{ "56be4db0acb8001400a502ec": "Denver Broncos", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ed": "Denver Broncos", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ee": "Arabic", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ef": "Arabic", "56be4db0acb8001400a502f0": "gold", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d1": "Arabic", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d2": "February 7, 2016", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d3": "Denver Broncos", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91b9": "Arabic", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91ba": "Arabic", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91bb": "February 7, 2016", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91df": "Arabic", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e0": "Arabic", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e1": "Arabic", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e2": "Arabic", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e3": "Arabic", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fd": "Carolina Panthers", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fe": "Arabic", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff": "Arabic", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9500": "Arabic", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9501": "Arabic", "56d20362e7d4791d009025e8": "Arabic", "56d20362e7d4791d009025e9": "Denver Broncos", "56d20362e7d4791d009025ea": "Denver Broncos", "56d20362e7d4791d009025eb": "Arabic", "56d600e31c85041400946eae": "2015", "56d600e31c85041400946eb0": "Arabic", "56d600e31c85041400946eb1": "Arabic", "56d9895ddc89441400fdb50e": "Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310 to earn their third Super Bowl title.", "56d9895ddc89441400fdb510": "Denver Broncos", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f6": "Cam Newton", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f9": "eight", "56be4e1facb8001400a502fa": "1995", "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c2": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c3": "12\u20134 record, and denied the New England Patriots", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91e9": "Arizona Cardinals", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ea": "12\u20134 record, and denied the New England Patriots", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91eb": "Patriots", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ec": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ed": "Cam Newton", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9507": "15\u20131", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9508": "Cam Newton", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9509": "Broncos finished the regular season with a 12\u20134", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950a": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950b": "New England Patriots", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f3": "Cam Newton", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f4": "Arizona Cardinals", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f5": "15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP). They defeated the Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f6": "Arizona Cardinals", "56d6017d1c85041400946ebe": "Cam Newton", "56d6017d1c85041400946ec1": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", "56d6017d1c85041400946ec2": "Arizona Cardinals", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52a": "Cam Newton", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52b": "Arizona Cardinals", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52e": "15\u20131", "56be4eafacb8001400a50302": "Von Miller", "56be4eafacb8001400a50303": "five solo tackles, 2\u00bd sacks, and two forced fumbles.", "56be4eafacb8001400a50304": "Super Bowl 50", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d2": "Von Miller", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d3": "five", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d4": "Newton", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f4": "seven", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f5": "Von Miller", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f6": "three", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f7": "five solo tackles, 2\u00bd sacks, and two forced fumbles.", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9511": "Von Miller", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9513": "five solo tackles, 2\u00bd sacks, and two forced fumbles.", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9514": "five", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9515": "five solo tackles, 2\u00bd sacks, and two forced fumbles.", "56d204ade7d4791d00902603": "Von Miller", "56d204ade7d4791d00902604": "five", "56d601e41c85041400946ece": "seven", "56d601e41c85041400946ecf": "seven times and forced him into three", "56d601e41c85041400946ed0": "three", "56d601e41c85041400946ed1": "Broncos", "56d601e41c85041400946ed2": "five solo tackles, 2\u00bd sacks, and two forced fumbles.", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53b": "seven", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53c": "three", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53d": "a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53e": "five", "56be5333acb8001400a5030a": "CBS", "56be5333acb8001400a5030b": "$5 million", "56be5333acb8001400a5030c": "British rock group Coldplay", "56be5333acb8001400a5030d": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", "56be5333acb8001400a5030e": "British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fd": "CBS", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fe": "$5 million", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91ff": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9200": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9201": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951b": "CBS", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951c": "$5 million", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951e": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951f": "CBS", "56d2051ce7d4791d00902608": "CBS", "56d2051ce7d4791d00902609": "$5 million", "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260a": "British rock group Coldplay", "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260b": "British", "56d602631c85041400946ed8": "CBS", "56d602631c85041400946eda": "British rock group Coldplay", "56d602631c85041400946edb": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", "56d602631c85041400946edc": "British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb544": "$5 million", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb545": "CBS", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb546": "CBS", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb548": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", "56be53b8acb8001400a50314": "Roger Goodell", "56be53b8acb8001400a50315": "NFL", "56be53b8acb8001400a50316": "2012", "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9207": "Roger Goodell", "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9208": "spectacular", "56bf42f53aeaaa14008c95a3": "Roger Goodell", "56d2053ae7d4791d00902610": "Roger Goodell", "56d6edd00d65d21400198250": "Roger Goodell", "56d6edd00d65d21400198251": "spectacular", "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54e": "Roger Goodell", "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54f": "2012", "56be5438acb8001400a5031a": "three", "56be5438acb8001400a5031b": "three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56be5438acb8001400a5031c": "three", "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920b": "three", "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920d": "three", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9580": "three", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9581": "three", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9582": "three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56d20564e7d4791d00902612": "three", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198254": "three", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198255": "three", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198256": "three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198257": "three", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198258": "Levi's Stadium", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb552": "three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb553": "three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb554": "three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56be54bdacb8001400a50322": "Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium", "56be54bdacb8001400a50323": "10", "56be54bdacb8001400a50324": "10 times (tied for most with New Orleans), with the most recent one being Super Bowl XLIV in 2010", "56be54bdacb8001400a50325": "10 times (tied for most with New Orleans), with the most recent one being Super Bowl XLIV in 2010", "56be54bdacb8001400a50326": "1985", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921b": "Sun Life Stadium", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921c": "Sun Life Stadium", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921d": "Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California, won by the home team 49ers.", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921e": "May 3, 2013", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921f": "10 times", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9525": "Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9526": "Levi's Stadium", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9528": "Sun Life Stadium", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9529": "Levi's Stadium", "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198260": "1985", "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198262": "South Florida/Miami area", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb558": "Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb559": "Levi's Stadium", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55a": "10 times", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55b": "1985", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55c": "Florida legislature", "56be5523acb8001400a5032c": "May 21, 2013", "56be5523acb8001400a5032d": "Levi's Stadium", "56be5523acb8001400a5032e": "2014", "56be5523acb8001400a5032f": "$1.2 billion", "56be5523acb8001400a50330": "San Francisco Bay Area", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9225": "Boston", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9226": "May 21, 2013", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9227": "$1.2 billion", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9228": "Levi's Stadium. The $1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014. It is the first Super Bowl held in the San Francisco Bay Area", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9229": "San Francisco Bay Area", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c952f": "May 21, 2013", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9530": "2014", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9531": "Levi's Stadium. The $1.2 billion", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9532": "Levi's Stadium. The $1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014.", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9533": "Super Bowl XXXVII", "56d6f0770d65d21400198268": "Levi's Stadium", "56d6f0770d65d21400198269": "2014", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826a": "San Francisco Bay Area", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826c": "May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb562": "May 21, 2013", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb563": "2014", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb564": "$1.2 billion", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb565": "Levi's Stadium. The $1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014. It is the first Super Bowl held in the San Francisco Bay Area", "56be572b3aeaaa14008c9052": "John Fox", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c922f": "one loss", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9230": "15\u20131", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9231": "15\u20131", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9232": "Super Bowl XXXVIII", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9233": "John Fox", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c9539": "II", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953a": "one loss", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953c": "Super Bowl XXXVIII", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953d": "15\u20131", "56d6f1190d65d21400198272": "one", "56d6f1190d65d21400198273": "one", "56d6f1190d65d21400198274": "John Fox", "56d6f1190d65d21400198275": "John Fox", "56d6f1190d65d21400198276": "six", "56d99179dc89441400fdb56c": "one", "56d99179dc89441400fdb56d": "Super Bowl 50.", "56d99179dc89441400fdb570": "John Fox", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9058": "DeAngelo Williams", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9059": "Kelvin Benjamin", "56be59683aeaaa14008c905a": "1978", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923d": "1978", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923e": "Panthers", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923f": "Ten", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9240": "Ten players were selected to the Pro Bowl (the most in franchise history)", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9241": "Kelvin Benjamin", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9543": "1978", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9544": "14\u20130", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9545": "14\u20130", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9547": "a torn ACL", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827c": "torn ACL", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827d": "DeAngelo Williams", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827e": "14\u20130", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827f": "Ten", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb576": "Panthers", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb577": "1978", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb578": "14\u20130", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb57a": "Ten", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9247": "six Pro Bowl selections.", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9248": "45", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9249": "3,837 yards and rushing for 636", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924a": "27", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924b": "Greg Olsen", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960b": "45 total touchdowns (35 passing, 10 rushing), a career-low 10 interceptions, and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4.", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960c": "99.4.", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960d": "77", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960e": "Brown", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960f": "500 points", "56d6f2960d65d21400198286": "six", "56d6f2960d65d21400198287": "99.4.", "56d6f2960d65d21400198288": "3,837 yards and rushing for 636", "56d6f2960d65d21400198289": "45 total touchdowns (35 passing, 10 rushing), a career-low 10 interceptions, and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4.", "56d6f2960d65d2140019828a": "six", "56d997cddc89441400fdb586": "500", "56d997cddc89441400fdb587": "45 total touchdowns (35 passing, 10 rushing), a career-low 10 interceptions, and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4.", "56d997cddc89441400fdb588": "45 total touchdowns (35 passing, 10 rushing), a career-low 10 interceptions, and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4.", "56d997cddc89441400fdb589": "99", "56d997cddc89441400fdb58a": "39", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b": "308", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c": "11", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925d": "Thomas Davis", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925e": "Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11, while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two.", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925f": "11", "56d6f3500d65d21400198290": "24", "56d6f3500d65d21400198291": "11", "56d6f3500d65d21400198292": "Thomas Davis", "56d6f3500d65d21400198293": "Luke Kuechly", "56d6f3500d65d21400198294": "24", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59c": "24", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e": "Kony Ealy", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f": "136", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0": "24", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9265": "Gary Kubiak", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9266": "Gary Kubiak", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9267": "Gary Kubiak", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9268": "Osweiler", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9269": "Wade Phillips", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954d": "Gary Kubiak", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954e": "Gary Kubiak", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954f": "Gary Kubiak", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9550": "39", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9551": "backup quarterback Brock Osweiler", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829a": "Gary Kubiak", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829b": "Gary Kubiak", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829c": "Gary Kubiak", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829d": "39", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829e": "Gary Kubiak", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c8": "Gary Kubiak", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c9": "Brock Osweiler", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5ca": "Gary Kubiak", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cb": "left foot", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cc": "Wade Phillips", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c9279": "67.9", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927a": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927b": "Demaryius Thomas", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927c": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions.", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927d": "1,967", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956b": "67.9", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956c": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956d": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956e": "86.4. Veteran receiver Demaryius Thomas", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956f": "Veteran", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a4": "67.9", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a5": "17", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a6": "Demaryius Thomas", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a7": "Running back Ronnie Hillman also made a big impact with 720", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d6": "67.9", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d7": "17", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d8": "Emmanuel Sanders", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d9": "C. J. Anderson", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5da": "4", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928d": "Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson each had 5\u00bd sacks.", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928e": "Malik Jackson", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9290": "109", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9291": "three interceptions) and Chris Harris, Jr", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9588": "Linebacker DeMarcus Ware was selected to play in the Pro Bowl", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9589": "Linebacker Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles with 109", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c958b": "Malik Jackson", "56d6fea90d65d214001982ae": "296", "56d6fea90d65d214001982af": "Derek Wolfe", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b0": "109", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b2": "three interceptions) and Chris Harris, Jr", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5fd": "three", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5ff": "Linebacker Brandon Marshall", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb600": "Danny Trevathan", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a1": "Seattle Seahawks", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a2": "Arizona Cardinals", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a3": "487", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a4": "Arizona Cardinals", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a5": "Seattle Seahawks", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c9559": "Arizona Cardinals", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955a": "Arizona Cardinals", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955b": "seven", "56d701280d65d214001982b8": "Seattle Seahawks", "56d701280d65d214001982ba": "Seattle Seahawks", "56d701280d65d214001982bc": "seven", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb616": "Seattle Seahawks", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb618": "Arizona Cardinals", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb619": "Seattle Seahawks", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb61a": "487", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ab": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ac": "11", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ad": "New England Patriots", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ae": "11 points in the final three minutes", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92af": "17 seconds", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9561": "23", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9562": "11 points in the final three minutes", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9563": "New England Patriots", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9564": "17", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565": "interceptions", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c2": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c3": "11", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c5": "20\u201318", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb629": "New England Patriots", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb62c": "17", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b5": "Thomas Davis, an 11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b6": "broken arm", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b7": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b8": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9575": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9576": "arm", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9577": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9579": "arm", "56d703d10d65d214001982d6": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm", "56d703d10d65d214001982d7": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm", "56d703d10d65d214001982d8": "11", "56d9a026dc89441400fdb632": "Thomas Davis", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bd": "39", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92be": "John Elway", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf": "39", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0": "38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1": "Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591": "Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9592": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593": "39", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9594": "John Elway", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595": "39", "56d704430d65d214001982de": "two different teams to multiple Super Bowls. He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39", "56d704430d65d214001982e0": "39", "56d704430d65d214001982e1": "39", "56d704430d65d214001982e2": "Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63e": "Peyton Manning", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63f": "39", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb640": "John Elway", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c7": "1998", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c8": "2011", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c9": "13 years and 48 days", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92ca": "13 years and 48 days", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92cb": "Manning", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959b": "Manning", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959c": "Newton", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959d": "13 years and 48 days", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959e": "13 years and 48 days", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fc": "1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011.", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fd": "2011", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fe": "Newton", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb647": "2011", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb648": "13 years and 48 days", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649": "13 years and 48 days", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92db": "Chicago Bears", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dc": "Chicago Bears", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dd": "Chicago Bears", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92de": "Elway", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92df": "way", "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9615": "Chicago Bears", "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9617": "way", "56d709ef0d65d21400198306": "Chicago Bears", "56d709ef0d65d21400198307": "Chicago Bears", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e5": "Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e6": "a hybrid Bermuda 419", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e7": "Ed Mangan", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e8": "Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker, causing him to slip and miss a field goal, although the field has not had any major issues since.", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e9": "Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker, causing him to slip and miss a field goal, although the field has not had any major issues since.", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a5": "problem throughout the game, with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a6": "Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a7": "NFL", "56d70adc0d65d21400198311": "Justin Tucker", "56d70adc0d65d21400198312": "a new playing surface", "56d70adc0d65d21400198313": "a new playing surface; a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf.", "56d70adc0d65d21400198314": "change their cleats", "56d9a419dc89441400fdb678": "Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker", "56d9a419dc89441400fdb679": "Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker, causing him to slip and miss a field goal, although the field has not had any major issues since.", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92f9": "the Pittsburgh Steelers", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fa": "34\u201319", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fb": "the Pittsburgh Steelers", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fc": "black jerseys with silver", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fd": "34\u201319", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ab": "the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ac": "34\u201319", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ae": "the Pittsburgh Steelers", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95af": "white", "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831d": "white pants", "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831f": "the Pittsburgh Steelers", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb697": "the Pittsburgh Steelers", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb698": "white", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb699": "orange", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb69a": "white pants", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9303": "San Jose State", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9304": "Panthers used the San Jose State", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9305": "San Jose State practice facility", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9306": "Panthers", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b5": "San Jose State practice facility", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b6": "San Jose State practice facility", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b7": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b8": "Stanford University", "56d70d240d65d21400198326": "San Jose State", "56d70d240d65d21400198327": "San Jose State practice facility", "56d70d240d65d21400198328": "Stanford University", "56d70d240d65d21400198329": "Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a0": "San Jose State", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a1": "San Jose State practice facility", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a2": "Stanford University", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a3": "Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9315": "June 4, 2014", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9316": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317": "Jaime Weston", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9318": "Super Bowl XLV", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9319": "Vince Lombardi", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95bd": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95be": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c0": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c1": "gold", "56d70daa0d65d21400198332": "June 4, 2014", "56d70daa0d65d21400198333": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", "56d70daa0d65d21400198334": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L", "56d70daa0d65d21400198335": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L", "56d70daa0d65d21400198336": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6a8": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6ab": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c931f": "gold", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9320": "week", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9321": "50-yard line", "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c7": "gold", "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c8": "Gold", "56d70e570d65d2140019833c": "gold-tinted logos were implemented across the NFL's properties and painted on fields, the numbering of the 50-yard line", "56d70e570d65d2140019833e": "Gold footballs", "56d70e570d65d2140019833f": "50", "56d9b01fdc89441400fdb6d4": "gold", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9325": "Moscone Center", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9326": "Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9327": "Ed Lee", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9328": "Jane Kim", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9329": "January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cb": "More than 1 million", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cc": "Ed Lee", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cd": "Moscone Center", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95ce": "Justin Herman Plaza", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834c": "Moscone Center", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834d": "Embarcadero", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834f": "Ed Lee", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ec": "Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ed": "More than 1 million", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ee": "Ed Lee", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ef": "$5 million", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6f0": "NFL Experience", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c932f": "$2 million", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9330": "$2 million", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9331": "week", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d3": "council", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d4": "pep", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d5": "finding business sponsors and individual donors, but still may need the city council", "56d714cd0d65d21400198356": "Bellomy Field", "56d714cd0d65d21400198358": "professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors, but still may need the city council", "56d714cd0d65d21400198359": "the city council", "56d9b43edc89441400fdb700": "$2 million", "56d9b43edc89441400fdb701": "the city council", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9335": "February 1, 2016", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9336": "Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9337": "February 1, 2016", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9338": "San Jose", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9339": "the Golden Gate Bridge", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95d9": "Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95da": "Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95db": "Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dc": "February 1, 2016", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dd": "February 1, 2016", "56d71bd80d65d2140019835e": "Tuesday afternoon", "56d71bd80d65d21400198360": "Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", "56d71bd80d65d21400198361": "Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", "56d71bd80d65d21400198362": "the Golden Gate Bridge", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb708": "Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb709": "Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70a": "February 1, 2016", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70b": "Golden Gate Bridge", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70c": "February 1, 2016", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c933f": "Business Connect", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9340": "$40 million", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9341": "$40 million", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9342": "$40 million", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9343": "$40 million", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e3": "Business Connect", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e4": "$40 million", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e5": "$40 million", "56d71cb60d65d21400198368": "Business Connect", "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb720": "Business Connect", "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb721": "$40 million", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c9349": "25 percent", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c934a": "Super Bowl 50", "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95e9": "25 percent", "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95ea": "youth", "56d71d150d65d2140019836e": "25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the Bay Area. The committee created the 50 fund", "56d71d150d65d2140019836f": "25 percent", "56d71d150d65d21400198370": "providing grants", "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb72f": "25 percent", "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb730": "aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934d": "Vince Lombardi", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934e": "18-karat gold-plated \"50\"", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934f": "33", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9350": "Tiffany & Co", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9351": "Tiffany & Co", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ed": "Vince Lombardi", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ef": "18-karat gold-plated \"50\"", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95f1": "Tiffany & Co", "56d71d9d0d65d21400198374": "Vince Lombardi", "56d71d9d0d65d21400198377": "Tiffany & Co", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9357": "CBS", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9358": "Phil Simms", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9359": "Tracy Wolfson", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935a": "36", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935b": "5K", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f7": "CBS", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f8": "Evan Washburn", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f9": "pylon", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fa": "5K", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fb": "Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines", "56d71ed50d65d2140019837c": "CBS", "56d71ed50d65d2140019837d": "CBS", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb740": "CBS", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb741": "5K resolution", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb742": "Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb743": "5K", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb744": "5K resolution", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9361": "Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9362": "John Sutcliffe", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9363": "Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9364": "December 28, 2015", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9365": "Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe", "56bf6d343aeaaa14008c961b": "CBS and the NFL", "56d71fc00d65d21400198386": "ESPN Deportes", "56d71fc00d65d21400198389": "John Sutcliffe", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb754": "CBS and the NFL", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb757": "Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb758": "Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9371": "the NFL Mobile service", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9372": "the NFL Mobile service", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9373": "CBSSports.com", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9374": "CBSSports.com", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9375": "CBSSports.com", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c961f": "CBSSports.com", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9620": "CBS", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9621": "the NFL Mobile service", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9622": "CBS", "56d7205e0d65d21400198391": "the NFL Mobile service", "56d7205e0d65d21400198392": "NFL Mobile service", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75e": "CBSSports.com", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75f": "the NFL Mobile service", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb760": "WatchESPN", "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937b": "late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning with a special episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937c": "James Corden", "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9631": "Stephen Colbert", "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9632": "late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning with a special episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", "56d720c70d65d21400198396": "Stephen Colbert", "56d720c70d65d21400198397": "James Corden", "56d720c70d65d21400198398": "Stephen Colbert", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c9389": "$5,000,000", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938a": "Anheuser-Busch InBev", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938b": "Doritos", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938c": "20th", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9635": "$5,000,000", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9637": "$5,000,000", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9638": "\"Crash the Super Bowl\"", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9639": "Nintendo and The Pok\u00e9mon Company", "56d721af0d65d2140019839e": "Pok\u00e9mon Company", "56d721af0d65d2140019839f": "$5,000,000", "56d721af0d65d214001983a0": "\"Crash the Super Bowl", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb768": "$5,000,000", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb769": "Crash the Super Bowl\" contest that allowed viewers to create their own Doritos ads", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb76a": "\"Crash the Super Bowl", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9397": "Small Business Big Game", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9398": "Small Business Big Game\" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9399": "30-second commercial aired free of charge", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c939a": "nine", "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c963f": "Small Business Big Game\" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge", "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c9640": "nine", "56d722330d65d214001983a6": "QuickBooks", "56d722330d65d214001983a7": "30-second commercial aired free of charge", "56d722330d65d214001983a8": "nine", "56d9be16dc89441400fdb770": "Small Business Big Game\" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge", "56d9be16dc89441400fdb771": "30-second commercial aired free of charge", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93a9": "Jason Bourne", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93aa": "Gods of Egypt", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ab": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows and 10 Cloverfield Lane, Universal paid for The Secret Life of Pets", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ac": "Eddie the Eagle", "56d723560d65d214001983ac": "Gods of Egypt", "56d723560d65d214001983ad": "the Super Bowl", "56d723560d65d214001983ae": "debut trailer for Jason Bourne", "56d723560d65d214001983af": "Captain America", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77b": "trailers", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77c": "debut trailer for Jason Bourne and Disney paid for Captain America: Civil War, The Jungle Book and Alice Through the Looking Glass", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77d": "Deadpool, X-Men: Apocalypse, Independence Day", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b1": "Westwood One", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b2": "Kevin Harlan", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b3": "Jim Gray", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b4": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b5": "James Lofton", "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9655": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts", "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9656": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America, with Kevin Harlan", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b4": "Westwood One", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b5": "Kevin Harlan", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b8": "Jim Gray", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78e": "Jim Gray", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78f": "Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb790": "Kevin Harlan", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb791": "anchor", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb792": "Jim Gray", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93cf": "KRFX", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d0": "Dave Logan", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d1": "Ed McCaffrey", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d2": "99.3 FM), which is based in Chester, South Carolina", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d3": "Dave Logan", "56d724620d65d214001983be": "Dave Logan", "56d724620d65d214001983bf": "Ed McCaffrey", "56d724620d65d214001983c0": "Ed McCaffrey", "56d724620d65d214001983c1": "Dave Logan", "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a0": "Dave Logan", "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a3": "Dave Logan", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e3": "BBC Radio 5 Live", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e4": "BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e5": "Darren Fletcher", "56d724ea0d65d214001983c8": "BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra", "56d724ea0d65d214001983c9": "Greg Brady", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93e9": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V)", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ea": "Chuck Howley", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93eb": "Peyton Manning", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ec": "2001", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ed": "Peyton Manning", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cc": "Bart Starr", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cd": "Peyton Manning", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cf": "Harvey Martin", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b4": "39 of the 43", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b5": "39 of the 43", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b6": "Bart Starr", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b7": "Peyton Manning", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b8": "Harvey Martin", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fd": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed the national anthem", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed the national anthem", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff": "American Sign Language (ASL) translation", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400": "ASL", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9401": "ASL", "56d20650e7d4791d00902614": "Lady Gaga", "56d20650e7d4791d00902615": "Marlee Matlin", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d4": "Lady Gaga", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d5": "Marlee Matlin", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c4": "Lady Gaga", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c5": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c6": "Marlee Matlin", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940d": "December", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940e": "British", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940f": "British rock group Coldplay", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9410": "Hymn for the Weekend\"", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9411": "Mark Ronson", "56d725790d65d214001983d8": "British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyonc\u00e9, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", "56d725790d65d214001983da": "2016", "56d725790d65d214001983db": "single \"Hymn for the Weekend", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d0": "British rock group Coldplay", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1": "British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d2": "Hymn for the Weekend\"", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d3": "British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyonc\u00e9, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9417": "Peyton Manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end Owen Daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver Andre Caldwell", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9418": "Owen Daniels", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9419": "Ronnie Hillman", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941a": "Brandon McManus", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941b": "14-yard line", "56d728a10d65d21400198413": "Peyton Manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end Owen Daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver Andre Caldwell.", "56d728a10d65d21400198414": "linebacker Shaq Thompson", "56d728a10d65d21400198415": "Brandon McManus", "56d728a10d65d21400198416": "Brandon McManus 34-yard field goal. The score marked the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing a deficit.", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d8": "Peyton Manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end Owen Daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver Andre Caldwell.", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d9": "Owen Daniels", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7da": "20 yards", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7db": "Peyton Manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end Owen Daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver Andre Caldwell", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7dc": "Brandon McManus 34-yard field goal. The score marked the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing a deficit.", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942b": "Mike Carey", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942c": "Panthers quarterback Cam Newton", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942d": "linebacker Von Miller", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942e": "Malik Jackson", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942f": "Malik Jackson recovered it in the end zone for a Broncos touchdown, giving the team a 10\u20130 lead.", "56d728e00d65d2140019841c": "an incompletion", "56d728e00d65d2140019841d": "Mike Carey", "56d728e00d65d2140019841e": "linebacker Von Miller", "56d728e00d65d2140019841f": "24-yard pass Jerricho Cotchery, but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge.", "56d728e00d65d21400198420": "Malik Jackson recovered it in the end zone for a Broncos touchdown, giving the team a 10\u20130 lead.", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e7": "Mike Carey", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e8": "a replay challenge", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e9": "Malik Jackson", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7ea": "24-yard pass Jerricho Cotchery, but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge.", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9435": "Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10\u20137", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9436": "both teams", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9437": "28", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9438": "61", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9439": "33", "56d729180d65d21400198426": "51", "56d729180d65d21400198427": "10\u20137", "56d729180d65d21400198428": "1-yard touchdown run", "56d729180d65d21400198429": "61", "56d729180d65d2140019842a": "10", "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f0": "Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10\u20137 with 11:28 left in the second quarter.", "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f4": "Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10\u20137 with 11:28 left in the second quarter.", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9445": "safety Darian Stewart", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9446": "safety Darian Stewart", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9447": "Kony Ealy", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9448": "DeMarcus Ware", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9449": "DeMarcus Ware", "56d729ec0d65d21400198430": "safety Darian Stewart, which linebacker Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line.", "56d729ec0d65d21400198431": "Kony Ealy", "56d729ec0d65d21400198432": "defensive end Kony Ealy", "56d729ec0d65d21400198434": "safety Darian Stewart", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb804": "safety", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb805": "Stewart", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb806": "defensive end Kony Ealy", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb807": "19 yards to the Panthers 39-yard line with 1:55 left on the clock.", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb808": "DeMarcus Ware", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9455": "45-yard pass to Ted Ginn Jr. on the Denver 35-yard line", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9456": "Graham Gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt.", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9457": "Graham Gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt.", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9458": "Graham Gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt.", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9459": "Trevathan recovered it to enable Denver to keep possession.", "56d7282f0d65d21400198408": "42-yard pass to Corey Brown", "56d7282f0d65d21400198409": "Graham Gano hit the uprights", "56d7282f0d65d2140019840a": "safety T. J. Ward", "56d7282f0d65d2140019840c": "Trevathan", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80e": "Corey Brown", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80f": "26", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb810": "Graham Gano", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb811": "Graham Gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt. After the miss, Manning completed a pair of passes to Emmanuel Sanders", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c945f": "Ealy", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9460": "39", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9461": "41-yard line", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9462": "41-yard line", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e0": "41-yard line", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e1": "Ealy", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e2": "50-yard line", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e4": "punts", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb820": "Ealy", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb821": "41-yard line", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb822": "39", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb823": "39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310. The next three drives of the game would end in punts", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946d": "24-yard line", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946e": "Ward", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f": "Josh Norman", "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470": "Miller", "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471": "Ward", "56d726b60d65d214001983ea": "Miller", "56d726b60d65d214001983eb": "Ward", "56d726b60d65d214001983ec": "Ward", "56d726b60d65d214001983ed": "Josh Norman", "56d726b60d65d214001983ee": "Ward, who returned it five yards to the Panthers 4-yard line.", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb832": "24-yard line", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833": "Miller", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834": "Ward", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb835": "three", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836": "Ward", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9481": "six", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9482": "13 of 23", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9483": "four", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9484": "NFC title game", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9485": "four receptions for 10 yards.", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f4": "13 of 23", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f5": "13 of 23", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f6": "Anderson", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f7": "Sanders", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f8": "NFC title game", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb842": "Sanders", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb843": "45", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb844": "11", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb845": "four receptions for 10 yards.", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb846": "six", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948b": "194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a Super Bowl winning team. The previous record was 244 yards by the Baltimore Ravens", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948c": "194", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948d": "Baltimore Ravens", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948e": "45", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948f": "244 yards by the Baltimore Ravens", "56d7277c0d65d214001983fe": "244 yards by the Baltimore Ravens", "56d7277c0d65d214001983ff": "21 to 11", "56d7277c0d65d21400198401": "seven", "56d7277c0d65d21400198402": "244 yards by the Baltimore Ravens", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84c": "21 to 11", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84d": "21 to 11", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84e": "21 to 11", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84f": "seven sacks tied a Super Bowl record set by the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX. Kony Ealy", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb850": "194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a Super Bowl winning team. The previous record was 244 yards by the Baltimore Ravens", "5733a5f54776f41900660f45": "Nobel Prize", "5733a5f54776f41900660f48": "1745", "5733a5f54776f41900660f44": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie", "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie", "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": "seven", "57336755d058e614000b5a3d": "100", "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "Krasi\u0144ski Palace Garden", "57336755d058e614000b5a3c": "Saxon Garden, covering the area of 15.5 ha", "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": "Tomb", "57336755d058e614000b5a40": "15.5 ha", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": "15 kilometres (9 miles) from Warsaw, the Vistula river's environment changes strikingly", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": "otter, beaver", "57337ddc4776f41900660bba": "13", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd": "13", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": "plants and sediments", "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": "Jewish minority in Warsaw.", "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": "833,500 were of Polish mother tongue", "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": "Russian", "57337ea24776f41900660bd1": "Jewish minority", "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": "internal migration and urbanisation", "57339555d058e614000b5df4": "Warsaw University of Technology", "57339555d058e614000b5df5": "2,000", "57339555d058e614000b5df6": "Warsaw", "57339555d058e614000b5df3": "1816", "57339555d058e614000b5df7": "Fryderyk Chopin University of Music", "57339902d058e614000b5e70": "1816", "57339902d058e614000b5e71": "over two million", "57339902d058e614000b5e72": "Marek Budzy\u0144ski", "57339902d058e614000b5e73": "Marek Budzy\u0144ski and Zbigniew Badowski", "57339902d058e614000b5e74": "5,111 m2 (55,014.35 sq ft). As the university garden it is open to the public", "573399b54776f41900660e64": "infrastructure", "573399b54776f41900660e65": "Three", "573399b54776f41900660e66": "solid economic growth", "573399b54776f41900660e67": "improved markedly", "57339a554776f41900660e74": "Warsaw", "57339a554776f41900660e75": "Children's Memorial Health Institute", "57339a554776f41900660e76": "the Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Institute of Oncology", "57339a554776f41900660e77": "700", "57339a554776f41900660e78": "developed", "57339ad74776f41900660e86": "numerous", "57339ad74776f41900660e87": "festivals", "57339ad74776f41900660e88": "Warsaw", "57339ad74776f41900660e89": "Warsaw Summer Jazz Days", "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": "many events and festivals", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "Ogr\u00f3d Saski", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec6": "Ogr\u00f3d Saski", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec7": "1870 to 1939", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "Momus", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec9": "The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre", "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": "Wianki", "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": "thousands", "57339dd94776f41900660ece": "Polish for Wreaths", "57339dd94776f41900660ecf": "herbs", "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "to predict when they would be married, and to whom.", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": "Museum of Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef7": "60", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": "Museum of Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": "Museum of Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum", "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": "arms", "5733a1854776f41900660f0a": "the Warsaw Uprising Museum", "5733a1854776f41900660f0b": "Katy\u0144", "5733a1854776f41900660f0c": "stereoscopic theatre", "5733a1854776f41900660f0d": "The Museum of Independence preserves patriotic and political objects connected with Poland's struggles for independence.", "5733a1854776f41900660f0e": "60", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": "17th century Royal Ujazd\u00f3w Castle", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f29": "about 500", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2a": "Zach\u0119ta National Gallery of Art", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": "modern art by Polish and international artists", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": "last weekend of September", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f32": "they managed to win Ekstraklasa Championship in 2000", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f33": "1946", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f34": "twice", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f35": "Konwiktorska Street", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": "disastrous", "5733a45d4776f41900660f23": "syrenka", "5733a45d4776f41900660f24": "The mermaid", "5733a45d4776f41900660f25": "syrenka", "5733a45d4776f41900660f26": "1390", "5733a45d4776f41900660f27": "sword", "5733a560d058e614000b5f77": "Warszowa, where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice.", "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": "the depths of the oceans and seas", "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": "Denmark", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7a": "Warszowa", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": "songs", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": "Warsaw", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59": "Tadeusz \u0141empicki", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5a": "Art Deco", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": "Israeli", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": "Isaac Bashevis Singer", "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": "Economist Intelligence Unit", "573312fcd058e614000b56e7": "Economist Intelligence Unit", "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": "FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing", "573312fcd058e614000b56e9": "The Warsaw Stock Exchange", "573312fcd058e614000b56ea": "Frontex", "5733140a4776f419006606e0": "1313", "5733140a4776f419006606e1": "Krak\u00f3w", "5733140a4776f419006606e2": "King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Krak\u00f3w to Warsaw in 1596.", "5733140a4776f419006606e3": "King Sigismund III Vasa", "5733140a4776f419006606e4": "because it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions throughout its long history.", "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": "Roman Catholic archdiocese", "573314e3d058e614000b56f1": "the Polish Academy of Sciences", "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": "UNESCO World Heritage Site", "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": "King Sigismund's Column", "573314e3d058e614000b56f4": "parks and royal gardens", "57332442d058e614000b5720": "Warszawa", "57332442d058e614000b5721": "Sawa.", "57332442d058e614000b5722": "a fisherman, Wars, and his wife, Sawa.", "57332442d058e614000b5723": "a shortened form of the masculine name of Slavic origin Warcis\u0142aw; see also etymology of Wroc\u0142aw.", "57332442d058e614000b5724": "Warszawa", "57332562d058e614000b5730": "fishing village called Warszowa.", "57332562d058e614000b5731": "The Prince of P\u0142ock, Boles\u0142aw II of Masovia, established this settlement, the modern-day Warsaw, in about 1300.", "57332562d058e614000b5732": "1300", "57332562d058e614000b5733": "it became one of the seats of the Dukes of Masovia, becoming the official capital of Masovian Duchy in 1413", "57332562d058e614000b5734": "1526", "5733266d4776f41900660712": "General Sejm", "5733266d4776f41900660713": "1529", "5733266d4776f41900660714": "religious freedom", "5733266d4776f41900660715": "Krak\u00f3w and Vilnius", "5733266d4776f41900660716": "1596", "57332a734776f41900660726": "1796, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia to become the capital of the province of South Prussia", "57332a734776f41900660727": "Kingdom of Prussia", "57332a734776f41900660728": "Napoleon's army", "57332a734776f41900660729": "Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth", "57332a734776f4190066072a": "1816", "57332b66d058e614000b5758": "1915", "57332b66d058e614000b5759": "withdraw from areas controlled by Russia in 1914, which included Warsaw", "57332b66d058e614000b575a": "underground leader Pi\u0142sudski", "57332b66d058e614000b575b": "1920", "57332b66d058e614000b575c": "Germany", "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": "1939", "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": "German Nazi colonial administration", "57332c1e4776f4190066073c": "several hundred thousand", "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "1943", "57332c1e4776f4190066073e": "almost a month", "57332e48d058e614000b5762": "July 1944, the Red Army was deep into Polish territory and pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw", "57332e48d058e614000b5763": "AK) to try to seize control of Warsaw from the Germans", "57332e48d058e614000b5764": "July", "57332e48d058e614000b5765": "63", "57332e48d058e614000b5766": "150,000 and 200,000", "57332f81d058e614000b5776": "\"Bricks for Warsaw\"", "57332f81d058e614000b5777": "prefabricated housing projects", "57332f81d058e614000b5778": "Palace of Culture and Science, a gift from the Soviet Union", "57332f81d058e614000b5779": "Palace", "57332f81d058e614000b577a": "UNESCO", "573330444776f41900660758": "renew", "573330444776f41900660759": "solidarity movement", "573330444776f4190066075a": "1979 and 1983", "573330444776f4190066075b": "Victory Square", "573330444776f4190066075c": "1979 and 1983", "5733314e4776f4190066076a": "260 km (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea", "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "523 km (325 mi) east of Berlin, Germany", "5733314e4776f4190066076c": "Vistula River", "5733314e4776f4190066076d": "75.6 metres (248.0 ft)", "5733314e4776f4190066076e": "75.6 metres (248.0 ft)", "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": "the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley", "57335c20d058e614000b58fa": "Valley", "57335c20d058e614000b58fc": "The Vistula River is the specific axis of Warsaw, which divides the city into two parts, left and right", "57335c20d058e614000b58fb": "The