Gorinchem", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbce": "dammed", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcf": "20th Century", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcd": "smaller rivers and streams", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbd0": "polders", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869b": "tidal", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869c": "Rhine-Meuse Delta is a tidal delta", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869d": "tidal currents", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869e": "Waal, for example, the most landward tidal influence can be detected between Brakel and Zaltbommel", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbe9": "Tethys", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbeb": "two plates reversed direction and began to compress the Tethys", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbec": "individual", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbea": "180 MBP, in the Jurassic", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbed": "laterally, generating the individual features of Mediterranean geography: Iberia", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b7": "Upper Rhine Graben", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b8": "Upper Rhine Graben", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b9": "N\u2013S rift", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686ba": "Rhone and Danube drained the northern flanks of the Alps", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef0": "capture, the Rhine extended its watershed southward. By the Pliocene period", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef1": "Pliocene", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef2": "down to the Vosges Mountains", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc15": "11,600 years ago) was the geological period of the Ice Ages. Since approximately 600,000", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc16": "600,000", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc17": "120 m", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc18": "Early Pleistocene", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc19": "offshore", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e5": "74,000", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e6": "74,000", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e7": "70,000", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8": "120 m", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e9": "English Channel and finally, to the Atlantic Ocean", "572fff45947a6a140053cf26": "tundra", "572fff45947a6a140053cf27": "flora and fauna", "572fff45947a6a140053cf28": "ca. 22,000", "572fff45947a6a140053cf29": "BP, when ice-sheets", "572fff45947a6a140053cf2a": "loess", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76fef": "22,000", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff0": "22,000", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff1": "spring", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff2": "Rhine and its downstream extension", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff3": "9000 BP", "573003dd947a6a140053cf42": "7500 yr ago", "573003dd947a6a140053cf43": "coastal processes", "573003dd947a6a140053cf44": "7000 years, the coast line was roughly at the same location. In the southern North Sea", "573003dd947a6a140053cf45": "1", "573003dd947a6a140053cf46": "1", "5730042804bcaa1900d77011": "11,700 years ago), the Rhine occupied its Late-Glacial valley", "5730042804bcaa1900d77014": "Netherlands", "5730042804bcaa1900d77012": "11,700 years ago), the Rhine occupied its Late-Glacial valley", "5730042804bcaa1900d77013": "sea-level continued to rise in the Netherlands", "57300580b2c2fd140056874d": "peat mining", "57300580b2c2fd140056874f": "flooding and sedimentation, ending peat formation", "57300580b2c2fd140056874e": "Bronze Age agriculture", "57300580b2c2fd1400568751": "salt and fuel, from Roman times onward", "57300580b2c2fd1400568750": "80 avulsions", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702d": "three branches: the River", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702e": "North Sea", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702f": "Rotterdam", "5730069004bcaa1900d77030": "1932, a freshwater lake", "5730069004bcaa1900d77031": "Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to the North Sea, through the former Meuse estuary, near Rotterdam", "57300761947a6a140053cf9a": "Herodotus", "57300761947a6a140053cf9b": "Germania", "57300761947a6a140053cf9c": "late Hallstatt culture since the 6th century BC", "57300761947a6a140053cf9d": "Herodotus", "573007fab2c2fd140056876b": "AD 14", "573007fab2c2fd140056876c": "AD 70, Rome", "573007fab2c2fd140056876d": "AD 70, Rome accepted as her Germanic frontier the water", "573007fab2c2fd140056876f": "AD 70, Rome", "573007fab2c2fd140056876e": "frontier", "57300888b2c2fd1400568775": "AD 14 and 180", "57300888b2c2fd1400568777": "XX Valeria (Pannonian troops", "57300888b2c2fd1400568778": "Cologne", "57300888b2c2fd1400568776": "Rhine", "57300888b2c2fd1400568779": "Ubii", "57300911947a6a140053cfb6": "5th century establishing the kingdoms of Francia on the Lower Rhine, Burgundy", "57300911947a6a140053cfb7": "5th century", "57300911947a6a140053cfb8": "Drachenfels", "57300911947a6a140053cfb9": "Siegfried", "57300911947a6a140053cfba": "medieval legend, such as the Nibelungenlied", "573009a004bcaa1900d7704f": "6th century", "573009a004bcaa1900d77050": "10th century", "573009a004bcaa1900d77051": "Lower Lorraine", "573009a004bcaa1900d77052": "Archduke Sigismund", "573009a004bcaa1900d77053": "1469", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc97": "1806 and lasted until 1814", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc98": "French foreign policy, since the Middle Ages", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc99": "Napoleon", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9a": "Napoleon", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9b": "1840", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77063": "World War I", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77064": "1930", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77065": "German army", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77066": "1935", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77067": "1930 and the German army re-occupied it in 1936", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77087": "Arnhem", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77088": "World War II", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77089": "September 1944", "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708a": "Rhine", "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708b": "Western Europe", "57300c67947a6a140053cff0": "230 kilometres", "57300c67947a6a140053cff1": "1,320 kilometres", "57300c67947a6a140053cff3": "1932", "57300c67947a6a140053cff2": "1,230 kilometres (764 miles", "57300c68947a6a140053cff4": "1932", "572fac17947a6a140053cb54": "1998", "572fac17947a6a140053cb55": "Scotland Act 1998", "572fac17947a6a140053cb56": "legislative", "572fac17947a6a140053cb57": "Scotland Act 1998", "572fac17947a6a140053cb58": "12 May 1999", "572facb0a23a5019007fc863": "Scotland", "572facb0a23a5019007fc864": "three", "572facb0a23a5019007fc865": "Scottish national identity. Suggestions for a 'devolved' Parliament", "572facb0a23a5019007fc866": "1914, but were shelved due to the outbreak of the First World War", "572facb0a23a5019007fc867": "1973 recommending", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86d": "North Sea and the following \"It's Scotland", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86e": "oil\" campaign of the Scottish National Party (SNP) resulted in rising support for Scottish independence", "572fad30a23a5019007fc870": "1974", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86f": "Scottish independence", "572fad30a23a5019007fc871": "United Kingdom Parliament", "572fadcbb2c2fd1400568329": "Scotland Act 1978", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832a": "1 March 1979", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832c": "51.6%", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832b": "Scottish devolution referendum", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832d": "32.9%", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76bdf": "Scottish Parliament grew, in part because the government of the United Kingdom was controlled by the Conservative Party, while Scotland itself elected relatively few Conservative MPs", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be0": "United Kingdom", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be1": "1989", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be2": "blueprint for devolution in 1995, the Convention", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568333": "September 2004", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568334": "Spanish architect Enric Miralles in partnership with local Edinburgh Architecture firm RMJM", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568335": "Spanish architect Enric Miralles in partnership with local Edinburgh Architecture firm RMJM which was led by Design Principal Tony Kettle", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568336": "September 2004", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568337": "Scottish Parliament has been a new Scottish Parliament Building, in the Holyrood area of Edinburgh", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568349": "Edinburgh", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568347": "Holyrood was being constructed, the Parliament's temporary home was the General Assembly Hall", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568348": "Edinburgh. Official photographs and television", "572faf74b2c2fd140056834b": "Aberdeen in May 2002", "572faf74b2c2fd140056834a": "Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber in Glasgow, and to the University of Aberdeen in May 2002", "572fb059947a6a140053cb80": "Edinburgh Council", "572fb059947a6a140053cb81": "George IV Bridge was used for the MSP's offices. Following the move to Holyrood in 2004", "572fb059947a6a140053cb82": "MSP's offices. Following the move to Holyrood in 2004", "572fb059947a6a140053cb83": "1975 Midlothian County Council", "572fb059947a6a140053cb84": "Edinburgh Council. The former administrative building of Lothian Regional Council on George IV Bridge", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c15": "John Scott). The Presiding Officer and deputies", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16": "Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith and John Scott", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c17": "John Scott", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c18": "two MSPs to serve as deputies", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c19": "chamber clocks", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f7": "Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body, the Presiding Officer", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f8": "Parliamentary Bureau", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f9": "five", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8fa": "Scottish Parliament", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5b": "Scottish Parliament", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5c": "Scottish Parliament", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5d": "131", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5e": "131 seats, 129", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5f": "MSPs", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc938": "laid", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc937": "silver", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93a": "July 