Vistula River", "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "Warsaw Escarpment", "57335ddbd058e614000b592f": "The plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds", "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": "flood plain terrace", "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": "the Vistula old \u2013 riverbed", "57335ddbd058e614000b5932": "peat swamps", "57335ddbd058e614000b5933": "pine forest", "57335fcad058e614000b5970": "the turbulent", "57335fcad058e614000b5971": "Second World War, Warsaw was razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction", "57335fcad058e614000b5972": "After liberation, rebuilding began as in other cities of the communist-ruled PRL. Most of the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed.", "57335fcad058e614000b5973": "Leopold Kronenberg Palace", "57335fcad058e614000b5974": "basic design typical of Eastern bloc countries.", "573361404776f4190066093c": "Gothic architecture", "573361404776f4190066093d": "14th century", "573361404776f4190066093e": "14th century", "573361404776f4190066093f": "1562", "573361404776f41900660940": "159", "573362b94776f41900660974": "numerous noble palaces and churches", "573362b94776f41900660975": "1688\u20131692", "573362b94776f41900660976": "Krasi\u0144ski Palace (1677\u20131683", "573362b94776f41900660977": "Visitationist Church (fa\u00e7ade 1728\u20131761", "573362b94776f41900660978": "1775", "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": "socialist realism style (like Warsaw Philharmony edifice originally inspired by Palais Garnier in Paris)", "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "socialist realism style (like Warsaw Philharmony edifice originally inspired by Palais Garnier in Paris)", "5733638fd058e614000b59ea": "socialist realism", "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": "Warsaw University of Technology building", "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": "socialist realism style (like Warsaw Philharmony edifice originally inspired by Palais Garnier in Paris)", "5733647e4776f419006609ae": "many places", "5733647e4776f419006609af": "Pawiak", "5733647e4776f419006609b0": "Warsaw Citadel", "5733647e4776f419006609b1": "the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising, while the impressive Warsaw Uprising Monument by Wincenty Ku\u0107ma", "5733647e4776f419006609b2": "Wincenty Ku\u0107ma", "573368044776f41900660a29": "They have extensive botanical collection of rare domestic and foreign plants", "573368044776f41900660a2a": "the New Orangery", "573368044776f41900660a2b": "Pole Mokotowskie (a big park in the northern Mokot\u00f3w, where was the first horse racetrack and then the airport", "573368044776f41900660a2c": "Park Ujazdowski", "573368044776f41900660a2d": "Ogr\u00f3d Zoologiczny", "573368e54776f41900660a53": "The flora of the city may be considered very rich in species", "573368e54776f41900660a54": "Warsaw, is the remaining part of the Masovian Primeval Forest.", "573368e54776f41900660a55": "Masovian Primeval Forest", "573368e54776f41900660a56": "Kabaty Forest", "573368e54776f41900660a57": "two botanic gardens: by the \u0141azienki park", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcb": "c. 1,300,000", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "420,000", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcd": "1951", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": "better", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcf": "residency registration", "57338007d058e614000b5bda": "multi-cultural", "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": "711,988", "57338007d058e614000b5bdc": "56.2%", "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": "56.2%", "57338007d058e614000b5bde": "hundreds", "573380e0d058e614000b5be9": "a commune", "573380e0d058e614000b5bea": "a commune", "573380e0d058e614000b5beb": "Krak\u00f3w", "57338160d058e614000b5bf9": "a unicameral Warsaw City Council", "57338160d058e614000b5bfa": "60", "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": "60 members. Council members are elected directly every four years.", "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": "committees", "57338160d058e614000b5bfd": "30", "57338255d058e614000b5c0d": "President", "57338255d058e614000b5c0e": "Jan Andrzej Menich", "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": "Jan Andrzej Menich (1695\u20131696", "57338255d058e614000b5c10": "2002", "57338255d058e614000b5c11": "The mayor of Warsaw is called President.", "573382d24776f41900660c37": "many domestic and international companies", "573382d24776f41900660c38": "304,016", "573382d24776f41900660c39": "MasterCard Emerging Market Index has noted Warsaw's economic strength and commercial center. Moreover, Warsaw was ranked as the 7th greatest emerging market", "573382d24776f41900660c3a": "12%", "573382d24776f41900660c3b": "many domestic and international companies", "5733834ed058e614000b5c26": "1817", "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": "374 companies listed and total capitalization of 162 584 mln EUR as of 31 August 2009.", "5733834ed058e614000b5c28": "374 companies listed and total capitalization of 162 584 mln EUR as of 31 August 2009.", "5733834ed058e614000b5c29": "374", "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a": "Polish United Workers' Party", "573383d0d058e614000b5c35": "1951", "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": "Colombia", "573383d0d058e614000b5c37": "Daewoo", "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": "Ukrainian car manufacturer which assembled there the Chevrolet Aveo", "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": "February 2011", "573166ede6313a140071cef2": "Warszawa [var\u02c8\u0282ava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland.", "573166ede6313a140071cef3": "Warsaw", "573166ede6313a140071cef4": "the Vistula River", "573166ede6313a140071cef5": "2.666 million", "573166ede6313a140071cef6": "Warszawa [var\u02c8\u0282ava] ( listen)", "5732b6b5328d981900602021": "Warsaw", "5732b6b5328d981900602022": "the Vistula River", "5732b6b5328d981900602023": "260 kilometres (160 mi", "5732b6b5328d981900602024": "2.666 million", "5732b6b5328d981900602025": "9th", "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628": "The Normans", "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629": "The Normans", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a": "raiders and pirates", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "Rollo", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962c": "10th", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": "William the Conqueror", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad60": "Richard I of Normandy was forged into a cohesive and formidable principality in feudal tenure.", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": "Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy", "56dde0379a695914005b9636": "the French words Normans/Normanz", "56dde0379a695914005b9637": "9th century", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75": "911", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76": "Atlantic coast", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": "Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property", "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": "the 880s", "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": "north of France", "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": "north of France", "56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b": "The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9660": "1017 at the latest.", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9661": "Monte Gargano", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9662": "Monte Gargano", "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595": "William Iron Arm", "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b596": "Duke Sergius IV of Naples in 1030.", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59a": "Malta from the Saracens", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59b": "1130", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59c": "Squillace", "56de0ed14396321400ee2579": "king Roger II of Sicily", "56de0ed14396321400ee257a": "Kitab Rudjdjar\"", "56de0ed14396321400ee257b": "Jews", "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f": "Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258d": "Alexius Komnenos", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": "1060s, Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": "Asia Minor", "56de10b44396321400ee2593": "Afranji", "56de10b44396321400ee2594": "Norman named Oursel led a force of \"Franks\" into the upper Euphrates valley in northern Syria", "56de10b44396321400ee2595": "It", "56de11154396321400ee25aa": "Italo-Norman named Raoul", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": "Robert Guiscard", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bd": "Robert Guiscard", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be": "Guiscard", "56de15104396321400ee25b7": "the city of Deabolis", "56de15104396321400ee25b8": "Norman", "56de15104396321400ee25b9": "they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the river Deabolis", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2": "1185", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c3": "the Adriatic", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": "Norman", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8": "sister of Duke Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "Richard II of Normandy", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca": "101", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb": "Emma, sister of Duke Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0": "Harthacnut", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d1": "1041", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2": "Robert of Jumi\u00e8ges", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c5": "Hastings", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": "Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c8": "Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons", "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": "Middle English", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5da": "1169", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db": "Bannow Bay", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": "Bannow Bay in 1169", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0": "Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": "Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2": "1072", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3": "Duncan", "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": "Sybilla of Normandy", "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": "Normans came into Scotland, building castles and founding noble families who would provide some future kings, such as Robert the Bruce", "56de3d594396321400ee26ca": "Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford", "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": "Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford", "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": "Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford", "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": "the Marches came completely under the dominance of William's most trusted Norman barons", "56de3e414396321400ee26d8": "1018", "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": "William of Montreuil", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e6": "1097", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7": "Tancred", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": "Jerusalem", "56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe": "Third Crusade", "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": "Richard the Lion-hearted", "56de3f784396321400ee26fb": "Berengaria", "56de3f784396321400ee26fc": "April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted", "56de3f784396321400ee26fd": "Limassol", "56de40da4396321400ee2708": "Conrad of Montferrat", "56de40da4396321400ee2709": "silver", "56de40da4396321400ee270a": "Guy de Lusignan", "56de41504396321400ee2714": "Richard the Lion-Heart", "56de41504396321400ee2715": "the Chapel of St. George", "56de41504396321400ee2716": "Cyprus", "56de48f34396321400ee2770": "1489", "56de48f34396321400ee2771": "Knights Templar", "56de49564396321400ee277a": "Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and El Hierro", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": "Bethencourt", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a8": "Enrique P\u00e9rez de Guzm\u00e1n, 2nd Count de Niebla", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a9": "Enrique P\u00e9rez de Guzm\u00e1n, 2nd Count de Niebla", "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands", "56de4a474396321400ee2787": "judges", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd": "They spread a unique Romanesque idiom to England and Italy", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7be": "rounded", "56de4b074396321400ee2793": "Norman-Arab", "56de4b074396321400ee2794": "Norman-Arab", "56de4b074396321400ee2795": "Sicily", "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": "Cluniac reform of monasteries", "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": "the dukes began a programme of church reform", "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": "16th century", "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": "Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent", "56de4c324396321400ee27ac": "the Bayeux Tapestry", "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": "Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent", "56de51244396321400ee27ef": "stonework or metalwork, such as capitals and baptismal fonts", "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": "11th", "56de51c64396321400ee27f8": "William", "56de52614396321400ee27fb": "southern Italy", "56de52614396321400ee27fc": "Sant", "56de52614396321400ee27fd": "Robert Guiscard", "56de52614396321400ee27fe": "a tradition of singing", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f6": "Serbian American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, physicist, and futurist", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f8": "Serbian American inventor, electrical engineer", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f9": "Serbian American inventor, electrical engineer", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b7": "Serbian American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, physicist, and futurist", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b8": "Serbian American inventor, electrical engineer", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b9": "Serbian American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, physicist, and futurist", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6bb": "alternating current (AC) electricity supply system", "56df9ee138dc421700152108": "1884", "56df9ee138dc421700152109": "Thomas Edison", "56df9ee138dc42170015210a": "George Westinghouse", "56df9ee138dc42170015210b": "1884", "56df9ee138dc42170015210c": "corporate alternating current/direct current \"War of Currents", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c1": "1884", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c2": "1884", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3": "1884", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c4": "George Westinghouse", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c5": "AC induction motor and transformer", "56dfa01738dc42170015211d": "1893", "56dfa01738dc42170015211e": "high-voltage, high-frequency power", "56dfa01738dc42170015211f": "high-voltage, high-frequency power experiments in New York and Colorado Springs", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35b": "high-voltage, high-frequency power experiments in New York and Colorado Springs", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35c": "Wardenclyffe Tower project.", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35d": "boat", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35e": "Wardenclyffe Tower", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7": "1943", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb8": "SI unit of magnetic flux density", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb9": "a series of New York hotels", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba": "his achievements and showmanship", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cb": "money", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cc": "1943", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd": "SI unit of magnetic flux density", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6ce": "1990s", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf": "showmanship", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc1": "1856", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc2": "Milutin Tesla, was a Serbian Orthodox priest", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc3": "1856", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc4": "eidetic memory", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36b": "Serbian Orthodox priest", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36c": "1856", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36d": "1856", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36e": "1856", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36f": "1856", "56dfa1d34a1a83140091ebd4": "Dane", "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd6": "Dane", "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd7": "1862", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac375": "Dane", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac376": "Milka, Angelina and Marica", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac377": "Lower Real Gymnasium\" or \"Normal School.", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac378": "Austrian Empire", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac379": "Austrian Empire, where Tesla's father worked as a pastor", "56dfa24a38dc421700152142": "Martin Sekuli\u0107", "56dfa24a38dc421700152143": "German", "56dfa24a38dc421700152144": "integral calculus", "56dfa24a38dc421700152145": "integral calculus", "56dfa24a38dc421700152146": "1870", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d5": "1870", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d6": "1870", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d7": "1870, Tesla moved to Karlovac, to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d8": "German", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d9": "1873", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf2": "Smiljan", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf3": "nine months", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf4": "nine months and was near death multiple times.", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf5": "priesthood", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf6": "Smiljan", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6df": "1873", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e0": "Smiljan", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e1": "nine months", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e2": "Smiljan", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e3": "Smiljan", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfc": "1874", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfd": "Mark Twain's works", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfe": "hunter's garb", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebff": "1874", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ec00": "books", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac389": "1874", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38a": "1874", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38b": "1874", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38c": "1874", "56dfa3c338dc421700152154": "1875", "56dfa3c338dc421700152155": "Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria", "56dfa3c338dc421700152156": "1879", "56dfa3c338dc421700152157": "dean of the technical faculty", "56dfa3c338dc421700152158": "dean of the technical faculty", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ab": "Graz", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ac": "1875", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ad": "1879", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ae": "gambling", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3af": "1879", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9": "Graz", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfaa": "December 1878", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfab": "school", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfac": "dropped out of school", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfad": "60 florins a month. He spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets.", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e717": "December 1878", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e718": "dropped out of school", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e719": "dropped out of school", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71a": "a draftsman", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71b": "December 1878, Tesla left Graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbd": "On 24 March 1879", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbe": "1879", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbf": "60", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc0": "60", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc1": "Higher Real Gymnasium", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3bf": "1879", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c0": "1879", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c1": "Higher Real Gymnasium", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c2": "60", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5b": "January 1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107 for Prague", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5c": "Charles-Ferdinand", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5e": "lectures", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5f": "Charles-Ferdinand University", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c7": "Prague", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c8": "Charles-Ferdinand University; he never studied Greek, a required subject; and he was illiterate in Czech, another required subject.", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c9": "Charles-Ferdinand University", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3ca": "two of Tesla's uncles", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc7": "Budapest", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc8": "Budapest", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc9": "chief electrician", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfca": "a telephone repeater or amplifier", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfcb": "chief electrician", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fc": "1881", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fd": "1881", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fe": "the Budapest Telephone Exchange", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3ff": "chief electrician", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc83": "1882", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc84": "France", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc85": "New York City:57\u201360", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc86": "Thomas Edison", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc87": "1882", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e769": "Continental Edison Company in France", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a": "France", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76b": "1882, Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company in France, designing and making improvements to electrical equipment. In June 1884", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76c": "Thomas Edison", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76d": "New York City:57\u201360 where he was hired by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00d": "direct current", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00e": "completely redesigning the Edison Company's direct current generators", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e010": "direct current", "56e0d6367aa994140058e773": "completely redesigning the Edison Company's direct current", "56e0d6367aa994140058e774": "Edison, saying that he was only joking, replied, \"Tesla, you don't understand our American humor", "56e0d6367aa994140058e775": "direct current generators", "56dfb5777aa994140058e021": "Robert Lane", "56dfb5777aa994140058e022": "Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail", "56dfb5777aa994140058e023": "electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by Tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators", "56dfb5777aa994140058e024": "Edison's company", "56dfb5777aa994140058e025": "Edison", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac420": "Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in Tesla's name, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac421": "Robert Lane", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422": "Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423": "electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by Tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424": "electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by Tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb5": "The investors showed little interest in Tesla's ideas for new types of motors and electrical transmission equipment", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb6": "penniless", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb8": "ditch digger", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb9": "winter of 1886/1887", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42b": "penniless", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42c": "$2", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42d": "$", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc0": "Peck", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc1": "April 1887", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc2": "the Tesla Electric Company", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc3": "89 Liberty Street", "56e0d810231d4119001ac432": "1886 Tesla met Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union superintendent, and New York attorney Charles F. Peck", "56e0d810231d4119001ac433": "Alfred S. Brown", "56e0d810231d4119001ac434": "Alfred S. Brown", "56e0d810231d4119001ac435": "89", "56e0d810231d4119001ac436": "Alfred S. Brown", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e053": "alternating current", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054": "May 1888", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e055": "a commutator", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e056": "sparking", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e057": "alternating current", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43c": "alternating current", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43d": "alternating current", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43e": "constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43f": "May 1888", "56e057e1231d4119001ac043": "a", "56e057e1231d4119001ac044": "American Institute of Electrical Engineers", "56e057e1231d4119001ac045": "American Institute of Electrical Engineers", "56e057e1231d4119001ac046": "Engineers working for the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company", "56e057e1231d4119001ac047": "American Institute of Electrical Engineers", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e779": "Thomas Commerford Martin", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77a": "American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE). Engineers working for the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77b": "Engineers working for the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77c": "Italian", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77d": "Engineers working for the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company", "56e05900231d4119001ac04d": "polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000", "56e05900231d4119001ac04e": "$60,000", "56e05900231d4119001ac04f": "one year", "56e05900231d4119001ac051": "$2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor.", "56e0dc667aa994140058e783": "$60,000", "56e0dc667aa994140058e784": "July 1888", "56e0dc667aa994140058e785": "one year", "56e0dc667aa994140058e786": "one year", "56e059c8231d4119001ac057": "Pittsburgh", "56e059c8231d4119001ac058": "alternating", "56e059c8231d4119001ac059": "60", "56e059c8231d4119001ac05a": "DC traction motor", "56e0e518231d4119001ac444": "alternating current", "56e0e518231d4119001ac445": "DC traction motor", "56e05a78231d4119001ac062": "Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse", "56e05a78231d4119001ac063": "War of Currents", "56e05a78231d4119001ac064": "War of Currents", "56e05a78231d4119001ac065": "1890", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78b": "War of Currents", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78c": "War of Currents", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78d": "War of Currents", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78e": "War of Currents", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78f": "War of Currents", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cd": "George Westinghouse", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1ce": "Chicago", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cf": "alternating current", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d0": "George Westinghouse", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d1": "high-voltage, high-frequency alternating current", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d5": "Chicago", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d6": "Chicago", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d7": "Chicago", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d8": "AC power, as Westinghouse demonstrated the safety, reliability, and efficiency of a fully integrated alternating current system", "56e0812c231d4119001ac213": "Richard Dean Adams", "56e0812c231d4119001ac214": "Richard Dean Adams", "56e0812c231d4119001ac215": "Columbian Exposition, a contract for building a two-phase AC generating system at the Niagara Falls was awarded to Westinghouse Electric", "56e0812c231d4119001ac216": "two-phase AC generating system at the Niagara Falls was awarded to Westinghouse Electric", "56e0812c231d4119001ac217": "Richard Dean Adams", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac459": "Richard Dean Adams", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45a": "1893", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45b": "two-phase and three-phase AC, high-voltage DC, and even compressed air", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45c": "alternating current", "56e089ab231d4119001ac285": "1896", "56e089ab231d4119001ac287": "The mid 1890s saw the conglomerate General Electric, backed by financier J. P. Morgan, involved in takeover attempts and patent battles", "56e089ab231d4119001ac288": "$216,000", "56e089ab231d4119001ac289": "$200,000", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac462": "J. P. Morgan", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac463": "$200,000", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac464": "bankers", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5da": "35", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5db": "South Fifth Avenue", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dc": "South Fifth Avenue laboratory, and later another at 46 E. Houston Street, in New York. He lit electric lamps", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dd": "the Tesla coil", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac468": "1891, at the age of 35", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac469": "the Tesla coil", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46a": "35", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46b": "South Fifth Avenue", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac299": "American Institute of Electrical Engineers", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29a": "Institute of Radio Engineers", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29d": "1892 to 1894", "56e0f019231d4119001ac470": "vice president", "56e0f019231d4119001ac471": "American Institute of Electrical Engineers", "56e0f019231d4119001ac472": "Radio Engineers", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a4": "radiant energy", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a5": "$50,000", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a6": "1894", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a7": "a", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c8": "1894", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c9": "1894, Tesla began investigating what he referred to as radiant energy of \"invisible\" kinds", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4ca": "1894", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cb": "X-ray", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cc": "Mark Twain", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ad": "his own experiments in X-ray imaging", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ae": "March 1896", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2af": "bremsstrahlung or braking radiation", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b0": "X-rays", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b1": "the Tesla Coil", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d4": "March 1896", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d5": "single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode and that worked from the output of the Tesla Coil", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d6": "bremsstrahlung or braking radiation).", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b7": "Roentgen rays", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b8": "various causes. He believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b9": "ozone", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2ba": "devices", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2bb": "force-free magnetic fields", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ee": "Roentgen rays", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ef": "longitudinal waves", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f0": "plasmas", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f1": "various causes. He believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e795": "Benjamin Lamme", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e796": "1893", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e797": "patents", "56e0ed557aa994140058e7dd": "the Egg of Columbus", "56e0ed557aa994140058e7e0": "copper egg stand on end", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e859": "1934", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85a": "force", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85b": "physically", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85c": "bits of metal projected by his \"electric gun", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac525": "National Electric Light Association", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac526": "the Tesla Coil", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac527": "Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the National Electric Light Association", "56e0fb887aa994140058e869": "1898", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86a": "teleautomaton", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86b": "teleautomaton", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86c": "1898", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86d": "torpedo", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e877": "1900", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878": "Guglielmo Marconi made his famous first-ever transatlantic radio transmission in 1901", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e879": "Guglielmo Marconi made his famous first-ever transatlantic radio transmission in 1901", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87a": "1943", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87b": "1943", "56e0fd167aa994140058e881": "On 17 May 1899", "56e0fd167aa994140058e882": "Colorado Springs", "56e0fd167aa994140058e883": "1899", "56e0fd167aa994140058e884": "five inches", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ea": "atmospheric electricity, observing lightning signals", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673eb": "stationary waves", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ec": "lightning signals", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6a": "lightning", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6b": "lightning", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6c": "15 miles away in Cripple Creek, Colorado", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6d": "100 feet", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6e": "electrified, swirling in circles with blue halos of St. Elmo's fire", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fb": "a power station generator", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fc": "burned out", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fd": "heavy sparks to jump through the windings and destroy the insulation", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fe": "heavy sparks to jump through the windings", "56e10043e3433e1400422a84": "unusual signals", "56e10043e3433e1400422a85": "may be communications from another planet", "56e10043e3433e1400422a86": "Collier's Weekly article \"Talking With Planets", "56e10043e3433e1400422a87": "may be communications from another planet.", "56e10043e3433e1400422a88": "letter S (dot/dot/dot", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67403": "$100,000", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67404": "John Jacob Astor IV invested $100,000", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67405": "John Jacob Astor IV invested $100,000", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67406": "John Jacob Astor IV invested $100,000", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740b": "January 1900", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740c": "1904", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740d": "1904", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740e": "1904", "56e10179cd28a01900c67413": "the trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility known as Wardenclyffe", "56e10179cd28a01900c67414": "Shoreham, Long Island", "56e10179cd28a01900c67415": "Shoreham, Long Island", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8e": "Morgan", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8f": "Morgan still owed Tesla money on the original agreement", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a91": "Tesla", "56e10296cd28a01900c67423": "50", "56e10296cd28a01900c67424": "Wardenclyffe", "56e10296cd28a01900c67425": "December 1901, Marconi successfully transmitted the letter S from England to Newfoundland", "56e10296cd28a01900c67426": "57 m", "56e10325cd28a01900c67435": "200", "56e10325cd28a01900c67436": "200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine. During 1910\u20131911", "56e10325cd28a01900c67437": "1906", "56e10325cd28a01900c67438": "200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine. During 1910\u20131911 at the Waterside Power Station in New York", "56e10412e3433e1400422aba": "steam", "56e10412e3433e1400422abb": "his own building and, belatedly realizing the danger, he was forced to use a sledge hammer", "56e10412e3433e1400422abc": "a sledge hammer", "56e10412e3433e1400422abd": "Allan L. Benson", "56e10412e3433e1400422abe": "Houston Street lab, Tesla allegedly generated a resonance of several buildings", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae4": "electricity", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae5": "1912, he crafted \"a plan to make dull students bright by saturating them unconsciously with electricity", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6": "William H. Maxwell", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae7": "William H. Maxwell", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afa": "overseas investors", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afb": "patents in European countries", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afc": "$20,000", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afd": "$20,000", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afe": "the Edison Medal", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0c": "August 1917", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0d": "electric ray", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0e": "the reflection of an \"electric ray", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0f": "\u00c9mile Girardeau", "56e1097dcd28a01900c6748f": "Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67490": "Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg \"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67491": "Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67492": "after he is announced a winner", "56e10a28cd28a01900c674b1": "$20,000", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b3": "38", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4": "1937", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b5": "1915", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b24": "1928, Tesla received his last patent, U.S. Patent 1,655,114", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b25": "1928", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b26": "$", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b27": "1928, Tesla received his last patent, U.S. Patent 1,655,114, for a biplane capable of taking off vertically", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b36": "$125 per month as well as paying his rent at the Hotel New Yorker", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b37": "$125 per month as well as paying his rent at the Hotel New Yorker", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b38": "$125 per month as well as paying his rent at the Hotel New Yorker", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b39": "bad publicity", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d7": "a method of transmitting mechanical energy", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d8": "loss over any terrestrial distance", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d9": "transmitting mechanical energy", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674da": "mineral deposits", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674db": "1935", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b48": "In the fall of 1937, after midnight one night, Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b49": "aid", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4a": "three", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4b": "the fall of 1937, after midnight one night, Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4c": "the fall of 1937, after midnight one night, Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674eb": "teleforce\" weapon after studying the Van de Graaff generator", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ec": "Van de Graaff generator", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ed": "infantry", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ee": "teleforce\" weapon after studying the Van de Graaff generator", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ef": "death ray", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5c": "1937", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5d": "1937", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5e": "tungsten", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5f": "high voltage (by means akin to his magnifying transformer", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b60": "1937, at a luncheon in his honor concerning the death ray", "56e10fbacd28a01900c67509": "charged particle beam", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750a": "The Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750b": "Belgrade", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750c": "millions", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750d": "charged particle beam weapons", "56e11044e3433e1400422b76": "steal", "56e11044e3433e1400422b77": "teleforce weapon", "56e11044e3433e1400422b78": "empty-handed", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67531": "86", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67532": "86", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67533": "maid Alice Monaghan", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67534": "maid Alice Monaghan after she had entered Tesla's room, ignoring the \"do not disturb", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67535": "coronary thrombosis", "56e11161e3433e1400422b86": "Alien Property Custodian", "56e11161e3433e1400422b87": "Alien Property Custodian", "56e11161e3433e1400422b89": "nothing which would constitute a hazard in unfriendly hands", "56e11161e3433e1400422b8a": "Alien Property Custodian", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b90": "Slovene-American author Louis Adamic", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b91": "Slovene-American author Louis Adamic", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b92": "two thousand", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b93": "two thousand", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b94": "two thousand", "56e1127bcd28a01900c67549": "80", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754a": "Sava Kosanovi\u0107", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754b": "Belgrade", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754c": "80 trunks marked N.T. In 1957, Kosanovi\u0107's secretary Charlotte Muzar transported Tesla's ashes from the United States", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754d": "United States", "56e11996e3433e1400422bde": "300", "56e11996e3433e1400422bdf": "300", "56e11996e3433e1400422be0": "the United States, Britain, and Canada", "56e11996e3433e1400422be1": "300", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b5": "eight o'", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b6": "9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later, with dinner from exactly 8:10 p.m", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b7": "9", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b8": "headwaiter", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf0": "8 to 10 miles", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf1": "He squished his toes one hundred times for each foot every night, saying that it stimulated his brain cells", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf2": "squished his toes one hundred times for each foot every night, saying that it stimulated his brain cells", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf3": "one hundred times for each foot every night, saying that it stimulated his brain cells", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c7": "telepathy", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c8": "newspaper editor Arthur Brisbane", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c9": "one", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d7": "$2,000", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d8": "$2,000", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d9": "white pigeon", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675da": "walked to the park", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675db": "to nurse back to health", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c18": "tall", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c19": "6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1a": "1888 to about 1926", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1b": "6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 142 pounds (64 kg)", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e7": "eight", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e8": "blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e9": "extreme precision, including all dimensions", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675ea": "blinding flashes of light", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675eb": "photographic", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f1": "48 hours", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f2": "84 hours", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f3": "Graz", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f4": "3", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f5": "journalist", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c28": "chastity", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c29": "married", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c2a": "soft-spoken, did not have any", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2e": "Dorothy Skerrit", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2f": "Robert Underwood Johnson described him as attaining a \"distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c30": "himself", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c31": "Robert Underwood Johnson", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c32": "Robert Underwood Johnson described him as attaining a \"distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force.", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67611": "Francis Marion Crawford", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67612": "Mark Twain", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67613": "George Sylvester Viereck, a poet, writer, mystic, and later, a Nazi propagandist.", "56e12005cd28a01900c67617": "he fired a secretary", "56e12005cd28a01900c67618": "secretary", "56e12005cd28a01900c67619": "weight", "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a": "secretary", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c38": "atoms being composed of smaller subatomic particles", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c39": "electricity", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3a": "electrical energy", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3b": "electrical energy", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4a": "247", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4b": "conversion of matter into energy.:247", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4c": "247", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c50": "1892, and in 1937, at age 81", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c51": "1892", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c52": "curved space", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c53": "1937, at age 81", "56e122dacd28a01900c67639": "an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763a": "the belief that humans' \"pity", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763b": "pity", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763c": "1937", "56e1239acd28a01900c67641": "Queen Bees", "56e1239acd28a01900c67642": "Queen Bees", "56e1239acd28a01900c67643": "Queen Bees", "56e12477e3433e1400422c5e": "League of Nations", "56e12477e3433e1400422c5f": "Science and Discovery", "56e12477e3433e1400422c60": "20 December 1914", "56e12477e3433e1400422c61": "League of Nations", "56e124f1cd28a01900c6764f": "Orthodox Christian. Later in his life, he did not consider himself to be a \"believer in the orthodox sense,\" and opposed religious fanaticism", "56e124f1cd28a01900c67650": "fanaticism", "56e124f1cd28a01900c67651": "Buddhism", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66": "\"A Machine to End War", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c67": "uncertain", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c68": "A Machine to End War\", published in 1937", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6c": "The Tesla Papers", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6d": "The Tesla Papers", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6e": "Ben Johnston", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67655": "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy,\" published in The Century Magazine in 1900, and the article \"Experiments With Alternate Currents Of High Potential And High Frequency", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67656": "1900", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67657": "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy,\" published in The Century Magazine in 1900, and the article \"Experiments With Alternate Currents Of High Potential And High Frequency", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7c": "The impact of the technologies invented or envisioned by Tesla is a recurring theme in several types of science fiction", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7d": "The impact of the technologies invented or envisioned by Tesla is a recurring theme in several types of science fiction.", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7e": "The impact of the technologies", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765b": "Time magazine", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765c": "Time magazine", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765d": "1931", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765e": "letters", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765f": "70", "56e16182e3433e1400422e28": "inherent difficulty", "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": "difficulty", "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": "principle", "56e16839cd28a01900c67887": "significant resources", "56e16839cd28a01900c67888": "significant resources", "56e16839cd28a01900c67889": "significant resources", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788a": "resources", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788b": "significant resources", "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": "analysis of algorithms", "56e17644e3433e1400422f41": "it tries to classify problems that can or cannot be solved with appropriately restricted resources", "56e17644e3433e1400422f42": "it tries to classify problems that can or cannot be solved with appropriately restricted resources", "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": "it tries to classify problems that can or cannot be solved with appropriately restricted resources", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a1": "a problem instance", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a2": "a problem refers to the abstract question to be solved.", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": "a rather concrete utterance", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": "output", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": "the output corresponding to the given input", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f7f": "2000 kilometres", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "little use for solving other instances of the problem, such as asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": "addresses computational problems and not particular problem instances", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": "binary alphabet (i.e., the set {0,1}), and thus the strings are bitstrings", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1": "string", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2": "a string over an alphabet", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": "binary", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": "adjacency matrices", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc8": "Decision problems", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": "yes or no", "56e190bce3433e1400422fca": "yes or no", "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": "yes", "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": "If the algorithm deciding this problem returns the answer yes, the algorithm is said to accept the input string, otherwise it is said to reject the input", "56e19557e3433e1400422fee": "arbitrary graph", "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": "deciding whether the given graph is connected, or not. The formal language associated with this decision problem is then the set of all connected graphs", "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": "binary strings", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": "the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": "single", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f8": "integer factorization problem", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f9": "integer factorization problem", "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": "decision problem", "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": "decision problems", "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f": "triples", "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": "space required, or any measure of complexity) is calculated as a function of the size of the instance.", "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": "instance", "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": "size", "56e1a38de3433e140042305f": "bits", "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": "increase in the input size", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a48": "Cobham's thesis says that a problem can be solved with a feasible amount of resources", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": "If the input size is n, the time", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4a": "a", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4b": "T", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4c": "If T(n) is a polynomial in n", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": "A Turing machine is a mathematical model of a general computing machine", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": "an algorithm", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423097": "the Turing machine", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": "symbols", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a68": "an extra supply of random bits", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": "rules", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": "an extra supply of random bits", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6b": "state", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": "The ability to make probabilistic decisions often helps algorithms solve problems more efficiently. Algorithms that use random bits are called randomized algorithms", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309e": "complexity classes", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": "equally powerful in principle", "56e1b00ce3433e14004230a1": "probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines, quantum Turing machines, symmetric Turing machines and alternating Turing machines", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a72": "random access machines", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a73": "The time and memory consumption of these alternate models may vary. What all these models have in common is that the machines operate deterministically", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": "The time and memory", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": "The time and memory consumption of these alternate models may vary. What all these models have in common is that the machines operate deterministically", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": "non-deterministic Turing machine", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": "resources", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": "branching exactly captures many of the mathematical models we want to analyze, so that non-deterministic time", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": "time", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": "yes", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": "a computational model such as the deterministic Turing machine is used.", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": "a computational model such as the deterministic Turing machine", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": "a computational model such as the deterministic Turing machine", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abc": "complexity resources", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "any complexity measure", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abe": "the Blum complexity axioms", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": "circuit complexity, and decision tree complexity", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": "communication complexity, circuit complexity, and decision tree complexity", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e6": "best, worst and average", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": "time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs of the same size", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": "time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs of the same size", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e9": "inputs", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae0": "input. The worst-case is when the input is sorted or sorted in reverse order", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": "O(n log n) time", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "when the input is sorted or sorted in reverse order", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": "space consumption", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": "the field of analysis of algorithms", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": "minimum amount of time", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423107": "showing that no algorithm can have time complexity lower than T(n)", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "\"all possible algorithms\"", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afc": "big O notation", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": "constant factors and smaller terms", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": "if T(n) = 7n2 + 15n + 40", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": "constant factors and smaller terms", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2c": "complexity classes", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "complicated definitions", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "definitions", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423134": "f(n) often yields complexity classes that depend on the chosen machine model", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": "quadratic time", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": "multi-tape Turing machine", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423137": "Cobham-Edmonds", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": "P", "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423148": "time or space", "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "bounding the time or space", "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "bounding the time or space", "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": "quantum Turing machines", "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "Boolean circuits", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423150": "quantum Turing machines", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": "#P", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423152": "Interactive proof systems", "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": "relaxing the requirements on (say) computation time", "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": "DTIME(n2", "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": "the time and space hierarchy theorems respectively. They are called hierarchy", "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": "constraining the respective resources", "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": "quantitative statements about how much more additional time or space", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "The time and space hierarchy theorem", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b75": "EXPTIME", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b76": "P is strictly contained in EXPTIME", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": "reduction", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423193": "transformation", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": "an algorithm for Y, X is no more difficult than Y, and we say that X reduces to Y", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": "Cook reductions, Karp reductions and Levin reductions", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423196": "Cook reductions, Karp reductions and Levin reductions, and the bound on the complexity of reductions, such as polynomial-time reductions or log-space", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bac": "polynomial-time reduction", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "polynomial-time reduction", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bae": "polynomial-time reduction", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "multiplication", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bb0": "multiplication", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a4": "the type of reduction", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": "every problem in C can be reduced to X", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": "allows us to solve any problem in C", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "problems", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cb": "X is the hardest problem in C.", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": "C", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": "solved", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": "If a problem X is in C and hard for C, then X is said to be complete for C", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": "P", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcb": "modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm. This hypothesis is called the Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": "P", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": "P", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": "each problem in P is also member of the class NP.", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": "If the answer is yes, many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": "protein", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d8": "US$1,000,000", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd4": "Ladner", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": "NP-intermediate problems", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": "The graph isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem are examples of problems believed to be NP-intermediate.", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fc": "The graph isomorphism problem", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": "the computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": "polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231ff": "second level", "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "second level", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": "integer", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": "k", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0c": "integer factorization problem is the computational problem of determining the prime factorization of a given integer.", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": "the", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210": "collapse to one class", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211": "qual", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": "RP, BPP, PP, BQP, MA, PH, etc.", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": "Proving that any of these classes are unequal", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": "co-NP", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": "reversed", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": "NP is not equal to co-NP; however, it has not yet been proven.", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "NP is not equal to co-NP; however, it has not yet been proven.", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": "L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P.", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": "P", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": "equal