1999", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc939": "gold panned from Scottish rivers", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93b": "July 1999", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c73": "Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays from early January to late June and from early September to mid December, with two-week recesses", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c74": "October. Plenary meetings in the debating chamber", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c75": "Chamber debates and committee", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c76": "free", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c77": "transcript of parliamentary debates", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95d": "four minutes, sharing a perspective on issues of faith", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95e": "four minutes", "572fc043a23a5019007fc960": "Scottish census. Invitations to address Parliament in this manner are determined by the Presiding Officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95f": "religious beliefs", "572fc043a23a5019007fc961": "parliamentary bureau", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc80": "Deputy Presiding Officer", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc81": "Deputy Presiding Officer) decides who speaks in chamber debates", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc82": "political parties", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc83": "ministers or party leaders", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc84": "debates in the Gaelic language", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccb": "5 pm", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccc": "Parliamentary", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccd": "vote", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce": "electronic consoles", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccf": "bell", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8a": "political parties", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8b": "political parties", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8c": "MS", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8e": "moral", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8d": "MSPs do not tend to vote against such instructions", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568447": "45 minutes", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568449": "Scottish minister", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568448": "45 minutes", "572fc659b2c2fd140056844a": "45 minutes", "572fc659b2c2fd140056844b": "45 minutes", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf5": "the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in committee", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf6": "stronger in the Scottish Parliament than in other parliamentary", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf7": "Scotland", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf8": "Scottish Parliament is to take evidence from witnesses, conduct inquiries and scrutinise legislation", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf9": "Scotland", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d07": "MSPs", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d08": "MSPs", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d09": "MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament. There are different committees with their functions", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0a": "Scottish Parliament", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0b": "fourth", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d11": "parliamentary session", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d12": "more", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d13": "fourth Session", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d14": "Session", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d1f": "Scottish Parliament", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d20": "Scottish Parliament", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d21": "Private Bill Committees", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d22": "Edinburgh Tram Network, the Glasgow Airport Rail Link, the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link and extensions to the National Gallery of Scotland", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568473": "Scotland Act 1998", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568474": "Scotland Act 1998", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568475": "1998", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568476": "Scotland", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568477": "Scottish Government", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f1": "5", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f2": "Scottish Parliament", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f3": "Scots law \u2013 courts", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f4": "3", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f5": "fiscal devolution including borrowing powers and some other unconnected matters such as setting speed limits and control of air guns", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847d": "Scotland Parliament", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847e": "Scotland Parliament. The Scottish Parliament", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f": "Scotland Parliament. The Scottish Parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to, and dealt with at, Westminster", "572fcc43b2c2fd1400568480": "Westminster", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccda": "Scottish Government can introduce new laws or amendments to existing laws as a bill", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdb": "Scottish Government", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdc": "laws", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdd": "Scottish Parliament can introduce a bill as a private member; or a private bill", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccde": "number of stages", "572fce12a23a5019007fca11": "introductory stage of the bill", "572fce13a23a5019007fca12": "whole Parliament for a full debate in the chamber on the general principles of the bill", "572fce13a23a5019007fca13": "bill", "572fce13a23a5019007fca14": "introductory stage of the bill", "572fce13a23a5019007fca15": "whole Parliament", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd02": "3", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd03": "two", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd04": "final stage of the bill and is considered at a meeting of the whole Parliament", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd05": "wrecking", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd06": "general", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684a9": "s", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684aa": "Scottish Parliament", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab": "Scottish Government or UK Government", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ac": "Scottish Parliament", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ad": "Scottish Parliament", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca55": "Scottish Government", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca57": "forward", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca56": "MSPs", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca58": "MSPs", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca59": "Sovereign", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76d9f": "ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da0": "1999, 2003", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da1": "one month either way by the Monarch", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da3": "general elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in May every four years (1999, 2003", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da2": "28", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd32": "Several procedures enable the Scottish Parliament to scrutinise", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd33": "MSPs", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd34": "statements to Parliament upon which MSPs are invited to question. For example, at the beginning of each parliamentary year", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd35": "the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister on issues", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3a": "Parliamentary time", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3b": "Parliamentary time is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3c": "12 p.m", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3d": "12 p.m", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3e": "four", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684f9": "Scottish MPs", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fb": "2005", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fa": "one member to represent the constituency", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fd": "Shetland and the Western Isles", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fc": "55,000", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850b": "Parliament", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850c": "d'Hondt", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850d": "quotient", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850e": "constituency seats", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850f": "second seat. This is repeated iteratively", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851d": "an MSP. Such qualifications were introduced under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851e": "1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851f": "House of Commons", "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568520": "Scottish Parliament as elected MSPs, and similarly, civil servants", "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568521": "1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dd9": "Scottish Parliament", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dda": "Labour", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddb": "151 votes", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddc": "eight", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddd": "Scottish independence", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca93": "five seats, with leader Annabel Goldie", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca94": "Edinburgh Pentlands", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca95": "Edinburgh Pentlands, the seat of former party leader David McLetchie", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca96": "Annabel Goldie claiming that their support had held firm. Nevertheless, she too", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca97": "Cameron congratulated the SNP on their victory but vowed to campaign for the Union in the independence", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9d": "procedural consequence of the establishment of the Scottish Parliament is that Scottish MPs sitting in the UK House of Commons are able to vote on domestic legislation", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9e": "Scottish MPs sitting in the UK House of Commons", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9f": "Scottish Parliament", "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa0": "Conservative victory in the 2015 UK election, standing orders", "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1": "over laws only affecting England", "572ff626947a6a140053ce8e": "moral