to P", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "many", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423226": "many", "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": "intractable problems", "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": "NP-complete problems", "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": "NP-complete problems", "56e1febfe3433e1400423236": "Presburger arithmetic", "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": "algorithms", "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "NP-complete knapsack problem", "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": "a wide range of sizes", "56e1febfe3433e140042323a": "the NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c14": "Alan Turing in 1936, which turned out to be a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer.", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c15": "Alan Turing", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": "1936", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c17": "1936", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": "Alan Turing in 1936", "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": "On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms", "56e202e9e3433e1400423241": "On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms\" by Juris Hartmanis", "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": "On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms", "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": "Edmonds", "56e202e9e3433e1400423244": "1965", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": "John Myhill", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1f": "Raymond Smullyan", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c20": "Hisao Yamada", "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c24": "input encoding", "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "discussion abstract", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324a": "1967", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324b": "1967", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324d": "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324e": "computational intractability, are NP-complete", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f23": "the curriculum", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f24": "study of pedagogy", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f25": "university or college", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f26": "a lesson plan", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f27": "The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out at a school or other place of formal education.", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37": "cultures", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f38": "Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f39": "literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f3a": "literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f51": "home schooling", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f52": "home schooling", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f53": "formal education can take place through home schooling", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f54": "transient", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f55": "family member", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f65": "texts", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f66": "Torah or Bible", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f67": "the Quran, Torah or Bible", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f68": "teachers", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e33": "homeschooling, or in the wider community. Formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e34": "paid professionals", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e35": "physicians, lawyers, engineers, and accountants (Chartered", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e36": "paid professionals", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e37": "paid professionals. Such professionals enjoy a status in some societies", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6e": "help with the organization of school functions", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6f": "extracurricular activities", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f70": "extracurricular activities", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f71": "teachers", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f76": "to serve and protect the public interest", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f77": "to serve and protect the public interest", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f78": "to serve and protect the public interest", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f79": "to serve and protect the public interest", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f7a": "to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f94": "The functions of the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving members", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f95": "complaints involving members", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f96": "publicly funded schools", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f97": "accrediting teacher education programs", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f98": "The functions of the teacher'", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5b": "tutor", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5c": "tutor", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5d": "tutor", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5e": "tutor", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa8": "a course of study and lesson plan that teaches skills, knowledge and/or thinking skills", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa9": "pedagogy", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76faa": "teachers", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fab": "Different ways to teach are often referred to as pedagogy", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fac": "The increasing use of technology, specifically the rise of the internet", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e6f": "a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e70": "authority", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e71": "students of different ages", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e72": "students of different ages", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e73": "standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbc": "the educational levels of the students on particular skills", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbd": "self-study and problem solving", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbe": "detect and correct individual flaws", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbf": "encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fc0": "coach", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc6": "the relationship between teachers and children", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc7": "the relationship between teachers and children. In primary schools each class has a teacher who stays with them for most of the week", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc8": "a teacher who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc9": "they act as form tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate parent during the course of the day.", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fca": "the relationship between teachers and children. In primary schools each class has a teacher who stays with them for most of the week", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8b": "alternative", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8c": "platoon\" system, involves placing a group of students together in one class", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8d": "staying with the same group of peers for all classes", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8e": "placing a group of students together in one class", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8f": "most of the United States", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e95": "Co-teaching", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e96": "two", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e97": "learning", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e98": "two or more teachers working harmoniously", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e99": "social networking support", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ea9": "corporal punishment", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eaa": "a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eab": "corporal punishment", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eac": "corporal punishment", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ead": "substitute parent", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb3": "spanking or paddling", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4": "spanking or paddling or caning or strapping or birching the student in order to cause physical pain", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5": "the United States", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb6": "US Constitution", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7": "birching the student in order to cause physical pain", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fec": "30", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fed": "paddle", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fee": "paddle", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fef": "paddle", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76ff0": "paddle", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77000": "caning", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77001": "Official corporal punishment, often by caning", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77002": "Official corporal punishment, often by caning", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec7": "detention", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec8": "detention", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec9": "to remain in school at a given time in the school day", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3eca": "Saturday detention\" held at some schools. During detention, students normally have to sit in a classroom", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ecb": "lines or a punishment essay", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed1": "assertive teacher", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed2": "immediate and fair punishment", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed3": "clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed4": "clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed5": "respect", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef5": "assert", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef6": "high", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef7": "the weakness in school discipline", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef8": "confrontation", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702c": "Japan", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702d": "many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702e": "Japan", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702f": "Japan", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a": "40 to 50 students", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703b": "little opportunity for concentration", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703c": "motivated students", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703d": "motivated students", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703e": "maintaining", "56e7611500c9c71400d77054": "absolute", "56e7611500c9c71400d77055": "absolute", "56e7611500c9c71400d77056": "confrontation", "56e7611500c9c71400d77057": "absolute", "56e7611500c9c71400d77058": "good, clear laws", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f13": "positive learning experience", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f14": "their passion", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f15": "by rote", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f17": "higher than teachers who didn't show much enthusiasm for the course materials", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77072": "intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77073": "read lecture material", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77074": "demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77075": "Controlled, experimental studies exploring intrinsic motivation of college students", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77076": "emotional facial expressions", "56e763e800c9c71400d77086": "teacher", "56e763e800c9c71400d77087": "enthusiasm", "56e763e800c9c71400d77088": "teacher", "56e763e800c9c71400d77089": "teacher", "56e764e200c9c71400d7708e": "relationships", "56e764e200c9c71400d7708f": "beneficial relations with their students", "56e764e200c9c71400d77090": "he receives from his superior", "56e764e200c9c71400d77091": "his student in aligning his personal goals with his academic goals.", "56e764e200c9c71400d77092": "beneficial", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a2": "friendly and supportive", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a4": "friendly and supportive", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a5": "friendly", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a6": "play", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f49": "three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm are enthusiasm about teaching, enthusiasm about the students", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4a": "enthusiastic about the subject matter they are teaching. For example, a teacher talking about chemistry", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4b": "excitement", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4c": "A spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement in the student as well. An enthusiastic teacher has the ability to be very influential", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4d": "cares", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f53": "sexual misconduct, has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f54": "9.6%", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f55": "9.", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f56": "9.", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f57": "sexual misconduct", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ca": "teacher", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cb": "teacher", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cd": "0.3%", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ce": "0.3%", "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f67": "Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau", "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f69": "Mary Kay Letourneau", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e8": "several men who enjoy teaching avoiding the profession", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e9": "Chris Keates", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ea": "general secretary", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770eb": "several men who enjoy teaching avoiding the profession", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ec": "sex offenders register", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f75": "negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f76": "inspections", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f77": "occupational burnout", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f78": "change", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f79": "negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f7f": "42%", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f80": "42%", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f81": "twice", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f82": "2012", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f83": "double", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710e": "teachers", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710f": "mentoring", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77110": "Individual-level interventions, including stress-management training and counseling", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77111": "Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules, providing support networks and mentoring, changing the work environment, and offering promotions and bonuses", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77112": "Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules, providing support networks and mentoring, changing the work environment, and offering promotions and bonuses", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f93": "a university or college", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f94": "certification by a recognized body", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f95": "elementary school education certificate is earned after completion of high school", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f96": "a background check and psychiatric evaluation to be able to teach in classroom.", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f97": "psychiatric evaluation", "56e76de800c9c71400d77122": "the individual states and territories", "56e76de800c9c71400d77123": "three", "56e76de800c9c71400d77124": "three-tier model which includes primary education (primary schools)", "56e76de800c9c71400d77125": "universities and/or TAFE colleges", "56e76de800c9c71400d77126": "three-tier", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9d": "a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9e": "a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3fa1": "the provincial government or teaching in a private school which is funded by the private sector, businesses and sponsors", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712c": "civil servants", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712d": "civil servants", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712e": "Grundschule), lower secondary schools (Hauptschule)", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712f": "the civil servants' salary index scale", "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130": "Realschule) and higher level secondary schools (Gymnasium", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77137": "Extra pay is also given for teaching through the Irish language", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77138": "\u20ac27,814 p.a., rising incrementally to \u20ac53,423 for a teacher with 25", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77139": "\u20ac27,814 p.a., rising incrementally to \u20ac53,423 for a teacher with 25 years service", "56e7714a00c9c71400d7713a": "many years experience", "56e7721500c9c71400d77140": "the Teaching Council", "56e7721500c9c71400d77141": "Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001", "56e7721500c9c71400d77142": "2001", "56e7721500c9c71400d77143": "the Teaching Council", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbb": "2006", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbc": "cannot be appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role\". Existing staff", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbe": "phased", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbf": "voluntary", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714a": "\u00a320,133 to \u00a341,004", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714b": "depending on experience and extra responsibilities", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714c": "\u00a32", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714d": "bachelor", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714e": "\u00a320,133 to \u00a341,004 in September 2007", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd5": "alternative licensing programs", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd6": "alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd7": "geographic area", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd8": "Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements, especially among secondary school teachers, outweigh slowing enrollment growth; opportunities will vary by geographic area", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd9": "secondary school teachers", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715c": "the General Teaching Council for Scotland", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715d": "the General Teaching Council for Scotland", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715e": "seven", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715f": "Universities", "56e775ec00c9c71400d77160": "the GTCS which is raised to \"Full Registration\" status after a year", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fdf": "April 2008", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe0": "\u00a320,427", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe1": "\u00a332,583", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe2": "\u00a332,583", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe3": "Scottish Secondary Teachers' Association", "56e777e500c9c71400d77176": "Wales", "56e777e500c9c71400d77177": "Welsh", "56e777e500c9c71400d77178": "Welsh", "56e777e500c9c71400d77179": "22 per cent", "56e777e500c9c71400d7717a": "all age groups", "56e7788200c9c71400d77180": "be registered members of trade unions", "56e7788200c9c71400d77181": "falling with teachers being younger", "56e7788200c9c71400d77182": "2005 and 2010", "56e7788200c9c71400d77183": "ATL, NUT", "56e7788200c9c71400d77184": "Welsh schools", "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd": "substitute/temporary teachers", "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffe": "ten years", "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff": "bachelor's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach.", "56e7796637bdd419002c4000": "charter schools", "56e7796637bdd419002c4001": "No Child Left Behind", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718a": "$51,009", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718b": "relative cost of living, and grade taught. Salaries also vary within states where wealthy suburban school districts generally have higher salary schedules than other districts.", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718c": "$51,009", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718d": "$39,259", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718e": "order to earn supplemental income, most notably on TeachersPayTeachers.com", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77194": "the Roman Church", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77196": "\"discernment of spirits", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77197": "the Pope of Rome", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77198": "spiritual guides", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401d": "the teacher", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401e": "little in common with the \"spiritual teacher\" archetype", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401f": "spiritual teacher", "56e77c6737bdd419002c4020": "the teacher", "56e77c6737bdd419002c4021": "the father of the house", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a8": "a guru", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9": "extremely high", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771aa": "control over the lives of their disciples", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771ab": "high", "56e77da237bdd419002c403b": "a Lama", "56e77da237bdd419002c403c": "phowa and siddhi", "56e77da237bdd419002c403d": "a Tulku", "56e77da237bdd419002c403e": "phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn, often many times", "56e77da237bdd419002c403f": "phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn, often many times", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b0": "the laws of Islam", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b1": "teach of the laws of Islam for the proper way of Islamic living according to the Sunnah and Ahadith", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b2": "teach of the laws of Islam for the proper way of Islamic living according to the Sunnah and Ahadith", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b3": "actions-oriented, e.g. the Five Pillars of Islam", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b4": "a Qutb", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf5": "a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf6": "a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf7": "Late Medieval Catholic Church", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf8": "freedom from God's punishment for sin", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf9": "Martin", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727a": "free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727b": "faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727c": "the Pope", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727d": "the Bible", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727e": "a holy priesthood", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17284": "His translation of the Bible into the vernacular (instead of Latin", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17285": "His translation of the Bible into the vernacular (instead of Latin", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17286": "Tyndale Bible", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17287": "singing", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17288": "Katharina von Bora", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728e": "Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther) and his wife Margarethe (n\u00e9e Lindemann) on 10 November 1483", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728f": "Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther) and his wife Margarethe (n\u00e9e Lindemann) on 10 November 1483", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17290": "Eisleben, Saxony, then part of the Holy Roman Empire", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17291": "St. Martin of Tours", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17292": "Eisleben, Saxony", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c56": "four", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c57": "1501, at the age of 19", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c58": "four", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c59": "Erfurt", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c5a": "master's degree in 1505", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cd": "law school at the same university that year but dropped out almost immediately, believing that law represented uncertainty", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172ce": "uncertainty", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cf": "uncertainty", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d0": "Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d1": "experience", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d7": "lightning bolt", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d8": "2 July 1505", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d9": "2 July 1505, he was returning to university on horseback", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172da": "two friends", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172db": "Augustinian cloister in Erfurt", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c74": "Augustinian order", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c75": "Augustinian", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c76": "Augustinian order", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c77": "Johann von Staupitz", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c78": "Augustinian order", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172eb": "1507", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ec": "von Staupitz", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ed": "teach theology", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ee": "9 March 1508", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ef": "von Staupitz, first dean of the newly founded University of Wittenberg", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb0": "Wittenberg", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb1": "Doctor in Bible", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb2": "Doctor", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb3": "Doctor in Bible. He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb4": "Doctor of Theology", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17367": "1516", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17368": "Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar and papal commissioner for indulgences, was sent to Germany by the Roman Catholic Church", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17369": "fiduciary or dogmatic", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736a": "faith", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736b": "charity and good works", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5e": "Albert", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5f": "Albert of Mainz", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d60": "Ninety-Five These", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d61": "scholarly", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d62": "Thesis 86", "56f80143aef2371900625d68": "Johann Tetzel", "56f80143aef2371900625d69": "springs", "56f80143aef2371900625d6a": "Luther", "56f80143aef2371900625d6b": "Johann Tetzel", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17377": "He", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17378": "forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17379": "He", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737a": "forgiveness was God's alone to grant,", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737b": "Christ", "56f8046faef2371900625d71": "Tetzel", "56f8046faef2371900625d72": "his capacity to exaggerate. Yet if Tetzel overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead", "56f8046faef2371900625d73": "dead", "56f8046faef2371900625d74": "if Tetzel overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead, his teaching on indulgences for the living", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17387": "posting on the door", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17388": "posting on the door", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17389": "Philipp Melanchthon", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738a": "Philipp Melanchthon, though it is thought that he was not in Wittenberg", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738b": "little foundation in truth. The story is based on comments made by Philipp Melanchthon", "56f8074faef2371900625d79": "January 1518", "56f8074faef2371900625d7a": "the printing press", "56f8074faef2371900625d7b": "friends of Luther translated the 95 Theses from Latin", "56f8074faef2371900625d7c": "January 1518", "56f8074faef2371900625d7d": "January 1518", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17391": "1519", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17392": "Students", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17393": "1519.", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17394": "Three", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395": "Three", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739b": "lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians.", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739c": "Catholic Church", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739d": "corrupt", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739e": "several of the central truths of Christianity", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739f": "s the understanding of all godliness", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d83": "God", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d84": "1525", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d85": "1525", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d86": "the Smalcald Articles", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d87": "faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8d": "Luther", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8e": "Luther", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8f": "Reformation", "56f80e1daef2371900625d90": "Luther", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d95": "Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg did not reply to Luther's letter containing the 95 Theses. He had the theses checked for heresy", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d96": "Magdeburg did not reply to Luther's letter containing the 95 Theses. He had the theses checked for heresy", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d97": "a papal dispensation", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d98": "revenue", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d99": "Magdeburg did not reply to Luther's letter containing the 95 Theses. He had the theses checked for heresy", "56f811bdaef2371900625d9f": "Augsburg", "56f811bdaef2371900625da0": "he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoy", "56f811bdaef2371900625da1": "Imperial Diet was held. There, in October 1518", "56f811bdaef2371900625da2": "Augsburg", "56f811bdaef2371900625da3": "Augsburg", "56f81393aef2371900625da9": "the Saxon", "56f81393aef2371900625daa": "the Saxon", "56f81393aef2371900625dab": "The theologian Johann Eck, however, was determined to expose Luther's doctrine in a public forum", "56f81393aef2371900625dac": "Matthew 16:18 does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture, and that therefore neither popes nor church councils", "56f81393aef2371900625dad": "The theologian Johann Eck, however, was determined to expose Luther's doctrine in a public forum.", "56f81537aef2371900625db3": "15 June 1520", "56f81537aef2371900625db4": "Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.", "56f81537aef2371900625db5": "41", "56f81537aef2371900625db6": "Karl", "56f81537aef2371900625db7": "3 January 1521", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f1": "secular authorities", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f2": "On 18 April 1521", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f3": "estates of the Holy Roman Empire", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f4": "Emperor Charles V", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f5": "Prince Frederick III, Elector of Saxony", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fb": "Johann Eck", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fc": "Archbishop of Trier", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fd": "Johann", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe": "day", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173ff": "Johann", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17415": "raised his arm", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17416": "raised his arm", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17417": "Michael Mullett", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17418": "raised his arm", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17427": "recant his writings", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17428": "Here I stand", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17429": "unreliable", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e1742a": "dramatic", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e17439": "private conferences were held to determine Luther's fate. The Emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743a": "1521", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743b": "banning his literature", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743c": "literature", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743d": "kill", "56f82989aef2371900625e6b": "disappearance", "56f82989aef2371900625e6c": "masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen. They escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach", "56f82989aef2371900625e6d": "Eisenach", "56f82989aef2371900625e6e": "Greek", "56f82989aef2371900625e6f": "masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen. They escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach.", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17457": "a sin", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17458": "can make them just", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17459": "1521", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745a": "God's grace (which cannot be earned) alone can make them just. On 1 August 1521, Luther wrote to Melanchthon", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745b": "hon", "56f84485aef2371900625f71": "summer of 1521", "56f84485aef2371900625f72": "idolatry", "56f84485aef2371900625f73": "a sacrifice", "56f84485aef2371900625f74": "private confession and absolution", "56f84485aef2371900625f75": "sin", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e17519": "the Little Horn", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751a": "Little Horn", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751b": "the Little Horn", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751c": "the Little Horn", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d": "antichrist of 2 Thessalonians 2", "56f84760aef2371900625f81": "the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling", "56f84760aef2371900625f82": "Luther made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed.", "56f84760aef2371900625f83": "June 1521, exceeding anything envisaged by Luther. The reforms provoked disturbances, including a revolt by the Augustinian friars", "56f84760aef2371900625f84": "Luther made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed.", "56f84760aef2371900625f85": "council", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e1752f": "6 March 1522", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17530": "Wittenberg on 6 March 1522", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17531": "eight days in Lent, beginning on Invocavit Sunday, 9 March", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17532": "\"Invocavit Sermons", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17533": "violence", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9d": "sixth", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9e": "Jerome Schurf", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9f": "sixth", "56f84a60aef2371900625fa0": "Dr. Martin", "56f84a60aef2371900625fa1": "misguided people", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa7": "restore public order", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa8": "conservative", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa9": "Zwickau prophets", "56f84b68aef2371900625faa": "Zwickau prophets, he now faced a battle against not only the established Church", "56f84b68aef2371900625fab": "Zwickau prophets, he now faced a battle against not only the established Church", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb1": "Thomas M\u00fcntzer", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb2": "Thomas M\u00fcntzer helped instigate the German Peasants' War of 1524\u201325", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb3": "1524\u201325", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb4": "he would support an attack on the upper classes", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb5": "upper classes", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc1": "the temporal authorities", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc2": "burning of convents, monasteries, bishops' palaces, and libraries", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc3": "nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc4": "Twelve Articles in May 1525, but he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities.", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc5": "nobles", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754b": "three", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754c": "to \"Render unto Caesar", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754d": "God and therefore should not be resisted", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754e": "resisted", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754f": "death in body and soul, if only as highwaymen and murderers", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755d": "many rebels laid down their weapons", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755e": "the Swabian League", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755f": "Swabian League", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17560": "Frankenhausen", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17561": "secular powers", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756d": "Kat", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756e": "Katharina von Bora, one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756f": "26", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17570": "26", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17571": "Katharina von Bora, one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17577": "13 June 1525", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17578": "evening of the same day, the couple was married by Bugenhagen", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17579": "ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757a": "On the evening of the same day, the couple was married by Bugenhagen. The ceremonial walk to the church", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757b": "Bugenhagen", "56f855caaef2371900625ff3": "Andreas Karlstadt and Justus Jonas", "56f855caaef2371900625ff4": "Andreas Karlstadt and Justus Jonas", "56f855caaef2371900625ff5": "Biblical grounds", "56f855caaef2371900625ff6": "He had long condemned vows of celibacy on Biblical grounds, but his decision to marry surprised many, not least Melanchthon", "56f855caaef2371900625ff7": "reckless", "56f8575aaef2371900625ffd": "a former monastery, \"The Black Cloister", "56f8575aaef2371900625ffe": "a former monastery", "56f8575aaef2371900625fff": "six", "56f8575aaef2371900626000": "a former monastery, \"The Black Cloister", "56f8575aaef2371900626001": "farming the land and taking in boarders", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175af": "By 1526", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b0": "a supervisory church body, laid down a new form of worship service", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b1": "supervisory church body", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b2": "By 1526", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b3": "revolutionary to the extent that it is a theology of the cross", "56f85bb8aef237190062600f": "To avoid confusing or upsetting the people, Luther avoided extreme change", "56f85bb8aef2371900626010": "the church in the Electorate of Saxony", "56f85bb8aef2371900626011": "He concentrated on the church in the Electorate of Saxony", "56f85bb8aef2371900626012": "John the Steadfast", "56f85bb8aef2371900626013": "temporal sovereign", "56f85cf0aef2371900626019": "In response to demands for a German liturgy, Luther wrote a German Mass, which he published in early 1526", "56f85cf0aef237190062601a": "1523", "56f85cf0aef237190062601b": "replacement for his 1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass but as an alternative for the \"simple people", "56f85cf0aef237190062601c": "He did not intend it as a replacement for his 1523", "56f85cf0aef237190062601d": "He did not intend it as a replacement for his 1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c3": "during their visitation of the Electorate of Saxony", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c4": "Electorate of Saxony", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c5": "pastoral care", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c6": "nothing at all of Christian doctrine", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c7": "teaching", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cd": "basics", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175ce": "1529", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cf": "Luther", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d0": "Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations.", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d1": "basics of Christianity to the congregations.", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d7": "catechism", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d8": "The catechism", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d9": "The catechism", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175da": "The catechism", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db": "hymns", "56f86966aef2371900626053": "pastors", "56f86966aef2371900626054": "three persons", "56f86966aef2371900626055": "He rewrote each article of the Creed to express the character of the Father, the Son, or the Holy Spirit.", "56f86966aef2371900626056": "three persons", "56f86966aef2371900626057": "He rewrote each article of the Creed to express the character of the Father, the Son, or the Holy Spirit.", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f5": "1522", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f6": "1534", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f7": "the end of his life", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f8": "alone", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f9": "Faith alone justifies us, and not works", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17605": "variant of German", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17606": "Saxon chancellery", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17607": "translation used the variant of German", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17608": "the Bible", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17609": "impediments and difficulties", "56f86e91aef2371900626067": "German-language publications", "56f86e91aef2371900626068": "version", "56f86e91aef2371900626069": "version", "56f86e91aef237190062606a": "Lucas Cranach", "56f86e91aef237190062606b": "William Tyndale", "56f87000aef2371900626071": "hymn-writer", "56f87000aef2371900626072": "folk music", "56f87000aef2371900626073": "the singing of German hymns in connection with worship, school, home, and the public arena", "56f87000aef2371900626074": "a lute", "56f87000aef2371900626075": "waldzither", "56f8720eaef237190062608f": "\"Ein neues Lied wir heben an\"", "56f8720eaef2371900626090": "Lutheran views", "56f8720eaef2371900626091": "\"Ein neues Lied wir heben an\"", "56f8720eaef2371900626092": "John C. Messenger", "56f8720eaef2371900626093": "John C. Messenger", "56f87392aef2371900626099": "1524", "56f87392aef237190062609a": "1524 creedal hymn \"Wir glauben all an einen Gott", "56f87392aef237190062609b": "Small Catechism.", "56f87392aef237190062609c": "1524", "56f87392aef237190062609d": "difficulty of its tune", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e1766f": "1538", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17670": "1538 hymnic version of the Lord's Prayer, \"Vater unser im Himmelreich", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17671": "candidates on specific catechism questions", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17672": "revisions", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17673": "1538", "56f87760aef23719006260cc": "\"Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir\" (\"From depths of woe I cry to you\") in 1523", "56f87760aef23719006260cd": "grace alone\" more fully. Because it expressed essential Reformation doctrine, this expanded version of \"Aus tiefer Not", "56f87760aef23719006260ce": "Paul Speratus, this and seven other hymns were published in the Achtliederbuch, the first Lutheran hymnal.", "56f87760aef23719006260cf": "Achtliederbuch", "56f87760aef23719006260d0": "schrei ich zu dir", "56f879bdaef23719006260de": "Savior of the gentiles), based on Veni redemptor gentium, became the main hymn (Hauptlied", "56f879bdaef23719006260df": "Ten Commandments", "56f879bdaef23719006260e0": "He transformed A solus ortus cardine", "56f879bdaef23719006260e1": "two", "56f879bdaef23719006260e2": "the German Te Deum", "56f87e95aef237190062610a": "1541", "56f87e95aef237190062610b": "Johann Walter", "56f87e95aef237190062610c": "Johann Walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of Psalm 67's prayer for grace", "56f87e95aef237190062610d": "J. S. Bach", "56f87e95aef237190062610e": "Halle", "56f88025aef237190062611e": "early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation", "56f88025aef237190062611f": "early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation", "56f88025aef2371900626120": "He supplied four of eight songs of the First Lutheran hymnal Achtliederbuch, 18 of 26 songs", "56f88025aef2371900626121": "24 of the 32", "56f88025aef2371900626122": "Achtliederbuch", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f3": "music", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f4": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f5": "inspired composers to write music.", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f6": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f7": "hymns", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fd": "separated from the body in death", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fe": "John Calvin and Philipp Melanchthon", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176ff": "Purgatory", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17700": "He also rejected the existence of Purgatory, which involved Christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17701": "in", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17707": "Johann Gerhard", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17708": "Franz Pieper observed that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17709": "Franz Pieper observed that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e1770a": "1755", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17723": "wakes", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17724": "misread this and other passages from Luther,", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17725": "Francis Blackburne in 1765", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17726": "Gottfried Fritschel pointed out in 1867", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17727": "1867", "56f88c37aef2371900626176": "October 1529, Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse", "56f88c37aef2371900626177": "Hesse", "56f88c37aef2371900626178": "Swiss", "56f88c37aef2371900626179": "fourteen", "56f88c37aef237190062617a": "fourteen points", "56f88eafaef2371900626194": "significance of the words spoken by Jesus at the Last Supper", "56f88eafaef2371900626195": "the sacramental union", "56f88eafaef2371900626196": "union", "56f88eafaef2371900626197": "the sacramental union", "56f88eafaef2371900626198": "confrontational", "56f8907faef23719006261b2": "1530", "56f8907faef23719006261b3": "Marburg Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530", "56f8907faef23719006261b4": "Schmalkaldic League", "56f8907faef23719006261b5": "Swiss", "56f8907faef23719006261b6": "George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach", "56f895339e9bad19000a0177": "antithetical", "56f895339e9bad19000a0178": "reason", "56f895339e9bad19000a0179": "none other than reason", "56f895339e9bad19000a017a": "reason", "56f895339e9bad19000a017b": "different epistemological spheres", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5d": "discouraged mistreatment of the Jews and advocated their conversion", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5e": "Jewish conversion to Christianity", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5f": "hostile toward the Jews", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c60": "Jesus Christ was born a Jew", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c61": "1543", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a5": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a6": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a7": "to", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a8": "Suleiman the Magnificent was besieging Vienna with a vast Ottoman army. Luther had argued against resisting the Turks", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a9": "non-religious war against the Turks", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9d": "Latin translation of the Qur'an", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9e": "Latin", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9f": "the Turk", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca0": "Mohammedanism\" or \"the Turk", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca1": "He opposed banning the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022b": "the Ten Commandments", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022c": "anonymous", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022d": "the Ten Commandments)", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022e": "six series of theses against Agricola and the antinomians", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022f": "his 1539 open letter to C. G\u00fcttel Against the Antinomians", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0251": "second use of the law", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0252": "second", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0253": "second", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0254": "second use of the law", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0255": "second", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025b": "positively teach how the Christian ought to live", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025c": "Ten Commandments", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025d": "third", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025e": "Ten Commandments", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025f": "Ten Commandments", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da7": "Ten Commandments, and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da8": "The Ten Commandments", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da9": "Luther", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02b9": "December 1539, Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02ba": "December 1539, Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bb": "one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bc": "Martin Brecht", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bd": "lasting damage to Luther's reputation.", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02eb": "ninety", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ec": "Jews", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ed": "a theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people guilty of the murder of Christ", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ee": "the divinity of Jesus", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ef": "he lived within a local community that had expelled Jews some ninety years earlier.", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e05": "treatise", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e06": "1543", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e07": "1543", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e08": "60,000-word treatise Von den Juden und Ihren L\u00fcgen (On the Jews and Their Lies", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e09": "60,000-word treatise Von den Juden und Ihren L\u00fcgen (On the Jews and Their Lies", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3b": "Jews in Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3c": "1537", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3d": "1537", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3e": "works", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3f": "Throughout the 1580s, riots led to the expulsion of Jews from several German Lutheran states", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e75": "Luther", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e76": "anti-Jewish rhetoric", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e77": "antisemitism", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e78": "Luther", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e79": "Julius Streicher", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a0389": "17 December 1941, seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038a": "preventive measures", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038b": "Diarmaid MacCulloch, Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038c": "forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038d": "preventive measures against the Jews", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03bf": "limited, and the Nazis' use of his work as opportunistic", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c0": "limited", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c1": "hatred of the Jews", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c2": "18th and 19th centuries", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c3": "religious and in no respect racial", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03db": "violence", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dc": "anti-Semitism", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dd": "anti-Semitism", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03de": "Judaism", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03df": "National Socialists", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eed": "1983", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eee": "declining state of mind", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eef": "vulgarity and violence", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef0": "vulgarity", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef1": "Mark U. Edwards in his book Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531\u201346 (1983", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f35": "Since the 1980s", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f36": "1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15\u201365", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f37": "1928-1933", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f38": "1928-1933", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f45": "ill health for years, including M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f46": "Philip of Hesse incident", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f47": "Philip of Hesse", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f48": "ill health for years, including M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f49": "angina", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f61": "poor physical health", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f62": "poor physical health", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f63": "His poor physical health", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f64": "poor physical health", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f65": "Market Church", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7d": "Eisleben, his place of birth, on 15 February 1546", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7e": "Eisleben, his place of birth, on 15 February 1546", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7f": "Eisleben, his place of birth, on 15 February 1546", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f80": "L\u00e9on Poliakov", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f81": "L\u00e9on Poliakov", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a0": "Mansfeld", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a1": "Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control.", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a2": "late 1545", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a3": "early 1546", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a4": "his concern for his siblings' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining trade", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c6": "17 February 1546", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c7": "February 1546", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c8": "he experienced chest pains.", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c9": "Ps. 31:5", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04ca": "1 a.m. he awoke with more chest pain and was warmed with hot towels", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e0": "An apoplectic stroke", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e1": "2:45 a.m. on 18 February 1546", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e2": "2:45 a.m. on 18 February 1546", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e3": "2:45 a.m. on 18 February 1546, aged 62", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e4": "Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007": "A piece of paper", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1008": "Latin", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009": "Latin", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0514": "printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0515": "frail", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0516": "stout", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0517": "drinking\u2014behavior that was a stark contrast to the ascetic life of the medieval religious orders", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0518": "squat neck.