conservatism", "572ff626947a6a140053ce8f": "Islamic values in all spheres", "572ff626947a6a140053ce90": "Islamism, also known as Political Islam (Arabic: \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u200e isl\u0101m siy\u0101s\u012b", "572ff626947a6a140053ce91": "\"oscillating between two poles", "572ff626947a6a140053ce92": "Islamization of society", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568677": "democratic process include parties", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568678": "Lebanon", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568679": "Lebanon", "572ff760b2c2fd140056867a": "al-Qaeda and the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, and groups such as the Taliban, entirely reject democracy", "572ff760b2c2fd140056867b": "al-Qaeda", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f65": "Graham E. Fuller", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f66": "Sunni pan-Islamism", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f67": "Arabism was eclipsed", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f68": "Graham E. Fuller", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f69": "Islamists", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd5": "political role for Islam", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd6": "Islamism is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for Islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd7": "Islam", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd8": "illiberal Islamic regimes", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd9": "religion from politics", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76f9f": "Islam", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa0": "the International Crisis Group maintains that \"the conception of 'political Islam'\" is a creation of Americans", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa1": "Iranian Islamic Revolution", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa2": "1945", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa3": "political", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee7": "Western and pro-Western governments", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee6": "pro-Western governments", "572ffbaa947a6a140053ceea": "Soviet Union", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee9": "billions of dollars", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee8": "pro-Western governments", "572ffbaab2c2fd14005686cd": "Soviet Union", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6": "Anwar Sadat \u2013 whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (infitah", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef7": "Egyptian President Anwar Sadat \u2013 whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef8": "1975 but not before Islamists came to completely dominate university student unions", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef9": "1975", "572ffc99947a6a140053cefa": "1975 but not before Islamists came to completely dominate university student unions", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc7": "conservative Saudi", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc8": "conservative Saudi-based Wahhabism or Salafism. In its harshest form it preached that Muslims", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc9": "Allah's sake,\" that democracy \"is responsible for all the horrible wars", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fca": "Saudi", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fcb": "Saudi-interpretation of Islam as the \"gold standard\" of religion in minds of some or many Muslims", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686ef": "Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood, \"", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f2": "very favourably against incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f0": "free or low cost medical clinics", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f3": "social justice is limited to rhetoric", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f1": "facilitation", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf14": "law and philosophy", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf15": "Germany, Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All India Muslim League. He came back to Lahore in 1908", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf16": "1908", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf18": "Oxford University press in 1934", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686f9": "secularism and secular nationalism", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fa": "Sir Muhammad Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930 at its session in Allahabad as well as for the session in Lahore in 1932", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fb": "Afghanistan, Palestine and Syria", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fc": "Sir Muhammad Iqbal", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fd": "1932", "5730005db2c2fd1400568703": "Maududi", "5730005db2c2fd1400568704": "Pakistan", "5730005db2c2fd1400568705": "1941 and remained its leader until 1972", "5730005db2c2fd1400568706": "1972", "5730005db2c2fd1400568707": "Jamaat-e-Islami party in 1941 and remained its leader until 1972", "57300137b2c2fd1400568717": "twentieth-century", "57300137b2c2fd1400568718": "Pakistan", "57300137b2c2fd140056871a": "1972", "57300137b2c2fd140056871b": "Jamaat-e-Islami party in 1941 and remained its leader until 1972", "57300200b2c2fd1400568729": "Sharia", "57300200b2c2fd140056872a": "Sharia", "57300200b2c2fd140056872b": "unity of God", "57300200b2c2fd140056872c": "Islamic", "57300200b2c2fd140056872d": "top of society downward through an educational process or da'wah", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77001": "Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77002": "Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77003": "Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77004": "1928 by Hassan al Banna", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77005": "imperialist", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4c": "Al-Banna", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4d": "1949", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4e": "1949", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4f": "1948", "5730040f947a6a140053cf50": "Gamal Abdul Nasser", "573004bf947a6a140053cf56": "periodic repression", "573004bf947a6a140053cf59": "75%", "573004bf947a6a140053cf57": "many years", "573004bf947a6a140053cf58": "field candidates", "573004bf947a6a140053cf5a": "Muslim Brotherhood", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6a": "economic stagnation", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6b": "economic stagnation", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6c": "economic stagnation in the defeated countries", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6d": "Ba'athism, Arab socialism", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6e": "anti-democratic Islamist movements inspired by Maududi and Sayyid Qutb", "5730088e947a6a140053cfad": "ideological", "5730088e947a6a140053cfac": "Ali Shariati", "5730088e947a6a140053cfae": "Mohammad Iqbal, ideological father of the State of Pakistan", "5730088e947a6a140053cfaf": "law", "5730088e947a6a140053cfb0": "conspiracy against Islam by the Western governments", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b7": "Islamic Republic", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b9": "Egypt, Syria", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b8": "Islamic Republic", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770ba": "Lebanon conflict, the Iranian government enjoyed something of a resurgence in popularity amongst the predominantly Sunni \"Arab street", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770bb": "United States", "57300ec0947a6a140053d004": "Soviet Union", "57300ec0947a6a140053d005": "1979, the Soviet Union deployed its 40th Army into Afghanistan", "57300ec0947a6a140053d006": "pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims", "57300ec0947a6a140053d007": "Afghan Arabs\" was marginal, an estimated 16,000", "57300ec0947a6a140053d008": "16,000 to 35,000", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d1": "Saudi Arabia", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d2": "Saudi Arabian soil", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d3": "Saudi Arabia", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d4": "Saudi monarchy", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d5": "Saudi regime of being a puppet of the west", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d7": "conservative Muslims", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d9": "prestige among these groups", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d8": "kingdom", "573010fab2c2fd14005687da": "Algeria", "573010fab2c2fd14005687db": "9", "573011de04bcaa1900d770f9": "Qutb", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fa": "1966", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fb": "1966, the leadership of the Brotherhood", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fc": "1970s", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fd": "1970s", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd09": "Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0a": "1981", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0b": "Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0c": "Muslim states", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0d": "Islamic societies", "5730131c947a6a140053d052": "a al-Islamiyya), renounced violence in 2003", "5730131c947a6a140053d053": "al-Islamiyya", "5730131c947a6a140053d055": "2003", "5730131c947a6a140053d054": "Egyptian police. Ultimately the campaign to overthrow the government was unsuccessful, and the major jihadi", "5730131c947a6a140053d056": "Takfir wal-Hijra", "5730208fa23a5019007fcded": "Israel", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdee": "zeal\"), devoted to Jihad against Israel", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdef": "1988", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf1": "Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf0": "Palestine", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f7": "Hamas", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8": "542", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f9": "542 people in 140 suicide bombing or \"martyrdom operations", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fa": "Israel", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fb": "Gaza. Hamas has been praised by Muslims for driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip", "57302700a23a5019007fce89": "leadership of Hassan al-Turabi", "57302700a23a5019007fce8a": "al-Turabi", "57302700a23a5019007fce8b": "Hassan al-Turabi", "57302700a23a5019007fce8c": "1979", "57302700a23a5019007fce8d": "Saudi Arabia. He also recruited and built a cadre of influential loyalists", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9d": "1985 the party did poorly in national elections, but in 1989", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9e": "al-Nimeiry was overthrown in 1985", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9f": "liberal government", "573027d6a23a5019007fcea0": "Osama bin Laden", "573027d6a23a5019007fcea1": "Iraq", "5730285a04bcaa1900d77270": "French, and gender segregation", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726f": "Islamic Salvation Front) in Algeria", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726e": "Abbassi Madani", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726d": "Salafism and the jihad in Afghanistan, as well as the Muslim Brotherhood, was the FIS or Front Islamique de Salut", "5730285a04bcaa1900d77271": "military