\" He was shown to be physically imposing, an equal in stature to the secular German princes", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103d": "February", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103e": "31 October", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103f": "31 October", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1040": "31 October", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1041": "February", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": "SoCal", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d5": "eight", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": "Southern California is a major economic", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d7": "demographics and economic", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d8": "eight", "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "greater Southern California Megaregion", "5705e33f52bb89140068964d": "11", "5705e33f52bb89140068964e": "east into Las Vegas, Nevada", "5705e33f52bb89140068964f": "Mexican border into Tijuana", "5705e33f52bb891400689650": "east into Las Vegas, Nevada, and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana", "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": "Ventura", "5705e3f252bb89140068966b": "seven", "5705e3f252bb89140068966c": "Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area", "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": "Los Angeles area", "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": "over 17.5 million", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": "the Colorado Desert", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7705": "Colorado Desert and the Colorado River", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7706": "Mojave Desert", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "Mexico\u2013United States border", "5705e63175f01819005e7720": "3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States.", "5705e63175f01819005e7721": "3,792,621", "5705e63175f01819005e7722": "Los Angeles and San Diego", "5705e63175f01819005e7723": "Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States", "5705e63175f01819005e7724": "3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States.", "5705e99452bb891400689688": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous", "5705e99452bb891400689689": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside", "5705e99452bb89140068968a": "five", "5705e99452bb89140068968b": "15", "5705e99452bb89140068968c": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside", "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": "Hollywood", "5705eb3375f01819005e7765": "Los Angeles in southern California", "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": "Walt Disney Company", "5705eb3375f01819005e7767": "southern California", "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": "Sony", "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": "board", "5705ec1675f01819005e776f": "Shaun White", "5705ec1675f01819005e7770": "Shaun White", "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": "Oahu", "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": "Transpacific Yacht Race", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b8": "Palm Springs", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b9": "Palm Springs", "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": "southern California coast for its popular beaches, and the desert city of Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces", "5705eccb52bb8914006896bb": "southern California coast for its popular beaches, and the desert city of Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "37\u00b0 9' 58.23\" latitude", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cb": "11 miles (18 km", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cc": "ten", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cd": "Tehachapi Mountains", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ce": "Tehachapi Mountains", "5705eee952bb8914006896de": "Mexico", "5705eee952bb8914006896df": "Californios", "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": "Monterey", "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": "Compromise of 1850", "5705eee952bb8914006896e2": "free state", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": "inequitable taxes and land laws", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": "Californios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated \"Cow Counties", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a6": "1859", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": "1859", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": "Milton Latham", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": "the Los Angeles Times", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f1": "1900, the Los Angeles Times", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f2": "1900", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f3": "1999", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f4": "seven", "5705f36452bb891400689718": "tourism groups", "5705f36452bb891400689719": "the California State Automobile Association", "5705f36452bb89140068971a": "the California State Automobile Association", "5705f36452bb89140068971b": "the geographical phrase South of the Tehachapis", "5705f36452bb89140068971c": "southern California region", "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": "third most populated megalopolis in the United States, after the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the Northeastern megalopolis.", "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": "vast areas that have been left undeveloped", "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": "suburban communities", "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": "suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways", "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0": "San Diego\u2013Tijuana", "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": "Camp Pendleton", "5705fb7f52bb891400689751": "Temecula and Murrieta have as much connection with the San Diego metropolitan area as they do with the Inland Empire", "5705fb7f52bb891400689752": "the United States Census Bureau considers the San Bernardino and Riverside County areas, Riverside-San Bernardino area", "5705fb7f52bb891400689753": "Orange", "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "Orange Counties, there are some differences in development, as most of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties (the non-desert", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976a": "Mediterranean", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": "rain", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976c": "90-60's", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": "rare", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976e": "90-60's", "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": "Southern California", "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": "geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem", "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes", "5705fd8475f01819005e7843": "Southern California", "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": "the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges", "5705fec152bb89140068977a": "10,000", "5705fec152bb89140068977b": "1994 Northridge earthquake was particularly destructive, causing a substantial number of deaths, injuries, and structural collapses.", "5705fec152bb89140068977c": "magnitude 6.7", "5705fec152bb89140068977d": "Northridge", "5705fec152bb89140068977e": "Northridge", "5705ffde52bb891400689784": "San Andreas Fault", "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "San Andreas Fault", "5705ffde52bb891400689786": "Puente Hills Fault, and the Elsinore Fault Zone", "5705ffde52bb891400689787": "The USGS", "5705ffde52bb891400689788": "The USGS", "570602fa52bb89140068979e": "economically", "570602fa52bb89140068979f": "global recognition", "570602fa52bb8914006897a0": "a city with both national and sometimes global recognition", "570603c475f01819005e7882": "2010 United States Census, southern California has a population of 22,680,010", "570603c475f01819005e7883": "high growth rates", "570603c475f01819005e7884": "10.0%", "570603c475f01819005e7885": "10.0%", "570603c475f01819005e7886": "10.0%", "5706074552bb8914006897d4": "Southern California consists of one Combined Statistical Area, eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas", "5706074552bb8914006897d5": "two extended metropolitan areas that exceed five million in population", "5706074552bb8914006897d6": "five million", "5706074552bb8914006897d7": "Southern Border Region", "5706074552bb8914006897d8": "Southern California consists of one Combined Statistical Area, eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas, one international metropolitan area, and multiple metropolitan divisions.", "570607f575f01819005e78b4": "Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego", "570607f575f01819005e78b5": "Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego", "570607f575f01819005e78b6": "34", "570607f575f01819005e78b7": "twelve cities with more than 200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000", "570607f575f01819005e78b8": "San Bernardino and Riverside", "5706094b52bb8914006897de": "petroleum", "5706094b52bb8914006897df": "Hollywood", "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": "housing bubble", "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": "diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum", "5706094b52bb8914006897e2": "2001\u20132007", "57060a1175f01819005e78d2": "1920s", "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": "cattle and citrus", "57060a1175f01819005e78d5": "citrus", "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": "citrus", "57060a1175f01819005e78d6": "aerospace", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": "major business districts", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f9": "Southern California is home to many major business districts. Central business districts (CBD)", "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": "Southern California is home to many major business districts. Central business districts (CBD) include Downtown Los Angeles", "57060cc352bb89140068980e": "Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale and Downtown Long Beach. Los Angeles itself has many business districts including the Downtown Los Angeles central business district", "57060cc352bb89140068980f": "Downtown Long Beach. Los Angeles itself has many business districts including the Downtown Los Angeles central business district", "57060cc352bb891400689810": "San Fernando Valley", "57060cc352bb891400689811": "Wilshire Boulevard Miracle Mile", "57060df252bb891400689820": "Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town", "57060df252bb891400689821": "Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre", "57060df252bb891400689822": "Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town", "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": "Orange County is a rapidly developing business center that includes Downtown Santa Ana", "57060eaf75f01819005e7911": "University of California, Irvine", "57060eaf75f01819005e7912": "Irvine Tech Center", "57060eaf75f01819005e7913": "South Coast Metro and Newport Center districts", "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": "Downtown Santa Ana", "57060f3e75f01819005e7922": "Downtown", "57060f3e75f01819005e7923": "Downtown", "57060f3e75f01819005e7924": "North County regions", "57060f3e75f01819005e7925": "Downtown San Diego", "570610b275f01819005e792a": "Los Angeles International Airport", "570610b275f01819005e792b": "Southern California is home to Los Angeles International Airport", "570610b275f01819005e792c": "third by international passenger volume", "570610b275f01819005e792d": "San Diego International Airport", "570610b275f01819005e792e": "Van Nuys Airport", "5706111a52bb89140068984c": "Six of the seven lines of the commuter rail system, Metrolink", "5706111a52bb89140068984d": "Six of the seven lines of the commuter rail system, Metrolink", "5706111a52bb89140068984e": "Six", "5706111a52bb89140068984f": "Six", "570611c475f01819005e793c": "Port of Los Angeles", "570611c475f01819005e793d": "Southern California is also home to the Port of Los Angeles, the United States' busiest commercial port; the adjacent Port of Long Beach", "570611c475f01819005e793e": "Southern California is also home to the Port of Los Angeles", "5706139252bb891400689864": "The Tech Coast", "5706139252bb891400689865": "research universities", "5706139252bb891400689866": "The Tech Coast", "5706139252bb891400689867": "5", "5706139252bb891400689868": "5", "5706143575f01819005e7950": "San Diego Chargers", "5706143575f01819005e7951": "Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers", "5706143575f01819005e7952": "Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, San Diego Padres", "5706143575f01819005e7953": "Los Angeles Kings", "5706143575f01819005e7954": "LA Galaxy", "5706149552bb891400689880": "2014 MLS season", "5706149552bb891400689881": "LA Galaxy", "5706149552bb891400689882": "LA Galaxy and Chivas USA \u2014 that both played at the StubHub Center", "5706149552bb891400689883": "StubHub Center", "5706149552bb891400689884": "2018", "570614ff52bb89140068988a": "College sports", "570614ff52bb89140068988b": "USC Trojans", "570614ff52bb89140068988c": "UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans", "570614ff52bb89140068988d": "Pac-12", "570614ff52bb89140068988e": "Pac-12 Conference", "5706155352bb891400689894": "Rugby", "5706155352bb891400689895": "Rugby", "5706155352bb891400689896": "southern California, particularly at the high school level, with increasing numbers of schools adding rugby", "57092322efce8f15003a7db0": "November 1990", "57092322efce8f15003a7db1": "BSkyB", "57092322efce8f15003a7db2": "2014", "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": "British Sky Broadcasting Group plc", "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": "British Sky Broadcasting Limited", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc4": "2007\u201308 season. In May 2006", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc5": "two of the six Premier League packages that the English FA", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": "2007\u201308 season.", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": "2007\u201308 season.", "57094b4f9928a814004714f6": "ONdigital", "57094b4f9928a814004714f7": "ONdigital", "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": "three", "57094b4f9928a814004714f9": "Sky Three", "57094b4f9928a814004714fa": "Sky Three", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": "using a Sky+ PVR", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd7": "September 2007", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": "a monthly fee", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": "a monthly fee to enable Sky+ functions.", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": "BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR", "57094d489928a8140047150a": "VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system", "57094d489928a8140047150b": "NDS, a Cisco Systems company", "57094d489928a8140047150c": "Cisco Systems company", "57094d489928a8140047150d": "BSkyB", "57094d489928a8140047150e": "PVR) offering (branded Sky+", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": "basic channels", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dfe": "2007", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": "increased the asking price", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "asking price", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": "HD", "570960cf200fba1400367f01": "the \"Sky\" trademark", "570960cf200fba1400367f02": "31 July 2013", "570960cf200fba1400367f03": "27 January 2014", "570960cf200fba1400367f04": "OneDrive\" and \"SkyDrive Pro\" becomes \"OneDrive for Business", "570960cf200fba1400367f05": "Business", "570961aa200fba1400367f15": "Sam Chisholm", "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "four", "570961aa200fba1400367f17": "27 September 2001", "570961aa200fba1400367f18": "27 September 2001", "570961aa200fba1400367f19": "3.5 million", "570963a5200fba1400367f33": "British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB", "570963a5200fba1400367f34": "British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB) is a British telecommunications company which serves the United Kingdom", "570963a5200fba1400367f35": "11 million", "570963a5200fba1400367f36": "It was the UK's most popular digital TV service until it was overtaken by Freeview", "57096505ed30961900e84082": "Sky Q Hub) and mobile applications", "57096505ed30961900e84083": "Silver set top boxes", "57096505ed30961900e84084": "The Sky Q Mini set top boxes connect to the Sky Q Silver set top boxes", "57096505ed30961900e84085": "The Sky Q Silver set top box", "57096505ed30961900e84086": "2016", "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": "MPEG-2", "570966e0200fba1400367f50": "Dolby Digital", "570966e0200fba1400367f51": "MPEG-4", "570966e0200fba1400367f52": "Open", "570966e0200fba1400367f53": "DVB-S2", "570967c4ed30961900e840ba": "1998", "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "Astra 2A", "570967c4ed30961900e840bc": "1998", "570967c4ed30961900e840bd": "hundreds", "570967c4ed30961900e840be": "28.5\u00b0E came to be used almost exclusively for channels that broadcast to the United Kingdom", "5709686c200fba1400367f77": "Sky+ HD", "5709686c200fba1400367f78": "40,000", "5709686c200fba1400367f79": "Thomson", "5709686c200fba1400367f7a": "17,000", "5709686c200fba1400367f7b": "4,222,000", "57096b66200fba1400367fa7": "February 2007", "57096b66200fba1400367fa8": "March", "57096b66200fba1400367fa9": "sport", "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "Virgin Media", "57096b66200fba1400367fab": "English Premier League Football", "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": "Some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted", "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": "free-to-air and unencrypted", "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "VideoGuard UK", "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "Ku band", "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "Sky service", "57096e1ced30961900e84102": "autumn of 1991", "57096e1ced30961900e84103": "ITV", "57096e1ced30961900e84104": "\u00a318m to \u00a334m", "57096e1ced30961900e84105": "\u00a3304m", "57096e1ced30961900e84106": "\u00a3304m", "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": "Ofcom", "57096f37200fba1400367fe6": "\u00a315\u2013100,000", "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": "no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG", "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": "picture quality", "57096f37200fba1400367fe9": "content or carriage issues such as picture quality", "57097051ed30961900e84132": "1998", "57097051ed30961900e84133": "1998", "57097051ed30961900e84134": "Sky Active", "57097051ed30961900e84135": "Sky Active", "57097051ed30961900e84136": "100,000", "57097141200fba1400367ff9": "2007", "57097141200fba1400367ffa": "Virgin Media", "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "Video On Demand service", "57097141200fba1400367ffc": "BBC HD", "57097141200fba1400367ffd": "Channel 4", "57097b50200fba140036804d": "10 million", "57097b50200fba140036804e": "25m people", "57097b50200fba140036804f": "August 2004", "57097b50200fba1400368050": "36%", "57097b50200fba1400368051": "growth in subscriber numbers elsewhere in Europe flattened", "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": "a \"Welfare Cash Card", "57097c8fed30961900e841f3": "essentials", "57097c8fed30961900e841f4": "sports channels", "57097c8fed30961900e841f5": "The Daily Mail", "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": "Sky TV bills", "57097d63ed30961900e841fc": "\u00a330m", "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": "additional Video On Demand and High Definition content which had previously been offered by BSkyB", "57097d63ed30961900e841fe": "Virgin Media", "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": "carriage of their respective basic channels", "57097d63ed30961900e84200": "terminate all High Court proceedings against each other relating to the carriage of their respective basic channels", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": "highly diversified", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": "second", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3f": "fourth", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": "Melbourne", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c41": "Melbourne Cricket Ground", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": "Bendigo and its environs", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c48": "New South Wales", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c49": "Buckland Valley near Bright", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4a": "over 1,000", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "cramped", "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "44", "570d26efb3d812140066d490": "five", "570d26efb3d812140066d491": "five", "570d26efb3d812140066d492": "four years", "570d26efb3d812140066d493": "44", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": "Labor", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4": "eastern and outer suburbs, and some rural and regional centres. The Nationals", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": "inner Melbourne", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "working class western and northern suburbs", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7": "Ballarat, Bendigo and Geelong", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bd": "61.1%", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": "About 61.1%", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": "Buddhism", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c0": "168,637", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": "Buddhism", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": "Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne, which is Australia's second-largest city.", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": "Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne, which is Australia's second-largest city.", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "south-east of Australia.", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "Melbourne", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": "Melbourne", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca7": "the Koori", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca8": "east of the 135th meridian east in 1788", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": "Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45caa": "1803", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45cab": "1803", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbb": "west", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbc": "west", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbd": "west", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbe": "90% of Australian pears and third of apples", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbf": "6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) is sown for hay.", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45ccf": "the Victoria Constitution Act 1855, which establishes the Parliament as the state's law-making body for matters coming under state responsibility.", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": "1855 colonial constitution", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1": "the Parliament of Victoria", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": "Parliament of Victoria", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": "Victorian Constitution can be amended by the Parliament of Victoria", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce3": "The Mallee and upper Wimmera are Victoria's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts.", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce4": "32 \u00b0C (90 \u00b0F) during summer and 15 \u00b0C (59 \u00b0F) in winter", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce5": "The Mallee and upper Wimmera", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": "The Mallee and upper Wimmera", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": "2009", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d01": "the Victoria Department of Education . Students do not pay tuition fees, but some extra costs are levied.", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": "the Victoria Department of Education", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": "some extra costs", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d04": "Roman Catholic Church", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": "four", "570d3468b3d812140066d543": "Geelong", "570d3468b3d812140066d544": "Geelong", "570d3468b3d812140066d545": "Geelong", "570d3468b3d812140066d546": "Geelong", "570d3468b3d812140066d547": "Geelong", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54d": "snow-covered", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": "Mount Bogong", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "6,516 ft", "570d35b7b3d812140066d550": "Mount Bogong the highest peak at 1,986 m (6,516 ft).", "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "the helmeted honeyeater", "570d391fb3d812140066d575": "The Victorian Alps", "570d391fb3d812140066d576": "Great Dividing Range", "570d391fb3d812140066d577": "Great Dividing Range", "570d391fb3d812140066d578": "9 \u00b0C (48 \u00b0F)", "570d391fb3d812140066d579": "10.9 \u00b0F) was recorded at Omeo", "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": "government-owned lines. Major operators include: Metro Trains Melbourne", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da0": "Metro Trains Melbourne", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": "the Victorian Government", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": "CFCL Australia", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da3": "runs an extensive, electrified, passenger system", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbd": "37", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbe": "37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": "Legislative Council", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": "Legislative Council", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1": "Linda Dessau", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd7": "1851", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd8": "Bendigo", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": "Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo.", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": "sevenfold", "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": "20 million", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fd": "1,548", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fe": "489", "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": "462,000", "570d44abb3d812140066d600": "63,519", "570d44abb3d812140066d601": "Over 61 per cent", "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "Victoria", "570d4606b3d812140066d61a": "Victoria", "570d4606b3d812140066d61b": "60% of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle and produces nearly two-thirds of the nation's milk, almost 6.4 billion litres", "570d4606b3d812140066d61c": "two-thirds of the nation's milk, almost 6.4 billion litres", "570d4606b3d812140066d61d": "Blacklipped abalone", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d": "1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": "1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge. However, the interstate trunk routes", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": "Victorian lines mainly use the 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge", "570d47b8b3d812140066d630": "mountainous areas.", "570d47b8b3d812140066d631": "tourist railways operating over lines which were once parts of a state-owned system.", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e13": "1788", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": "New South Wales", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15": "New South Wales", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e16": "Sydney", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e31": "1854 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"Eureka Stockade", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33": "1854 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e32": "1854 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"Eureka Stockade", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34": "extend the franchise", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35": "the Colony of Victoria Act 1855", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": "Daniel Andrews", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66e": "The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66f": "Daniel Andrews", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d670": "Daniel Andrews", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": "representatives", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "Victorian agricultural production increased by 17% to $8.7 billion", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7e": "Victorian agricultural production increased by 17%", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": "32,463", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": "136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60%", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": "more than 60%", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": "Major events also play a big part in tourism", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bc": "sports tourism", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd": "Melbourne", "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "Major events also play a big part in tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism and sports tourism", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bf": "Melbourne", "57105da9a58dae1900cd699e": "southern and central parts of France, about one-eighth the number of French Catholics", "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "million", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": "intermittently from 1562 to 1598", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": "intermittently from 1562 to 1598", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "Edict of Nantes", "57106185b654c5140001f8db": "unclear", "57106185b654c5140001f8dd": "Besan\u00e7on Hugues", "57106185b654c5140001f8dc": "Besan\u00e7on Hugues", "57106185b654c5140001f8de": "1560", "57106185b654c5140001f8df": "the Amboise plot of 1560: a foiled attempt to wrest power in France from the influential House of Guise", "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": "Reformed church", "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": "1294, a French version of the Scriptures was prepared by the Roman Catholic priest, Guyard de Moulin.", "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": "The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages", "57106644b654c5140001f8e8": "two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version based on his manuscript, by Jean de R\u00e9ly", "57106644b654c5140001f8e9": "The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8ef": "Montpellier was among the most important of the 66 \"villes de s\u00fbret\u00e9\" that the Edict of 1598", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": "Montpellier", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": "Montpellier was among the most important of the 66 \"villes de s\u00fbret\u00e9\" that the Edict of 1598", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f1": "royal army in 1622", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": "1598", "571077ecb654c5140001f909": "Maria de la Queillerie, wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister)", "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": "Maria de la Queillerie, wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister)", "571077ecb654c5140001f90b": "Maria de la Queillerie, wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister)", "571077ecb654c5140001f90c": "Maria de la Queillerie, wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister)", "571077ecb654c5140001f90d": "Fran\u00e7ois Villion (Viljoen).", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ca": "1624", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cb": "Jess\u00e9 de Forest", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cc": "Jess\u00e9 de Forest", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cd": "L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": "Jess\u00e9 de Forest", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "Rev. Elie Prioleau from the town of Pons in France, was among the first to settle there.", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "Rev. Elie Prioleau", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e2": "Rev. Elie Prioleau from the town of Pons in France", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e0": "British Crown in 1697", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": "Carolina", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": "Stadtholder William III of Orange", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": "League of Augsburg", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": "League of Augsburg", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": "Republic", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ec": "1672", "57107d73b654c5140001f91d": "Edict of Fontainebleau (1685)", "57107d73b654c5140001f91e": "1685)", "57107d73b654c5140001f91f": "Edict of Fontainebleau (1685", "57107d73b654c5140001f920": "500,000", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f2": "The Catholic Church in France", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": "St.", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": "St. Bartholomew's Day massacre when 5,000 to 30,000", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "their own militia", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f6": "St. Bartholomew's Day", "57108073b654c5140001f927": "the French Crown", "57108073b654c5140001f926": "the French Crown", "57108073b654c5140001f928": "1620", "57108073b654c5140001f929": "1620", "57108073b654c5140001f925": "1620", "57108198b654c5140001f937": "one million", "57108198b654c5140001f938": "one million", "57108198b654c5140001f939": "one million", "57108198b654c5140001f93a": "Alsace", "57108198b654c5140001f93b": "French Australians", "57108c95b654c5140001f979": "21 miles", "57108c95b654c5140001f97a": "New Paltz", "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": "National Historic Landmark site", "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": "\"Huguenot Street", "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": "south shore of Staten Island along the New York Harbor, for which the current neighborhood of Huguenot", "57108d69b654c5140001f983": "the Dutch Republic", "57108d69b654c5140001f984": "75,000 to 100,000 people. Amongst them were 200 clergy.", "57108d69b654c5140001f985": "ca. 2 million", "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "full citizens rights to Huguenot immigrants, followed by the Dutch Republic in 1715", "57108d69b654c5140001f987": "75,000 to 100,000 people.", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1a": "ghost of le roi Huguet", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1b": "King Hugo", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1c": "le roi Huguet", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1d": "\u00e9s", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1e": "the pr\u00e9tendus r\u00e9form\u00e9s", "571090abb654c5140001f995": "a block of houses in Turnagain Lane", "571090abb654c5140001f996": "Turnagain Lane", "571090abb654c5140001f997": "Walloons", "571090abb654c5140001f998": "Walloons", "571090abb654c5140001f999": "Turnagain Lane", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a41": "Cork City; and D'Olier Street in Dublin, named after a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a42": "Dublin", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43": "Dublin", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a44": "1696", "57109275b654c5140001f99f": "The exodus of Huguenots from France", "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "Huguenots", "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": "non-Catholics", "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": "Seven Years' War)", "57109275b654c5140001f9a3": "1759-60", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": "Henry of Navarre", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5d": "1598, when Henry of Navarre", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": "Nantes", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": "interests", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "Henry of Navarre", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": "Catholics", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": "forbade Protestant services", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a68": "Four thousand", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a69": "Catholics and were called \"new converts", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": "Four thousand", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a76": "Switzerland and the Netherlands", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a77": "in 1555", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a78": "Fort Coligny, was built to protect them from attack from the Portuguese troops and Brazilian Native Americans", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a79": "1560", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a7a": "a declaration of faith", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": "Afrikaans-speaking, have surnames indicating their French Huguenot", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a87": "du Randt (Durand), du Toit, Duvenhage(Du Vinage)", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": "Western Cape province", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a89": "indicating their French Huguenot", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": "Paul Revere", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a99": "Paul Revere", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9a": "Charleston, South Carolina", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9b": "Manakin Episcopal Church", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": "Texas", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "Some Huguenots", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": "Bucks Point", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab4": "twenty-five widows who settled in Dover", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": "first half of the eighteenth century and lace with Mechlin patterns and Lille ground", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b3": "Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b4": "one-fifth", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": "the French language in their church services", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": "Napoleon in 1806-07", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": "French language in their church services for nearly a century.", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": "Elector", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": "fled to surrounding Protestant countries", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": "the Camisards", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": "Huguenots (with estimates ranging from 200,000 to 1,000,000)", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b2a": "1702 and 1709", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": "Norman Huguenots under the leadership of Jean Ribault established the small colony of Fort Caroline", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": "Jean Ribault", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": "Fort Caroline", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b33": "September 1565 French naval attack against the new Spanish colony at St. Augustine", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b34": "Fort Caroline", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": "Charlesfort", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": "St. Augustine", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa19": "Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s, who established the settlement of St. Augustine near Fort Caroline", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1a": "St. Augustine", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": "Parris Island, South Carolina", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a": "20", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b": "Lower Norfolk County", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c": "20 miles above the falls of the James River", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": "390", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "20 miles above the falls of the James River, at the abandoned Monacan village known as Manakin Town, now in Powhatan County.", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": "1568\u20131609", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": "Low Countries", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2d": "William the Silent", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2e": "William the Silent", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "House of Orange-Nassau", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": "Andrew Lortie (born Andr\u00e9 Lortie)", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b61": "1708 passage of the Foreign Protestants", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b62": "50,000", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b63": "Andrew Lortie", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": "the Pope", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": "William of Orange", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b73": "William of Orange", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": "Killeshandra in County Cavan, contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen industry.", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b75": "Killeshandra in County Cavan, contributed to the expansion of flax", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b76": "Irish linen industry", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa45": "Prince Louis de Cond\u00e9", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa46": "Prince Louis de Cond\u00e9", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": "Prince Louis de Cond\u00e9", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa48": "1890s", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa49": "1604", "5711119cb654c5140001fae3": "Electorate of the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy of Prussia", "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "freely", "5711119cb654c5140001fae6": "The bulk of Huguenot \u00e9migr\u00e9s", "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": "freely", "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": "Dutch Cape Colony", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": "Hugues Capet", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": "Hugues Capet", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bce": "Janet Gray", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": "Hugues Capet", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bd0": "French language", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6": "Jacques Lefevre", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": "Gallican Roman Catholics", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8": "Olivetan", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "William Farel", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda": "Jean Cauvin (John Calvin), another student at the University of Paris, also converted to Protestantism.", "57111428b654c5140001faff": "24 August", "57111428b654c5140001fb00": "Paris", "57111428b654c5140001fb01": "3,000", "57111428b654c5140001fb02": "1573", "57111429b654c5140001fb03": "almost 25,000", "571114cfb654c5140001fb09": "Louis XIV", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": "Louis XIV gained the throne in 1643", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "Louis XIV gained the throne in 1643", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0c": "closed", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0d": "military troops", "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": "Westchester", "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": "Davenports Neck called \"Bauffet's Point", "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": "England", "5711163bb654c5140001fb16": "Davenports Neck called \"Bauffet's Point", "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": "stone", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "often married outside their immediate French communities, which led to their assimilation.", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "the French", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": "Huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate French communities, which led to their assimilation.", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": "well into the nineteenth century", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c04": "E.I. du Pont, a former student of Lavoisier, established the Eleutherian gunpowder mills", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0a": "Pierre Bayle", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0b": "Rotterdam", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0c": "Pierre Bayle", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": "100 foundational texts of the US Library of Congress", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0e": "Nicolas", "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "French Protestant Church of London", "57111992b654c5140001fb44": "1550", "57111992b654c5140001fb45": "Soho Square", "57111992b654c5140001fb46": "Shoreditch, London", "57111992b654c5140001fb47": "Black Eagle", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "Around 1685", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Angerm\u00fcnde) by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia.", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3e": "Edict of Potsdam", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Angerm\u00fcnde) by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": "Brandenburg-Prussia, where they were granted special privileges (Edict of Potsdam) and churches in which to worship (such as the Church of St.", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": "Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c51": "Theodor Fontane", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": "Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, invited Huguenots to settle in his realms,", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53": "Lothar de Maizi\u00e8re", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c54": "Lothar de Maizi\u00e8re, is also a descendant of a Huguenot family, as is the German Federal Minister of the Interior", "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": "solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy", "57112686b654c5140001fbd4": "the Rankine cycle", "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": "steam", "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": "high pressure", "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": "external combustion engines", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": "the atmospheric engine", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb3": "Thomas Newcomen", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb4": "Thomas Newcomen", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": "Thomas Newcomen", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": "Thomas Newcomen", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc4": "Richard Trevithick", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc5": "21 February 1804", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "21 February 1804", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": "Abercynon in south Wales", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc8": "south Wales", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0e": "a water pump", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0f": "multi-stage centrifugal pumps", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d10": "1850s", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": "an injector, which uses a steam jet usually supplied from the boiler. Injectors became popular in the 1850s", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": "an injector", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d18": "multiple expansion engine. Such engines use either three or four", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d19": "multiple expansion engine", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": "the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing 'system' was used on some marine triple expansion engines", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": "the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": "Olympic class", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": "trip mechanisms or cams profiled", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": "Joy", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24": "exhaust side remains open", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": "Lead fusible plugs", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "the crown of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": "steam escapes", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": "Lead", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": "Lead", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d28": "James Watt", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d29": "ten", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2a": "ten", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2b": "ten", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2c": "stationary", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": "the first century AD", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d33": "the first century AD", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d34": "Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d35": "Giovanni Branca", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d36": "1606", "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": "compound engines", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2a": "expansions", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": "shipping", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": "the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": "double and triple expansion engines being common, especially in shipping", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": "the use of steam turbines", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "late part of the 19th century. Steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines (for outputs above several hundred horsepower)", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5c": "several hundred", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5d": "90%", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5e": "steam turbines", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": "various sources, most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (called variously combustion chamber, firebox)", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6f": "air", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": "solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine or industrial process", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71": "electric", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d80": "the steam engine indicator", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81": "1851", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d82": "Charles Porter", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d83": "Charles Richard", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84": "Charles Richard", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a": "LP", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8b": "180\u00b0", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "LP cranks were either set at 90\u00b0", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": "counterflow), entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same port", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3e": "counterflow), entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same port", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": "one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes", "5711488ab654c5140001fc40": "four", "5711488ab654c5140001fc41": "four", "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": "direction", "57114aceb654c5140001fc48": "counterflow", "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": "superior part-load performance", "57114b1a2419e31400955575": "simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder", "57114b1a2419e31400955576": "trunnion", "57114b1a2419e31400955577": "simplicity", "57114b1a2419e31400955578": "ships", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53": "Rankine cycle", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54": "water", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": "Mercury", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": "Mercury", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": "the working fluid", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": "565 \u00b0C", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": "stainless steel", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": "63%", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": "30 \u00b0C", "57114f0050c2381900b54a65": "Steam engines", "57114f0050c2381900b54a66": "railway locomotives, ships, steamboats and road vehicles", "57114f0050c2381900b54a67": "Stanley Steamer", "57114f0050c2381900b54a68": "commercial use driving machinery in factories, mills and mines; powering pumping stations", "57114f0050c2381900b54a69": "increase", "571153422419e3140095557d": "Catch Me Who Can", "571153422419e3140095557e": "Matthew Murray", "571153422419e3140095557f": "Matthew Murray", "571153422419e31400955580": "Matthew Murray", "571153422419e31400955581": "Stockton and Darlington Railway", "5711541350c2381900b54a6f": "Arthur Woolf", "5711541350c2381900b54a70": "1804", "5711541350c2381900b54a71": "torque variability", "5711541350c2381900b54a72": "larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume", "571154c72419e31400955587": "80%", "571154c72419e31400955588": "80%", "571154c72419e31400955589": "80%", "571154c72419e3140095558a": "80%", "571154c72419e3140095558b": "reduction", "571155ae2419e31400955591": "Rankine cycle", "571155ae2419e31400955592": "a condenser", "571155ae2419e31400955593": "about 90%", "571155ae2419e31400955594": "90% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all solar, biomass", "571155ae2419e31400955595": "Macquorn", "571156152419e3140095559b": "duty", "571156152419e3140095559f": "25 million, but averaged about 17", "571156152419e3140095559e": "7 million", "571156152419e3140095559d": "94", "571156152419e3140095559c": "Watt", "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": "Reciprocating piston type steam engines", "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": "Reciprocating piston", "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": "Reciprocating piston type steam engines", "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": "Reciprocating piston type steam engines", "57115b2850c2381900b54a7f": "a water pump, developed in 1698 by Thomas Savery", "57115b2850c2381900b54a80": "a water pump", "57115b2850c2381900b54a81": "a water pump", "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": "Thomas Savery", "57115b2850c2381900b54a83": "John Smeaton", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": "Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": "Oliver Evans", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8b": "1800", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": "transport", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": "adoption of the steam engine", "57115bf350c2381900b54a93": "Energiprojekt AB in Sweden", "57115bf350c2381900b54a94": "Sweden", "57115bf350c2381900b54a95": "Sweden", "57115bf350c2381900b54a96": "8.8 lb", "57115bf350c2381900b54a97": "27-30%", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": "surface condensers", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": "automobile radiator", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": "CHP", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa0": "wet", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa1": "3600 cubic metres", "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": "centrifugal governor", "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": "centrifugal governor", "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": "James Watt", "57115dbe2419e314009555a8": "cotton spinning", "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": "James Watt", "57115e532419e314009555af": "1880", "57115e532419e314009555b0": "railway locomotives", "57115e532419e314009555b1": "railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated", "57115e532419e314009555b2": "1930", "57115e532419e314009555b3": "road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": "shortening the cutoff", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa8": "\"kick back", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": "choking", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aaa": "fixed length", "57115f652419e314009555b9": "1606", "57115f652419e314009555ba": "Spanish inventor Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606.", "57115f652419e314009555bb": "1606", "57115f652419e314009555bc": "Thomas Savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped.", "57115f652419e314009555bd": "1712", "57115ff82419e314009555c3": "rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft, alternating with a series of stators (static discs", "57115ff82419e314009555c4": "rotating discs", "57115ff82419e314009555c5": "static discs", "57115ff82419e314009555c6": "discs", "57115ff82419e314009555c7": "60 Hertz power, 3000 RPM", "5711607f2419e314009555cd": "lower", "5711607f2419e314009555ce": "electric motors", "5711607f2419e314009555cf": "steam turbine plant", "5711607f2419e314009555d0": "Advanced Steam movement", "5711607f2419e314009555d1": "pollution", "571161092419e314009555d7": "Wankel engine", "571161092419e314009555d8": "Wankel engine", "571161092419e314009555d9": "difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight", "5711619950c2381900b54aaf": "James Watt", "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": "James Watt", "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": "half", "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": "coal", "5711619950c2381900b54ab3": "a piston into the partial vacuum", "5711623e50c2381900b54ab9": "two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high", "5711623e50c2381900b54aba": "plug valve in the top of a boiler. One end of the lever carried a weight or spring", "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": "spring-loaded valve", "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": "a seal illegally is broken", "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": "accidents", "5711628a2419e314009555dd": "Corliss steam engine", "5711628a2419e314009555de": "1849", "5711628a2419e314009555e1": "30%", "5711628a2419e314009555df": "four", "5711628a2419e314009555e0": "Rumford medal", "571163172419e314009555e7": "the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure and knowledge of properties of heat and steam.", "571163172419e314009555e8": "Watt", "571163172419e314009555e9": "the separate condenser", "571163172419e314009555ea": "Joseph Black", "571163172419e314009555eb": "latent heat", "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": "lower heat addition temperature", "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": "little work is required to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase", "5711648850c2381900b54ac5": "condensing the fluid, the work required by the pump consumes only 1% to 3%", "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": "1500 \u00b0C", "5711651050c2381900b54acb": "an injector", "5711651050c2381900b54acc": "pumps", "5711651050c2381900b54acd": "superheaters", "5711651050c2381900b54ace": "a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel", "5711651050c2381900b54acf": "a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": "feed water", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad6": "British invention", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7": "high vessel speed was not essential. It was however superseded by the British invention steam turbine", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8": "the expansion engine", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad9": "1905", "571166352419e314009555f1": "heating water", "571166352419e314009555f2": "heating water", "571166352419e314009555f3": "an electrical generator", "571166352419e314009555f4": "an electrical generator", "571166352419e314009555f5": "Sweden", "5711669550c2381900b54adf": "Carnot cycle", "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": "heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in the condenser", "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": "constant pressure", "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": "isothermal (constant temperature) processes in the theoretical Carnot cycle", "5711669550c2381900b54ae3": "a pump", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": "8", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium", "571a484210f8ca1400304fc0": "two", "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": "silicon dioxide, making up almost half of the crust's mass", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": "Diatomic oxygen gas", "571bb2269499d21900609ca9": "20.8%", "571bb2269499d21900609caa": "silicon dioxide", "571bb2269499d21900609cab": "8", "571bb2269499d21900609cad": "a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.", "571bb2269499d21900609cac": "oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium", "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": "8", "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": "chalcogen group", "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": "oxides", "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": "third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium", "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": "dioxygen", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94a": "photosynthesis", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": "sunlight", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": "high-altitude ozone layer", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09c": "oxygen", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09d": "water", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09e": "water", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": "sunlight", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c0a0": "ozone", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": "Robert Boyle", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd6": "John Mayow", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": "nitroaereus", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": "1641\u20131679", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a6": "Robert Boyle", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": "spiritus nitroaereus", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "Robert Boyle", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": "John Mayow (1641\u20131679) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0aa": "John Mayow (1641\u20131679) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": "August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": "August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": "HgO)", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": "mercuric oxide", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": "August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": "dephlogisticated air", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b2": "August 1, 1774", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": "mercuric oxide", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b4": "dephlogisticated air", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "2nd century BCE Greek writer on mechanics", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fde": "2nd century BCE", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": "2nd century BCE", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "fire", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0ba": "2nd century BCE", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bb": "fire", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bc": "Byzantium. In his work Pneumatica", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bd": "Byzantium.", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0be": "a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": "Highly concentrated sources of oxygen", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a961": "Oxygen", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a962": "high oxidative potential, such as peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": "Oxygen", "571cebc05efbb31900334e49": "heat", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": "high oxidative potential, such as peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates", "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": "Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": "Highly concentrated", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "compounds of oxygen", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a968": "Concentrated O\n2", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": "Concentrated O\n2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically. Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96a": "slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 1\u20443", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": "Concentrated O\n2", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": "Concentrated O\n2", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": "Concentrated O\n2", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a2": "Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a4": "Apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure O\n2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": "magnesium and iron", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe7": "carbon dioxide", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe5": "magnesium and iron", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3e": "carbon dioxide", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3f": "carbon dioxide (CO\n2). The Earth's crustal rock is composed in large part of oxides of silicon", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": "magnesium and iron", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": "magnesium and iron", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": "oxygen", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "were monatomic", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c5": "John Dalton's original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic and that the atoms in compounds would normally have the simplest atomic ratios", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": "HO", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": "Joseph", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c8": "Amedeo Avogadro had arrived at the correct interpretation of water's composition, based on what is now called Avogadro's law", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "phlogiston", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": "phlogiston; whereas non-combustible substances that corrode, such as iron", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d0": "coal", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d1": "metals", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d2": "lighter", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "covalent double bond", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "a bond order of two", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": "sequential, low-to-high energy", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "chemically bonded to each other", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "a bond order of two", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2": "Uppsala, in 1773", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e3": "1777", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e5": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": "1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ec": "two", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": "triplet oxygen", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ee": "Because of its unpaired electrons, triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": "triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0f0": "antibonding", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": "part of the trapped air had been consumed. He also noted that the tin had increased in weight", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": "increase in weight", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": "increased in weight", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f9": "book Sur la combustion en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": "azote", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": "Trioxygen (O\n3) is usually known as ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue.", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c101": "damaging to lung tissue. Ozone is produced in the upper atmosphere", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c102": "lung tissue. Ozone is produced in the upper atmosphere", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c103": "protective radiation shield", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c104": "UV region of the spectrum", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10a": "dioxygen, O\n2", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": "dioxygen, O\n2", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "dioxygen, O\n2. It is the form", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": "dioxygen, O\n2", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": "complex forms of life, such as animals", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114": "James Dewar", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c115": "1891", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116": "1895", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": "oxyacetylene", "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "Oxygen", "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": "temperature", "571c96095efbb31900334dbe": "14.6 mg\u00b7L\u22121) dissolves at 0 \u00b0C than at 20 \u00b0C (7.6 mg\u00b7L\u22121).", "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": "nitrogen", "571c96095efbb31900334dc0": "7", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": "49.2%", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11f": "third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c120": "About 0.9%", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "49.2%", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c122": "ultraviolet radiation impacting oxygen-containing molecules such as carbon dioxide", "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": "late 19th", "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": "By the late 19th century scientists realized that air could be liquefied, and its components isolated, by compressing and cooling it", "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": "Swiss chemist and physicist Raoul Pierre Pictet", "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "1883", "571caac55efbb31900334dca": "March 29, 1883", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": "silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed Genesis spacecraft has shown that the Sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd1": "oxygen-16", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": "Genesis", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd3": "depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's disk of protoplanetary material", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd4": "depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's disk of protoplanetary material", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": "Singlet oxygen", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": "towards common organic molecules", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": "water", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12b": "water during photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight. It is also produced in the troposphere", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12c": "tissues", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "the water molecules", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": "oxygen-18 and oxygen-16", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": "12%", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": "oxygen isotope ratio cycle).", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": "snow and rain", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c": "687 and 760 nm", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d": "to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "vegetation canopies", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": "the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140": "vegetation canopies", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": "oxygen", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c147": "liquid oxygen", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": "the spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": "magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c14a": "negative exchange energy between neighboring O\n2 molecules. Liquid oxygen is attracted to a magnet", "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": "superoxide ion (O\u2212\n2) and hydrogen peroxide (H\n2O\n2), are dangerous", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": "Parts of the immune system of higher organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddc": "hypersensitive response", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": "superoxide ion (O\u2212\n2) and hydrogen peroxide (H\n2O\n2)", "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": "about 2.5 billion years ago", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": "90.20 K", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de5": "90.20 K (\u2212182.95 \u00b0C, \u2212297.31 \u00b0F)", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": "liquid nitrogen", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de7": "liquid nitrogen", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "It is a highly reactive substance", "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "solution in the world's water bodies", "571cc8815efbb31900334def": "Free oxygen", "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": "higher oxygen content", "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": "plant nutrients such as nitrates or phosphates may stimulate growth of algae", "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "biochemical oxygen demand", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c150": "Free oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in Earth's atmosphere before photosynthetic archaea and bacteria", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": "Paleoproterozoic eon", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c152": "banded iron formations", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "1.7 billion years ago", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": "free oxygen began to out", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "unusually high concentration of oxygen gas", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": "The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": "The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth is the result of the oxygen cycle.", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": "photosynthesis", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": "oxygen", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df8": "O\n2 gas", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df9": "nitrogen", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "nitrogen", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": "Oxygen", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfc": "nitrogen", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "water", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c165": "molecular oxygen and hydrogen", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": "zirconium dioxide by either high pressure or an electric current, to produce nearly pure O\n2 gas", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": "molecular oxygen and hydrogen", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": "electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": "recreational use in oxygen bars and in sports", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16f": "higher than normal O\n2 exposure for a fee.", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": "enriched O\n2", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c172": "a placebo effect", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": "enriched O\n2", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": "gas gangrene", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e04": "the heme group of hemoglobin", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05": "bacteria", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": "increasing its partial pressure helps kill them. Decompression sickness", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17b": "oxygen supplementation", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": "increases oxygen levels", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c178": "O\n2", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": "gaseous oxygen", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": "chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": "its electronegativity", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": "FeO", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "chemical bonds with almost all other elements", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": "thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": "O\n2", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": "chemical oxygen generators above each seat, causing oxygen masks to drop.", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18f": "chemical oxygen generators above each seat", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c190": "oxygen gas", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c196": "high pressure", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": "high pressure oxygen tanks, cryogenics and chemical compounds", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": "a liquid", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c199": "smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": "high pressure oxygen tanks, cryogenics and chemical compounds", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": "Acetone ((CH\n3)\n2CO) and phenol (C\n6H\n5OH)", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": "alcohols", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": "Acetone ((CH\n3)\n2CO) and phenol (C\n6H\n5OH", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "three atoms", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e10": "aldehydes (R-CO-H)", "571cde695efbb31900334e16": "The element is found in almost all biomolecules that are important to (or generated by) life.", "571cde695efbb31900334e17": "squalene and the carotenes, contain no oxygen", "571cde695efbb31900334e18": "carbohydrates", "571cde695efbb31900334e19": "proteins", "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": "bones as calcium phosphate and hydroxylapatite", "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": "Oxygen toxicity to the lungs and central nervous system", "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": "O\n2 partial pressure more than 60 kPa can eventually lead to permanent pulmonary fibrosis", "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": "160 kPa (about 1.6 atm", "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": "Acute oxygen toxicity", "571ce3745efbb31900334e24": "seizures", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": "low total pressures", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2b": "low", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": "30", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "low total pressures", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "low total pressures", "571ce6655efbb31900334e34": "elevated partial pressures", "571ce6655efbb31900334e35": "50 kilopascals", "571ce6655efbb31900334e36": "kPa), equal to about 50%", "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": "elevated partial pressures", "571ce6655efbb31900334e38": "volume", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952d": "October 1973", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952e": "By the end of the embargo", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952f": "1979", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89530": "1979", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89531": "March 1974", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": "disassociate themselves from United States foreign policy in the Middle East", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": "multi", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2a": "January 18, 1974", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2b": "March 1974", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": "August 15, 1971", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": "dollar", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": "a depreciation of the dollar and other industrialized nations' currencies", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4d": "August 15, 1971", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": "decreased", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": "less than two percent", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd4": "1971", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": "gold", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": "the price had also remained fairly stable", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bd": "October 6, 1973", "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "Iran", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bf": "ten", "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": "Iran", "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": "Weeks", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "70%", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "70%", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": "five percent", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ee": "$2.2 billion", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": "Libya", "57261dab38643c19005ad037": "100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades for helping spread its fundamentalist interpretation of Islam, known as Wahhabism", "57261dab38643c19005ad038": "violent Sunni extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda and the Taliban", "57261dab38643c19005ad039": "the Middle East", "57261dab38643c19005ad03a": "aid", "57261dab38643c19005ad03b": "Wahhabism", "57261f9f271a42140099d4a9": "reduced productivity", "57261f9f271a42140099d4aa": "the USSR", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ab": "equality between both parties prior to 1973", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": "Kissinger's dominance", "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": "embargo", "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": "price increases", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0": "Macroeconomic problems", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": "Arctic", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "five to ten years", "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": "Netherlands", "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": "almost uninterrupted supplies", "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": "The UK", "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": "Israelis", "5726487b5951b619008f6ee1": "1967", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": "unaffected", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": "the embargo", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": "coal miners and railroad workers", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": "Norway", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db3a": "Sweden", "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "Price controls", "57264cac708984140094c1b4": "investment", "57264cac708984140094c1b5": "creating greater scarcity", "57264cac708984140094c1b7": "rationing", "57264d9edd62a815002e80fe": "William E. Simon", "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff": "William E. Simon", "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "to coordinate the response to the embargo", "57264d9edd62a815002e8101": "20%", "57264efddd62a815002e8134": "89", "57264efddd62a815002e8135": "89", "57264efddd62a815002e8136": "89 km/h) speed limit", "57264efddd62a815002e8137": "Bill Clinton", "57264efddd62a815002e8138": "1977", "572650325951b619008f6fa9": "energy crisis", "572650325951b619008f6faa": "single-shot solutions", "572650325951b619008f6fab": "politically expedient", "57265200708984140094c237": "1973", "57265200708984140094c238": "1973", "57265200708984140094c239": "10 years", "57265200708984140094c23a": "10 years", "57265360dd62a815002e819a": "Japan", "57265360dd62a815002e819b": "71%", "57265360dd62a815002e819c": "November 7, 1973", "57265360dd62a815002e819d": "November 22", "57265360dd62a815002e819e": "By December 25", "57265526708984140094c2bd": "USSR's invasion of Afghanistan", "57265526708984140094c2be": "increased American weapons sales, technology, and outright military presence. Saudi Arabia and Iran", "57265526708984140094c2bf": "By 1979", "57265526708984140094c2c0": "increased military competition between them over increased oil revenues", "57265526708984140094c2c1": "November 1979", "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": "reduced the demand for large cars", "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": "four cylinder engines", "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": "four", "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": "unibody construction and front-wheel drive", "572659535951b619008f703f": "1981", "572659535951b619008f7040": "small size of the first Japanese compacts", "572659535951b619008f7041": "added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the", "572659535951b619008f7042": "Infiniti", "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": "Toyota Hilux and the Datsun Truck", "57265a58dd62a815002e8271": "Dodge D-50", "57265a58dd62a815002e8272": "Ford, Chrysler, and GM", "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": "Ford Ranger, Dodge Dakota and the Chevrolet S10/GMC S-15", "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": "smaller", "57265bdfdd62a815002e829f": "four", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "1985", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": "The Cadillac DeVille and Fleetwood, Buick Electra, Oldsmobile 98, Lincoln Continental, Mercury Marquis, and various other luxury oriented sedans", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": "lower price models such as the Chevrolet Bel Air, and Ford Galaxie 500", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b8": "1977", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b9": "1981", "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": "1974 Mustang I were a prelude to the DOT \"downsize\"", "57265e11708984140094c3bb": "1981", "57265e11708984140094c3bc": "less than $10 per barrel. Adjusted for inflation, oil briefly fell back to pre-1973", "57265e11708984140094c3bd": "pushing prices down, shrinking or eliminating", "57265e11708984140094c3be": "$40 per barrel", "5725b41838643c19005acb7f": "Project Mercury which put the first Americans in space, Apollo was later dedicated to President John F.", "5725b41838643c19005acb80": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished landing the first humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972.", "5725b41838643c19005acb81": "1968", "5725b41838643c19005acb82": "Project Mercury which put the first Americans in space", "5725b41838643c19005acb83": "two-man Project Gemini", "5725b56589a1e219009abd20": "1961 to 1972", "5725b56589a1e219009abd21": "Gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the Apollo missions", "5725b56589a1e219009abd22": "Soviet Union", "5725b56589a1e219009abd23": "Skylab", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd40": "1967", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd41": "1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd42": "Budget cuts", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd43": "Five", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd44": "an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon, which disabled the command spacecraft's propulsion and life support.", "5725b77889a1e219009abd54": "8", "5725b77889a1e219009abd55": "17", "5725b77889a1e219009abd56": "842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks and soil", "5725b77889a1e219009abd57": "avionics, telecommunications, and computers", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d453": "one", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d454": "three astronauts. Possible missions included ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings.", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d455": "Abe Silverstein", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d457": "Eisenhower administration in early 1960, as a follow-up to Project Mercury", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d456": "Eisenhower administration in early 1960, as a follow-up to Project Mercury", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7": "July 1960, NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe8": "Maxime Faget", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe9": "three", "5725ba5038643c19005acbea": "Hugh L. Dryden", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c7": "John F. Kennedy", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c8": "Soviet Union", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9": "financial commitment required by a manned Moon landing", "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca": "James E. Webb", "5725bb34271a42140099d0cb": "missile gap\" that he and many other senators felt had formed between the Soviets and themselves due to the inaction of President Eisenhower", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1d": "April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1e": "Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1f": "many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that America would catch up.", "5725bc7138643c19005acc20": "ensuring that America would catch up. Kennedy was circumspect", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc31": "April", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc32": "April 20, Kennedy sent a memo to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc33": "April", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34": "Kennedy", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a5": "Robert R. Gilruth", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a6": "Robert R. Gilruth", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a7": "MSC", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a8": "MSC", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a9": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station launch facilities in Florida", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdce": "mammoth rocket required for the manned lunar mission, so land acquisition was started in July 1961", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdcf": "Kurt H. Debus", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd0": "July 1961 for a Launch Operations Center (LOC) immediately north of Canaveral at Merritt Island", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd1": "Kennedy", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd7": "three", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd8": "Apollo spacecraft could be tested in two vacuum chambers capable of simulating atmospheric pressure at altitudes up to 250,000 feet (76 km", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd9": "250,000 feet (76 km", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd6": "an Operations and Checkout Building", "5725c123271a42140099d131": "Dr. George E. Mueller", "5725c123271a42140099d132": "Robert Seamans", "5725c123271a42140099d133": "D. Brainerd Holmes", "5725c123271a42140099d134": "Manned Spacecraft Center (Gilruth) Marshall Space Flight Center (von Braun) and the Launch Operations Center", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6b": "his", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6c": "General Samuel C. Phillips", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6d": "General Samuel C. Phillips", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6e": "Director", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6f": "Apollo Program Director", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44": "a rendezvous \u2014let alone a docking\u2014 neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit.", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe45": "early 1961", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe46": "Robert Seamans", "5725c604271a42140099d185": "Nicholas E. Golovin", "5725c604271a42140099d186": "an ad-hoc committee", "5725c604271a42140099d187": "Manned Spacecraft Center", "5725c604271a42140099d188": "Joseph Shea", "5725c604271a42140099d189": "Manned Spacecraft Center", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d531": "Jerome Wiesner", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d532": "Golovin", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d533": "his own \"Space Vehicle Panel", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d534": "July 11, 1962", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a1": "Wiesner", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a2": "No, that's no good", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a3": "Lunar Excursion Module", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a4": "Grumman", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d577": "\"lifeboat", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578": "a \"lifeboat", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d579": "provided propulsion, electrical power and life support", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d57a": "1964", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c1": "cone", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c2": "Kennedy's Moon landing goal became official, detailed design began of a Command/Service Module (CSM)", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c3": "two", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec8": "Command Module (CM) was the conical crew cabin", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec9": "The Command Module", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abeca": "an ablative heat shield", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecb": "The Command Module (CM)", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecc": "12,250 pounds", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1b": "A cylindrical Service Module (SM) supported the Command Module, with a service propulsion engine and an RCS", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1c": "S-band", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1d": "A cylindrical Service Module", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1e": "51,300 pounds (23,300 kg) fully fueled", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1f": "an orbital scientific instrument package", "5725cda338643c19005acd3f": "North American Aviation", "5725cda338643c19005acd40": "twice", "5725cda338643c19005acd41": "1964", "5725cda338643c19005acd42": "Saturn V", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0a": "two astronauts on the Moon and take them back to orbit to rendezvous with the Command Module", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0b": "fly through the Earth's atmosphere", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0d": "33,300 pounds (15,100 kg", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0e": "over 3 days", "5725d01989a1e219009abf28": "Wernher von Braun", "5725d01989a1e219009abf29": "Army", "5725d01989a1e219009abf2b": "lunar orbit rendezvous", "5725d0e3271a42140099d235": "dummy upper stages filled with water", "5725d0e3271a42140099d236": "1964 and 1965", "5725d0e3271a42140099d237": "AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965", "5725d0e3271a42140099d238": "verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts", "5725d2ef271a42140099d255": "The Saturn IB", "5725d2ef271a42140099d256": "7,120 kN), and the second stage replaced the S-IV with the S-IVB-200", "5725d2ef271a42140099d257": "second stage replaced the S-IV with the S-IVB-200", "5725d2ef271a42140099d258": "18,100 kg", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65b": "three-stage Saturn V", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65c": "10.1 m) in diameter and stood 363 feet (110.6 m) tall", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65d": "liquid hydrogen", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65e": "liquid hydrogen", "5725d51589a1e219009abf6e": "Gemini veterans", "5725d51589a1e219009abf6f": "All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans", "5725d51589a1e219009abf70": "Dr. Harrison Schmitt", "5725d51589a1e219009abf71": "17", "5725d51589a1e219009abf72": "Dr.", "5725d61038643c19005acdd3": "the Distinguished Service Medal", "5725d61038643c19005acdd4": "the Distinguished Service Medal", "5725d61038643c19005acdd5": "1969", "5725d61038643c19005acdd6": "Walter M. Schirra, Donn Eisele, and Walter Cunningham, were awarded the lesser NASA Exceptional Service Medal", "5725d61038643c19005acdd7": "Apollo 8", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde7": "LC-34", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde8": "February 26", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9": "August 25, reached 617.1 nautical miles (1,142.9 km)", "5725d6cb38643c19005acdea": "Service Module engine", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf90": "LM", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91": "207/208", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92": "lunar surface EVA suit would include a water-cooled undergarment", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93": "water-cooled", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf94": "titled Commander (CDR) Command Module Pilot (CMP) and Lunar Module Pilot", "5725d8a3271a42140099d28f": "January 1966", "5725d8a3271a42140099d290": "Chaffee", "5725d8a3271a42140099d291": "January 1966", "5725d8a3271a42140099d292": "Grissom", "5725d8a3271a42140099d293": "Deke Slayton", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69b": "Its Saturn IB was allocated to the dual mission, now redesignated AS-205/208 or AS-258", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69c": "December 1966", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69d": "redesignated AS-205/208", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69e": "Apollo 1", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ab": "tiger team", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ac": "tiger team", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ad": "1967", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ae": "investigate North American's problems and identify corrections", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd": "North American", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6be": "Grissom, White, and Chaffee", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf": "January", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6c0": "North American", "5725dc1638643c19005ace01": "January 27, 1967", "5725dc1638643c19005ace02": "January 27, 1967", "5725dc1638643c19005ace03": "January 27, 1967", "5725dc1638643c19005ace04": "January 27, 1967", "5725dc1638643c19005ace05": "electrical fire began in the cabin, and spread quickly in the high pressure, 100% oxygen", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe2": "Congress", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3": "Command Module design, workmanship and quality control.\" At the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb, North American removed Harrison Storms", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe4": "George Low", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe5": "Congress", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ed": "nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ee": "flammable cabin and space suit materials", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ef": "the Block I plug-type hatch cover", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0": "fire", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f1": "fire-resistant Block II space suits", "5725df1838643c19005ace15": "September 1967", "5725df1838643c19005ace16": "Each", "5725df1838643c19005ace17": "letters", "5725e08389a1e219009ac010": "AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967", "5725e08389a1e219009ac011": "AS-501", "5725e08389a1e219009ac012": "April 4, 1968", "5725e08389a1e219009ac013": "ready to fly men", "5725e152271a42140099d2cd": "5", "5725e152271a42140099d2ce": "1968", "5725e152271a42140099d2cf": "Grumman", "5725e152271a42140099d2d0": "AS-204) was the first unmanned test flight of LM in Earth orbit, launched from pad 37 on January 22, 1968", "5725e152271a42140099d2d1": "\"fire-in-the-hole", "5725e28f38643c19005ace23": "D mission in December 1968", "5725e28f38643c19005ace24": "September 15, 1968, aboard Zond 5", "5725e28f38643c19005ace25": "Christmas Eve", "5725e28f38643c19005ace26": "George Low", "5725e28f38643c19005ace27": "McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart, launched on a Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs.", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac038": "all-Gemini veteran crew consisting of Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac039": "July 1969", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03a": "black-and-white", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03b": "G mission was achieved on Apollo 11 in July 1969", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03c": "July 24", "5725e44238643c19005ace35": "Gemini veteran Charles \"Pete\" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean", "5725e44238643c19005ace36": "Surveyor 3", "5725e44238643c19005ace37": "walked", "5725e44238643c19005ace38": "accidentally pointed into the Sun", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d71f": "Lunar Roving Vehicle", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d720": "the Block II spacesuit", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d721": "eight", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d722": "over three days", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d723": "the payload capacity of the Saturn V.", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d729": "return", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72a": "two", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b": "oxygen tank", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72c": "oxygen tank", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72d": "1970", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac086": "1971, the decision was made to also cancel missions 18 and 19", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087": "1969", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac088": "By 1971", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac089": "By 1971", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e": "old", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09f": "lunar maria", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a0": "KREEP", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1": "Genesis Rock, retrieved by astronauts David Scott and James Irwin", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f": "thick", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace80": "impact process effects", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace81": "impact process effects", "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f": "$170 billion", "5725ec7538643c19005ace90": "15", "5725ec7538643c19005ace91": "$20.4 billion", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb3": "Apollo Extension Series", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4": "Apollo Applications Program", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb5": "Venus", "5725ef6838643c19005acece": "1973", "5725ef6838643c19005acecf": "1973", "5725ef6838643c19005aced0": "February 8, 1974", "5725ef6838643c19005aced1": "1973", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0be": "50 kilometers", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0bf": "one", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0c0": "unknown", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cc": "Apollo 8", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd": "Book of Genesis", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0ce": "one-quarter", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf": "1968", "5725f239271a42140099d35d": "Apollo TV", "5725f239271a42140099d35e": "lunar footage that had to be converted for the live television broadcast and stored on magnetic telemetry tapes", "5725f239271a42140099d35f": "National Archives and Records Administration", "5725f239271a42140099d360": "National Archives and Records Administration", "5725f239271a42140099d361": "Stan Lebar, who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera at Westinghouse Electric Corporation, also worked with Nafzger", "5725f39638643c19005acef7": "Nafzger and assigned to Lowry Digital", "5725f39638643c19005acef8": "random noise and camera shake", "5725f39638643c19005acef9": "Lowry Digital", "5725f39638643c19005acefa": "Lowry Digital", "5725f39638643c19005acefb": "Lowry Digital", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5c": "supplementary law", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": "a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union member states.", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": "supplementary law", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5f": "the Treaties establishing the European Union", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": "the European Parliament", "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union member states.", "5725c28a271a42140099d14e": "indirect", "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": "supplementary law", "5725c28a271a42140099d150": "the European Parliament", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f0": "the Treaties establishing the European Union", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": "supplementary law", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f2": "the European Parliament", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f3": "the Treaties establishing the European Union", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": "the courts of member states and the Court of Justice", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d2": "the courts of member states", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d3": "the Functioning of the European Union", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d4": "European Court of Justice", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": "case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d503": "the Court of Justice", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": "the Functioning of the European Union", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d505": "European Court of Justice", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": "case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": "the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890b": "the courts of member states", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890c": "The European Court of Justice", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": "case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": "the", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": "list their powers and responsibilities, and explain the areas in which the EU can legislate with Directives or Regulations.", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": "citizens", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": "The European Court of Justice", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": "It appoints the Commissioners and the board of the European Central Bank", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": "the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "Faroe Islands", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": "The Court of Justice of the European Union", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": "The Court of Justice of the European Union", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": "the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union", "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": "the Treaty on European Union", "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": "Gibraltar and the \u00c5land islands", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8950": "soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8951": "The Court of Justice of the European Union", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": "common rules for coal and steel", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": "the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": "Maastricht Treaty 1992", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be": "accession treaties, from the UK, Ireland, Denmark and Norway", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": "Greenland", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0": "coal and steel", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1": "1992", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b2": "1986", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": "1972", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4": "TFEU", "57264865dd62a815002e8062": "Nice Treaty, there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union", "57264865dd62a815002e8063": "2004", "57264865dd62a815002e8064": "enacted. Its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty", "57264865dd62a815002e8065": "enacted. Its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty, but it was formally an amending treaty", "57264865dd62a815002e8066": "completely", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": "reform the constitutional law of the European Union", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "reform the constitutional law of the European Union", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": "2004", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": "the Lisbon Treaty was enacted. Its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty, but it was formally an amending treaty", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808c": "The European Commission", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808d": "the Council", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": "Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should \"promote the general interest", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": "one", "57264a8cdd62a815002e8090": "Federica Mogherini", "572691545951b619008f76e1": "Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should \"promote the general interest of the Union\" while Article 17(3)", "572691545951b619008f76e2": "Jean-Claude Juncker", "572691545951b619008f76e3": "Commissioners should be \"completely independent\" and not \"take instructions from any Government", "572691545951b619008f76e4": "Ireland", "572691545951b619008f76e5": "Parliament", "57264e455951b619008f6f65": "Santer", "57264e455951b619008f6f66": "dentist", "57264e455951b619008f6f67": "few", "57264e455951b619008f6f68": "six-person board appointed by the European Council", "57264e455951b619008f6f69": "The President of the Council and a Commissioner can sit in on ECB meetings, but do not have voting rights", "5726926a5951b619008f7709": "1999", "5726926a5951b619008f770a": "Parliament in 1999, and it eventually resigned due to corruption allegations. This resulted in one main case, Commission v Edith Cresson", "5726926a5951b619008f770b": "Committee of Independent Experts", "5726926a5951b619008f770c": "European Anti-fraud Office", "5726926a5951b619008f770d": "Maltese", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee": "the European Parliament", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef": "representative democracy", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0": "every five years", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1": "two-thirds", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2": "no member can actually or pass legislation without the Commission and Council", "5726938af1498d1400e8e446": "the European Parliament", "5726938af1498d1400e8e447": "the European Parliament", "5726938af1498d1400e8e448": "1979", "5726938af1498d1400e8e449": "every five years", "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a": "the conservative European People's Party", "5726545f708984140094c2a5": "the Council", "5726545f708984140094c2a6": "Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk", "5726545f708984140094c2a7": "352", "5726545f708984140094c2a8": "Donald Tusk", "5726545f708984140094c2a9": "74 per cent, or 260", "57269424dd62a815002e8a1e": "the Council", "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": "each six months", "57269424dd62a815002e8a20": "352", "57269424dd62a815002e8a21": "qualified majority vote, if not consensus", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fa": "a majority of all MEPs", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": "back to the Parliament and Council to approve by absolute and qualified majority", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fc": "a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission: it is harder to change EU law than stay the same", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fd": "4 and 5", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": "the Court of Justice", "572695285951b619008f774b": "294", "572695285951b619008f774c": "a majority in Parliament", "572695285951b619008f774d": "5", "572695285951b619008f774e": "a \"Conciliation Committee", "572658435951b619008f7025": "The judicial", "572658435951b619008f7026": "the Court of Justice of the European Union", "572658435951b619008f7027": "Civil Service Tribunal to deal with EU staff issues, and then a separate Court of Auditors.", "572658435951b619008f7028": "the English Court of Appeal, the German Bundesgerichtshof, the Belgian Cour du travail, etc.", "572658435951b619008f7029": "to", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "The judicial branch of the EU has played", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": "the Court of Justice of the European Union", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": "Civil Service Tribunal", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": "three years", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": "to", "57265e455951b619008f70bb": "Treaty of Rome", "57265e455951b619008f70bc": "Treaty of Rome", "57265e455951b619008f70bd": "Treaty of Rome", "5726975c708984140094cb1f": "Treaty of Rome", "5726975c708984140094cb20": "Milan", "5726975c708984140094cb21": "conflicted with national law", "572699db5951b619008f7799": "EU law", "572699db5951b619008f779a": "democracy and human rights", "572699db5951b619008f779b": "1972", "572699db5951b619008f779d": "the ultimate authority of member states", "572699db5951b619008f779c": "if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles (particularly democracy, the rule of law and the social state principles", "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": "administrative law", "57269aa65951b619008f77ac": "1986", "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "standards of proportionality", "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": "constitutional law concerns the European Union", "57269bb8708984140094cb95": "article 30", "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "TFEU article 288", "57269bb8708984140094cb97": "postal company", "57269bb8708984140094cb98": "Treaty provisions", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": "standing", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13": "4", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14": "28 days in national law", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b15": "in the early 1990s", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": "Employment Equality Framework Directive. The Court of Justice held that the Directive could be relied on by her because equality", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517": "implementation", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e518": "10 years, from age 18 to 28", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "10 years, from age 18 to 28", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": "60 and men at 65", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534": "national courts", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "required incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons.", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e536": "6 million Lira", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e537": "6 million Lira", "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550": "the European Court of Justice", "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": "fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity", "5726a09f708984140094cc39": "the European Court of Justice since the 1950s", "5726a09f708984140094cc3a": "Article 5", "5726a09f708984140094cc3b": "the least onerous", "5726a14c708984140094cc51": "the European Court of Justice", "5726a14c708984140094cc52": "financial obligations", "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "a proper legal basis", "5726a14c708984140094cc54": "legal certainty and good faith", "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "constitutional traditions", "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87": "constitutions of member states", "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": "None of the original treaties establishing the European Union", "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": "European Court of Human Rights.", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba0": "1950", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1": "None", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba2": "1999", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": "2007", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": "European Union law", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": "the European Court of Justice", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": "1997 Treaty of Amsterdam", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af": "1997", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b0": "1989", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b1": "30", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2": "40", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": "11 of the then 12", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1": "UK", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "1992 Maastricht Treaty", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3": "1992", "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": "1997 Treaty of Amsterdam", "5726a5525951b619008f78de": "1997", "5726a5525951b619008f78df": "Works Council Directive, which required workforce consultation in businesses, and the 1996 Parental Leave", "5726a5525951b619008f78e0": "1994", "5726a5525951b619008f78e1": "1994 Works Council Directive, which required workforce consultation in businesses", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf6": "ECSC) agreement between France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf7": "European Coal and Steel Community", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8": "article 86", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9": "article 66", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa": "1957 competition rules were included in the Treaty of Rome", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": "price fixing", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "price fixing", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656": "Articles 106 and 107", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": "Article 102", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b55": "2007", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": "the Treaty of Rome 1957", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": "reduce consumer prices", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "free trade", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": "the Treaty of Rome 1957", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": "a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": "TFEU article 35", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0": "private actors", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": "Commission v France French farmer vigilantes were continually sabotaging shipments of Spanish strawberries, and even Belgian tomato", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2": "protest that blocked heavy traffic passing over the A13, Brenner Autobahn, en route to Italy", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": "25 per cent", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9": "France", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ea": "2003", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": "cocoa butter", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers", "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": "unlawful", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "cut throat competition", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": "skin care products", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "Unfair Commercial Practices", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74": "Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75": "economic nature of the project, the European Community", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": "\"citizenship", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": "plumbing and household duties in the Bhagwan community", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": "stay", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": "social advantages", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": "Jean-Marc Bosman claimed that he should be able to transfer from R.F.C. de Li\u00e8ge to USL Dunkerque", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": "Groener", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": "inca", "5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa": "3 and 14 hours a week", "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": "Citizenship of the EU", "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": "increased", "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": "Commission v Austria the Court held that Austria was not entitled to restrict places in Austrian universities to Austrian students to avoid \"structural, staffing and financial problems", "5726bcde708984140094cfc2": "higher education", "5726c002708984140094d073": "article 56", "5726c002708984140094d074": "non-discriminatory", "5726c002708984140094d075": "nationality", "5726c002708984140094d076": "49", "5726c002708984140094d077": "Stuttgart", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8a": "2006", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "Franco Frattini", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8c": "draft intellectual property rights directive", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8d": "2005 at the Court of Justice", "5726c3da708984140094d0d9": "German health clinic", "5726c3da708984140094d0da": "only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice", "5726c3da708984140094d0db": "drugs", "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": "Germany", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": "Italy", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": "\u00a31 of capital", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": "\u00a31 of capital", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac7": "creditor protection", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": "Germany", "5725b81b271a42140099d097": "the Amazon Jungle", "5725b81b271a42140099d098": "7,000,000 square kilometres", "5725b81b271a42140099d099": "nine nations", "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": "four", "5725b81b271a42140099d09b": "over", "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": "Amazoneregenwoud", "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": "a moist broadleaf forest", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00": "the Amazon Jungle, is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": "the Amazon Jungle, is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02": "16,000 species", "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": "a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America", "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": "7,000,000 square kilometres (2,700,000 sq mi", "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": "nine", "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": "Brazil", "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": "390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species", "5725be0f271a42140099d117": "extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest", "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "a broad diversity of species", "5725be0f271a42140099d119": "Oligocene", "5725be0f271a42140099d11a": "mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum", "5725be0f271a42140099d11b": "a broad diversity of species", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f94": "extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": "45\u00b0", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": "66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f97": "Oligocene", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "the Middle Miocene", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": "dinosaurs", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": "66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": "Middle Miocene", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b9": "34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics", "5725c071271a42140099d127": "the Purus Arch", "5725c071271a42140099d128": "the Atlantic", "5725c071271a42140099d129": "Solim\u00f5es Basin", "5725c071271a42140099d12a": "the mid-Eocene", "5725c071271a42140099d12b": "easterly flow toward the Atlantic", "57283d173acd2414000df78f": "the Purus Arch", "57283d173acd2414000df790": "Pacific", "57283d173acd2414000df791": "Pacific", "57283d173acd2414000df792": "Amazonas Basin", "57283d173acd2414000df793": "Solim\u00f5es", "5729e6313f37b319004785a9": "the Purus Arch", "5729e6313f37b319004785aa": "the Purus Arch", "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": "the Purus Arch", "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": "Pacific", "5729e6313f37b319004785ad": "Solim\u00f5es Basin", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50b": "There is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": "the Amazon Fan", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": "debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was.", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "difficult", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": "reasonably well supported by the available data", "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum", "572841772ca10214002da1a7": "There is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum", "572841772ca10214002da1a8": "lower", "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "Last Glacial Maximum", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "LGM) and subsequent deglaciation", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77a": "paleolakes", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": "lower", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": "small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": "There is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum", "5725c63438643c19005acc9f": "CALIPSO", "5725c63438643c19005acca0": "15 degrees west longitude", "5725c63438643c19005acca1": "2,600 km", "5725c63438643c19005acca2": "some dust falls into the Atlantic", "5725c63438643c19005acca3": "132", "5728455bff5b5019007da078": "NASA's CALIPSO satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind", "5728455bff5b5019007da079": "15 degrees west longitude", "5728455bff5b5019007da07a": "27.7 million tons (15%)", "5728455bff5b5019007da07b": "132", "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": "75 degrees west longitude", "5729ea263f37b319004785bd": "CALIPSO", "5729ea263f37b319004785be": "CALIPSO", "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": "15 degrees west longitude", "5729ea263f37b319004785c0": "2,600 km", "5729ea263f37b319004785c1": "Caribbean Sea", "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": "her book Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise.", "5725c95f38643c19005accf4": "hunting", "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": "hunting, with agriculture", "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": "anthropological findings", "5725c95f38643c19005accf7": "5 million", "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": "Betty Meggers", "572847dd4b864d19001648bd": "Betty Meggers", "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "agriculture", "572847dd4b864d19001648bf": "Archeologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea, as described in her book Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6c9": "agriculture", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6ca": "Betty Meggers", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cb": "hunting", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cc": "5 million", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "200,000", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed2": "Francisco de Orellana", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": "1540s", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": "smallpox", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": "1977", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed6": "AD 0\u20131250", "5729edd56aef051400155112": "Francisco de Orellana", "5729edd56aef051400155113": "Francisco de Orellana in 1542", "5729edd56aef051400155114": "AD 0\u20131250", "5729edd56aef051400155115": "Ondemar Dias", "5729edd56aef051400155116": "11,000 years", "5725cf3238643c19005acd61": "black earth", "5725cf3238643c19005acd62": "black earth", "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": "agriculture and silviculture", "5725cf3238643c19005acd64": "Xingu", "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": "Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida. Among those were evidence of roads, bridges and large plazas.", "5729ef266aef05140015511c": "Terra preta", "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "black earth", "5729ef266aef05140015511e": "Xingu tribe", "5729ef266aef05140015511f": "Terra preta", "5729ef266aef051400155120": "Michael Heckenberger", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61b": "2.5 million insect species", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61c": "2,000 birds and mammals", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": "40,000", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": "40,000 plant species", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": "insect species", "5729f0db6aef051400155126": "2.5 million", "5729f0db6aef051400155127": "2,000", "5729f0db6aef051400155128": "insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2,000 birds and mammals. To date, at least 40,000", "5729f0db6aef051400155129": "378", "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": "2,000 birds and mammals", "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "62 acres) of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species", "5726722bdd62a815002e8529": "16,000", "5726722bdd62a815002e852a": "90,790 tonnes", "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": "356 \u00b1 47 tonnes", "5726722bdd62a815002e852c": "438,000", "5729f2646aef051400155130": "The biodiversity of plant species", "5729f2646aef051400155131": "62 acres) of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species", "5729f2646aef051400155132": "90,790 tonnes", "5729f2646aef051400155133": "356 \u00b1 47 tonnes", "5729f2646aef051400155134": "438,000", "5729f3831d0469140077967b": "electric eels", "5729f3831d0469140077967c": "black caiman", "5729f3831d0469140077967d": "piranha", "5729f3831d0469140077967e": "Various species of poison dart frogs secrete lipophilic alkaloid toxins", "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "Vampire bats", "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": "Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas.", "5729fd56af94a219006aa730": "access to the forest's interior was highly restricted", "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": "slash and burn", "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": "loss of soil fertility and weed invasion", "5729fd56af94a219006aa733": "outer space", "5729feaf6aef051400155188": "2000", "5729feaf6aef051400155189": "1991 and 2000, the total area of forest lost in the Amazon rose from 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres", "5729feaf6aef05140015518a": "becoming pasture for cattle", "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": "the United States", "5729feaf6aef05140015518c": "Seventy percent", "572a005f1d046914007796b7": "soy", "572a005f1d046914007796b8": "opened up the rainforest and led to increased settlement and deforestation", "572a005f1d046914007796b9": "22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi", "572a005f1d046914007796bb": "declined", "572a005f1d046914007796ba": "22", "572a020f6aef051400155198": "loss of biodiversity", "572a020f6aef051400155199": "destruction of the forest", "572a020f6aef05140015519a": "loss of biodiversity", "572a020f6aef05140015519b": "10%", "572a020f6aef05140015519c": "10%", "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": "rainfall", "572a03a06aef0514001551ab": "2100", "572a03a06aef0514001551ac": "2100", "572a03a06aef0514001551ad": "deforestation", "572a03a06aef0514001551ae": "change", "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": "deforestation", "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": "ethno-biology and community-based", "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": "deforestation", "572a064a3f37b31900478660": "the Urarina", "572a064a3f37b31900478661": "the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples", "572a07c11d046914007796d5": "commercial interests", "572a07c11d046914007796d6": "Google Earth, members of the Trio", "572a07c11d046914007796d7": "Trio Tribe, who live in the rainforests of southern Suriname", "572a07c11d046914007796d8": "handheld GPS devices", "572a07c11d046914007796d9": "The use of remote sensing for the conservation of the Amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": "different parts of the forest", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75c": "classification of tree growth stages", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75d": "2006 Tatiana Kuplich", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75e": "2006", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75f": "Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and Thematic Mapper (TM) to accurately place the different portions of the Amazon into one of the four classifications.", "572a0b101d046914007796e9": "2005", "572a0b101d046914007796eb": "die", "572a0b101d046914007796ec": "\"tipping point\" where it would irreversibly start to die", "572a0b101d046914007796ed": "savanna or desert", "572a0b101d046914007796ea": "showing that the forest in its present form", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f": "2010", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": "approximate 1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) of rainforest", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771": "vegetation died off", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772": "southwestern", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa773": "1.5 gigatons", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe1": "comb jellies", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe2": "\u2018combs\u2019 \u2013 groups of cilia which they use for swimming \u2013 they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia.", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe3": "1.5 m (4 ft 11 in", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": "\u2018combs\u2019 \u2013 groups of cilia which they use for swimming \u2013 they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia.", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": "\u2018combs\u2019 \u2013 groups of cilia which they use for swimming \u2013 they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "water", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": "\u2018combs\u2019 \u2013 groups of cilia which they use for swimming \u2013 they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia.", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "the \u2018combs", "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "comb jellies", "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": "\u2018combs\u2019 \u2013 groups of cilia which they use for swimming \u2013 they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia.", "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": "water", "57263eaa38643c19005ad374": "kteis 'comb' and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 pher\u014d 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies", "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "\u2018combs\u2019 \u2013 groups of cilia which they use for swimming \u2013 they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia.", "5725bae289a1e219009abd90": "ten times their own weight", "5725bae289a1e219009abd91": "100\u2013150", "5725bae289a1e219009abd92": "25", "5725c337271a42140099d163": "100\u2013150", "5725c337271a42140099d164": "tentilla", "5725c337271a42140099d165": "ten times their own weight", "5725c337271a42140099d166": "lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia that act as teeth.", "5725c337271a42140099d167": "huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ee": "ten times their own weight", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ef": "tentilla", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": "huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2": "microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans", "5725bc0338643c19005acc11": "hermaphrodites\u2014a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm", "5725bc0338643c19005acc12": "platyctenids' eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch.", "5725bc0338643c19005acc13": "juveniles", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": "sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times.", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f": "sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times.", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": "platyctenids' eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": "small populations to grow at an explosive rate.", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": "sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times.", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": "sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times.", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": "sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times.", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4": "platyctenids' eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5": "the beroids, whose young are miniature beroids", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc39": "Beroe", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a": "Mnemiopsis", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b": "Ctenophores", "5725c69738643c19005accb9": "preys on other ctenophores", "5725c69738643c19005accba": "Beroe", "5725c69738643c19005accbb": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months", "5725c69738643c19005accbc": "bays where they occur in very high numbers", "5726431d271a42140099d7f5": "uncommon and difficult to find", "5726431d271a42140099d7f6": "planktonic plants", "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": "Mnemiopsis", "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": "Beroe", "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": "over-fishing", "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": "66", "5725c91e38643c19005accec": "not monophyletic", "5725c91e38643c19005acced": "no tentacles", "5725c91e38643c19005accee": "no tentacles", "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": "no tentacles", "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction", "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": "515 million years ago.", "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "no tentacles", "5725cb33271a42140099d1db": "Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": "colloblasts", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dd": "bilaterians", "5725cb33271a42140099d1de": "bilaterians", "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": "colloblasts", "572646655951b619008f6ebf": "cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones", "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "colloblasts", "572646655951b619008f6ec1": "colloblasts", "572646655951b619008f6ec2": "carpet-like basement membranes", "572646655951b619008f6ec3": "bilaterians", "572647d0708984140094c14b": "mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores; more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer", "572647d0708984140094c14c": "sponges", "572647d0708984140094c14d": "jelly-like material", "572647d0708984140094c14e": "sponges", "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": "cilia", "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "\"hairs", "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": "\"ctenes", "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": "cilia (\"hairs\") as their main method of locomotion.", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db40": "the cydippid Pleurobrachia", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "fragile", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42": "waves and swirling sediment particles", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43": "three", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a0": "an epithelium, the gastrodermis", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1": "bioluminescence", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a2": "pharynx", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": "a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx (\"throat\")", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a4": "mesoglea", "57264cfa708984140094c1c3": "called swimming-plates", "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": "eight comb rows, called swimming-plates", "57264cfa708984140094c1c5": "the \"aboral pole", "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": "oral