coup d'\u00e9tat", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77287": "Afghanistan", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77288": "80% of Afghanistan", "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728a": "communist forces", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77289": "Islamic State of Afghanistan. In 1996", "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728b": "80%", "57302a3aa23a5019007fcecf": "Taliban", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced0": "Afghan refugees", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced1": "Islamic fundamentalist", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced2": "Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced3": "Wahhabism", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772af": "six months", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b0": "alcohol and nightclubs", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b1": "Islamism", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b2": "Islamization", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b3": "1988 but Islamization", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689db": "Iraq and Syria. In 2014", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dc": "Iraq", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689de": "ten million", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689df": "Iraq", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dd": "Iraq and Syria", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d7": "1999", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d8": "March 2003", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772da": "March 2011, and was expelled from al-Qaeda in early 2014", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d9": "March 2011", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772db": "al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999, it pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda in 2004", "57302e45947a6a140053d22e": "Muhammad Qutb", "57302e45947a6a140053d22f": "7th century, but with the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924", "57302e45947a6a140053d230": "1924", "57302e45947a6a140053d231": "7th century, but with the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924", "57302e45947a6a140053d232": "Kafir", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f5": "armed jihad or work for a democratic system", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f6": "armed jihad", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f7": "Muslim public opinion, and in particular through elites", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f8": "1968 and 1969 in Jordan, and in 1974 in Egypt", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f9": "terrorist", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77311": "900,000", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77312": "Islamist", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77313": "2007 Channel 4 documentary programme", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77314": "Londonistan", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77315": "Finsbury Park Mosque", "57303048947a6a140053d254": "Islamism, or violent Islamism, since 2001", "57303048947a6a140053d255": "counter Islamism, or violent Islamism, since 2001", "57303048947a6a140053d256": "Robert Gates", "57303048947a6a140053d257": "Defense Secretary", "57303048947a6a140053d258": "communist ideology", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c6": "Imperialism is a type of advocacy of empire", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c7": "Imperialism is a type of advocacy of empire", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c9": "Japanese", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4ca": "technologies", "573062662461fd1900a9cdf7": "diplomacy or military force", "573062662461fd1900a9cdf8": "physical control or full-fledged colonial rule\"", "573062662461fd1900a9cdfa": "diplomacy or military force", "573062662461fd1900a9cdfb": "\" imperialisms. \"Formal imperialism\" is defined as \"physical control or full-fledged colonial rule\". \"Informal imperialism", "57306797396df919000960ee": "uneven trade agreements forcefully", "57306797396df919000960ef": "control", "57306797396df919000960f0": "physical control", "57306797396df919000960f2": "imperialism", "57306797396df919000960f1": "less costly than taking over territories", "573081c2069b531400832133": "\u2018rule\u2019\". The greatest distinction of an empire", "573081c2069b531400832134": "how developed and developing nation are portrayed through the world systems", "573081c2069b531400832135": "Lenin", "573081c2069b531400832136": "economic authority over other nations", "573081c2069b531400832137": "Latin word imperium", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6d": "\"imperialism", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6e": "conflated with \"colonialism", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6f": "state", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce70": "conflated with \"colonialism", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce71": "colonialism", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54c": "colonial", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54d": "physical control of another, imperialism", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54e": "an empire, by conquering", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c550": "exploitation", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54f": "indigenous populations", "5730876a396df9190009617a": "imperialism", "5730876a396df9190009617c": "Halford Mackinder felt that Great Britain", "5730876a396df9190009617b": "rational grounds", "5730876a396df9190009617d": "Hobson", "5730876a396df9190009617e": "whiteness", "573088da069b53140083216b": "Germany and Halford Mackinder of Britain also supported imperialism", "573088da069b53140083216c": "Friedrich Ratzel of Germany", "573088da069b53140083216d": "Germany", "573088da069b53140083216e": "Ratzel believed expansion", "573088da069b53140083216f": "Royal Geographical Society of London", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c576": "tropical environments created uncivilized people in need of European guidance. For instance, American geographer Ellen Churchill Semple", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c577": "American geographer", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c578": "Orientalism", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c579": "American geographer Ellen Churchill Semple", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c57a": "tropical environments created uncivilized people in need of European guidance. For instance, American geographer Ellen Churchill Semple", "57308ddc396df919000961a5": "Terra nullius", "57308ddc396df919000961a7": "British imperialism often used the concept of Terra nullius", "57308ddc396df919000961a4": "British imperialism often used the concept of Terra nullius", "57308ddc396df919000961a6": "sparse Aboriginal", "57308ddc396df919000961a8": "empty land'). The country of Australia serves as a case study in relation to British settlement and colonial rule of the continent in the eighteenth century", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c580": "Edward", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c581": "imperialism", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c582": "Orientalism", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c583": "economic", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c584": "Orientalism", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58a": "nineteenth-century maps during the \"scramble for Africa", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58b": "imperial and colonial powers", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58c": "contemporary maps\"", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58d": "Bassett focuses his analysis of the role of nineteenth-century maps during the \"scramble for Africa", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58e": "French and British power into West Africa\"", "573092088ab72b1400f9c595": "Empire", "573092088ab72b1400f9c594": "basic component to the conquests of Genghis Khan during the Mongol Empire", "573092088ab72b1400f9c597": "empires", "573092088ab72b1400f9c598": "Persian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, Ancient Egypt, the British Empire", "573092088ab72b1400f9c596": "Union, Luba Empire", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5ae": "Cultural imperialism", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5af": "social and cultural circles", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b0": "soap opera Dallas", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b1": "Roman imperialism", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b2": "soft power is not lost on authoritarian regimes", "57309446396df919000961b8": "1700", "57309446396df919000961b9": "Age of Imperialism", "57309446396df919000961ba": "thousands of years, the term \"Age of Imperialism", "57309446396df919000961bb": "1700", "57309446396df919000961bc": "Africa", "57309564069b5314008321a5": "20th century", "57309564069b5314008321a6": "1920\u20131999", "57309564069b5314008321a7": "1919\u20131980", "57309564069b5314008321a8": "economy", "57309564069b5314008321a9": "imperial powers", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d2": "economic growth by collecting resources from colonies", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d4": "18th century", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d3": "territorial imperialism", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d5": "18th century", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dc": "chemists made deadly explosives", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dd": "deadly explosives", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5de": "firearms", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5df": "Southern Africa during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5e0": "1880s", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e6": "anglophone academic works, theories regarding imperialism", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e7": "Lenin", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e8": "ism", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e9": "British prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c600": "J. A. Hobson", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c602": "United States from the 1950s", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c601": "1883\u20131950), Thorstein Veblen (1857\u20131929), and Norman Angell (1872\u20131967", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c603": "1950s", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c604": "1950s", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60a": "moral justification for domination", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60b": "certain person's behaviours", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60c": "two forms, orientalism and tropicality", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60d": "three waves of European colonialism", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60e": "orientalism and tropicality", "5730a314069b5314008321eb": "climatic zones. These scholars", "5730a314069b5314008321ec": "Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic", "5730a314069b5314008321ed": "moral degeneracy", "5730a314069b5314008321ee": "orientalism", "5730a314069b5314008321ef": "moral", "5730a40f396df91900096234": "sixteenth century", "5730a40f396df91900096235": "1599", "5730a40f396df91900096236": "1599", "5730a40f396df91900096237": "political activity caused exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering of the local economy, almost bringing