pole", "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": "the \"oral pole", "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": "uncertain how ctenophores control their buoyancy", "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "mesoglea to reduce its volume", "57264e66dd62a815002e811c": "ciliary rosettes", "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": "pump water out of the mesoglea to reduce its volume", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e": "the aboral organ", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": "mouth", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60": "transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": "statocyst", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc62": "the aboral organ", "57265746dd62a815002e8218": "sea gooseberry", "57265746dd62a815002e8219": "a pair of long, slender tentacles", "57265746dd62a815002e821a": "ctenophores", "57265746dd62a815002e821b": "slender", "57265746dd62a815002e821c": "narrow end", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": "tentilla", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": "tent", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcae": "little tentacles", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcaf": "three", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0": "defense", "572659ea5951b619008f7051": "eight", "572659ea5951b619008f7052": "eight", "572659ea5951b619008f7053": "eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth to the opposite end, and are spaced evenly", "572659ea5951b619008f7054": "a ciliary groove", "57265aaf5951b619008f706b": "lobes", "57265aaf5951b619008f706c": "four", "57265aaf5951b619008f706d": "four", "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "four", "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": "suspended planktonic prey", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd36": "clapping their lobes", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": "escape from danger by clapping their lobes, so that the jet of expelled water", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": "nerves", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "beroids", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50": "Nuda", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": "The Beroida", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": "forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": "da", "57265e97708984140094c3c3": "The Cestida", "57265e97708984140094c3c6": "The Cestida (\"belt animals", "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "\"belt animals\") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals", "57265e97708984140094c3c5": "undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows", "57265e97708984140094c3c7": "Velamen parallelum", "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": "a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles", "572681c1dd62a815002e8797": "They cling to and creep on surfaces by everting the pharynx and using it as a muscular \"foot", "572681c1dd62a815002e8798": "comb-rows", "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": "oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles on the aboral surface.", "572683075951b619008f7513": "pores in the epidermis", "572683075951b619008f7514": "use internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers", "572683075951b619008f7515": "Mnemiopsis", "572683075951b619008f7516": "the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows", "572683075951b619008f7517": "platyctenids", "572684365951b619008f753f": "tentacles", "572684365951b619008f7540": "flat, bottom-dwelling platyctenids, the juveniles behave more like true larvae, as they live among the plankton", "572684365951b619008f7541": "the body forms of their parents", "572684365951b619008f7542": "flat, bottom-dwelling platyctenids, the juveniles behave more like true larvae, as they live among the plankton", "572684365951b619008f7543": "tentacle sheaths", "572686fc708984140094c8e5": "disturbed", "572686fc708984140094c8e6": "ink", "572686fc708984140094c8e7": "ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths", "572686fc708984140094c8e8": "ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies. Juveniles will luminesce more brightly in relation to their body size", "5726887e708984140094c917": "juveniles", "5726887e708984140094c918": "salps", "5726887e708984140094c919": "stinging cells", "5726887e708984140094c91a": "feeds exclusively on salps", "5726887e708984140094c91b": "\" Lampea", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": "low ratio of organic matter to salt and water", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d": "low ratio of organic matter to salt and water", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": "low ratio of organic matter to salt and water", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33f": "an observation of herbivorous fishes deliberately feeding on gelatinous zooplankton during blooms in the Red Sea", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": "large quantities of ctenophores", "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": "ballast tanks of ships", "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "ballast tanks of ships", "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": "the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata", "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": "ballast tanks of ships", "57268c01dd62a815002e8916": "1991 to 1993", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c": "soft, gelatinous bodies", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": "a comb jelly", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e": "Emsian", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f": "Three", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": "tentacles", "57268f05dd62a815002e8990": "Chengjiang lagerst\u00e4tte", "57268f05dd62a815002e8991": "Chengjiang lagerst\u00e4tte", "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": "Stromatoveris", "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": "Vendobionta", "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": "Ediacaran period", "57269016708984140094ca41": "Bilateria", "57269016708984140094ca42": "Porifera (sponges", "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "beroids", "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "2001", "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "65.5 million years ago", "572691bedd62a815002e89df": "Richard Harbison", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": "520,159, making it the fifth-largest city in California, the largest inland city in California and the 34th-largest in the nation. Fresno", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": "520,159, making it the fifth-largest city in California, the largest inland city in California and the 34th-largest in the nation.", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f": "ash tree", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd50": "an ash leaf", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd51": "520,159, making it the fifth-largest city in California, the largest inland city in California and the 34th-largest in the nation.", "5725cfd0271a42140099d225": "1872", "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": "Millerton", "5725cfd0271a42140099d227": "1885", "5725cfd0271a42140099d228": "47", "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": "Fresno", "5725d183271a42140099d23d": "94.0% white", "5725d183271a42140099d23e": "Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy", "5725d183271a42140099d23f": "Pinedale, in what is now North Fresno, was the site of the Pinedale Assembly Center", "5725d183271a42140099d240": "The Fresno Fairgrounds", "5725d183271a42140099d241": "an assembly center", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d639": "September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": "a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b": "a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63c": "1976", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d": "Visa", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf58": "Bill Aken", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "Bill Aken", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a": "Madera", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": "guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d687": "three", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": "Roeding Park", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": "historic Kearney Mansion", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": "Woodward Park", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": "annual Civil War Revisited", "5725d7e438643c19005acdf9": "1880s and World War II, Downtown Fresno flourished, filled with electric Street Cars", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfa": "Downtown Fresno flourished, filled with electric Street Cars, and contained some of the San Joaquin Valley's most beautiful architectural buildings", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "the San Joaquin Light & Power Building", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfc": "Hughes Hotel", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b3": "1964", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b4": "1964", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "Pierre-Auguste Renoir", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "automobile traffic", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": "wide sidewalks", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": "Chestnut Avenue to the West. Its major thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue.", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c6": "Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c7": "1950s through the 1970s", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c8": "It is also the home of the Sunnyside Country Club", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c9": "William P. Bell", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfea": "1939", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfeb": "1939", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": "a well-known landmark water tower", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": "School", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": "mile", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d7": "1970s", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": "1970s", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d9": "2nd Space Theatre", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": "Fresno", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": "Fresno", "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "restaurants, live theater and nightclub", "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": "restaurants, live theater and nightclubs, as well as several independent shops and bookstores, currently operating on or near Olive Avenue", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04a": "the Tower District", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": "hipster", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04c": "punk/goth/deathrock", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": "early twentieth century", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": "Storybook houses designed by Fresno architects, Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d735": "the newer areas of tract homes urban sprawl in north and east", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d736": "early twentieth century", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0ae": "267", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0af": "William Stranahan", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b0": "1914", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": "267", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "Fresno Traction Company right-of-way", "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f": "Southwest Fresno\", is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city.", "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": "41", "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "African-American community", "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": "Mexican-American and Asian-American (principally Hmong or Laotian) populations.", "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "99 freeway (which divides it from Downtown Fresno), west of the 41 freeway and south of Nielsen Ave", "5725f00938643c19005aced7": "M. Theo Kearney", "5725f00938643c19005aced8": "tall palm trees", "5725f00938643c19005aced9": "half-mile stretch of Kearney Boulevard between Fresno Street and Thorne Ave", "5725f00938643c19005aceda": "Brookhaven, on the southern edge of the West Side south of Jensen and west of Elm, was given the name by the Fresno City Council", "5725f00938643c19005acedb": "violent crime", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": "1960s and 1990s", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d770": "Kearney Palm", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d771": "Foster Farms", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "The Fresno Chandler Executive Airport", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d773": "little", "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": "Ralph Woodward", "5725f2c838643c19005aceee": "300", "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": "2,500 people", "5725f2c838643c19005acef0": "22 miles (35 km) between Highway 99 and Friant Dam", "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": "April through October, 6am to 10pm and November through March, 6am to 7pm.", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fa": "1946", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb": "William Smilie", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": "1946", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": "Sierra Sky Park Airport is a residential airport community born of a unique agreement in transportation law to allow personal aircraft and automobiles", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "numerous such communities across the United States and around the world", "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": "December and January", "5725f5b1271a42140099d372": "December and January", "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": "July", "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": "northwest", "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": "July", "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": "115 \u00b0F", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1a": "January 6, 1913", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "115 \u00b0F (46.1 \u00b0C)", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "115 \u00b0F (46.1 \u00b0C)", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": "90.2 mm) on November 18, 1885", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "494,665", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf24": "494,665", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf25": "494,665", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": "30.0%", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "4", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": "68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 69,284", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2": "11", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "69,284", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": "3.07. There were 111,529 families (70.4% of all households)", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": "3.07. There were 111,529 families (70.4% of all households)", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac128": "427,652", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac129": "149,025", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12a": "50.2% White, 8.4%", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12b": "4,097.9 people per square mile (1,582.2/km\u00b2)", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12c": "4,097.9 people per square mile", "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": "the Federal Communications Commission", "5725fb8138643c19005acf40": "KMJ-TV, which debuted on June 1, 1953", "5725fb8138643c19005acf41": "1953", "5725fb8138643c19005acf42": "NBC affiliate KSEE", "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": "KMJ-TV, which debuted on June 1, 1953. KMJ is now known as NBC affiliate KSEE.", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": "99", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": "99", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3af": "41", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "west", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd": "Fresno", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7de": "1950s", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7df": "99", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": "9", "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": "Amtrak San Joaquins", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4a": "historic Santa Fe Railroad Depot in Downtown Fresno", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": "Amtrak San Joaquins", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": "Southern Pacific branchlines", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4d": "Fresno", "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": "American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": "provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages", "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": "pre-allocation of network bandwidth", "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": "National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) (NPL) in the late 1960s", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": "American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": "to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc31": "packet switching", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": "circuit switching", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": "fee per unit of connection time", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf7a": "fee per unit of connection time", "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": "circuit switching", "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": "fee per unit of connection time", "572634a789a1e219009ac56e": "fee per unit of connection time", "572634a789a1e219009ac56f": "fee per unit of connection time", "5726219489a1e219009ac2ce": "intermediate forwarding nodes", "5726219489a1e219009ac2cf": "intermediate network nodes asynchronously", "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": "a multiple access scheme", "5726356938643c19005ad2ff": "intermediate forwarding nodes", "5726356938643c19005ad300": "intermediate network nodes asynchronously", "5726356938643c19005ad301": "a multiple access scheme", "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "the RAND Corporation", "5726249538643c19005ad080": "RAND Corporation", "5726249538643c19005ad081": "RAND Corporation", "5726249538643c19005ad082": "packets", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": "RAND Corporation", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": "packets", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": "distributed adaptive message block switching", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": "RAND Corporation", "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": "National Physical Laboratory, UK", "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": "Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK", "572629c6271a42140099d6a5": "Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK", "572629c6271a42140099d6a6": "the ARPANET", "5726378238643c19005ad313": "Donald Davies", "5726378238643c19005ad314": "Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK", "5726378238643c19005ad315": "ACM", "5726385e271a42140099d797": "complete addressing information", "5726385e271a42140099d798": "individually", "5726385e271a42140099d799": "complete addressing information", "5726385e271a42140099d79a": "a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet.", "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": "a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking.", "5726398589a1e219009ac58a": "a table", "5726398589a1e219009ac589": "address information", "5726398589a1e219009ac588": "a setup phase in each involved node", "57263b1638643c19005ad333": "two", "57263b1638643c19005ad335": "the Internet Protocol", "57263b1638643c19005ad334": "two", "57263b1638643c19005ad336": "two", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7b": "1969", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c": "division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core.", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7d": "The User Datagram Protocol", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7e": "The X.25 protocol suite", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d": "AppleTalk was a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985 for Apple Macintosh computers.", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8e": "allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8f": "addresses", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc90": "AppleTalk was a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985 for Apple Macintosh computers.", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a2": "Louis Pouzin", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a3": "Louis Pouzin. First demonstrated in 1973", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a4": "Louis Pouzin. First demonstrated in 1973, it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally.", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a5": "Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET architecture", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c3": "a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers.", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c4": "a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation, originally released in 1975", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c5": "seven", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c6": "DECnet Phase II", "57263fd138643c19005ad37b": "1965", "57263fd138643c19005ad37c": "Sc", "57263fd138643c19005ad37d": "a time-sharing system", "57263fd138643c19005ad37e": "1965", "5726414e271a42140099d7e5": "1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad", "5726414e271a42140099d7e6": "Michigan Educational Research Information Triad", "5726414e271a42140099d7e7": "1980s", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf5": "Roberts", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf6": "Larry Roberts", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf7": "Roberts", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf8": "X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf9": "GTE", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd13": "San Jose, CA", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd14": "San Jose, CA", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd15": "X.25/X.75", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd16": "private network", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd17": "X.25/X.75", "572643de5951261400b5195a": "two", "572643de5951261400b5195b": "Bell Northern Research", "572643de5951261400b5195c": "Deutsche Bundespost", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404d": "Telstra", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404e": "Telstra. Started by Telecom Australia in the early 1980s, AUSTPAC was Australia's first public packet-switched data network", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404f": "academic institutions, who maintained their connections to AUSTPAC up until the mid-late 1990s in some cases.", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac6": "the public switched data network", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac7": "only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac8": "leased lines", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac9": "the public switched data network", "5726462b708984140094c117": "1981", "5726462b708984140094c118": "1981", "5726462b708984140094c119": "the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) that began operation in 1981", "5726472bdd62a815002e8042": "not-for-profit", "5726472bdd62a815002e8043": "not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government.", "5726472bdd62a815002e8044": "Abilene, in 1998", "5726472bdd62a815002e8045": "not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government.", "5726472bdd62a815002e8046": "the Internet2 Network", "572647e2dd62a815002e805c": "National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET)", "572647e2dd62a815002e805d": "National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) beginning in 1985", "572647e2dd62a815002e805e": "National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET)", "572648d1708984140094c15d": "to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States", "572648d1708984140094c15e": "to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States", "572648d1708984140094c15f": "MCI Telecommunications", "572648d1708984140094c160": "1998", "572648d1708984140094c161": "IP links", "57264684708984140094c123": "the arid plains of Central Asia", "57264684708984140094c124": "30\u201360%", "57264684708984140094c125": "30\u201360%", "57264684708984140094c126": "450 million down to 350\u2013375 million in the 14th century. The world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels", "57264684708984140094c127": "Black Death", "572647935951b619008f6ec9": "plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents", "572647935951b619008f6eca": "Nestorian graves dating to 1338\u201339", "572647935951b619008f6ecb": "Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots", "572647935951b619008f6ecc": "1331", "572647935951b619008f6ecd": "25 million Chinese and other Asians", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0a": "Genoese", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0b": "Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0c": "Jani Beg", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0d": "fled, taking the plague by ship", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0e": "Black Death", "572648ed5951b619008f6f03": "Italy", "572648ed5951b619008f6f04": "Italy", "572648ed5951b619008f6f05": "Italy", "572648ed5951b619008f6f06": "Italy", "572648ed5951b619008f6f07": "Ask\u00f8y", "57264991f1498d1400e8db2e": "southern Russia", "57264991f1498d1400e8db2f": "autumn 1347", "57264991f1498d1400e8db30": "autumn 1347", "57264991f1498d1400e8db31": "north", "57264a74708984140094c18b": "1823", "57264a74708984140094c18c": "atra mors", "57264a74708984140094c18d": "1823", "57264a74708984140094c18e": "1823", "57264a74708984140094c18f": "1823", "57264b3edd62a815002e80aa": "the heavens", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ab": "Paris", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ac": "the Miasma theory", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ad": "Miasma", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c6": "Yersinia pestis", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c7": "19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c8": "Alexandre Yersin", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c9": "Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898", "57264c42dd62a815002e80ca": "Yersinia pestis", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e4": "Francis Aidan Gasquet", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e5": "The historian Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e6": "1908", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e7": "Great Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that \"it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague\".", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e8": "the Justinian plague", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7a": "30\u201375%", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7b": "purple skin patches", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7c": "80", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7d": "30\u201375%", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7e": "purple skin patches (purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation).", "57264e2f708984140094c1e1": "Yersinia pestis", "57264e2f708984140094c1e2": "Yersinia pestis", "57264e2f708984140094c1e3": "presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques", "57264e2f708984140094c1e4": "Yersinia pestis", "57264e2f708984140094c1e5": "Yersinia pestis", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbae": "Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbaf": "Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb0": "Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb1": "Marseille", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb2": "Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa1": "The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended.", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa2": "East Smithfield", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa3": "a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa4": "plague victims", "5726509bdd62a815002e815a": "the work of British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970", "5726509bdd62a815002e815b": "J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970", "5726509bdd62a815002e815c": "J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970", "5726509bdd62a815002e815d": "zoo", "5726509bdd62a815002e815e": "1984", "5726516a708984140094c223": "an epidemiological", "5726516a708984140094c224": "lack of reliable statistics", "5726516a708984140094c225": "over 100%", "5726516a708984140094c226": "the clergy", "5726516a708984140094c227": "Domesday Book and the year 1377", "57265285708984140094c25b": "rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic", "57265285708984140094c25c": "marginal", "57265285708984140094c25d": "rats", "57265285708984140094c25e": "Black Death", "57265285708984140094c25f": "5 to 15 years", "5726534d708984140094c26d": "anthrax", "5726534d708984140094c26e": "2001", "5726534d708984140094c26f": "anthrax", "5726534d708984140094c270": "a form of anthrax", "5726534d708984140094c271": "25", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc28": "Black Death", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc29": "Black Death", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2a": "well-preserved individuals", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b": "50%", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2c": "about a third", "572654e2708984140094c2b7": "repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean", "572654e2708984140094c2b8": "returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean", "572654e2708984140094c2b9": "almost a million", "5726559edd62a815002e81c8": "2 million", "5726559edd62a815002e81c9": "1350", "5726559edd62a815002e81ca": "80", "5726559edd62a815002e81cb": "1665", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc68": "40,000", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc69": "Russia", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6b": "troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6c": "Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6a": "22 times between 1361 and 1528", "57265700dd62a815002e820e": "1.7 million", "57265700dd62a815002e820f": "300,000", "57265700dd62a815002e8210": "half", "57265700dd62a815002e8211": "1700\u201321", "57265700dd62a815002e8212": "1720 in Marseille", "5726577f708984140094c301": "1500 and 1850", "5726577f708984140094c302": "30 to 50 thousand", "5726577f708984140094c303": "Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world. Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850", "5726577f708984140094c304": "Black Death", "572657d9dd62a815002e8230": "melt (magma and/or lava", "572657d9dd62a815002e8231": "heat and pressure", "572657d9dd62a815002e8232": "igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.", "572657d9dd62a815002e8233": "igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic", "572657d9dd62a815002e8234": "a characteristic fabric", "57265d08708984140094c397": "seafloor spreading", "57265d08708984140094c398": "the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle", "57265d08708984140094c399": "plate tectonics.", "57265d08708984140094c39a": "the convection of the mantle: oceanic plate motions and mantle convection currents always move in the same direction, because the oceanic lithosphere", "57265d08708984140094c39b": "1960s", "57265f605951b619008f70db": "Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries", "57265f605951b619008f70dc": "Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries", "57265f605951b619008f70dd": "San Andreas fault system", "57265f605951b619008f70de": "Alfred Wegener", "57265f605951b619008f70df": "its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory of how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle", "57266193dd62a815002e832a": "seismic waves", "57266193dd62a815002e832b": "simplified", "57266193dd62a815002e832d": "410 and 660 kilometers", "57266193dd62a815002e832e": "wave speeds", "57266193dd62a815002e832c": "a crust and lithosphere on top, the mantle below (separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf2": "fourth", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4": "fourth", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf5": "entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this compresses the most recent eon", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf6": "P", "572665ff708984140094c4c3": "cross-cutting relationships", "572665ff708984140094c4c4": "younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations", "572665ff708984140094c4c5": "Finding the key bed", "572665ff708984140094c4c6": "younger", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de90": "xenoliths", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de91": "magma or lava flows", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de92": "The principle of inclusions and components", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de93": "xenoliths", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de94": "gravel", "572669a9dd62a815002e8416": "faunal succession", "572669a9dd62a815002e8417": "William Smith", "572669a9dd62a815002e8418": "complex", "572669a9dd62a815002e8419": "fossils", "572669a9dd62a815002e841a": "William Smith", "57266c015951b619008f7237": "fossils", "57266c015951b619008f7238": "fossils", "57266c015951b619008f7239": "rock units", "57266c015951b619008f723a": "date sections of rock relative to one another", "57266c015951b619008f723b": "assign absolute ages to rock units", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8c": "temperature profiles within the crust, the uplift of mountain ranges", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8d": "different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8e": "These are used in geochronologic and thermochronologic studies.", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8f": "Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers", "5726701add62a815002e84c8": "horizontal compression, they shorten and become thicker", "5726701add62a815002e84c9": "thicker", "5726701add62a815002e84ca": "\"antiforms", "5726701add62a815002e84cb": "\"antiforms", "5726701add62a815002e84cc": "anticlines and synclines", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe4": "Extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe5": "boudins", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe6": "Maria Fold and Thrust Belt in which the entire sedimentary sequence of the Grand Canyon can be seen over a length of less than a meter", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe7": "metamorphosed", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe8": "become longer and thinner", "572673f5708984140094c69b": "Dikes, long, planar igneous intrusions, enter along cracks", "572673f5708984140094c69c": "hillslopes and channels", "572673f5708984140094c69d": "The addition of new rock units", "572673f5708984140094c69e": "Continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment", "572673f5708984140094c69f": "The addition of new rock units", "57267640f1498d1400e8e074": "layered basaltic lava flows", "57267640f1498d1400e8e075": "the Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada", "57267640f1498d1400e8e076": "southwestern United States", "57267640f1498d1400e8e077": "Cambrian time", "57267640f1498d1400e8e078": "the Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada", "572677e7708984140094c723": "stratigraphy (the study of sedimentary layers), and structural geology", "572677e7708984140094c724": "structural geology", "572677e7708984140094c725": "positions of rock units", "572677e7708984140094c726": "soils, rivers, landscapes, and glaciers", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec": "electron microprobe", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ed": "interference", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ee": "the geochemical evolution of rock units", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ef": "laboratory", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0f0": "electron microprobe", "57267b3c5951b619008f7423": "fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments", "57267b3c5951b619008f7424": "fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures", "57267b3c5951b619008f7425": "high temperature and pressure", "57267d52708984140094c7d9": "microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain", "57267d52708984140094c7da": "microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain", "57267d52708984140094c7db": "plot", "57267d52708984140094c7dc": "numerical", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872c": "wedges", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872d": "orogenic wedge", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872e": "sand", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872f": "same) orogenic wedge", "57267ebfdd62a815002e8730": "often more sophisticated and can include patterns of erosion and uplift in the mountain belt", "57268066708984140094c821": "geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface", "57268066708984140094c822": "geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface", "57268066708984140094c823": "well logs", "57268066708984140094c824": "computer programs", "57268066708984140094c825": "water, coal, and hydrocarbon", "57268220f1498d1400e8e218": "Geochronologists", "57268220f1498d1400e8e216": "biostratigrapher", "57268220f1498d1400e8e219": "Magnetic stratigraphers", "57268220f1498d1400e8e217": "Geochronologists", "572683f95951b619008f7525": "Persia", "572683f95951b619008f7526": "Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni", "572683f95951b619008f7527": "Persia", "572683f95951b619008f7528": "Ibn Sina", "572683f95951b619008f7529": "deposition of silt", "57268527708984140094c8bf": "James Hutton", "57268527708984140094c8c0": "Theory of the Earth", "57268527708984140094c8c1": "1795", "57268527708984140094c8c2": "Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh", "572686ac5951b619008f75a9": "William Maclure", "572686ac5951b619008f75aa": "1809 by William Maclure", "572686ac5951b619008f75ab": "1807", "572686ac5951b619008f75ad": "Observations on the Geology of the United States", "572686ac5951b619008f75ac": "American Philosophical Society", "57268882f1498d1400e8e306": "Principles of Geology", "57268882f1498d1400e8e307": "uniformitarianism", "57268882f1498d1400e8e308": "slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history", "57268882f1498d1400e8e309": "catastrophism", "57268882f1498d1400e8e30a": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin", "5726642f5951b619008f7157": "103", "5726642f5951b619008f7158": "8.5 mi (13.7 km", "5726642f5951b619008f7159": "Eurocities network of European cities.", "5726642f5951b619008f715a": "a county", "5726642f5951b619008f715b": "Geordie", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de30": "Robert Curthose", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de31": "wool trade", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de32": "coal", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de33": "16th", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de34": "Great North Run", "5726660d5951b619008f71b1": "Pons Aelius", "5726660d5951b619008f71b2": "Pons Aelius", "5726660d5951b619008f71b3": "2,000", "5726660d5951b619008f71b4": "Pons Aelius", "5726660d5951b619008f71b5": "Pictish tribes", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b4": "Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress.", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b5": "Elizabeth", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b6": "to defend it from invaders", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b7": "to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland.", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b8": "three", "57266783f1498d1400e8de86": "From 1530 a royal act restricted all shipments of coal", "57266783f1498d1400e8de87": "Hostmen", "57266783f1498d1400e8de88": "pointless pursuit", "57266783f1498d1400e8de89": "entrepreneur, widely regarded as an eccentric", "57266783f1498d1400e8de8a": "shipment", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def6": "close-knit community of keelmen and their families", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def7": "to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def8": "7,000 out of 20,000", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def9": "47%", "57266a15f1498d1400e8defa": "keelmen", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8434": "the King", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8435": "the Scots", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8436": "drummes", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8437": "brave defence", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8438": "Charles I", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df53": "the urbanization of the city. In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city.", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df54": "Maling", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df55": "electric lighting", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df52": "heavy engineering", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df56": "steam turbine", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df78": "medieval street layout", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df79": "Narrow alleys or 'chares', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the riverside", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7a": "Stairs", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7b": "modern", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7c": "Bessie Surtees House, the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a0": "neoclassical", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a1": "Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a2": "Grey Street as one of the finest streets in England. The street curves down from Grey's Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a3": "Richard Grainger and John Dobson", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a4": "Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored.", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa4": "Town Moor", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa5": "the Town Moor", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa7": "The Hoppings", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa8": "annually in June", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa6": "King Harald V of Norway", "57267076708984140094c601": "regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments", "57267076708984140094c602": "Millennium Bridge", "57267076708984140094c603": "Norman Foster", "57267076708984140094c604": "\"NewcastleGateshead", "57267076708984140094c605": "ten", "572671165951b619008f72b7": "the Grainger Town area", "572671165951b619008f72b8": "1835 and 1842", "572671165951b619008f72b9": "four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes", "572671165951b619008f72ba": "244", "572671e55951b619008f72d7": "Butcher Market", "572671e55951b619008f72d8": "Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market. The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835", "572671e55951b619008f72d9": "2000", "572671e55951b619008f72da": "painting", "572671e55951b619008f72db": "English Heritage", "57267383dd62a815002e8552": "oceanic", "57267383dd62a815002e8553": "warming influence of the Gulf Stream (via the North Atlantic Drift", "57267383dd62a815002e8554": "rain shadow", "57267383dd62a815002e8555": "the Gulf Stream", "57267383dd62a815002e8556": "cooler summers, similar to the remainder of the British Isles", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03a": "2010", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03b": "the Eldon Square Shopping Centre", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03c": "John Lewis", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03d": "department", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03e": "March 2007", "5726769c708984140094c711": "Grainger Street", "5726769c708984140094c712": "Gosforth and Byker", "5726769c708984140094c713": "Tesco store", "5726769c708984140094c714": "MetroCentre", "5726769c708984140094c715": "Gateshead", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ac": "The Tyneside flat", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ad": "terraces", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ae": "The Tyneside flat", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0af": "Tyneside flat", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0b0": "Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density", "572678c0dd62a815002e863e": "7.8%", "572678c0dd62a815002e863f": "5.9%", "572678c0dd62a815002e8640": "5.9%", "572678c0dd62a815002e8641": "Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath, inner London, Hastings, Brighton and Tunbridge Wells", "572678c0dd62a815002e8642": "Tunbridge Wells", "572679c35951b619008f73db": "282,442", "572679c35951b619008f73dc": "189,863, whereas the metropolitan borough of Newcastle had a population of around 259,000", "572679c35951b619008f73dd": "student population with Newcastle and Northumbria Universities in the local area. Areas with predominant student populations include Jesmond and Heaton.", "572679c35951b619008f73de": "282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics.", "572679c35951b619008f73df": "Office for National Statistics.", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e122": "37.8", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e123": "Scottish or Irish ancestors", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e124": "Border Reiver", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e125": "2,000", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e126": "2,000", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a6": "Geordie", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a7": "the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxon", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a8": "Newcastle", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a9": "the end of Roman Imperial rule. This language was the forerunner of Modern English", "57267b65dd62a815002e86aa": "\"burn\" (\"stream", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d6": "child", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d7": "Scandinavia", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d8": "go away\" or \"you're kidding", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d9": "Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area", "57267c63dd62a815002e86da": "throw", "57267ce7708984140094c7c9": "the Ear Institute at the University College London", "57267ce7708984140094c7ca": "80.4 decibels", "57267ce7708984140094c7cb": "80.4 decibels", "57267ce7708984140094c7cc": "negative long-term impact on the health", "57267ce7708984140094c7cd": "80.4 decibels", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e194": "Collingwood Street", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e195": "Collingwood Street", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e196": "12-screen Empire multiplex cinema", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e197": "The Pink Triangle", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e198": "Times Square area near the Centre for Life", "57267f695951b619008f74bd": "theatre", "57267f695951b619008f74be": "Stephen Kemble", "57267f695951b619008f74bf": "many celebrated seasons", "57267f695951b619008f74c0": "1788", "57267f695951b619008f74c1": "Grey Street", "5726800add62a815002e8750": "theatres", "5726800add62a815002e8751": "Theatre Royal", "5726800add62a815002e8752": "a season of performances from the Royal Shakespeare Company", "5726800add62a815002e8753": "The Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre", "5726800add62a815002e8754": "the arts capital of the UK in a survey conducted by the Artsworld TV channel", "572680865951b619008f74e7": "more than 150,000 books", "572680865951b619008f74e8": "8000", "572680865951b619008f74e9": "John and Benjamin Green", "572680865951b619008f74ea": "Joseph Swan", "572680865951b619008f74eb": "Joseph Swan", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fa": "Beer", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fb": "Spring bank holiday", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fc": "Newcastle Beer Festival, organized by CAMRA, takes place in April", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fd": "EAT! NewcastleGateshead", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fe": "2 weeks each year in mid June", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23c": "Hoppings", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23d": "The Hoppings", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23e": "Temperance Movement", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23f": "cycling", "57268341f1498d1400e8e240": "Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in Leazes Park and in the city's Gay Community in mid July", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24c": "Newcastle Mela", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24e": "Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24f": "Design Event festival", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e250": "East Asian", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24d": "NewcastleGateshead", "5726847f708984140094c8ab": "a folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection.", "5726847f708984140094c8ac": "1971", "5726847f708984140094c8ad": "Venom", "5726847f708984140094c8ae": "Skyclad", "5726847f708984140094c8af": "Duran Duran", "57268525dd62a815002e8806": "November 2006 and May 2008", "57268525dd62a815002e8807": "the Old Town Hall", "57268525dd62a815002e8808": "three", "57268525dd62a815002e8809": "the restored Classic \u2014the United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema", "57268525dd62a815002e880a": "a roof extension", "57268692dd62a815002e8826": "Centre for Life", "57268692dd62a815002e8827": "Great North Museum", "57268692dd62a815002e8828": "shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the Great North Museum", "57268692dd62a815002e8829": "2009", "57268692dd62a815002e882a": "Seven Stories", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e2": "1939", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e3": "Get Carter", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e4": "noir thriller Stormy Monday, directed by Mike Figgis", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e5": "Mike Figgis", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e6": "1988 film noir thriller Stormy Monday, directed by Mike Figgis", "572687e1dd62a815002e8852": "Gosforth Park", "572687e1dd62a815002e8853": "Eagles", "572687e1dd62a815002e8854": "Diamonds", "572687e1dd62a815002e8855": "Gosforth Park", "572687e1dd62a815002e8856": "9.5 km) Blaydon Race", "57268885dd62a815002e886a": "6 miles (9.7 km) from the city centre on the northern outskirts of the city near Ponteland", "57268885dd62a815002e886b": "Metro Light Rail system", "57268885dd62a815002e886c": "6 miles (9.7 km) from the city centre on the northern outskirts of the city near Ponteland", "57268885dd62a815002e886d": "five million", "57268885dd62a815002e886e": "90", "572689385951b619008f761b": "work was completed on the stations historic entrance", "572689385951b619008f761c": "six", "572689385951b619008f761d": "1850 by Queen Victoria", "572689385951b619008f761e": "Robert Stephenson", "572689385951b619008f761f": "Manors", "572689b6dd62a815002e8890": "Virgin Trains East Coast", "572689b6dd62a815002e8891": "three", "572689b6dd62a815002e8892": "Edinburgh", "572689b6dd62a815002e8893": "CrossCountry", "572689b6dd62a815002e8894": "Virgin Trains East Coast", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88ce": "suburban and underground railways", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88cf": "five", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d0": "deep-level", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d1": "1980 and 1984", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d2": "37 million", "57268bb25951b619008f7645": "refurbishment and modernization", "57268bb25951b619008f7646": "smart ticketing", "57268bb25951b619008f7647": "North Shields). In addition; tracks, signalling and overhead wires", "57268bb25951b619008f7648": "the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains", "57268bb25951b619008f7649": "trams as opposed to the current light rail trains", "57268d1b708984140094c9cd": "A1", "57268d1b708984140094c9ce": "A69", "57268d1b708984140094c9cf": "Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass), stretching north to Edinburgh and south to London; the A19", "57268d1b708984140094c9d0": "Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass), stretching north to Edinburgh and south to London; the A19", "57268d1b708984140094c9d1": "A69", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e6": "3", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e7": "Haymarket bus station and Eldon Square bus station", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e8": "Stagecoach", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e9": "the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3ea": "Go-Ahead", "57269120708984140094ca59": "1998", "57269120708984140094ca5a": "highlighting the usage of cycling", "57269120708984140094ca5b": "healthy living", "57269120708984140094ca5c": "one way streets", "57269120708984140094ca5d": "national networks", "5726934f5951b619008f771d": "North Shields", "5726934f5951b619008f771e": "Gothenburg, Sweden", "5726934f5951b619008f771f": "Gothenburg, Sweden", "5726934f5951b619008f7720": "Bergen and Stavanger, Norway was terminated late 2008", "5726934f5951b619008f7721": "Thomson cruise lines", "57269526dd62a815002e8a4e": "eleven", "57269526dd62a815002e8a4f": "seven independent schools with sixth forms", "57269526dd62a815002e8a50": "the Royal Grammar School", "57269526dd62a815002e8a51": "Newcastle College", "57269526dd62a815002e8a52": "Sacred Heart", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6c": "Northumbria University", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6d": "School of Medicine and Surgery", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6e": "Sunday Times University of the Year award", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6f": "Newcastle Polytechnic, established in 1969 and became the University of Northumbria at Newcastle", "57269698dd62a815002e8a70": "company award of the \"Most IT enabled organisation\" (in the UK), by the IT industry magazine Computing", "572699b55951b619008f778f": "three cathedrals, the Anglican St. Nicholas", "572699b55951b619008f7790": "1474", "572699b55951b619008f7791": "Coptic Cathedral", "572699b55951b619008f7792": "St Thomas the Martyr", "572699b55951b619008f7793": "parish churches", "57269b165951b619008f77b3": "St Andrew", "57269b165951b619008f77b4": "12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726", "57269b165951b619008f77b5": "main porch", "57269b165951b619008f77b6": "Parish Church of St Andrew", "57269b165951b619008f77b7": "the Scots", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ca": "City Road", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cb": "City Road for over 40 years after its launch in January 1959. In 2005 it moved to a new facility on The Watermark business park", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cc": "The entrance to studio 5", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cd": "Barrack Road", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ce": "Look North television regional news programme and local radio station BBC Radio Newcastle", "57269d745951b619008f77d7": "NE1fm", "57269d745951b619008f77d8": "students from both of the city's universities, broadcasting from Newcastle University's student's union building", "57269d745951b619008f77d9": "1951", "57269d745951b619008f77da": "Radio Lollipop station based at the Great North Children's Hospital in the Newcastle Royal Victoria Infirmary", "57269d745951b619008f77db": "students from both of the city's universities, broadcasting from Newcastle University's student's union building", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e520": "1770", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e521": "Charles Avison, the leading British composer of concertos in the 18th century, was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e522": "Lord Armstrong", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e523": "Charles Avison", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e524": "Thailand", "57269fab5951b619008f7807": "Rutherford Grammar", "57269fab5951b619008f7808": "footballers", "57269fab5951b619008f7809": "Nobel Prize winning physicist", "57269fab5951b619008f780a": "inventor of keyed Northumbrian smallpipes, the most characteristic musical instrument in the region, lived and worked in the city.", "57269fab5951b619008f780b": "John Dunn, inventor of keyed Northumbrian smallpipes, the most characteristic musical instrument in the region, lived and worked in the city.", "5726710b708984140094c61d": "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert", "5726710b708984140094c61e": "4.5 million", "5726710b708984140094c61f": "1852", "5726710b708984140094c620": "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert", "572680ac708984140094c83d": "Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea", "572680ac708984140094c83e": "1852", "572680ac708984140094c83f": "1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert", "572680ac708984140094c840": "Department for Culture, Media and Sport", "572680ac708984140094c841": "2001", "57268294708984140094c877": "12.5 acres (51,000 m2", "57268294708984140094c878": "12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries", "57268294708984140094c879": "5,000", "57268294708984140094c87a": "the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa", "57268294708984140094c87b": "12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries. Its collection spans 5,000 years", "572685cd5951b619008f7573": "Great Exhibition of 1851", "572685cd5951b619008f7574": "Henry Cole", "572685cd5951b619008f7575": "Museum of Manufactures", "572685cd5951b619008f7576": "Somerset House", "572685cd5951b619008f7577": "Gottfried Semper", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e378": "1857", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e379": "1857", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37a": "George Wallis", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37b": "1857", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37c": "1949", "57268f2c708984140094ca25": "September and November 1946", "57268f2c708984140094ca26": "nearly a million", "57268f2c708984140094ca27": "the Council of Industrial Design", "57268f2c708984140094ca28": "Festival of Britain", "57268f2c708984140094ca29": "By 1948", "572691d7708984140094ca6d": "young people", "572691d7708984140094ca6e": "young people", "572691d7708984140094ca6f": "Roy Strong", "572691d7708984140094ca70": "British progressive folk-rock band Gryphon", "57269656708984140094cafd": "\u00a343 million", "57269656708984140094cafe": "\u00a376 million", "57269656708984140094caff": "\u00a343 million", "57269656708984140094cb00": "\u00a343 million", "57269656708984140094cb01": "\u00a343 million", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a98": "1857", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a99": "the Sheepshanks Gallery", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9a": "to house the eponymous collections", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9b": "June 1862", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9c": "the offices and board room", "57269c06708984140094cba1": "1863", "57269c06708984140094cba2": "Italian Renaissance", "57269c06708984140094cba3": "Godfrey Sykes", "57269c06708984140094cba4": "Sykes", "57269c06708984140094cba5": "Godfrey Sykes", "57269d68708984140094cbd7": "1866\u201368", "57269d68708984140094cbd8": "Edward Burne-Jones", "57269d68708984140094cbd9": "1865\u201377", "57269d68708984140094cbda": "Alfred Stevens", "57269d68708984140094cbdb": "1876\u201381", "5726a0205951b619008f781b": "Colonel (later Major General) Henry Young Darracott Scott", "5726a0205951b619008f781c": "five-storey School for Naval Architects (also known as the science schools), now the Henry Cole Wing in 1867\u201372", "5726a0205951b619008f781d": "Cadeby stone", "5726a0205951b619008f781e": "Colonel (later Major General) Henry Young Darracott Scott", "5726a0205951b619008f781f": "2008", "5726a2445951b619008f7861": "sgraffito", "5726a2445951b619008f7862": "sgraffito", "5726a2445951b619008f7863": "1870\u201373", "5726a2445951b619008f7864": "Art Library", "5726a2445951b619008f7865": "Trajan's Column", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5fe": "720 feet (220 m) along Cromwell Gardens and was designed by Aston Webb", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5ff": "1899 and 1909", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e600": "720 feet (220 m", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e601": "an open work crown", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e602": "a statue of fame", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4b": "Alfred Drury", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4c": "four", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4d": "East and West Halls", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4e": "marble", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4f": "Prince Albert", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9e": "1966 and 1967", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9f": "Henry Cole wing", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca0": "new entrance building was constructed on the site of the former boiler house, the intended site of the Spiral, between 1978 and 1982", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca1": "Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne of the Royal College of Art", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca2": "Spiral, between 1978 and 1982", "5726afeb708984140094cdd7": "main silverware gallery", "5726afeb708984140094cdd8": "Central Hall Shop", "5726afeb708984140094cdd9": "Medieval and Renaissance", "5726afeb708984140094cdda": "South Kensington tube station", "5726afeb708984140094cddb": "2002", "5726b12f5951b619008f7aaf": "Kim Wilkie", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab0": "Kim Wilkie and opened as the John Madejski Garden, on 5 July 2005", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab1": "stone", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab2": "stone", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab3": "American Sweetgum tree", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e4": "2004", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e5": "2004", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e7": "600,000 drawings, over 750,000 papers and paraphernalia", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e6": "the RIBA Drawings and Archives", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e8": "2004, the V&A alongside Royal Institute of British Architects", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b99": "Andrea Palladio", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9a": "Jacques Gentilhatre and Antonio Visentini", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9b": "330", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9c": "Jacques Gentilhatre and Antonio Visentini", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9d": "Jacques Gentilhatre and Antonio Visentini", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6a": "c1600", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6b": "c1600", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6c": "c1600", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6d": "Montal", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6e": "Alhambra", "5726bc505951b619008f7c79": "19,000", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7a": "2006", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7b": "the Ardabil Carpet", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7c": "400", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7d": "1909", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c0": "60,000", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c1": "10,000", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c2": "nearly 60,000 objects, including about 10,000 textiles and 6000", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c4": "Jawaharlal Nehru gallery of Indian art, opened in 1991", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c3": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "5726bf325951b619008f7cfd": "70,000", "5726bf325951b619008f7cfe": "70,000 works of art from the countries of East Asia: China, Japan and Korea", "5726bf325951b619008f7cff": "T. T. Tsui", "5726bf325951b619008f7d00": "1991", "5726bf325951b619008f7d01": "70,000", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd8": "Toshiba gallery of Japanese art opened in December 1986", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd9": "December 1986", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fda": "13th-century", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdb": "Toshiba gallery of Japanese art opened in December 1986. The majority of exhibits date from 1550 to 1900", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdc": "bronze incense burner", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de7": "14th to the 19th century", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de8": "Korea, the Himalayan kingdoms and South East Asia", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de9": "Refined Hindu and Buddhist sculptures", "5726c80c5951b619008f7dea": "green-glazed ceramics, silk embroideries from officials' robes and gleaming boxes inlaid with mother-of-pearl", "5726c80c5951b619008f7deb": "betel-nut cutters, ivory combs and bronze palanquin hooks", "5726c9a4708984140094d16f": "John Forster", "5726c9a4708984140094d170": "small in size, dated between 1490 and 1505", "5726c9a4708984140094d171": "John Forster", "5726c9a4708984140094d172": "1876 by John Forster", "5726c9a4708984140094d173": "1876 by John Forster. The Reverend Alexander Dyce", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9086": "Writers whose papers are in the library are as diverse as Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9087": "Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9088": "12th to 16th", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9089": "the trial and rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, Rouen.", "5726cc11dd62a815002e908a": "Lucas Horenbout", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc4": "called Word and Image Department", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc5": "MODES", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc6": "Encoded Archival Description", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc8": "MODES", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc7": "\"", "5726cfa3708984140094d209": "2007", "5726cfa3708984140094d20a": "to list more items in the collections in those computer databases.", "5726cfa3708984140094d20b": "Andy Warhol", "5726cfa3708984140094d20c": "15,000", "5726cfa3708984140094d20d": "Andy Warhol and to create a factory to completely digitize the collection.", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f69": "the work of British artists and craftspeople is on display, but also work produced by European artists that was purchased or commissioned by British patrons", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6a": "Asia", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6b": "the work of British artists and craftspeople is on display, but also work produced by European artists that was purchased or commissioned by British patrons", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6c": "Horace Walpole", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6d": "porcelain, cloth