the company into bankruptcy", "5730a40f396df91900096238": "1767 political activity caused exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering of the local economy, almost bringing the company into bankruptcy", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf29": "1830", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2a": "1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2d": "prestige to the motherland", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2b": "1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2c": "1830", "5730a951069b531400832213": "civilising mission", "5730a951069b531400832214": "Christianity and French culture", "5730a951069b531400832215": "settlers", "5730a951069b531400832216": "Christianity", "5730a951069b531400832217": "France sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies, with the only notable exception of Algeria, where French settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority", "5730aa52069b53140083221d": "War II", "5730aa52069b53140083221e": "anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France", "5730aa52069b53140083221f": "bitter war in Vietnam", "5730aa52069b531400832220": "bitter war in Vietnam", "5730aa52069b531400832221": "Algeria independence anyway in 1962", "5730ab63396df91900096260": "Scandinavia and northern Europe", "5730ab63396df91900096263": "Muslim Iberia", "5730ab63396df91900096261": "1000 CE, the Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe (west of and including Italy) was complete, excluding only Muslim Iberia", "5730ab63396df91900096262": "antiquity", "5730ab63396df91900096264": "Europe", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf73": "negligible until the late 19th century", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf74": "1862", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf75": "German Empire", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf77": "Napoleon, who caused the dissolution of that Holy Roman Empire, Prussia", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf76": "Europe", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c682": "1883\u201384 Germany began to build a colonial empire", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c683": "1883\u201384 Germany began to build a colonial empire", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c685": "1883\u201384", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c684": "1883\u201384", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c686": "Hamburg merchants and traders", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa4": "Taiwan", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa3": "1894", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa6": "Thai/Japanese", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa5": "Manchuria from China", "5730b255396df919000962b0": "China", "5730b255396df919000962b1": "1923", "5730b255396df919000962b2": "national minorities", "5730b255396df919000962b3": "1919", "5730b255396df919000962b4": "20", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc5": "ots", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc6": "Lenin", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc9": "Soviet Union", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc8": "Nikita Khrushchev", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc7": "Joseph Stalin established 'socialism", "5730b541396df919000962c2": "mercantilism", "5730b541396df919000962c3": "1776", "5730b541396df919000962c5": "1840s", "5730b541396df919000962c4": "1820", "5730b541396df919000962c6": "1815", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfcf": "Rudyard Kipling", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd0": "Cecil Rhodes", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd2": "British Empire was the largest Empire", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd1": "Scramble for Africa", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c3": "early United States expressed its opposition to Imperialism", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c4": "20th century", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c6": "America", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c5": "Anti-Imperialist League to oppose the US annexation of the Philippines", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c7": "American general", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c704": "Three years later in 1917", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c705": "Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c706": "1917", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c707": "1917", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c708": "American Empire", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d011": "internal strife between various people", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d012": "indigenous peoples", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d013": "12 to 15 million", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d015": "April 16, 2003", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73c": "1299 to 1923", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73d": "1299 to 1923", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73e": "1299 to 1923", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73f": "1299 to 1923", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c740": "1299 to 1923", "5730bd00069b5314008322d7": "Istanbul", "5730bd00069b5314008322d9": "nineteenth century", "5730bd00069b5314008322db": "Eastern states", "5730bd00069b5314008322da": "Istanbul", "5730982f396df919000961e2": "United Methodist Church", "5730982f396df919000961e3": "1968", "5730982f396df919000961e4": "1968", "5730982f396df919000961e5": "1968", "5730982f396df919000961e6": "decidedly Wesleyan", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee5": "80 million", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee6": "80 million", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee7": "Protestant denomination", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee8": "3.6%", "57309921396df919000961f6": "mid-18th century", "57309921396df919000961f7": "mid-18th century", "57309921396df919000961f8": "Charles Wesley and George Whitefield", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef7": "1735, John and Charles Wesley went to America to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef8": "1735, John and Charles Wesley went to America to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef9": "1735, John and Charles Wesley went to America to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia", "573099f42461fd1900a9cefa": "John Wesley", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9ceff": "Wesley decisively appointed fellow priest Thomas Coke", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf00": "fellow priest Thomas Coke as superintendent", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf01": "Coke", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf02": "Lovely Lane Methodist", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf03": "Lovely Lane Methodist Church", "57309adb396df919000961fc": "George's United Methodist Church", "57309adb396df919000961fd": "1769", "57309adb396df919000961fe": "1769", "57309adb396df919000961ff": "1769", "57309adb396df91900096200": "1784", "57309cd6069b5314008321c3": "Richard Allen and Absalom Jones", "57309cd6069b5314008321c4": "St. George's Church in 1784", "57309cd6069b5314008321c5": "St. George's Church in 1784", "57309d31396df91900096210": "1830", "57309d31396df91900096211": "1830", "57309d31396df91900096212": "1844", "57309d31396df91900096213": "1844", "5730a97a396df9190009625a": "April 23, 1968", "5730a97a396df9190009625b": "Lloyd Christ Wicke) joined hands at the constituting General Conference in Dallas, Texas", "5730a97a396df9190009625c": "Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6d": "United Methodist Church", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6e": "historic ecumenical creeds, the Apostle's Creed and the Nicene Creed; which are used frequently in services of worship. The Book of Discipline", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6f": "upholds", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64e": "1784", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c650": "Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat. Dr. Thomas Coke, already an Anglican priest", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64f": "1784 to break with standard practice and ordain", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c655": "Jacob Albright", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c654": "John Wesley", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c656": "Albert C. Outler", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c657": "United Methodist theologian", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c670": "us, is given to all people", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c672": "us to love and motivates us to seek a relationship with God through Jesus Christ", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c671": "us", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c673": "God's salvation in Christ", "5730aeba069b531400832241": "Christ", "5730aeba069b531400832242": "grace", "5730aeba069b531400832243": "conversion, \"accepting Jesus", "5730aeba069b531400832244": "John Wesley", "5730aeba069b531400832245": "New Birth. This experience can occur in different ways; it can be one transforming moment, such as an altar", "5730afed069b53140083225f": "God", "5730afed069b531400832260": "Sanctifying", "5730afed069b531400832261": "grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection: a genuine love of God", "5730afed069b531400832262": "grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c696": "theology", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c697": "Holy Bible", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c698": "UMC", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c699": "United Methodist theology", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69f": "2008", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69e": "denomination", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c6a0": "Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6ae": "United Methodist Church", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6af": "women", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6b0": "\"are equally bound to respect the sacredness of the life", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfad": "United Methodist Church", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfae": "United Methodist Church", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfaf": "Paul T. Stallsworth", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb3": "John Wesley", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb6": "2012", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb4": "John", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb5": "Money", "5730b54c069b53140083228d": "capital punishment", "5730b54c069b53140083228e": "lex talionis in Matthew 5:38-39", "5730b54c069b53140083228f": "United Methodist Church", "5730b54c069b531400832290": "United Methodist Church", "5730b5cc396df919000962d2": "United Methodist Church", "5730b5cc396df919000962d3": "1999", "5730b5cc396df919000962d4": "April of 2016", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd7": "localized option, which would permit ministers to officiate same-sex weddings, and it would allow conferences to ordain gay clergy", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd8": "many organizations, conferences, and congregations", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd9": "gay clergy", "5730b776069b5314008322bd": "Methodist minister", "5730b776069b5314008322be": "2005", "5730b776069b5314008322bf": "UMC", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cff9": "conscription", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffa": "military action, nor the way of inaction", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffb": "war", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70e": "United Methodist Church", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70f": "war", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c710": "United Methodist Church endorses general and complete disarmament", "5730bdfe396df9190009630e": "United Methodist Church", "5730bdfe396df9190009630f": "United Methodist Church", "5730bdfe396df91900096310": "physiologically", "5730bf03069b5314008322eb": "IVF", "5730bf03069b5314008322ed": "adult", "5730bf03069b5314008322ec": "opposition to the creation of embryos", "5730c059069b531400832305": "John Wesley", "5730c059069b531400832306": "England, John Wesley himself", "5730c059069b531400832307": "Wesley's Sunday Service has shaped the official liturgies", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc46": "occasional practice by some clergy in The United Methodist Church in Africa", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc47": "1992", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc48": "clergy offer healing services, while exorcism is an occasional practice by some clergy in The United Methodist Church in Africa", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4c": "Methodist institutions", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4d": "William Booth, African missionary David Livingstone", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4e": "William Booth, African missionary David Livingstone", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc52": "United Methodist Church", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc54": "General Conference", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc55": "General Conference. Non-legislative resolutions are recorded in the Book of Resolutions", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc53": "General Conference", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc56": "General Conference and is the only organization which may speak officially for the church. The General Conference meets every four years (quadrennium", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa7": "five jurisdictions: Northeastern, Southeastern, North Central, South Central and Western. Outside the United States the church", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa8": "four years", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa9": "Northern Europe and the Philippines", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aaa": "Bishops", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aab": "Episcopal Areas, which consist of one or more Annual Conferences", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449c": "Dallas, Texas", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449d": "church bishops", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449e": "36 acres", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449f": "150,000", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e244a0": "Southern Methodist University", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac2": "nine", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac1": "Judicial Council", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac3": "eight-year", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac4": "eight-year term. The ratio of laity to clergy alternates every eight years", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac5": "Judicial Council is the highest court in the denomination", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154a": "Evangelical Lutheran Church in America", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154b": "Annual Conference", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154c": "Annual Conference", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c2": "The Book of Discipline", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c3": "three members and no more than nine", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c4": "three members and no more than nine", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c5": "all the officers of the church", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c6": "pastors' salaries (compensation packages for tax purposes", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc66": "hundred", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc67": "three hundred sixty schools", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc68": "Southern Methodist University", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc94": "John Wesley", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc95": "pastors", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc96": "Deacons", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc97": "Annual Conference Order of Elders", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af5": "Provost/Dean (if one is appointed) and the several District Superintendents", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af6": "fixed annually by the resident bishop on the advice of the Annual Conference Cabinet, which is composed of the Area Provost/Dean", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af7": "annually by the resident bishop on the advice of the Annual Conference Cabinet, which is composed of the Area Provost/Dean", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155a": "Elders", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155b": "2\u20133 years", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155c": "2\u20133 years", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155d": "2\u20133 years", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b03": "2\u20133", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b04": "Deacons", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b05": "Deacons", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b06": "sacramental authority", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d6": "1996 General Conference", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d7": "elder/deacon", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d8": "1996 General Conference the ordination order of transitional deacon was abolished. This created new orders known as \"provisional elder\" or \"provisional deacon", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01562": "return to their charge conference", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01563": "Local pastors", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01564": "five-year", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01565": "Associate", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dc": "an infant or child, but who have not subsequently professed their own faith. These Baptized Members become Professing", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dd": "confirmation", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244de": "Christian denomination", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fc": "confirmation and profession of faith, Baptism", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fd": "confirmation and membership preparation classes, students learn about Church and the Methodist", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fe": "confirmation classes", "5730de74f6cb411900e244ff": "Church and the Methodist", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b61": "lay servants", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b62": "certified lay servant", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b63": "clergy, lay speakers", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b64": "two categories of lay servants: local church", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b73": "United Methodist Church", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b74": "observer", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b75": "United Methodist Church", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce4": "2000", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce5": "2012", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce6": "1985", "5730eb5b497a881900248a3f": "11 million", "5730eb5b497a881900248a40": "11 million members in nearly 42,000", "5730eb5b497a881900248a41": "8 million", "5730eb5b497a881900248a42": "11 million", "5730eb5b497a881900248a43": "1 million", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae5": "11.4 million", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae6": "11.4 million", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae7": "11.4 million", "5730ec85e6313a140071caba": "Wesleyan Holiness Consortium", "5730ec85e6313a140071cabb": "John Wesley", "5730ec85e6313a140071cabc": "July 18, 2006", "5733cf61d058e614000b62e9": "1754\u20131763", "5733cf61d058e614000b62ea": "1754\u20131763", "5733cf61d058e614000b62eb": "60,000 European settlers, compared with 2 million", "5733cf61d058e614000b62ec": "60,000 European settlers, compared with 2 million", "5733cff84776f419006612b4": "France", "5733cff84776f419006612b5": "Jumonville Glen in May 1754", "5733cff84776f419006612b6": "Pennsylvania", "5733d13e4776f419006612c4": "six colonial governors in North America", "5733d13e4776f419006612c5": "French. None succeeded and the main effort by Braddock was a disaster", "5733d13e4776f419006612c6": "1755", "5733d13e4776f419006612c7": "Beaus\u00e9jour", "5733d13e4776f419006612c8": "1755, six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock", "5733d249d058e614000b6331": "William Pitt came to power", "5733d249d058e614000b6332": "military", "5733d249d058e614000b6333": "Louisbourg", "5733d249d058e614000b6334": "Sainte Foy", "5733d2dbd058e614000b6339": "Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain, in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain of Florida", "5733d2dbd058e614000b633a": "French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain, in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain of Florida", "5733d2dbd058e614000b633b": "Britain of Florida", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ea": "1740s, British colonists named the second war in King George's reign after their opponents", "5733d3cb4776f419006612eb": "the French and Indian War", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ec": "War", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ed": "British America, wars were often named after the sitting British monarch", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6353": "Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6354": "Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6355": "1760", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6356": "Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760", "5733d5704776f4190066130e": "75,000", "5733d5704776f4190066130f": "75,000", "5733d5704776f41900661310": "75,000", "5733d68ed058e614000b637f": "20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million", "5733d68ed058e614000b6380": "20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million", "5733d68ed058e614000b6381": "land", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ab": "between the French and the British, large areas were dominated by native tribes", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ac": "Abenaki", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ad": "Maine", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ae": "Iroquois", "5733da01d058e614000b63f9": "south the Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan-speaking Catawba, Muskogee", "5733da01d058e614000b63fa": "fighters", "5733da01d058e614000b63fb": "Six Nations", "5733dab4d058e614000b6409": "French regular army troops were stationed in North America, and few British troops. New France", "5733dab4d058e614000b640a": "no French regular army troops were stationed in North America, and few British troops. New