and wallpaper", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdb": "the increase in tea drinking led to the production of tea paraphernalia such as china and caddies", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecda": "galleries", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecde": "the spread of printed books and the work of European artists and craftsmen employed in Britain. In the Stuart period, increasing trade, especially with Asia", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdc": "mass production", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdd": "John Ruskin", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed16": "sculpture wing", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed17": "cut in half", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed18": "Trajan's Column", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed19": "sculptures, friezes and tombs", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed1a": "glass case", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e4": "1731", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e5": "Frederick II the Great", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e6": "Frederick II the Great", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e7": "1909", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e8": "1909", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd8": "Mintons & Royal Doulton", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd9": "Britain and Holland", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edda": "Turkey", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddb": "Turkey", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddc": "Turkey", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ab": "4000", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ac": "over 6000 items", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ad": "Ancient Egypt", "5726de7a5951b619008f80af": "Ren\u00e9 Lalique", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ae": "Deco", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee52": "1994", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee53": "Danny Lane", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee54": "2004", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee55": "Dale Chihuly", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee56": "13th-century", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c4": "over 10,000", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c5": "over 10,000 British and 2,000", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c6": "over 10,000 British and 2,000 old master works", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c7": "over 10,000 British and 2,000 old master works", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c8": "over 10,000 British and 2,000 old master works", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed8": "Talbot Hughes", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed9": "Word and Image department", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eeda": "everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived, the collection is dominated by fashionable clothes made for special occasions", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedb": "1913", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedc": "Harrods", "5726e4eedd62a815002e9438": "2002", "5726e4eedd62a815002e9439": "178 Vivienne Westwood", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943a": "178 Vivienne Westwood", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943b": "the Costiff collection of 178 Vivienne Westwood", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943c": "modern fashion", "5726e680dd62a815002e946e": "Italian and French Renaissance", "5726e680dd62a815002e946f": "1859 and 1865", "5726e680dd62a815002e9470": "The Soulages collection of Italian and French Renaissance objects", "5726e680dd62a815002e9471": "1882", "5726e680dd62a815002e9472": "\u00a3250,000", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a4": "1580 from Antwerp City Hall, attributed to Hans Vredeman de Vries", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a5": "Hans Vredeman de Vries", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a6": "c1750", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a7": "c1750", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a8": "Hans Vredeman de Vries", "5726e9c65951b619008f8247": "over 6000", "5726e9c65951b619008f8248": "works dating from Ancient Egypt", "5726e9c65951b619008f8249": "154 gems bequeathed in 1869", "5726e9c65951b619008f824a": "154", "5726e9c65951b619008f824b": "William and Judith Bollinger", "5726ee28708984140094d656": "about 15%", "5726ee28708984140094d657": "a silver gilt beaker", "5726ee28708984140094d658": "8 tonnes, 10.5 metres high and 11 metres wide", "5726ee28708984140094d659": "Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1862", "5726ee28708984140094d655": "10,000", "5726ef12dd62a815002e959e": "58 cm high Gloucester Candlestick, dated to c1110", "5726ef12dd62a815002e959f": "58 cm high Gloucester Candlestick, dated to c1110, made from gilt bronze", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a0": "St Thomas Becket", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a1": "St Thomas Becket", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a2": "St Thomas Becket, made from gilt copper", "5726f1ec708984140094d6aa": "over 5,100", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ad": "Bryan Davies", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ab": "35 instruments", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ac": "35", "5726f1ec708984140094d6a9": "25 February 2010", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bc": "1130", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bd": "1130 British and 650", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0be": "about 1130 British and 650 European oil paintings, 6800 British watercolours, pastels and 2000 miniatures", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bf": "Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0c0": "c. 1400", "5726f4a0708984140094d6e9": "1857", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ea": "233", "5726f4a0708984140094d6eb": "1857", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ec": "The Hay Wain", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ed": "Isabel", "5726f755708984140094d737": "continental art 1600\u20131800", "5726f755708984140094d738": "Madame de Pompadour", "5726f755708984140094d739": "Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child)", "5726f755708984140094d73a": "Fran\u00e7ois, Duc d'Alen\u00e7on", "5726f90b708984140094d75d": "Eadweard Muybridge", "5726f90b708984140094d75e": "1887", "5726f90b708984140094d75f": "781", "5726f90b708984140094d760": "Eadweard Muybridge", "5726f90b708984140094d761": "James Lafayette", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96ce": "sculpture collection at the V&A is the most comprehensive holding of post-classical European sculpture", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96cf": "22,000", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d0": "Byzantine and Anglo Saxon", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d1": "All uses of sculpture are represented, from tomb and memorial", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9706": "Canova's The Three Graces, which the museum jointly owns with National Galleries of Scotland", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9707": "the ancient Roman statue of Narcissus restored by Valerio Cioli", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9708": "the Chancel Chapel", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9709": "Chancel Chapel", "5726fc63dd62a815002e970a": "Chancel Chapel", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9732": "20", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9733": "20", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9734": "1914", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9735": "World War I", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9736": "1914", "572700c8dd62a815002e976a": "Nicholas Stone", "572700c8dd62a815002e976b": "Nicholas Stone", "572700c8dd62a815002e976c": "Nicholas Stone", "572700c8dd62a815002e976d": "Nicholas Stone", "572702a3dd62a815002e9790": "Dorothy and Michael Hintze", "572702a3dd62a815002e9791": "1950", "572702a3dd62a815002e9792": "theme, tomb sculpture, portraiture, garden sculpture and mythology", "572702a3dd62a815002e9793": "the Dorothy and Michael Hintze", "572702a3dd62a815002e9794": "Tate Britain", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23c": "53,000 examples", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23d": "all populated continents", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23e": "more than 53,000 examples, mainly western European though all populated continents are represented, dating from the 1st century AD", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23f": "53,000 examples, mainly western European though all populated continents", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f240": "technique", "57270541dd62a815002e97c8": "the Cloth of St Gereon", "57270541dd62a815002e97c9": "Netherlands", "57270541dd62a815002e97ca": "Netherlands", "57270541dd62a815002e97cb": "Netherlands", "57270541dd62a815002e97cc": "John Vanderbank's workshop", "57270676dd62a815002e97f0": "late 14th-century", "57270676dd62a815002e97f1": "1887", "57270676dd62a815002e97f2": "1887", "57270676dd62a815002e97f3": "Marion Dorn", "57270676dd62a815002e97f4": "Serge Chermayeff", "57270817708984140094d8c7": "the Theatre Museum", "57270817708984140094d8c8": "March 2009", "57270817708984140094d8c9": "the Theatre Museum", "57270817708984140094d8ca": "V&A Theatre & Performance galleries", "57270817708984140094d8cb": "The V&A Theatre & Performance galleries", "57270ab9708984140094d8f7": "Conservation", "57270ab9708984140094d8f8": "controlling the museum environment (for example, temperature and light) and preventing pests (primarily insects", "57270ab9708984140094d8f9": "interventive\"", "57270ab9708984140094d8fa": "Museum of Childhood", "57270ab9708984140094d8fb": "performing surveys, assessments and providing advice on the handling of items, correct packaging, mounting and handling procedures during movement and display to reduce risk of damaging objects", "57267b755951b619008f7433": "ABC) (stylized in its logo as abc since 1957) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Disney\u2013ABC Television Group", "57267b755951b619008f7434": "1957", "57267b755951b619008f7435": "Columbus Avenue", "57267b755951b619008f7436": "Columbus Avenue", "57267b755951b619008f7437": "Disney Media Networks", "57267ca75951b619008f7469": "1948", "57267ca75951b619008f746a": "1948", "57267ca75951b619008f746b": "1948", "57267ca75951b619008f746c": "80% interest in cable sports channel ESPN", "57267ca75951b619008f746d": "Capital Cities Communications", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8740": "The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8741": "Citadel Broadcasting", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8742": "eight", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8743": "the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8744": "Citadel Broadcasting", "5726808bdd62a815002e8776": "three companies: the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company", "5726808bdd62a815002e8777": "NBC Blue and NBC Red", "5726808bdd62a815002e8778": "NBC Blue", "5726808bdd62a815002e8779": "NBC Blue", "5726808bdd62a815002e877a": "1927", "572681ab708984140094c85d": "Mutual filed a complaint with the Federal Communications Commission", "572681ab708984140094c85e": "1938", "572681ab708984140094c85f": "1940", "572681ab708984140094c860": "NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition", "572681ab708984140094c861": "NBC Blue", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fc": "Mark Woods", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fd": "Mark Woods", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fe": "$7.5 million", "572684f5dd62a815002e87ff": "David Sarnoff", "572684f5dd62a815002e8800": "$7.5 million", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29e": "Life Savers", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29f": "$8 million", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a0": "George B. Storer", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a1": "president and CEO of ABC", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a2": "1951", "57268739708984140094c8ed": "the Magnetophon tape recorder", "57268739708984140094c8ee": "Paul Whiteman", "57268739708984140094c8ef": "Gang Busters and Counterspy", "57268739708984140094c8f0": "Bing Crosby", "57268739708984140094c8f1": "public service", "57269260dd62a815002e89ea": "33% stake in European sports channel Eurosport for $155 million", "57269260dd62a815002e89eb": "ABC1", "57269260dd62a815002e89ec": "2004 when on September 27 of that year, ABC announced the launch of ABC1, a free-to-air channel in the United Kingdom", "57269260dd62a815002e89ed": "2004", "57269260dd62a815002e89ee": "the United States", "57269344f1498d1400e8e43e": "1970s", "57269344f1498d1400e8e43f": "satellite", "57269344f1498d1400e8e440": "Japan", "57269344f1498d1400e8e441": "Japan and Latin America, in the 1970s", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5c": "coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in June 1953", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5d": "Beirut", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5e": "5%", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5f": "June 1953", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb60": "June 1953", "5726e5ac708984140094d51b": "Peanuts television specials", "5726e5ac708984140094d51c": "ABC currently holds the broadcast rights to the Academy Awards, Emmy Awards", "5726e5ac708984140094d51d": "It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown and A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving", "5726e5ac708984140094d51e": "the Academy Awards", "5726e5ac708984140094d51f": "It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown and A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving).", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef30": "1974", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef31": "Ryan Seacrest", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef32": "2016", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef33": "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve on New Year's Eve (hosted first by its creator Dick Clark", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef34": "TLC", "5726e671dd62a815002e9464": "1963", "5726e671dd62a815002e9465": "1975", "5726e671dd62a815002e9466": "Procter & Gamble", "5726e671dd62a815002e9467": "The View", "5726e671dd62a815002e9468": "Good Morning America and has done so since 1975", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6e": "ESPN Sports Saturday block", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6c": "2006", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6b": "Disson Skating", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6a": "Saturday Night Football package.", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6d": "Wimbledon tennis tournaments", "5726e860708984140094d579": "Frank Marx", "5726e860708984140094d57a": "low-band VHF frequencies (corresponding to channels 2 through 6", "5726e860708984140094d57b": "1947", "5726e860708984140094d57c": "1947, ABC submitted five", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa0": "108", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa1": "108 existing television stations in the United States; a few major cities (such as Boston) had only two", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa2": "the DuMont Television Network", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa3": "CBS and NBC", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950a": "United Paramount Theatres", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950b": "United Paramount Theatres", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950c": "nine", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950d": "58%", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950e": "Prudential Insurance Company of America", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff2": "Leonard Goldenson", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff3": "William S. Paley", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff4": "June 6, 1951, the tentative agreement was approved by UPT's board of directors", "5726ed12708984140094d645": "1952", "5726ed12708984140094d646": "$25 million", "5726ed12708984140094d647": "$25 million", "5726ed12708984140094d648": "1501 Broadway", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f024": "August", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f025": "August 10, 1948", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f026": "Mount Wilson", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f027": "80,937 m2", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c6": "September 30, 1960", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c7": "1960s", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c8": "The Flintstones", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c9": "1960s", "5726f0865951b619008f82e5": "$7.5 million", "5726f0865951b619008f82e6": "NBC", "5726f0865951b619008f82e7": "1985", "5726f0865951b619008f82e8": "1985", "572734af708984140094dae3": "circle logo, also called \"the dot", "572734af708984140094dae4": "Troika Design Group", "572734af708984140094dae5": "dot", "572734af708984140094dae6": "circle logo, also called \"the dot", "572735a15951b619008f86bf": "Pittard Sullivan", "572735a15951b619008f86c0": "1998", "572735a15951b619008f86c1": "We Love TV\"", "572735a15951b619008f86c2": "the production company vanity cards", "572736625951b619008f86d1": "1993\u201394 season", "572736625951b619008f86d2": "1995\u201396 season", "572736625951b619008f86d3": "1983", "572736625951b619008f86d4": "a script font", "572736fc5951b619008f86d9": "three-dimensional", "572736fc5951b619008f86da": "a bubble", "572736fc5951b619008f86db": "a bubble", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4be": "1962, graphic designer Paul Rand", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4bf": "Bauhaus", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c0": "Herbert Bayer", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c1": "1962", "5727387b5951b619008f86e9": "Disney\u2013ABC was considering a sale of ABC Radio", "5727387b5951b619008f86ea": "October", "5727387b5951b619008f86eb": "six", "57273954708984140094db05": "2004", "57273954708984140094db06": "fourth", "57273954708984140094db07": "Anne Sweeney", "57273954708984140094db08": "NASCAR", "57273a0d708984140094db0d": "2002", "57273a0d708984140094db0e": "Michael Eisner", "57273a0d708984140094db0f": "The Bachelor", "57273a0d708984140094db10": "The Bachelorette", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4da": "four", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4db": "carriage dispute with ABC,", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dc": "ABC ended the 2000\u201301 season as the most-watched network, ahead of NBC", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dd": "TWC", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d6": "2000", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d7": "WB", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d8": "CBS", "57273c195951b619008f8721": "August 1999", "57273c195951b619008f8722": "Regis Philbin", "57273c195951b619008f8723": "Buena Vista Television relaunching the show as a syndicated program (under that incarnation's original host Meredith Vieira", "57273c195951b619008f8724": "Regis Philbin", "57273d19708984140094db3d": "July 31, 1995, The Walt Disney Company announced an agreement to merge with Capital Cities/ABC for $19 billion", "57273d19708984140094db3e": "$19 billion", "57273d19708984140094db3f": "Knight Ridder", "57273d19708984140094db40": "Robert Iger", "57273d19708984140094db41": "Sports Night", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f508": "1965\u201366", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f509": "color became the dominant format for the three broadcast television networks. ABC, meanwhile, remained in third", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f50a": "Beating the Odds", "57273ef15951b619008f8751": "May 1, 1953", "57273ef15951b619008f8752": "7 West 66th Street", "57273ef15951b619008f8753": "Baltimore", "57273f9d708984140094db51": "Robert Kintner", "57273f9d708984140094db52": "DuMont", "57273f9d708984140094db53": "DuMont", "57273f9d708984140094db54": "DuMont", "5727403af1498d1400e8f526": "Paramount Pictures", "5727403af1498d1400e8f527": "The Lone Ranger", "5727403af1498d1400e8f528": "The Simpsons in 2002", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1c": "Kings Row and Casablanca", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1d": "1954", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1e": "Walt Disney", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1f": "1955\u201356 season, it showcased television adaptations of the 1942 films Kings Row and Casablanca; Cheyenne (adapted from the 1947 film Wyoming Kid)", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53e": "Roy", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53f": "$500,000", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f540": "1954", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f541": "Sunday night program, Disneyland, which debuted on the network on October 27, 1954", "572742daf1498d1400e8f550": "Allen Shaw", "572742daf1498d1400e8f551": "Allen Shaw, a former program manager at WCFL in Chicago who was approached by ABC Radio president Harold L. Neal", "572742daf1498d1400e8f552": "a former program manager", "572742daf1498d1400e8f553": "seven", "5727436af1498d1400e8f558": "September 1969", "5727436af1498d1400e8f559": "1971", "5727436af1498d1400e8f55a": "1971", "5727436af1498d1400e8f55b": "$400,000\u2013$450,000", "572743fb708984140094db93": "the early 1970s", "572743fb708984140094db94": "CBS and NBC", "572743fb708984140094db95": "behavioral and demographic data to better determine what types of sponsors", "5727448b5951b619008f87a1": "Monday Night Football", "5727448b5951b619008f87a2": "2006", "5727448b5951b619008f87a3": "2006", "5727448b5951b619008f87a4": "15%\u201316%", "57274633dd62a815002e9a4e": "1970", "57274633dd62a815002e9a4f": "1972", "57274633dd62a815002e9a50": "Worldvision Enterprises, which would produce and distribute programming for U.S. syndication, and ABC Circle Films", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a66": "ABC", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a67": "January 2, 1971", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a68": "Henry Plitt", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a69": "Elton Rule", "572747dd5951b619008f87a9": "1966", "572747dd5951b619008f87aa": "anthology series", "572747dd5951b619008f87ab": "youth-oriented programming", "572747dd5951b619008f87ac": "Paramount Pictures", "572748745951b619008f87b1": "Fred Pierce, the newly appointed president of ABC Television, convinced Fred Silverman", "572748745951b619008f87b2": "Fred Pierce, the newly appointed president of ABC Television, convinced Fred Silverman", "572748745951b619008f87b3": "S.W.A.T", "572748745951b619008f87b4": "1972", "5727492f708984140094dbb5": "NBC's entertainment division", "5727492f708984140094dbb6": "Laverne & Shirley", "5727492f708984140094dbb7": "\"jiggle TV", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a90": "Alex Haley", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a91": "Aaron Spelling", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a92": "nine", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a93": "1976\u201377", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a94": "Billy Crystal", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b4": "Roone Arledge", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b5": "1977", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b6": "7 Lincoln Square", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b7": "1979", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dc": "Arledge", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dd": "Hugh Downs", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5de": "Barbara Walters", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5df": "$20 million", "57274cac708984140094dbdd": "ABC News Now", "57274cac708984140094dbde": "ABC News Now", "57274cac708984140094dbdf": "WJRT-TV and WTVG in Toledo, Ohio", "57274cac708984140094dbe0": "Flint, Michigan", "57274d905951b619008f87e1": "Writers Guild of America", "57274d905951b619008f87e2": "Duel", "57274d905951b619008f87e3": "Caris & Co.", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f1": "ABC Entertainment Group", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f2": "ABC Entertainment Group", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f3": "April 2, 2009, Citadel Communications announced that it would rebrand ABC Radio as Citadel Media", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f4": "iTunes", "57274f07708984140094dbed": "2010", "57274f07708984140094dbee": "sixth and final season of Lost became the drama's lowest-rated season since its debut in 2004", "57274f07708984140094dbef": "Fridays", "57274f07708984140094dbf0": "Wednesdays", "5727504b5951b619008f881d": "1970", "5727504b5951b619008f881e": "1970, ABC proactively created two companies: Worldvision Enterprises", "5727504b5951b619008f881f": "ABC Circle Films", "5727504b5951b619008f8820": "Hanna-Barbera", "57275273dd62a815002e9b16": "Disney\u2013ABC Domestic Television (formerly known as Buena Vista Television) handles domestic television distribution, while Disney\u2013ABC International Television", "57275273dd62a815002e9b17": "Buena Vista Television", "57275273dd62a815002e9b18": "Buena Vista Television) handles domestic television distribution, while Disney\u2013ABC International Television (formerly known as Buena Vista International Television", "57275273dd62a815002e9b19": "Selznick library", "57275339dd62a815002e9b28": "WABC-TV and WPVI-TV", "57275339dd62a815002e9b29": "eight", "57275339dd62a815002e9b2a": "eight", "57275339dd62a815002e9b2b": "96.26%", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b44": "1946", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b45": "1953", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b46": "1943", "57275573708984140094dc45": "2011", "57275573708984140094dc46": "Extreme Makeover: Home Edition", "57275573708984140094dc47": "HD", "57275573708984140094dc48": "Extreme Makeover: Home Edition", "57275650708984140094dc5f": "720p high definition", "57275650708984140094dc60": "16", "57275650708984140094dc61": "11 other affiliates owned by various companies", "57275650708984140094dc62": "720p high definition", "57275743f1498d1400e8f680": "ABC's dramas during that season continued to fail, with the midseason forensic investigation drama Body of Proof", "57275743f1498d1400e8f681": "Happy Endings", "57275743f1498d1400e8f682": "NBC", "57275743f1498d1400e8f683": "V", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b6": "All My Children", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b7": "Prospect Park", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b8": "2013", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b9": "The Revolution", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6ba": "18\u201349", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6ca": "2004", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cb": "CBS", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cc": "Neighbors", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cd": "Neighbors", "57275a505951b619008f889f": "The Middle and Modern Family", "57275a505951b619008f88a0": "Dragon's Den", "57275a505951b619008f88a1": "Dragon's Den reality format)", "57275a505951b619008f88a2": "Tim Allen sitcom Last Man Standing", "57275bfb708984140094dc97": "Daniel Burke departed from Capital Cities/ABC in February 1994, with Thomas Murphy", "57275bfb708984140094dc98": "Thomas Murphy", "57275bfb708984140094dc99": "NYPD Blue", "57275bfb708984140094dc9a": "Steven Bochco", "57275bfb708984140094dc9b": "ten", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6da": "1993", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6db": "DIC Entertainment", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dc": "Time Warner Cable", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dd": "23.63%", "57275e125951b619008f88d7": "Chicago", "57275e125951b619008f88d8": "Chicago", "57275e125951b619008f88d9": "John Bassett", "57275e125951b619008f88da": "25% interest in CFTO-TV", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f4": "Wide World of Sports", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f5": "Edgar Scherick through his company Sports Programs, Inc.", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f6": "1961", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f7": "Sports Programs, Inc", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f706": "ABC Theatres", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f707": "The Dating Game", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f708": "The Newlywed Game", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f709": "44 story building located at 1330 Avenue of the Americas in Manhattan", "57276166dd62a815002e9bd8": "90%", "57276166dd62a815002e9bd9": "Dynasty", "57276166dd62a815002e9bda": "Mork & Mindy", "57276166dd62a815002e9bdb": "Alpha Repertory Television Service", "5727623a5951b619008f8921": "the Infinity Broadcasting Corporation", "5727623a5951b619008f8922": "Getty Oil", "5727623a5951b619008f8923": "The Entertainment Channel", "5727623a5951b619008f8924": "The Entertainment Channel", "572763a8708984140094dcd9": "Daniel B. Burke", "572763a8708984140094dcda": "Daniel B. Burke", "572763a8708984140094dcdb": "$465 million", "572763a8708984140094dcdc": "Thomas S. Murphy", "572763a8708984140094dcdd": "Home Improvement", "572764855951b619008f8951": "General Hospital", "572764855951b619008f8952": "11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. weekdays", "572764855951b619008f8953": "7:00 to 9:00 a.m. weekdays (along with one-hour weekend editions)", "572764855951b619008f8954": "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", "57276576dd62a815002e9c18": "locally", "57276576dd62a815002e9c19": "WBMA-LD", "57276576dd62a815002e9c1a": "a co-owned/co-managed full-power television station", "57276576dd62a815002e9c1b": "WLQP-LP) and South Bend, Indiana", "57276690708984140094dd01": "ABC Circle Films", "57276690708984140094dd02": "ABC Studios in February 2007", "57276690708984140094dd03": "Prospect Avenue", "57276690708984140094dd04": "two", "5727678e5951b619008f8973": "Times Square", "5727678e5951b619008f8974": "1500 Broadway", "5727678e5951b619008f8975": "Peter Jennings Way", "5727678e5951b619008f8976": "Way", "572768d9708984140094dd13": "ABC on Demand", "572768d9708984140094dd14": "ABC on Demand", "572768d9708984140094dd15": "2009", "572768d9708984140094dd16": "27%", "572769e85951b619008f8985": "WATCH ABC, Hulu and ABC on Demand", "572769e85951b619008f8986": "January 7, 2014", "572769e85951b619008f8987": "accessed content", "572769e85951b619008f8988": "January 7, 2014", "57276a8f5951b619008f8995": "LoyalKaspar", "57276a8f5951b619008f8996": "four", "57276a8f5951b619008f8997": "ABC Modern", "57276a8f5951b619008f8998": "ESPN", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b2": "14", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b3": "14", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b4": "All-Channel Receiver Act", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b5": "1961", "57276d7f708984140094dd3f": "off-hours clearances", "57276d7f708984140094dd40": "five times", "57276d7f708984140094dd41": "WTRF-TV", "57276d7f708984140094dd42": "1960s", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd0": "September 3, 1958, the Disneyland anthology series was retitled Walt Disney Presents", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd1": "Desilu Productions pitched its detective series", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd2": "Desilu Productions pitched its detective series The Untouchables to CBS; after that network rejected the show because of its use of violence", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd3": "April 1959", "5727705f5951b619008f89f3": "The Jetsons", "5727705f5951b619008f89f4": "$15.5 million", "5727705f5951b619008f89f5": "Hanna-Barbera, The Jetsons", "5727705f5951b619008f89f6": "The Jetsons", "5727705f5951b619008f89f7": "1962", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f840": "ITT to ABC management", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f841": "Donald F. Turner", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f842": "the Department of Justice", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f843": "1968", "57277373dd62a815002e9d24": "December 1984, Thomas S. Murphy", "57277373dd62a815002e9d25": "$3.5 billion", "57277373dd62a815002e9d26": "Warren Buffett", "57277373dd62a815002e9d27": "Tampa independent station WFTS-TV to the E. W. Scripps Company", "57277373dd62a815002e9d28": "12", "572774cf5951b619008f8a51": "September 5, 1985", "572774cf5951b619008f8a52": "1986", "572774cf5951b619008f8a53": "1986", "572774cf5951b619008f8a54": "Michael P. Millardi", "572774cf5951b619008f8a55": "Roone Arledge", "57277585708984140094de2b": "Laverne & Shirley", "57277585708984140094de2c": "Laverne & Shirley", "57277585708984140094de2d": "NBC", "57277585708984140094de2e": "Laverne & Shirley ended its run in 1983", "57277585708984140094de2f": "comedies", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c4": "\"TGIF", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c5": "Thank Goodness It's Funny", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c6": "Miller-Boyett Productions", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c7": "Warner Bros.", "572776e85951b619008f8a7f": "seven", "572776e85951b619008f8a80": "Ralph Nelson-directed Charly", "572776e85951b619008f8a81": "Ralph", "572776e85951b619008f8a82": "1985", "572776e85951b619008f8a83": "Redwood City, California", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9d": "diverse range of programming that met the expectations of the public, such as westerns and detective series", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9e": "500%", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9f": "18%", "5727780a5951b619008f8aa0": "Ollie Treiz", "5727780a5951b619008f8aa1": "American", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90a": "an image of the \"philosophy of counterprogramming against its competitors", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90b": "western series", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90c": "Life", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90d": "detective", "57277af2708984140094dec3": "\"WATCH ABC\"", "57277af2708984140094dec4": "New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV", "57277af2708984140094dec5": "Hearst Television", "57277af2708984140094dec6": "WatchESPN", "57277bfc708984140094ded9": "Sinclair Broadcast Group is the largest operator of ABC stations by numerical total", "57277bfc708984140094deda": "Sinclair Broadcast Group", "57277bfc708984140094dedb": "The E. W. Scripps Company", "57277bfc708984140094dedc": "28", "57277bfc708984140094dedd": "28", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e76": "June 16, 2007, ABC began to phase in a new imaging campaign for the upcoming 2007\u201308 season, \"Start Here\"", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e77": "Troika", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e78": "entertainment division", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e79": "entertainment division", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea4": "WFTS-TV and WWSB) and Grand Rapids, Michigan", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea5": "KMBC-TV", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea6": "WZZM", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea7": "WTSP", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f5": "he started the Mongol invasions", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f6": "Mongol invasions", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f7": "wholesale massacres of the civilian populations \u2013 especially in the Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f8": "Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f9": "Mongol invasions", "5726a00d708984140094cc25": "\u00d6gedei Khan", "5726a00d708984140094cc26": "he assigned \u00d6gedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227", "5726a00d708984140094cc27": "\u00d6gedei Khan", "5726a00d708984140094cc28": "\u00d6gedei Khan", "5726a00d708984140094cc29": "somewhere in Mongolia", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e578": "1162", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e579": "Yes\u00fcgei", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57a": "1162", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57b": "Tatar chieftain, Tem\u00fcjin-\u00fcge, whom his father had just captured.", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbc": "one sister named Tem\u00fclen", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbd": "Hasar, Hachiun, and Tem\u00fcge", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbe": "nine years of age he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife B\u00f6rte", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbf": "Khongirad", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bc0": "Dai Setsen", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb7": "Khasar killed their half-brother Begter", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb8": "Khasar killed their half-brother Begter.", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb9": "Khasar", "5726a4a9708984140094ccba": "Khasar", "5726a5f65951b619008f7903": "the Tayichi'ud", "5726a5f65951b619008f7904": "his father's former allies, the Tayichi'ud", "5726a5f65951b619008f7905": "1177, he was captured in a raid and held prisoner by his father's former allies, the Tayichi'ud", "5726a5f65951b619008f7906": "Jelme and Bo'orchu", "5726a5f65951b619008f7907": "widespread", "5726a784708984140094ccff": "arranged marriages", "5726a784708984140094cd00": "Hoelun", "5726a784708984140094cd01": "the Chinese dynasties to the south", "5726a784708984140094cd02": "Hoelun", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c34": "B\u00f6rte of the Onggirat tribe", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c35": "the Merkits", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c36": "kidnapped", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c37": "16", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c38": "118", "5726a9ed5951b619008f7969": "three", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796a": "three", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796b": "three", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796c": "\u00d6gedei (1189\u20141241), and Tolui (1190\u20131232)", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796d": "six", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a2": "anda (sworn brother or blood brother) Toghrul", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a3": "the Merkits.", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a4": "the Jadaran", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a5": "20,000", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a6": "Jamukha", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca": "rivals. Jamukha supported the traditional Mongolian aristocracy", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cb": "shaman Kokochu", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cc": "1186", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cd": "rivals", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ce": "the Qara Khitai", "5726ae32708984140094cdab": "the Yassa code", "5726ae32708984140094cdac": "Yassa code", "5726ae32708984140094cdad": "orphans from the conquered tribe, bringing them into his family", "5726ae32708984140094cdae": "great loyalty", "5726af765951b619008f7a51": "Jochi", "5726af765951b619008f7a52": "his daughter in marriage to Jochi, the eldest son of Tem\u00fcjin, a sign of disrespect in the Mongolian culture.", "5726af765951b619008f7a53": "Jamukha", "5726af765951b619008f7a54": "Keraite", "5726b0985951b619008f7a91": "the Naimans", "5726b0985951b619008f7a92": "a khuruldai", "5726b0985951b619008f7a93": "universal ruler", "5726b0985951b619008f7a94": "Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother", "5726b0985951b619008f7a95": "the Naimans", "5726b1d95951b619008f7acd": "friendship", "5726b1d95951b619008f7ace": "men", "5726b1d95951b619008f7acf": "reunion", "5726b1d95951b619008f7ad0": "offered his friendship to Jamukha, asking him to return to his side", "5726b879708984140094cf01": "siege warfare from the Chinese. He was also ruthless", "5726b879708984140094cf02": "Jamukha", "5726b879708984140094cf03": "Khasar", "5726b879708984140094cf04": "good intelligence", "5726b879708984140094cf05": "Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf1": "1206", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf2": "a Khuruldai", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf3": "\u00d6gedei, took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf4": "\u00d6gedei", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf5": "1206", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3b": "1211", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3c": "1234", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3d": "Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing). This forced the Emperor Xuanzong to move his capital south to Kaifeng", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3e": "Kaifeng", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3f": "\u00d6gedei Khan", "5726bd655951b619008f7c9f": "west", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca0": "Jebe, known as \"The Arrow", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca1": "20,000", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca2": "Jebe", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca3": "The Arrow\"", "5726bf135951b619008f7ce9": "west of Kashgar. Kuchlug fled again, but was soon hunted down by Jebe's army and executed", "5726bf135951b619008f7cea": "west", "5726bf135951b619008f7ceb": "Lake Balkhash", "5726bf135951b619008f7cec": "Lake Balkhash", "5726bf135951b619008f7ced": "Khwarezmid Empire", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f76": "Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f77": "Mongolia", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f78": "three ambassadors (two Mongols and a Muslim) to meet the Shah himself instead of the governor Inalchuq", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f79": "100,000", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f7a": "the Silk Road", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa6": "Tien Shan mountains", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa7": "Tien Shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the Khwarezmian Empire.", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa8": "Tien Shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the Khwarezmian Empire.", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa9": "Jochi", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8faa": "Samarkand", "5726c3b3708984140094d0cf": "various cities", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d0": "Inalchuq", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d1": "molten silver", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d2": "decision to divide his army into small groups concentrated in various cities.", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d3": "Near the end of the battle the Shah fled rather than surrender", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f5": "Bukhara", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f6": "Bukhara", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f7": "Genghis Khan ordered two of his generals and their forces to completely destroy the remnants of the Khwarezmid Empire", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae2": "using captured enemies", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae3": "The Mongols attacked Samarkand using captured enemies", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae4": "pyramids of severed heads", "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddd": "opened the gates to the Mongols, though a unit of Turkish defenders held the city's citadel for another twelve days.", "5726c7a85951b619008f7dde": "Turkish", "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddf": "artisans and craftsmen", "5726c7a85951b619008f7de0": "to punish them for their sins.", "5726c7a85951b619008f7de1": "slavery", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9046": "in 1220", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9047": "20,000 (two tumen)", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9048": "20,000 (two tumen) contingent marched through the Caucasus and into Russia", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9049": "Battle", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e904a": "80,000 Kievan Rus' troops led by Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev", "57272bcb5951b619008f8683": "1237", "57272bcb5951b619008f8684": "The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe.", "57272bcb5951b619008f8685": "Transoxiana", "57272bcb5951b619008f8686": "Genghis Khan", "57272bcb5951b619008f8687": "on the road back to Samarkand", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43a": "1226", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43b": "1226, immediately after returning from the west", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43c": "One of the Tangut generals challenged the Mongols to a battle near Helan Mountains but was defeated.", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43d": "Yellow River", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43e": "1226", "57272dd55951b619008f8697": "Ning Hia", "57272dd55951b619008f8698": "Ma Jianlong", "57272dd55951b619008f8699": "arrows", "57272dd55951b619008f869a": "Liupanshan (Qingshui County, Gansu Province)", "57272dd55951b619008f869b": "entire imperial family to be executed", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44e": "the", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44f": "\u00d6g", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f450": "\u00d6gedei was appointed as successor.", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f451": "\u00d6gedei", "57272ff2708984140094dabd": "\u00d6gedei", "57272ff2708984140094dabe": "temper", "57272ff2708984140094dabf": "Tolui", "57272ff2708984140094dac0": "\u00d6gedei. \u00d6gedei was seen by Genghis Khan as dependable in character", "5727311d5951b619008f86ab": "1226", "5727311d5951b619008f86ac": "Khorasan", "5727311d5951b619008f86ad": "destruction", "5727311d5951b619008f86ae": "1226", "5727311d5951b619008f86af": "Sultan Muhammad", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46a": "August 1227", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46b": "fell from his horse", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46c": "August 1227, during the fall of Yinchuan, the capital of Western Xia, Genghis Khan died.", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46d": "a Western Xia princess taken as war booty", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46e": "the rival Oirads", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f474": "Years before his death, Genghis Khan asked to be buried without markings", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f475": "Mongolia", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f476": "Onon", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f477": "Genghis Khan Mausoleum", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48c": "to protect it from Japanese troops", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48d": "Dongshan Dafo Dian", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48e": "1949", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48f": "1939", "57273455f1498d1400e8f490": "Red Guards", "57273581708984140094daeb": "October 6, 2004, a joint Japanese-Mongolian archaeological dig uncovered what is believed to be Genghis Khan's palace in rural Mongolia", "57273581708984140094daec": "Mongolia", "57273581708984140094daed": "the permafrost", "57273581708984140094daee": "many horses", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b5": "Yassa", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b4": "the Yassa", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b6": "the Yassa", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b7": "meritocracy", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b8": "a civilian and military code", "57273887dd62a815002e99a2": "tax exemptions for religious figures and, to some extent, teachers and doctors. The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance", "57273887dd62a815002e99a3": "Nestorian Christianity", "57273887dd62a815002e99a4": "There were tax exemptions for religious figures and, to some extent, teachers and doctors. The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance", "57273887dd62a815002e99a5": "Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian", "572739a75951b619008f86f7": "T\u00f6regene Khatun", "572739a75951b619008f86f8": "the Pax Mongolica", "572739a75951b619008f86f9": "the Chinese", "572739a75951b619008f86fa": "attempted to create a civil state under the Great Yassa", "57273b1a5951b619008f8709": "Chu'Tsai", "57273b1a5951b619008f870a": "nomads", "57273b1a5951b619008f870b": "people", "57273b1a5951b619008f870c": "Genghis Khan realised that he needed people", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e2": "Muqali, Jebe and Subutai, and regarded them as close advisors", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e3": "Karakorum", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e4": "a trusted lieutenant", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e5": "Caucasus", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e6": "unwavering loyalty", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f6": "rivers", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f7": "Muslim and Chinese siege engines", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f8": "feigned retreat", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f9": "driving them in front of the army", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fa": "Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan. The empire's expansion continued for a generation or more after Genghis's death in 1227", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fb": "1227", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fc": "1227", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fd": "1279", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51e": "Silk Road", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51f": "Turkey", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f520": "tolerant of religions", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f521": "increased communication and trade", "5727404b708984140094db59": "the Mongolian People's Republic", "5727404b708984140094db5a": "the memory of Genghis Khan with the Mongolian national identity", "5727404b708984140094db5b": "Genghis Khan with the Mongolian national identity has had a powerful revival partly because of his perception during the Mongolian People's Republic period.", "5727404b708984140094db5c": "the historical records written by non-Mongolians", "5727404b708984140094db5d": "the Mongolian People's Republic", "57274126dd62a815002e9a24": "Genghis Khan", "57274126dd62a815002e9a25": "500", "57274126dd62a815002e9a26": "Chinggis Khaan", "57274126dd62a815002e9a27": "avoid trivialization", "57274126dd62a815002e9a28": "parliament and near Ulaanbaatar", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a": "Ikh Zasag", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63b": "illegal matters related to corruption and bribery", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63c": "Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63d": "He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability and unity during a time of almost endemic warfare between tribes.", "57275250708984140094dc25": "Inner Mongolia", "57275250708984140094dc26": "5 million", "57275250708984140094dc27": "Kublai Khan", "57275250708984140094dc28": "Yuan dynasty", "57275250708984140094dc29": "Inner Mongolia", "572753af708984140094dc2f": "a destructive and genocidal warlord", "572753af708984140094dc30": "enormous damage and destruction", "572753af708984140094dc31": "10 to 15 million", "572754cd5951b619008f8863": "Hulagu Khan", "572754cd5951b619008f8864": "the Mamluks of Egypt", "572754cd5951b619008f8865": "Hulagu Khan destroyed much of Iran's northern part and sacked Baghdad although his forces were halted by the Mamluks of Egypt", "572754cd5951b619008f8866": "1237", "572754cd5951b619008f8867": "Novgorod and Pskov.", "572756715951b619008f8877": "Mughal emperors", "572756715951b619008f8878": "Genghis Khan", "572756715951b619008f8879": "Nishapur", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69a": "tenggis, meaning \"ocean\", \"oceanic\" or \"wide-spreading\"", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69b": "Lake Baikal", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69c": "Chinese", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69d": "s", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69e": "Chinggis", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b78": "variety of ways", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b79": "variety of ways", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7a": "Chinese", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7b": "variety of ways", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7c": "Tem\u00fcjin", "5726d8bd708984140094d35b": "pharma", "5726d8bd708984140094d35c": "retail shop", "5726d8bd708984140094d35d": "sorcery or even poison", "5726d8bd708984140094d35e": "outdated", "5726d8bd708984140094d35f": "general medical advice", "5726d9935951b619008f7fed": "specialised education and training", "5726d9935951b619008f7fee": "medicines", "5726d9935951b619008f7fef": "specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines", "5726d9935951b619008f7ff0": "to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines", "5726d9935951b619008f7ff1": "specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b2": "a health care professional", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b3": "the General Pharmaceutical Council", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b4": "General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b5": "a pharmacist", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b6": "them", "5726db5add62a815002e92d5": "Greek physician", "5726db5add62a815002e92d6": "De Materia Medica", "5726db5add62a815002e92d7": "five volume book in his native Greek \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 in the 1st century AD.", "5726db5add62a815002e92d4": "Diocles", "5726db5add62a815002e92d8": "middle eastern", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9320": "538\u2013710", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9321": "Y\u014dr\u014d Code", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9322": "pharmacists\u2014and even pharmacist assistants", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9323": "Ranked positions in the pre-Heian Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the Meiji Restoration (1868).", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9324": "two personal physicians", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee04": "The advances made in the Middle East", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee05": "Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee06": "recipes", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee08": "Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee07": "sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate", "5726deed5951b619008f80c5": "15th century", "5726deed5951b619008f80c6": "Esteve", "5726deed5951b619008f80c7": "15th century, keeping albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs.", "5726deed5951b619008f80c8": "perfume museum.", "5726deed5951b619008f80c9": "1221", "5726e08e5951b619008f810f": "pharmacy legislation", "5726e08e5951b619008f8110": "automation", "5726e08e5951b619008f8111": "automation", "5726e08e5951b619008f8112": "automation", "5726e08e5951b619008f8113": "automation", "5726e179dd62a815002e93ae": "a pharmacy practice residency", "5726e179dd62a815002e93af": "various disciplines of pharmacy", "5726e179dd62a815002e93b0": "patient compliance issues", "5726e179dd62a815002e93b1": "clinical pharmacists", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb2": "the premises", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb3": "unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb4": "high risk preparations", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb5": "The high cost of medications and drug-related technology, combined with the potential impact of medications and pharmacy services on patient-care outcomes and patient safety", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb6": "the premises of the hospital. Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9404": "direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405": "Pharmacists provide direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9406": "physicians and other healthcare professionals to improve pharmaceutical care.", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9407": "patient care rounds drug product selection", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9408": "physicians and other healthcare professionals to improve pharmaceutical care.", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cb": "The clinical pharmacist's role involves creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cc": "reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cd": "The pharmacist must also monitor for potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies", "5726e5c95951b619008f81ce": "monitor for potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies", "5726e985dd62a815002e94da": "full independent prescribing authority", "5726e985dd62a815002e94db": "full independent prescribing authority. In some states such North Carolina and New Mexico", "5726e985dd62a815002e94dc": "board of Pharmaceutical Specialties", "5726e985dd62a815002e94dd": "Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist", "5726e985dd62a815002e94de": "VA", "5726ea985951b619008f8261": "patients", "5726ea985951b619008f8262": "patients", "5726ea985951b619008f8263": "Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica", "5726ea985951b619008f8264": "consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients", "5726ea985951b619008f8265": "consulting", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826b": "2000", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826c": "online", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826d": "online pharmacies) are also recommended to some patients by their physicians", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826e": "recommended to some patients by their physicians", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826f": "the method by which the medications", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00c": "Many customers order drugs", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00d": "Many customers", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00e": "some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00f": "prescription drugs", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f010": "prescription drugs", "5726edecdd62a815002e957e": "the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances", "5726edecdd62a815002e957f": "a licensed practitioner", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05e": "the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05f": "a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f060": "ensure", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f061": "individual state laws", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f062": "Vicodin", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f7": "Canada", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f8": "Canada", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f9": "international drug suppliers", "5726f0e35951b619008f82fa": "a prescription", "5726f0e35951b619008f82fb": "Canada", "5726f2375951b619008f830f": "the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science.", "5726f2375951b619008f8310": "information technology departments", "5726f2375951b619008f8311": "major national and international patient information projects", "5726f2375951b619008f8312": "information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies", "5726f2375951b619008f8313": "to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects", "5726f36cdd62a815002e95fe": "It is currently the fastest growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs.", "5726f36cdd62a815002e95ff": "19 of 28", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9600": "chronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9601": "high cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9602": "lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs.", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da": "separately from physicians", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0db": "only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dc": "the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dd": "the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0de": "pharmaceuticals", "5726f635dd62a815002e9657": "prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines", "5726f635dd62a815002e9656": "prescription-only medicines", "5726f635dd62a815002e9658": "1.6 kilometres", "5726f635dd62a815002e9659": "1.6 kilometres", "5726f7715951b619008f838d": "high risk of a conflict of interest", "5726f7715951b619008f838e": "financial self-interest in \"diagnosing\" as many", "5726f7715951b619008f838f": "financial self-interest in \"diagnosing\" as many conditions", "5726f7715951b619008f8391": "financial self-interest", "5726f7715951b619008f8390": "cost-effective medication", "5726f868dd62a815002e9684": "compensated for their patient care skills", "5726f868dd62a815002e9685": "compensated for their patient care skills", "5726f868dd62a815002e9686": "clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients", "5726f868dd62a815002e9687": "Medication Therapy Management (MTM) includes the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients", "5726f868dd62a815002e9688": "compensated for their patient care skills", "5726f96ddd62a815002e9698": "medications reviews", "5726f96ddd62a815002e9699": "Australian Government", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969a": "medicine use reviews", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969b": "pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969c": "Doctor", "5726fa525951b619008f83f7": "the mortar and pestle", "5726fa525951b619008f83f8": "The show globe", "5726fa525951b619008f83f9": "Netherlands", "5726fa525951b619008f83fa": "Germany", "5726fa525951b619008f83fb": "the mortar and pestle", "5726e65e708984140094d53d": "protects against disease", "5726e65e708984140094d53e": "disease", "5726e65e708984140094d53f": "innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity", "5726e65e708984140094d540": "peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efda": "protects against disease", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdb": "disease", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdc": "innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity", "5728eff82ca10214002daadc": "protects against disease", "5728eff82ca10214002daadd": "pathogens", "5728eff82ca10214002daade": "protects against disease", "5728eff82ca10214002daadf": "the brain", "572a14af3f37b319004786c1": "pathogens", "572a14af3f37b319004786c3": "innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system", "572a14af3f37b319004786c2": "agents", "572a14af3f37b319004786c4": "disease", "5726eb785951b619008f8275": "the immune system", "5726eb785951b619008f8276": "enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections", "5726eb785951b619008f8277": "eukaryotes", "5726eb785951b619008f8278": "creates immunological memory", "572a135daf94a219006aa79f": "bacteriophage infections", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a0": "defensins", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a1": "vaccination", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a2": "over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe2": "autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe3": "when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe4": "when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe5": "when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections.", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe6": "Hash", "5728f2e26aef051400154896": "recurring and life-threatening infections", "5728f2e26aef051400154897": "organisms", "5728f2e26aef051400154898": "Immunology", "5728f2e26aef051400154899": "HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f166": "plague of Athens", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f167": "scorpion", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f168": "the miasma theory", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f169": "Walter Reed", "5728f3724b864d1900165116": "the structure and function of the immune system", "5728f3724b864d1900165117": "1891 proofs, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905, that microorganisms", "5728f3724b864d1900165118": "yellow fever virus", "5728f3724b864d1900165119": "plague of Athens", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e": "an immunological memory", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16f": "pathogens such as bacteria and viruses", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f170": "vertebrates possess a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system", "5728f6446aef0514001548e4": "Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals", "5728f6446aef0514001548e5": "adaptive immune system", "5728f6446aef0514001548e6": "an immunological memory, and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks", "5728f6446aef0514001548e7": "physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses", "5728f7774b864d190016512e": "self and non-self molecules", "5728f7774b864d190016512f": "self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances", "5728f7774b864d1900165130": "non-self molecules are those recognized as foreign molecules", "5728f7774b864d1900165131": "antigens", "5728f7774b864d1900165132": "specific immune receptors", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5a": "pattern recognition receptors", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5b": "innate immune system", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5c": "conserved among broad groups of microorganisms, or when damaged, injured or stressed cells", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5d": "non-specific, meaning these systems respond to pathogens", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6a": "infection", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6b": "waxy cuticle", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6c": "coughing and sneezing", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6d": "mucus", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6e": "tears and urine", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec7": "\u03b2-defensins", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec8": "lysozyme and phospholipase A2", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec9": "defensins and zinc", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9eca": "gastric acid and proteases", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ecb": "men", "5728fd206aef05140015494c": "commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria", "5728fd206aef05140015494d": "fungi", "5728fd206aef05140015494e": "lactobacilli", "5728fd206aef05140015494f": "pH or available iron", "572900f73f37b31900477f69": "Inflammation", "572900f73f37b31900477f6a": "swelling, heat, and pain", "572900f73f37b31900477f6b": "eicosanoids", "572900f73f37b31900477f6c": "prostaglandins", "572900f73f37b31900477f6d": "interleukins", "572905ce1d04691400778f83": "phagocytes", "572905ce1d04691400778f84": "cytokines", "572905ce1d04691400778f85": "a phagosome", "572905ce1d04691400778f86": "a phagolysosome", "572905ce1d04691400778f87": "acquiring nutrients", "5729081d3f37b31900477fab": "the bloodstream", "5729081d3f37b31900477fac": "50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes", "5729081d3f37b31900477fad": "60%", "5729081d3f37b31900477fae": "chemotaxis", "5729081d3f37b31900477faf": "interleukin 1", "572908c13f37b31900477fbd": "Leukocytes", "572908c13f37b31900477fbe": "Leukocytes", "572908c13f37b31900477fbf": "Leukocytes", "572908c13f37b31900477fc0": "mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and natural killer