France", "5733dab4d058e614000b640b": "North America, and few British troops", "5733db8dd058e614000b6428": "Barcelona, New York), the expedition moved inland to the Allegheny River, which it followed to the site of present-day Pittsburgh", "5733db8dd058e614000b6429": "3,000 miles", "5733db8dd058e614000b642a": "200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians", "5733dc95d058e614000b644a": "Montreal in November 1749", "5733dc95d058e614000b644b": "Montreal in November 1749", "5733dc95d058e614000b644c": "Montreal in November 1749", "5733dc95d058e614000b644d": "Old Briton\" ignored the warning. Disappointed, C\u00e9loron returned to Montreal in November 1749", "5733dd4f4776f419006613aa": "report", "5733dd4f4776f419006613ab": "Montreal", "5733dd4f4776f419006613ac": "expansionist governor", "5733e5a14776f4190066145b": "1749", "5733e5a14776f4190066145c": "1749", "5733e5a14776f4190066145d": "Christopher Gist, acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company", "5733e5a14776f4190066145e": "1749 the British government gave land to the Ohio Company of Virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements", "5733e5a14776f4190066145f": "mouth", "5733e771d058e614000b6545": "King George's War) formally ended in 1748", "5733e771d058e614000b6546": "King George's War) formally ended in 1748", "5733e771d058e614000b6547": "Europe", "5733e771d058e614000b6548": "Frontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a6": "March 17, 1752, the Governor-General of New France, Marquis de la Jonqui\u00e8re", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a7": "300 men", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a8": "Charles Michel de Langlade, an officer in the Troupes de la Marine", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a9": "Pickawillany", "5733ea04d058e614000b6594": "Paul Marin de la Malgue", "5733ea04d058e614000b6595": "Presque Isle", "5733ea04d058e614000b6596": "LeBoeuf Creek", "5733ea04d058e614000b6597": "Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000-man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians", "5733ea04d058e614000b6598": "Le Boeuf", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cc": "1746", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cd": "1746", "5733eb34d058e614000b65ce": "1746", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cf": "Mohawk Chief Hendrick", "5733ef47d058e614000b662b": "Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia", "5733ef47d058e614000b662c": "Ohio", "5733ef47d058e614000b662d": "Jacob Van Braam", "5733ef47d058e614000b662e": "December 12, Washington and his men", "5733f062d058e614000b6633": "October 29", "5733f062d058e614000b6634": "Dinwiddie", "5733f062d058e614000b6635": "Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, who succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after the latter died on October 29", "5733f062d058e614000b6636": "Washington that France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British, since Ren\u00e9-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle", "5733f1784776f41900661575": "40", "5733f1784776f41900661576": "40 men", "5733f1784776f41900661577": "what became Fort Duquesne", "5733f309d058e614000b6648": "Mingo", "5733f309d058e614000b6649": "Jumonville Glen", "5733f309d058e614000b664a": "Fred Anderson", "5733f410d058e614000b6663": "Edward Braddock to lead the expedition. Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure for North America", "5733f410d058e614000b6664": "military plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure for North America", "5733f410d058e614000b6665": "France well before Braddock's departure for North America", "5733f410d058e614000b6666": "military", "5733f5264776f419006615a3": "Albany Congress", "5733f5264776f419006615a4": "June and July, 1754", "5733f5264776f419006615a5": "War of Independence", "5733f5264776f419006615a6": "June and July, 1754", "5733f5f24776f419006615c1": "quesne. The expedition was a disaster", "5733f5f24776f419006615c2": "June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne", "5733f5f24776f419006615c3": "1,000", "5733f5f24776f419006615c4": "Thomas Gage", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66a9": "Shirley and Johnson", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66aa": "Shirley", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ab": "Shirley left garrisons at Oswego, Fort Bull, and Fort Williams", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ac": "Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f7": "Shirley", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f8": "Shirley's, which was noticed by New France's governor", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f9": "Edward and Fort William Henry", "5733f8dc4776f419006615fa": "Fort Edward at the upper end of navigation on the Hudson River", "5733f8dc4776f419006615fb": "Ticonderoga Point, where they began the construction of Fort Carillon", "5733f9fa4776f4190066161f": "June 1755", "5733f9fa4776f41900661620": "Louisbourg", "5733f9fa4776f41900661621": "Jean), the only clashes of any size", "5733faaf4776f4190066162f": "William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America. At a meeting in Albany in December 1755", "5733faaf4776f41900661630": "Albany in December 1755", "5733faaf4776f41900661631": "Niagara, Crown Point and Duquesne", "5733faaf4776f41900661632": "William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America. At a meeting in Albany in December 1755", "5733fb7bd058e614000b66ff": "James Abercrombie", "5733fb7bd058e614000b6700": "North America. French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756", "5733fb7bd058e614000b6701": "18, 1756", "5733fc6ed058e614000b670f": "1756", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6710": "supply chain", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6711": "fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6712": "March Battle of Fort Bull, French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000", "5733fd66d058e614000b6735": "Albany, Abercrombie", "5733fd66d058e614000b6736": "Ticonderoga, as if to presage another attack along Lake George. With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany", "5733fd66d058e614000b6737": "Lake George", "5733fd66d058e614000b6738": "Albany", "5733fe73d058e614000b673d": "Louisbourg. Faced with this strength", "5733fe73d058e614000b673e": "1757", "5733fe73d058e614000b673f": "William Pitt", "5733fe73d058e614000b6740": "William Henry", "5733ffa7d058e614000b674f": "7,000", "5733ffa7d058e614000b6750": "William Henry throughout the first half of 1757", "5733ffa7d058e614000b6751": "Montcalm", "57340111d058e614000b677d": "1758", "57340111d058e614000b677e": "1757", "57340111d058e614000b677f": "St. Lawrence", "5734025d4776f419006616c3": "European theater", "5734025d4776f419006616c4": "1757", "5734025d4776f419006616c5": "1757", "5734025d4776f419006616c6": "France", "573403394776f419006616dd": "3,600 Frenchmen famously and decisively defeated Abercrombie's force of 18,000", "573403394776f419006616de": "Abercrombie's force of 18,000", "573403394776f419006616df": "Ticonderoga", "573403394776f419006616e0": "Ticonderoga", "57340549d058e614000b67dd": "France's new foreign minister", "57340549d058e614000b67de": "Britain's ally on the mainland, Prussia, and the French Navy", "57340549d058e614000b67df": "Lagos and Quiberon Bay", "573406d1d058e614000b6801": "Ticonderoga, James Wolfe", "573406d1d058e614000b6802": "Fort Niagara successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south. The victory was made complete in 1760", "573406d1d058e614000b6803": "Battle of Sainte-Foy", "573406d1d058e614000b6804": "British victories continued in all theaters in the Annus Mirabilis of 1759, when they finally captured Ticonderoga, James Wolfe", "573407d7d058e614000b6813": "Vaudreuil", "573407d7d058e614000b6814": "Amherst", "573407d7d058e614000b6815": "1760, and before any hostilities erupted, Governor Vaudreuil", "573408ef4776f41900661757": "10 February 1763", "573408ef4776f41900661758": "Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763", "573408ef4776f41900661759": "British offered France", "573408ef4776f4190066175a": "10 February 1763, and war in the European theatre of the Seven Years' War was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763", "57340a094776f4190066177d": "80,000", "57340a094776f4190066177e": "Acadians beginning in 1755", "57340a094776f4190066177f": "tled", "57340a094776f41900661780": "80,000", "57340b1bd058e614000b6869": "George III", "57340b1bd058e614000b686a": "October 7, 1763", "57340b1bd058e614000b686b": "west", "57340d124776f419006617c3": "Braddock and Forbes", "57340d124776f419006617c0": "legal and illegal settlement", "57340d124776f419006617c1": "British takeover of Spanish Florida", "57340d124776f419006617c2": "Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory (which was not completed until 1769", "57340d124776f419006617bf": "Braddock and Forbes", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e71": "stationary and moving objects", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e72": "a force", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e73": "gravitation and inertia", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e74": "three hundred years", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e75": "20th century", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7b": "1970s and 1980s", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7c": "gauge bosons", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7d": "four", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7e": "four main interactions are known: in order of decreasing strength, they are: strong, electromagnetic", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7f": "more fundamental electroweak interaction", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e85": "Aristotle", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e86": "Aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e87": "four", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e88": "four elements that come to rest at different \"natural places\" therein", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e89": "unnatural", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e8f": "Aristotelian", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e90": "Galileo Galilei", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e91": "Galileo Galilei", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e92": "Galileo", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e93": "a force, for example friction", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e99": "Newton's First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9a": "constant velocity", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9b": "Newton", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9c": "Newton's First Law directly connects inertia with the concept", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9d": "every inertial frame", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea3": "motion", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea4": "parabolic", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea5": "constant velocity", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea6": "ertia", "573749741c4567190057445d": "many different forms of constant motion, even those that are not strictly constant velocity", "573749741c4567190057445e": "Albert Einstein", "573749741c4567190057445f": "free-falling toward a gravitating object", "573749741c45671900574460": "weightlessness", "573749741c45671900574461": "development of the general theory of relativity", "573750f51c45671900574467": "Newton's Second Law", "573750f61c45671900574468": "kinematics are well-described through reference frame analysis in advanced physics", "573750f61c45671900574469": "between space-time and mass", "573750f61c4567190057446a": "unclear", "573750f61c4567190057446b": "quantitative definition of mass by writing the law as an equality", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eab": "Newton's Third Law is a result of applying symmetry to situations", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eac": "third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies,[Note 3", "5737534ec3c5551400e51ead": "F", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eae": "\u2212F", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb3": "no internal forces that are unbalanced", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb4": "internal forces", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb5": "19-1", "573766251c45671900574471": "intuitive understanding", "573766251c45671900574472": "Newtonian mechanics", "573766251c45671900574473": "Newtonian mechanics", "573766251c45671900574474": "Newtonian mechanics", "57376828c3c5551400e51eb9": "\"vector quantities", "57376828c3c5551400e51eba": "physical quantities", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebb": "vectors", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebc": "ambiguous. For example, if you know that two people are pulling on the same rope with known magnitudes", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebd": "impossible", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec3": "static equilibrium", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec4": "vector", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec5": "net", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec6": "an extended body, their respective lines", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec7": "the net force", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecd": "two forces, one pointing north, and one pointing east. Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ece": "two forces", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecf": "scalar", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed0": "uniquely", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed1": "right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed7": "frictional", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed8": "frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed9": "no acceleration", "57376df3c3c5551400e51eda": "no acceleration. The static friction increases or decreases in response to the applied force", "57377083c3c5551400e51edf": "simple devices", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee0": "vertical spring scale experiences", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee1": "vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee2": "gravity", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee3": "Isaac", "573776eec3c5551400e51ee9": "Galileo", "573776eec3c5551400e51eea": "Galileo", "573776eec3c5551400e51eeb": "Aristotle", "573776eec3c5551400e51eec": "mariner", "573776eec3c5551400e51eed": "mariner", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef3": "constant velocity motion", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef4": "kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force. This results in zero net force, but since the object started with a non-zero velocity", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef5": "no net force causing constant velocity motion", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef6": "kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force. This results in zero net force, but since the object started with a non-zero velocity", "57377aac1c45671900574479": "Newtonian", "57377aac1c4567190057447a": "Newtonian", "57377aac1c4567190057447b": "classical position variables", "57377aac1c4567190057447c": "classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schr\u00f6dinger equation", "57377aac1c4567190057447d": "quantum mechanics", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efb": "spatial variable, but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efc": "Pauli", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efd": "two different classes, fermions and bosons", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efe": "negative correlation between spatial and spin variables, whereas for two bosons", "57377c98c3c5551400e51eff": "vice versa", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f05": "mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f06": "4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f07": "quantum field theory and general relativity", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f08": "Feynman", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f09": "Feynman diagrams", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f0f": "four", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f10": "weak forces are nuclear forces", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f11": "electromagnetic force acts between electric charges, and the gravitational force acts between masses", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f12": "weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f13": "nucleons and compound nuclei", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f19": "Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1a": "20th", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1b": "unification", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1c": "bosons", "573784fa1c45671900574483": "universal force until the work of Isaac Newton", "573784fa1c45671900574484": "Galileo", "573784fa1c45671900574485": "Newton", "573784fa1c45671900574486": "sea level", "573784fa1c45671900574487": "directly", "573786b51c4567190057448d": "larger distances", "573786b51c4567190057448e": "Newton", "573786b51c4567190057448f": "gravity", "573786b51c45671900574490": "the mass () and the radius () of the Earth to the gravitational acceleration", "57378862c3c5551400e51f21": "strength of gravity", "57378862c3c5551400e51f22": "unknown in Newton's lifetime", "57378862c3c5551400e51f23": "Henry Cavendish", "57378862c3c5551400e51f24": "motion", "5737898f1c45671900574495": "Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation", "5737898f1c45671900574496": "Albert Einstein", "5737898f1c45671900574497": "Albert Einstein", "5737898f1c45671900574498": "Albert Einstein", "5737898f1c45671900574499": "Albert Einstein", "57378b141c4567190057449f": "GR", "57378b141c456719005744a0": "straight line path in space-time", "57378b141c456719005744a1": "time", "57378b141c456719005744a2": "global", "57378c9b1c456719005744a8": "rule of vector multiplication", "57378c9b1c456719005744a9": "Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field", "57378c9b1c456719005744a7": "Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism", "57378c9b1c456719005744aa": "the electrostatic force", "57378e311c456719005744af": "1864", "57378e311c456719005744b0": "1864", "57378e311c456719005744b1": "20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs", "57378e311c456719005744b2": "Josiah Willard", "57378e311c456719005744b3": "1864", "573792ee1c456719005744b9": "electromagnetic theory", "573792ee1c456719005744ba": "quantum mechanics", "573792ee1c456719005744bb": "electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics", "573792ee1c456719005744bc": "QED, photons", "573792ee1c456719005744bd": "quantum electrodynamics (or QED), which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave\u2013particles", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f29": "solid", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2a": "solid matter to the repulsion", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2b": "Pauli exclusion principle.[citation", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2c": "structural force", "5737958b1c456719005744c3": "solid", "5737958b1c456719005744c4": "solid matter to the repulsion", "5737958b1c456719005744c5": "Pauli exclusion principle.[citation", "5737958b1c456719005744c6": "structural force", "573796edc3c5551400e51f33": "nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons", "573796edc3c5551400e51f34": "between hadrons", "573796edc3c5551400e51f35": "atomic nuclei", "573796edc3c5551400e51f36": "gluons, which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons", "573796edc3c5551400e51f37": "elementary particles affected are not directly observable. This phenomenon is called color confinement", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3d": "heavy W and Z bosons", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3e": "beta decay", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3f": "atomic nuclei", "57379829c3c5551400e51f40": "1013", "57379829c3c5551400e51f41": "Z bosons", "57379a4b1c456719005744cd": "Pauli repulsion", "57379a4b1c456719005744ce": "Pauli repulsion", "57379a4b1c456719005744cf": "electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion", "57379a4b1c456719005744d0": "normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion", "57379ed81c456719005744d5": "massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable", "57379ed81c456719005744d6": "movable pulleys", "57379ed81c456719005744d7": "tension", "57379ed81c456719005744d8": "massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable", "57379ed81c456719005744d9": "an increase in force", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f47": "laws and Newtonian", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f48": "laws and Newtonian", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f49": "extended fluids, differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4a": "idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4b": "laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f51": "all strains (deformations", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f52": "stress-tensor", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f53": "act", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f54": "cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor", "5737a4511c456719005744df": "rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity", "5737a4511c456719005744e0": "rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque", "5737a4511c456719005744e1": "Newton's Second Law of Motion can be used to derive an analogous equation", "5737a5931c456719005744e7": "radial", "5737a5931c456719005744e8": "perpendicular to the velocity vector associated with the motion", "5737a5931c456719005744e9": "its direction", "5737a5931c456719005744ea": "d", "5737a5931c456719005744eb": "either", "5737a7351c456719005744f1": "between kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system", "5737a7351c456719005744f2": "between kinetic or potential", "5737a7351c456719005744f3": "mechanical energy", "5737a7351c456719005744f4": "conservative force acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related directly to the difference in potential energy", "5737a7351c456719005744f5": "conservative force acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related directly to the difference in potential energy", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f59": "physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5a": "physical scenarios", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5b": "numerous electrostatic potentials between the atoms", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5c": "sufficiently detailed description", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f61": "statistical mechanics", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f62": "nonconservative forces", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f63": "transfer", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f64": "Second", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f65": "macroscopic closed systems", "5737aafd1c456719005744fb": "mass: the metric slug", "5737aafd1c456719005744fc": "kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass", "5737aafd1c456719005744fd": "mass: the metric slug", "5737aafd1c456719005744fe": "mass: the metric slug", "5737aafd1c456719005744ff": "mass: the metric slug" }