cells", "5729efab3f37b319004785cf": "Dendritic cells", "5729efab3f37b319004785d0": "neuronal dendrites", "5729efab3f37b319004785d1": "T cells", "5729efab3f37b319004785d2": "T cells", "5729f06f1d04691400779674": "NK cells because they express intact self MHC antigens", "5729f06f1d04691400779673": "Natural killer cells", "5729f06f1d04691400779675": "MHC I", "5729f06f1d04691400779676": "KIR", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e1": "early vertebrates", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e2": "antigen presentation", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e3": "\"memory cells", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d3": "\u03b3\u03b4 T cells", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4": "regulatory T cells", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d5": "Class I MHC molecules, while helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class II MHC molecules", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d6": "Class I MHC molecules", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d7": "\u03b3\u03b4 T cells", "5729f39a6aef05140015514c": "viruses", "5729f39a6aef05140015514e": "CD8", "5729f39a6aef05140015514d": "TCR) binds to this specific antigen in a complex with the MHC Class I", "5729f39a6aef051400155150": "granulysin", "5729f39a6aef05140015514f": "perforin", "5729f4b41d0469140077968b": "CD4", "5729f4b41d0469140077968c": "killer T cells can be activated by engagement of a single MHC:antigen molecule", "5729f4b41d0469140077968d": "200\u2013300", "5729f4b41d0469140077968e": "cytokines", "5729f4b41d0469140077968f": "CD40", "5729f5a03f37b31900478605": "helper T cells", "5729f5a03f37b31900478606": "alternative T cell receptor", "5729f5a03f37b31900478607": "helper T cells", "5729f5a03f37b31900478608": "receptor diversity", "5729f5a03f37b31900478609": "V\u03b39/V\u03b42 T cells respond within hours", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6f9": "MHC class II molecules", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fa": "proteolysis", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fb": "lymphokines", "5729f799af94a219006aa707": "memory cells", "5729f799af94a219006aa708": "pathogen", "5729f799af94a219006aa709": "passive short-term memory or active long-term memory", "5729f799af94a219006aa70a": "pathogen", "5729f8516aef05140015516c": "microbes", "5729f8516aef05140015516d": "IgG", "5729f8516aef05140015516e": "antibody-rich serum", "5729f8516aef05140015516f": "antibody-rich serum", "5729f9953f37b3190047861f": "act as immunomodulators", "5729f9953f37b31900478620": "testosterone", "5729f9953f37b31900478621": "lupus erythematosus", "5729f9953f37b31900478622": "pressive", "5729fa40af94a219006aa70f": "NFIL3", "5729fa40af94a219006aa710": "heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma", "5729fa40af94a219006aa711": "lower antibody production", "5729fb003f37b31900478627": "decline in hormone levels", "5729fb003f37b31900478628": "vitamin D", "5729fb003f37b31900478629": "thyroid hormone activity", "5729fb003f37b3190047862a": "cholecalciferol", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969d": "killer T cells", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969e": "MHC class I molecules", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969f": "viral antigens", "5729fc3d1d046914007796a0": "antibodies are generated against tumor cells", "5729fd111d046914007796a5": "phagocytic cells", "5729fd111d046914007796a6": "PAMPs", "5729fd111d046914007796a7": "rapid apoptosis", "5729fd111d046914007796a8": "Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a type of defensive response used by plants that renders the entire plant resistant to a particular infectious agent", "5729fd111d046914007796a9": "RNA silencing", "5729fe5c3f37b3190047862f": "autoimmune disorders", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478630": "attacks part of the body", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478631": "the thymus and bone marrow", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478632": "many T cells and antibodies react with \"self\" peptides", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa739": "one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73a": "The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73b": "50 years", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73c": "obesity, alcoholism, and drug use", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73d": "malnutrition", "5729ffda1d046914007796af": "vaccination", "5729ffda1d046914007796b0": "activation of B and T cells", "5729ffda1d046914007796b1": "an antigen from a pathogen", "5729ffda1d046914007796b2": "natural specificity of the immune system", "572a019f3f37b31900478643": "enzymes", "572a019f3f37b31900478644": "type III secretion system", "572a019f3f37b31900478645": "to shut down host defenses", "572a019f3f37b31900478646": "ability to elude host immune responses", "572a02483f37b3190047864b": "Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne", "572a02483f37b3190047864c": "self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary", "572a02483f37b3190047864d": "two-signal\" activation of T cells", "572a02483f37b3190047864e": "self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary", "572a03086aef0514001551a2": "Glucocorticoids", "572a03086aef0514001551a3": "inflammation", "572a03086aef0514001551a4": "cyclosporin", "572a03086aef0514001551a5": "cyclosporin", "572a04d51d046914007796cd": "cytotoxic natural killer cells", "572a04d51d046914007796ce": "cortisol and catecholamines", "572a04d51d046914007796cf": "melatonin", "572a04d51d046914007796d0": "free radical", "572a058aaf94a219006aa751": "vitamin D receptor", "572a058aaf94a219006aa752": "calcitriol", "572a058aaf94a219006aa753": "calcitriol", "572a058aaf94a219006aa754": "CYP27B1", "572a058aaf94a219006aa755": "CYP27B1", "572a06af3f37b31900478667": "Pattern recognition receptors", "572a06af3f37b31900478668": "defensins", "572a06af3f37b31900478669": "The complement system and phagocytic cells", "572a06af3f37b3190047866a": "Ribonucleases", "572a07fc6aef0514001551dc": "immunoglobulins and T cell receptors", "572a07fc6aef0514001551dd": "the lamprey and hagfish", "572a07fc6aef0514001551de": "Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs", "572a07fc6aef0514001551df": "adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates", "572a096e6aef0514001551e4": "lymphocytes", "572a096e6aef0514001551e5": "restriction modification system", "572a096e6aef0514001551e6": "viral pathogens, called bacteriophages", "572a096e6aef0514001551e7": "CRISPR", "572a0a686aef0514001551ec": "humor", "572a0a686aef0514001551ed": "humoral\" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff", "572a0a686aef0514001551ee": "cells", "572a0a686aef0514001551ef": "soluble components (molecules) found in the organism\u2019s \u201chumors\u201d rather than its cells", "572a0a686aef0514001551f0": "soluble components (molecules) found in the organism\u2019s \u201chumors\u201d rather than its cells", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f6": "cancers", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f7": "reduced number of MHC class I molecules", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f8": "TGF-\u03b2", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f9": "TGF-\u03b2", "572a0bf96aef051400155204": "Hypersensitivity", "572a0bf96aef051400155205": "four classes", "572a0bf96aef051400155206": "ergy", "572a0bf96aef051400155207": "damages the body's own tissues.", "572a0bf96aef051400155208": "antibody-dependent (or cytotoxic) hypersensitivity", "572a0ce11d046914007796fd": "to hide within the cells of their host (also called intracellular pathogenesis", "572a0ce11d046914007796fe": "hide", "572a0ce11d046914007796ff": "Plasmodium falciparum", "572a0ce11d04691400779700": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis, live inside a protective capsule that prevents lysis by complement", "572a0ce11d04691400779701": "surface proteins", "572a0e4b6aef051400155214": "amino acids and/or sugars) on the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation", "572a0e4b6aef051400155215": "concealed", "572a0e4b6aef051400155216": "Trypanosoma brucei", "572a0e4b6aef051400155217": "Masking antigens with host molecules is another common strategy for avoiding detection by the immune system", "572a0f073f37b3190047867f": "eliminate tumors. This is called immune surveillance", "572a0f073f37b31900478680": "human papillomavirus", "572a0f073f37b31900478681": "tyrosinase", "572a0f073f37b31900478682": "melanocytes) into tumors called melanomas", "572a0f073f37b31900478683": "melanocytes) into tumors called melanomas", "572a10cd6aef051400155222": ">500 Da", "572a10cd6aef051400155223": "hydrophilic amino acids", "572a10cd6aef051400155224": "proteins", "572a10cd6aef051400155225": "B cells", "572a10cd6aef051400155226": "Taxol", "572a12386aef051400155234": "leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin", "572a12386aef051400155235": "leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin", "572a12386aef051400155236": "Th1/Th2", "572a12386aef051400155237": "Th1 immune responses", "572a142e3f37b319004786b9": "carbohydrates", "572a142e3f37b319004786bc": "plasma membrane", "572a142e3f37b319004786ba": "complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes or the binding of complement proteins to carbohydrates on the surfaces of microbes.", "572a142e3f37b319004786bb": "binding of complement proteins to carbohydrates", "57271c235951b619008f860b": "Civil disobedience", "57271c235951b619008f860c": "one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws", "57271c235951b619008f860d": "Singing Revolution", "57271c235951b619008f860e": "Ukraine", "57271c235951b619008f860f": "Georgia and the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine", "5728d4c03acd2414000dff9f": "Egyptians", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa0": "Egyptians", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa1": "unfair laws", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa2": "unfair laws", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa3": "unfair laws", "57271f125951b619008f8635": "Antigone", "57271f125951b619008f8636": "Sophocles", "57271f125951b619008f8637": "Oedipus, defies Creon", "57271f125951b619008f8638": "Antigone", "57271f125951b619008f8639": "Sophocles", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb3": "Antigone", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb4": "Sophocles", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb5": "Sophocles", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb6": "Sophocles", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb7": "Sophocles", "5727213c708984140094da35": "Percy Shelley", "5727213c708984140094da36": "The Mask of Anarchy", "5727213c708984140094da38": "Satyagraha. Gandhi's Satyagraha", "5727213c708984140094da39": "The Mask of Anarchy", "5727213c708984140094da37": "poet Percy Shelley", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f18": "Percy Shelley", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f19": "The Mask of Anarchy", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1a": "protest", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1c": "The Mask of Anarchy", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1b": "Henry David Thoreau", "572726c9708984140094da7b": "muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins", "572726c9708984140094da7e": "ambiguity", "572726c9708984140094da7c": "ambiguity", "572726c9708984140094da7d": "ambiguity", "5728d6f02ca10214002da90e": "ambiguity", "5728d6f02ca10214002da90f": "Marshall Cohen", "5728d6f02ca10214002da910": "ambiguity", "5728d6f02ca10214002da911": "ambiguity", "5728d6f02ca10214002da912": "ambiguity", "572807802ca10214002d9bf8": "LeGrande", "572807802ca10214002d9bf9": "LeGrande", "572807802ca10214002d9bfa": "all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible.", "572807802ca10214002d9bfb": "semantical problems", "572807802ca10214002d9bfc": "Alice in Wonderland", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4c": "LeGrande", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4d": "violent civil disobedience.", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4e": "violent civil disobedience.", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4f": "violent", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f50": "violent", "57280f974b864d1900164370": "civil disobedience", "57280f974b864d1900164371": "Civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws, as distinguished from a constitutional impasse", "57280f974b864d1900164372": "relation to the state and its laws", "57280f974b864d1900164373": "Civil disobedience", "57280f974b864d1900164374": "Civil disobedience", "5728d9403acd2414000e001b": "relation to the state and its laws", "5728d9403acd2414000e001c": "a citizen's relation to the state and its laws", "5728d9403acd2414000e001d": "head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court, it would not be civil disobedience", "5728d9403acd2414000e001e": "a citizen's relation to the state and its laws", "5728d9403acd2414000e001f": "head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court, it would not be civil disobedience", "572812e74b864d19001643ce": "The individual is the final judge of right and wrong", "572812e74b864d19001643cf": "Resign", "572812e74b864d19001643d0": "conscience", "572812e74b864d19001643d1": "a postman or tax collector", "572812e74b864d19001643d2": "The individual is the final judge of right and wrong", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005d": "individual", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005e": "only individuals can act unjustly. When the government knocks on the door, it is an individual in the form of a postman or tax collector", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005f": "postman", "5728dafe3acd2414000e0060": "Resign", "5728dafe3acd2414000e0061": "Resign", "5728151b4b864d1900164428": "Brownlee", "5728151b4b864d1900164429": "opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities", "5728151b4b864d190016442a": "opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities", "5728151b4b864d190016442b": "Brown", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0080": "Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0081": "breaches of law", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e007f": "Brownlee", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0083": "governmental entities", "572818f54b864d190016446c": "publicly", "572818f54b864d190016446d": "covert lawbreaking", "572818f54b864d190016446e": "secret police", "572818f54b864d190016446f": "the Book of Exodus, where Shiphrah and Puah refused a direct order of Pharaoh but misrepresented how they did it.", "572818f54b864d1900164470": "the Book of Exodus", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d2": "publicly, at least must be publicly announced", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d3": "conflict with morality", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d4": "assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury is more effective than open disobedience", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d5": "Stephen Eilmann", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d6": "the Book of Exodus", "57281c594b864d19001644a2": "Christian Bay's encyclopedia article states that civil disobedience requires \"carefully chosen and legitimate means", "57281c594b864d19001644a3": "Black's Law Dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience", "57281c594b864d19001644a4": "rebellion", "57281c594b864d19001644a5": "preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience.", "57281c594b864d19001644a6": "There have been debates as to whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent", "5728df634b864d1900164fe2": "carefully chosen and legitimate means", "5728df634b864d1900164fe3": "carefully chosen and legitimate means", "5728df634b864d1900164fe4": "carefully chosen and legitimate means", "5728df634b864d1900164fe6": "carefully chosen and legitimate means", "5728202c4b864d19001644ec": "change", "5728202c4b864d19001644ed": "Hungarians", "5728202c4b864d19001644ee": "Ferenc De\u00e1k", "5728202c4b864d19001644ef": "a simple disobedience of laws", "5728202c4b864d19001644f0": "a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged \"wrong\" by an individual conscience", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00e9": "laws", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ea": "Austrian government", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00eb": "judged \"wrong\" by an individual conscience", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ec": "a simple disobedience of laws", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ed": "judged \"wrong\" by an individual conscience", "572822233acd2414000df555": "the Roman Empire", "572822233acd2414000df556": "Unarmed Jews", "572822233acd2414000df557": "Thoreau, at the time of his arrest, was not yet a well-known author", "572822233acd2414000df558": "rose to higher political office", "572822233acd2414000df559": "Mexican", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0131": "the Roman Empire", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0132": "the Roman Empire", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0133": "solidarity", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0134": "bail", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0135": "solitary civil disobedience, such as that committed by Thoreau, but these sometimes go unnoticed.", "572825a92ca10214002d9efe": "illegal acts", "572825a92ca10214002d9eff": "propaganda", "572825a92ca10214002d9f00": "directly achieve a desired social goal (such as the provision of medication to the sick", "572825a92ca10214002d9f01": "Luna", "572825a92ca10214002d9f02": "738 days", "5728e5224b864d1900165032": "have chosen a variety of different illegal acts", "5728e5224b864d1900165033": "Civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts.", "5728e5224b864d1900165034": "Civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts.", "5728e5224b864d1900165035": "the provision of medication to the sick", "5728e5224b864d1900165036": "Julia Butterfly Hill", "5728284e3acd2414000df5cd": "allegedly sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire", "5728284e3acd2414000df5ce": "Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors", "5728284e3acd2414000df5cf": "forbidden speech", "5728284e3acd2414000df5d0": "1978", "5728284e3acd2414000df5d1": "1978", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0171": "pure speech", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0172": "Threatening", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0173": "Threatening", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0174": "Threatening", "57282dfb4b864d1900164668": "distributed denial-of-service attacks", "57282dfb4b864d1900164669": "padlocking the gates", "57282dfb4b864d190016466a": "GCSB Waihopai", "57282dfb4b864d190016466b": "coercive", "57282dfb4b864d190016466c": "illegal boycott", "5728e715ff5b5019007da914": "civil disobedience, such as illegal boycotts, refusals to pay taxes, draft dodging, distributed denial-of-service attacks", "5728e715ff5b5019007da916": "illegal boycotts, refusals to pay taxes, draft dodging, distributed denial-of-service attacks, and sit-ins", "5728e715ff5b5019007da917": "conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue", "5728e715ff5b5019007da918": "coercive", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6c": "officers", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6d": "talk", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6e": "harmful", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6f": "talk to police officers", "5728e8212ca10214002daa70": "investigators' questions", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c5": "criminal law", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c6": "violation of criminal law", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c7": "violation of criminal law", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c8": "criminal law", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c9": "criminal law", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01d9": "plead guilty", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01da": "plead guilty", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01db": "defending oneself in court will increase the possibility of changing the unjust law.", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dc": "defending oneself in court will increase the possibility of changing the unjust law.", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dd": "defending oneself in court will increase the possibility of changing the unjust law", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650aa": "Camp Mercury", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ab": "Camp Mercury", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ac": "Camp Mercury", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ad": "\"nolo contendere", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ae": "suspended", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97c": "civil disobedience", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97d": "a rule", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97e": "part of a rule connected with civil disobedience. The key point is that the spirit of protest should be maintained all the way", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97f": "part of a rule connected with civil disobedience", "5728eef92ca10214002daab0": "plea bargain to civil disobedients, as in the case of the Camden 28", "5728eef92ca10214002daab1": "civil disobedients, as in the case of the Camden 28", "5728eef92ca10214002daab2": "solidarity", "5728eef92ca10214002daab3": "civil disobedients, as in the case of the Camden 28", "5728eef92ca10214002daab4": "Mohandas Gandhi", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e55": "allocution. In U.S.", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e56": "mistreatment from government officials", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e57": "mistreatment from government officials", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e58": "the members of the Navy\". As a result, the judge increased her sentence from 40 to 60 days", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e59": "allocution. In U.S.", "5728facd4b864d1900165170": "to win an acquittal", "5728facd4b864d1900165171": "decide whether their primary goal will be to win an acquittal", "5728facd4b864d1900165172": "jury nullification", "5728facd4b864d1900165173": "jury nullification", "5728facd4b864d1900165174": "jury nullification", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef5": "is neither conscientious nor of social benefit. Therefore, conscientious lawbreakers must be punished.", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef6": "is neither conscientious nor of social benefit. Therefore, conscientious lawbreakers must be punished.", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef7": "breaking the law for self-gratification", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef8": "covertly", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef9": "disobedience may be helpful, any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f11": "breaking that law", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f12": "breaking that law", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f13": "violating a law which is not, itself, the object of protest, whereas direct civil disobedience involves protesting the existence of a particular law", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f14": "The necessity defense", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f15": "prosecutors have reasoned (correctly) that if they arrest fully informed jury leafleters", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2b": "incapacitation and deterrence", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2d": "\"just deserts", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2e": "just deserts", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2f": "giving the offender his \"just deserts", "57273a465951b619008f86ff": "Construction", "57273a465951b619008f8700": "Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser", "57273a465951b619008f8701": "six to nine", "57273a465951b619008f8702": "location", "57273a465951b619008f8703": "known client", "57273cca708984140094db33": "An architect", "57273cca708984140094db34": "An architect normally manages the job, and a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager", "57273cca708984140094db35": "effective planning", "57273cca708984140094db36": "megaprojects", "57273cca708984140094db37": "the environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, construction-site safety, availability and transportation of building materials", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4fe": "industrial", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4ff": "residential", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f500": "heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f501": "industrial", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f502": "Industrial", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a02": "a trade magazine", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a03": "Each year, ENR compiles and reports on data about the size of design and construction companies.", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a04": "2014", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a05": "transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0a": "specialty trade contractors", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0b": "construction service firms", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0c": "The Standard Industrial Classification", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0d": "firms", "57274046dd62a815002e9a12": "adding", "57274046dd62a815002e9a13": "renovations", "57274046dd62a815002e9a14": "the owner", "57274046dd62a815002e9a15": "litigation", "57274046dd62a815002e9a16": "litigation", "572742bd5951b619008f8785": "local building authority regulations", "572742bd5951b619008f8786": "e.g. brick versus stone, versus timber", "572742bd5951b619008f8787": "waste", "572742bd5951b619008f8788": "custom designed homes are often more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled tradespeople", "572744aff1498d1400e8f588": "3D printing technology", "572744aff1498d1400e8f589": "20 hours", "572744aff1498d1400e8f58a": "2014", "572744aff1498d1400e8f58b": "2 metres (6 ft 7 in", "572745c6708984140094db9a": "plan the physical proceedings", "572745c6708984140094db99": "translation of designs", "572745c6708984140094db9b": "the property owner", "572745c6708984140094db9c": "a quantity surveyor", "572745c6708984140094db9d": "cost efficient bidder", "57274e0d708984140094dbe5": "integration of previously separated specialties", "57274e0d708984140094dbe6": "past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors", "57274e0d708984140094dbe7": "one-stop shopping", "57274e0d708984140094dbe8": "\"design build\"", "57274e975951b619008f87f9": "Several project structures can assist the owner in this integration, including design-build, partnering and construction management", "57274e975951b619008f87fa": "architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors", "57274e975951b619008f87fb": "establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process", "57274f67708984140094dbf5": "preventable financial problems", "57274f67708984140094dbf6": "when builders ask for too little money", "57274f67708984140094dbf7": "when", "57274f67708984140094dbf8": "Fraud", "5727502f708984140094dc07": "Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers", "5727502f708984140094dc08": "the mortgage banker", "5727502f708984140094dc09": "Accountants", "5727502f708984140094dc0b": "change orders", "5727502f708984140094dc0a": "Cost engineers and estimators", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af0": "zoning and building code requirements", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af1": "owner", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af2": "the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad \u2013 bridge collapses or explosions.", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af3": "se", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af4": "An attorney", "572751b4708984140094dc1b": "A construction project", "572751b4708984140094dc1c": "contract", "572751b4708984140094dc1d": "delay costs money", "572751b4708984140094dc1e": "to ensure that each side", "572751b4708984140094dc1f": "poorly drafted contracts", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0e": "relationship contracting", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0f": "Partnering", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b10": "relationship contracting", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b11": "co-operation", "572753335951b619008f8853": "the architect or engineer", "572753335951b619008f8854": "the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator. His or her role is to design the works, prepare the specifications and produce construction drawings", "572753335951b619008f8855": "the architect or engineer", "572753335951b619008f8856": "the main contractor", "572753335951b619008f8857": "the building is ready to occupy", "57275411dd62a815002e9b30": "owner", "57275411dd62a815002e9b31": "Several D&B contractors", "57275411dd62a815002e9b32": "he or she likes best and hires the appropriate contractor", "57275411dd62a815002e9b33": "several", "57275411dd62a815002e9b34": "phase 2", "572754fff1498d1400e8f660": "contractors", "572754fff1498d1400e8f661": "damage", "572754fff1498d1400e8f662": "electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable", "572754fff1498d1400e8f663": "the municipal building inspector", "572754fff1498d1400e8f664": "an occupancy permit", "572755b7708984140094dc4d": "$960 billion", "572755b7708984140094dc4e": "$680 billion", "572755b7708984140094dc4f": "667,000", "572755b7708984140094dc50": "fewer than 10", "572755b7708984140094dc51": "828,000", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f674": "\u00a343,389", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f675": "\u00a343,389 per annum, compared to \u00a340,000 in the UK. Some construction workers in the US/Canada", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f676": "depending on their trade", "572756fe708984140094dc71": "Construction", "572756fe708984140094dc72": "Falls", "572756fe708984140094dc73": "Falls", "572756fe708984140094dc74": "Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding", "572746addd62a815002e9a5e": "independent schools", "572746addd62a815002e9a5f": "academic scholarship", "572746addd62a815002e9a60": "charging their students tuition", "572746addd62a815002e9a61": "to", "57274712708984140094dbad": "$45,000", "57274712708984140094dbae": "K-12 schools range from nothing at so called 'tuition-free' schools to more than $45,000", "57274712708984140094dbaf": "the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries including Australia and Canada, the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels", "57274712708984140094dbb0": "primary and secondary educational levels", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59a": "lower sixth", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59b": "The secondary level includes schools offering years 7 through 12 (year twelve is known as lower sixth", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59c": "The secondary level includes schools offering years 7 through 12", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59d": "peer tuitions", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59e": "High tuition, schools claim, is used to pay higher salaries for the best teachers", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a4": "Roman", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a5": "K-12", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a6": "parochial schools", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a82": "power of expulsion", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a83": "a compulsory blazer", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a84": "expensive", "57274971708984140094dbbb": "Presbyterian Church", "57274971708984140094dbbc": "Hunters Hill", "57274971708984140094dbbd": "Sydney) and St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill", "57274971708984140094dbbe": "St Ursula's College and Loreto Normanhurst for girls", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9a": "Article 7, Paragraph 4", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9b": "Gleichschaltung", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9c": "11.1%", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9d": "11.1%", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9e": "11.1%", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bc": "segregation of pupils according to the means of their parents (the so-called Sonderungsverbot", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bd": "private individuals, private organizations or religious groups", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5be": "low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d4": "private individuals, private organizations", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d5": "vocational schools", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d6": "tuition fees", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d7": "religious groups", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e4": "independent schools", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e5": "the CBSE", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e6": "30 different Examination Boards or academic authorities that conduct examinations for school leaving certificates", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e7": "union government", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa4": "only non-profit trusts and societies", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa5": "corruption by school inspectors who check compliance and to fewer schools in a country that has the largest adult illiterate population", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa6": "Annual Status of Education Report", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa7": "Annual Status of Education Report", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa8": "English", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aae": "a certain number of teacher's salaries are paid by the State. If the school wishes to employ extra teachers they are paid for with school fees", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aaf": "\u20ac5,000", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab0": "\u20ac5,000", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab1": "a religious order", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab2": "\u20ac25,000", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f6": "1957", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f7": "Chinese", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f8": "the government is only in charge of the school curriculum and teaching personnel while the lands still belonged to the schools.", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f9": "1957", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5fa": "National Type\" schools", "57274e145951b619008f87e7": "aided' schools", "57274e145951b619008f87e8": "private parties", "57274e145951b619008f87e9": "Kathmandu", "57274e145951b619008f87ea": "English", "57274e145951b619008f87eb": "English, but as a compulsory subject, Nepali and/or the state's official language", "57274eca5951b619008f87ff": "88", "57274eca5951b619008f8800": "88", "57274eca5951b619008f8801": "88", "57274eca5951b619008f8802": "Catholic", "57274eca5951b619008f8803": "1979", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61e": "King", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61f": "Wellington", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f620": "Presbyterian", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f621": "Presbyterian, such as Saint Kentigern College and St Cuthbert's College in Auckland, Scots College and Queen Margaret College in Wellington", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f622": "Society of St Pius X", "5727500f708984140094dbfd": "7.5%", "5727500f708984140094dbfe": "7.5%", "5727500f708984140094dbff": "80% of tertiary enrollment.", "5727500f708984140094dc00": "August 1992", "5727500f708984140094dc01": "English, mathematics and natural science", "572750df5951b619008f882f": "The Education Service Contracting", "572750df5951b619008f8830": "vocational and technical courses", "572750df5951b619008f8831": "The Private Education Student Financial Assistance is made available to underprivileged, but deserving high school graduates", "5727515f708984140094dc11": "The South African Schools Act of 1996", "5727515f708984140094dc12": "1996", "5727515f708984140094dc13": "1996", "5727515f708984140094dc14": "privately governed", "5727515f708984140094dc15": "private", "57275409708984140094dc35": "white children", "57275409708984140094dc36": "better", "57275409708984140094dc37": "higher school fees", "572754dd708984140094dc3b": "10%", "572754dd708984140094dc3c": "Knowledge School\u201d), offers 30 schools and a web-based environment, has 700 employees and teaches nearly 10,000", "572754dd708984140094dc3d": "Knowledge School\u201d), offers 30 schools and a web-based environment, has 700 employees and teaches nearly 10,000", "572754dd708984140094dc3e": "Knowledge School", "572754dd708984140094dc3f": "innovative school voucher", "572756265951b619008f886d": "13 years old", "572756265951b619008f886e": "13 years old", "572756265951b619008f886f": "9 per cent", "572756265951b619008f8870": "13 per cent", "572756265951b619008f8871": "13 years old to enter public schools.", "572757bef1498d1400e8f690": "1954", "572757bef1498d1400e8f691": "local families organized a wave of private \"Christian academies\".", "572757bef1498d1400e8f692": "white", "572757bef1498d1400e8f693": "1954", "572757bef1498d1400e8f694": "African-American students (see List of private schools in Mississippi).", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6ae": "religious organizations or private individuals", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6af": "First Amendment or individual state Blaine Amendments", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b0": "Establishment Clause", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b1": "charter status", "572759665951b619008f8883": "1852", "572759665951b619008f8884": "1852", "572759665951b619008f8885": "1972", "572759665951b619008f8886": "268 U.S. 510 (1925); Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (1923).", "572759665951b619008f8887": "McCrary, 427 U.S. 160 (1976", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b94": "$40,000", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b95": "$50,000 for boarding schools.", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b96": "Groton School had substantial endowments running to hundreds of millions of dollars", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b97": "Groton School had substantial endowments running to hundreds of millions of dollars", "5727aa413acd2414000de921": "Harvard", "5727aa413acd2414000de922": "1977", "5727aa413acd2414000de923": "James Bryant Conant", "5727aa413acd2414000de924": "Association of American Universities", "5727aa413acd2414000de925": "Charles W. Eliot", "5727aeac3acd2414000de987": "Harvard Library", "5727aeac3acd2414000de988": "18 million volumes", "5727aeac3acd2414000de989": "18 million", "5727aeac3acd2414000de98a": "eight", "5727aeac3acd2414000de98b": "150", "5727aec03acd2414000de991": "Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study", "5727aec03acd2414000de992": "$37.6 billion", "5727aec03acd2414000de993": "Allston neighborhood of Boston", "5727aec03acd2414000de994": "eleven", "5727aec03acd2414000de995": "Harvard Yard", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c2": "1636", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c3": "\u00a3779 and his library of some 400 books.", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c4": "1638", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c5": "1639", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c6": "1650", "5727b0892ca10214002d93e8": "Puritan", "5727b0892ca10214002d93e9": "English university", "5727b0892ca10214002d93ea": "never affiliated with any particular denomination", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea99": "1804", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9a": "Samuel Webber", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9b": "1805", "5727c0402ca10214002d9564": "Louis Agassiz", "5727c0402ca10214002d9565": "intuition", "5727c0402ca10214002d9566": "Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95ba": "Charles W. Eliot", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bb": "Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bc": "William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94ce": "James Bryant Conant", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94cf": "James Bryant Conant (president, 1933\u20131953", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94d0": "1945", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec13": "segregated", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec14": "1977", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec15": "the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased, mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States", "5727c8863acd2414000dec49": "5 km) west-northwest of the State House in downtown Boston, and extends into the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood.", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4a": "twelve", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4b": "Charles River", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4c": "the Quad", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9576": "358-acre (145 ha) campus opposite the Cambridge campus in Allston", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9577": "John W. Weeks", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9578": "21", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d72": "fifty percent", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d73": "Allston campus include new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram.", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d74": "benefit not only the school, but surrounding community", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f0": "2,400", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f1": "14,000", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f2": "14,000", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f3": "1875", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f4": "1858", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c4": "$32 billion", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c5": "30%", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c6": "the $1.2 billion Allston Science Complex", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c7": "$4.093 million", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c8": "$159 million", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded13": "the late 1980s", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded14": "Duke Kent-Brown", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded15": "$230 million", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded3f": "5.3%", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded40": "2007", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded41": "2007", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded42": "2007", "5727d3843acd2414000ded69": "seven", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6a": "1978 and 2008, entering students were required to complete a core curriculum of seven", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6b": "The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, The New York Times, and some students have criticized Harvard for its reliance on teaching fellows", "5727d4922ca10214002d977c": "September", "5727d4922ca10214002d977d": "four", "5727d4922ca10214002d977e": "degrees summa cum laude", "5727d4922ca10214002d977f": "60%", "5727d6154b864d1900163e34": "$38,000", "5727d6154b864d1900163e35": "$57,000", "5727d6154b864d1900163e36": "nothing for their children to attend, including room and board", "5727d6154b864d1900163e37": "$414 million", "5727d6154b864d1900163e38": "88%", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969a": "Widener Library in Harvard Yard", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969c": "Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969d": "in Pusey Library", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969b": "Widener Library in Harvard Yard", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5e": "three museums. The Arthur M. Sackler", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5f": "Busch-Reisinger Museum", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e60": "the Semitic Museum", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee17": "2003", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee18": "2011", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee19": "THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011, when the first time such league tables were published.", "5727da564b864d1900163e8e": "42", "5727da564b864d1900163e8f": "Yale", "5727da564b864d1900163e90": "every two years", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fc": "1903", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fd": "1903", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fe": "1906", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96ff": "former captain of the Yale football team", "5727dc473acd2414000dee43": "Lavietes Pavilion", "5727dc473acd2414000dee44": "Lavietes Pavilion", "5727dc473acd2414000dee45": "Lavietes Pavilion", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163eba": "23 years", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebb": "June", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebc": "the Harvard-Yale Regatta", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebd": "2003", "5727de862ca10214002d9860": "U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon; American political leaders John Hancock, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Rutherford B.", "5727de862ca10214002d9861": "U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon; American political leaders John Hancock, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Rutherford B.", "5727de862ca10214002d9862": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Figueres", "5727de862ca10214002d9863": "U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon; American political leaders John Hancock, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Rutherford B.", "5727e0474b864d1900163f08": "Conan O'Brien", "5727e0474b864d1900163f09": "Leonard Bernstein", "5727e0474b864d1900163f0a": "Yo Yo Ma", "5727e0474b864d1900163f0b": "W", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f34": "Shing-Tung Yau", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f35": "Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f36": "Stephen Greenblatt", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954a": "Jacksonville", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954b": "1,345,596", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954c": "12th most populous in the United States.", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954d": "Duval County", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954e": "1968", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9676": "St. Johns River", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9677": "340 miles (550 km", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9678": "Fort Caroline", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9679": "Timucua people", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d967a": "St. Johns River", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958e": "tourism is also important to the Jacksonville area, particularly tourism related to golf.", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958f": "golf", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9590": "tourism is also important to the Jacksonville area, particularly tourism related to golf.", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9591": "tourism is also important to the Jacksonville area, particularly tourism related to golf", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bec": "thousands", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bed": "University of North Florida", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bee": "dating to 2500 BC", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bef": "the Mocama", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bf0": "Ossachite", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c26": "May", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c27": "stone column", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c28": "Fort Caroline", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c29": "San Mateo", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c2a": "a reconstruction of the fort was established on the St. Johns River", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d06": "1763", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d07": "King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d08": "St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d09": "Spain", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d0a": "the Florida Legislative Council on February 9, 1832", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c76": "hogs and cattle", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c77": "the Brick Church", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c78": "hogs and cattle being shipped from Florida to aid the Confederate cause.", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c79": "hogs and cattle being shipped from Florida to aid the Confederate cause.", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c7a": "March 1864 a Confederate cavalry confronted a Union expedition resulting in the Battle of Cedar Creek", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbc": "St. Augustine", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbd": "President Grover Cleveland", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbe": "yellow fever", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbf": "the Florida East Coast Railway", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cc0": "railroad", "5728170d3acd2414000df443": "May", "5728170d3acd2414000df444": "2,000", "5728170d3acd2414000df445": "Governor Jennings declare martial law and sent the state militia", "5728170d3acd2414000df446": "May 3, 1901, downtown Jacksonville was ravaged by a fire that started as a kitchen", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d44": "New York\u2013based filmmakers were attracted to Jacksonville's warm climate, exotic locations, excellent rail access, and cheap labor.", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d45": "Norman Studios, remains in Arlington; It has been converted to the Jacksonville Silent Film Museum at Norman Studios.", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d46": "Winter Film Capital of the World\".", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d47": "Hollywood as a major film production center ended the city's film industry.", "57281ab63acd2414000df493": "the suburbs", "57281ab63acd2414000df494": "55.1%", "57281ab63acd2414000df495": "white flight", "57281ab63acd2414000df496": "the government of the city of Jacksonville began to increase spending to fund new public building projects in the boom that occurred after the war.", "57281ab63acd2414000df497": "negative effects of rapid urban sprawl after World War II", "57281bb84b864d190016449a": "Much of the city's tax base dissipated, leading to problems with funding education, sanitation, and traffic control", "57281bb84b864d190016449b": "unincorporated suburbs had difficulty obtaining municipal services, such as sewage and building code enforcement", "57281bb84b864d190016449c": "dissipated", "57281bb84b864d190016449d": "1958, a study recommended that the city of Jacksonville begin annexing outlying communities in order to create the needed tax base to improve services throughout the county.", "57281d494b864d19001644be": "the traditional old boy", "57281d494b864d19001644bf": "11", "57281d494b864d19001644c0": "J. J. Daniel and Claude Yates, began to win more support during this period, from both inner city blacks", "57281d494b864d19001644c1": "Lower taxes", "57281edd3acd2414000df4eb": "consolidation", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ec": "Hans Tanzler", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ed": "1967", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ee": "$2.25 billion", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ef": "a half-penny sales tax", "572820512ca10214002d9e72": "86.66%", "572820512ca10214002d9e73": "St. Johns River", "572820512ca10214002d9e74": "The Trout River", "572820512ca10214002d9e75": "86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land and ; 13.34%", "572820512ca10214002d9e76": "Baldwin", "572821274b864d1900164510": "28 floor Riverplace Tower which, when completed in 1967, was the tallest precast, post-tensioned concrete structure in the world.", "572821274b864d1900164511": "the Barnett Center", "572821274b864d1900164512": "617 ft (188 m) and includes 42 floors.", "572821274b864d1900164513": "28", "572821274b864d1900164514": "37", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc4": "humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfa)", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc5": "September", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc6": "mild weather during winters and hot and humid weather during summers.", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc7": "low latitude and coastal location, the city sees very little cold weather, and winters are typically mild and sunny.", "57282358ff5b5019007d9dde": "extremely high humidity", "57282358ff5b5019007d9ddf": "thunderstorms to erupt during a typical summer afternoon.", "57282358ff5b5019007d9de0": "rapid heating of the land relative to the water, combined with extremely high humidity", "57282358ff5b5019007d9de1": "extremely high humidity", "572824f13acd2414000df58f": "hurricanes than most other east coast cities, although the threat does exist for a direct hit by a major hurricane", "572824f13acd2414000df590": "Hurricane Dora", "572824f13acd2414000df591": "Tropical Storm Beryl", "572824f13acd2414000df592": "Jacksonville has suffered less damage from hurricanes than most other east coast cities, although the threat does exist for a direct hit by a major hurricane", "572824f13acd2414000df593": "2008's Tropical Storm Fay", "572826634b864d19001645be": "Arab", "572826634b864d19001645bf": "Filipino American community, with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 Census.", "572826634b864d19001645c0": "Filipino community served in or has ties to the United States Navy.", "572826634b864d19001645c1": "Filipino", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bb": "11.8% were vacant. 23.9%", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bc": "23.9%", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bd": "15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families.", "572827fc3acd2414000df5be": "94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ee": "$759,900", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ef": "62", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f0": "$759,900", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f1": "sparity could trigger a recession", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f2": "$759,900", "5729d36b1d04691400779607": "$759,900", "5729d36b1d04691400779608": "62", "5729d36b1d04691400779609": "$41 trillion", "5729d36b1d0469140077960a": "$759,900", "5729d36b1d0469140077960b": "Oxfam report, for instance, finds that there are more poor people in the United States and Western Europe", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc0": "more wealth than half of all Americans combined.", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc1": "New York Times on July 22, 2014, the \"richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc2": "Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a \"substantial head start\".", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc3": "more wealth than half of all Americans combined.", "5729d44b1d04691400779611": "more wealth", "5729d44b1d04691400779612": "1 percent", "5729d44b1d04691400779613": "Inherited wealth", "5729d44b1d04691400779614": "over 60 percent", "5729d44b1d04691400779615": "over 60 percent", "5727e9523acd2414000def95": "differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers", "5727e9523acd2414000def96": "differences in value added by different classifications of workers", "5727e9523acd2414000def97": "differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers", "5727e9523acd2414000def98": "productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions", "5727e9523acd2414000def99": "marginal value added of each economic actor", "5729d51d3f37b3190047858f": "inequalities", "5729d51d3f37b31900478590": "differences in value added by different classifications of workers", "5729d51d3f37b31900478591": "differences in value added by different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits", "5729d51d3f37b31900478592": "marginal value added", "5729d51d3f37b31900478593": "the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986e": "capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986f": "capital equipment", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9870": "unemployment", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9871": "mechanization and automation) raises the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class", "5729d609af94a219006aa661": "capital equipment for labor inputs (workers", "5729d609af94a219006aa662": "mechanization and automation", "5729d609af94a219006aa663": "less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment (the \"reserve army of labour\")", "5729d609af94a219006aa664": "mechanization and automation", "5729d609af94a219006aa665": "reserve army of labour\"). This process exerts a downward pressure on wages. The substitution of capital equipment", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b6": "employer", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b7": "the law of supply and demand", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b8": "inequality, outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair.\" Employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b9": "market price of skill", "5727ec062ca10214002d99ba": "high levels of inequality, outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair", "5729d878af94a219006aa66b": "market", "5729d878af94a219006aa66c": "market price of skill", "5729d878af94a219006aa66d": "market", "5729d878af94a219006aa66e": "markets", "5729d878af94a219006aa66f": "high levels of inequality", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df001": "low supply", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df002": "low supply", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df003": "low supply", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df004": "collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption.", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df005": "high supply", "5729da0faf94a219006aa675": "low supply", "5729da0faf94a219006aa676": "competition", "5729da0faf94a219006aa677": "competition", "5729da0faf94a219006aa678": "few able or willing workers", "5729da0faf94a219006aa679": "competition", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ec": "entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ed": "self-employment", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ee": "survival needs such as income", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ef": "achievement-oriented motivations (\"pull\") such as vocation", "5727ee372ca10214002d99f0": "higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment", "5729de24af94a219006aa689": "higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment", "5729de24af94a219006aa68a": "higher economic inequality", "5729de24af94a219006aa68b": "\"push\" motivations", "5729de24af94a219006aa68c": "necessity", "5729de24af94a219006aa68d": "necessity", "5727ef664b864d1900164060": "increases", "5727ef664b864d1900164061": "the level of the top tax rate", "5727ef664b864d1900164062": "equal distribution of income across the board", "5727ef664b864d1900164063": "the level of the top tax rate", "5729e02f1d04691400779639": "increases as the taxable base amount increases", "5729e02f1d0469140077963a": "the level of the top tax rate", "5729e02f1d0469140077963b": "board", "5729e02f1d0469140077963c": "steeper tax progressivity", "5727f05b4b864d1900164068": "variation in individuals' access to education. Education, especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers", "5727f05b4b864d1900164069": "variation in individuals' access to education", "5727f05b4b864d190016406a": "variation in individuals' access to education. Education, especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers", "5727f05b4b864d190016406b": "poor", "5727f05b4b864d190016406c": "education", "5729e1101d04691400779641": "variation in individuals' access to education", "5729e1101d04691400779642": "high wages", "5729e1101d04691400779643": "lower", "5729e1101d04691400779644": "lower incomes", "5729e1101d04691400779645": "variation in individuals' access to education", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05b": "increasing access to education", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05c": "increasing access", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05d": "slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05e": "2014", "5729e1e36aef0514001550ba": "2014", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bb": "2008-2009 recession", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bc": "increasing access to education", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bd": "$105 billion", "5729e1e36aef0514001550be": "slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles", "5727f2714b864d1900164072": "1910\u20131940", "5727f2714b864d1900164073": "decrease in the price of skilled labor", "5727f2714b864d1900164074": "decrease in the price of skilled labor", "5727f2714b864d1900164075": "education", "5727f2714b864d1900164076": "decrease in the price of skilled labor", "5729e2b76aef0514001550ce": "1910\u20131940", "5729e2b76aef0514001550cf": "decrease in the price of skilled labor", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d0": "1910\u20131940", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d1": "Education", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d2": "low economic growth, and continued gender inequality in education", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e7": "union membership", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e8": "data", "5727f6723acd2414000df0ea": "evidence provides little support for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e9": "strong", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69d": "reduction of business regulation", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69e": "exclusion", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69f": "2006) of the CEPR point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership", "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a0": "dramatically", "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a1": "data", "5727f7523acd2414000df10d": "Scandinavia", "5727f7523acd2414000df10e": "high inequality", "5727f7523acd2414000df10f": "decline of organized labor", "5727f7523acd2414000df110": "decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap", "5729e4291d04691400779651": "University of Washington", "5729e4291d04691400779652": "University of Washington", "5729e4291d04691400779653": "Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the United States", "5729e4291d04691400779654": "Scandinavia", "5729e4291d04691400779655": "weak labor movements", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a18": "low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a19": "low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1a": "competition", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1b": "competition", "5729f1283f37b319004785d7": "Trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale", "5729f1283f37b319004785d8": "low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition", "5729f1283f37b319004785d9": "Trade economist Paul Krugman estimates that trade liberalisation has had a measurable effect on the rising inequality in the United States", "5729f1283f37b319004785da": "technological innovation", "5729f1283f37b319004785db": "machine labor in wealthier nations", "5727fd123acd2414000df185": "53%", "5727fd123acd2414000df186": "Botswana to -40%", "5727fd123acd2414000df187": "A U.S.", "5727fd123acd2414000df188": "males", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e7": "Gender pay gap", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e8": "males", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e9": "pay", "5729f1c13f37b319004785ea": "Thomas Sowell", "5729f1c13f37b319004785eb": "a difference", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ab": "social welfare programs", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ac": "Economist Simon Kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development.", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ad": "it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ae": "social welfare programs, more developed countries", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6dd": "Economist Simon Kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6de": "levels of economic inequality", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6df": "more capital", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e0": "more wealth and income", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e1": "social welfare programs", "57287b322ca10214002da3be": "1970s", "57287b322ca10214002da3bf": "1970s", "57287b322ca10214002da3c0": "the Kuznets curve", "57287b322ca10214002da3c1": "the Kuznets curve", "5729f3883f37b319004785f1": "the Kuznets curve", "5729f3883f37b319004785f2": "middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the Kuznets curve", "5729f3883f37b319004785f3": "cross-sectional data. However, more recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be very weak", "5729f3883f37b319004785f4": "decrease", "5729f3883f37b319004785f5": "decrease", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26c": "concentration", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26d": "possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26e": "persistence of inequality within society.", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26f": "to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth, thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth.", "5729f4273f37b319004785fb": "possession of already-wealthy", "5729f4273f37b319004785fc": "concentration", "5729f4273f37b319004785fd": "condensation", "5729f4273f37b319004785fe": "Thomas Piketty", "5729f4273f37b319004785ff": "higher returns", "5729f4e46aef051400155157": "market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained by the non-market force known as \"rent-seeking", "5729f4e46aef051400155156": "Economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that rather than explaining concentrations of wealth and income, market forces", "5729f4e46aef051400155158": "rare and desired skills", "5729f4e46aef051400155159": "political power", "5729f4e46aef05140015515a": "rent-seeking", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6ef": "higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f0": "lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f1": "r = -.907", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f2": "higher rates of health and social problems", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f3": "lower in more unequal countries", "572a05eb3f37b31900478653": "2013", "572a05eb3f37b31900478654": "rising inequality", "572a05eb3f37b31900478655": "negative", "572a05eb3f37b31900478656": "odes self-esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest and conflict", "572a05eb3f37b31900478657": "controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth.", "572a06866aef0514001551be": "higher rates of health and social problems", "572a06866aef0514001551bf": "obesity", "572a06866aef0514001551c0": "life expectancy by country", "572a06866aef0514001551c2": "23", "572a06866aef0514001551c1": "obesity", "572a070c6aef0514001551c8": "better health and longer lives", "572a070c6aef0514001551c9": "poorer countries", "572a070c6aef0514001551ca": "better health and longer lives.", "572a070c6aef0514001551cb": "78", "572a070c6aef0514001551cc": "80 years) and Japan (82) \u2013 where income was more equally distributed \u2013 was longer", "572a07a86aef0514001551d2": "income inequality", "572a07a86aef0514001551d3": "nine", "572a07a86aef0514001551d4": "nine", "572a07a86aef0514001551d5": "income inequality", "572a07a86aef0514001551d6": "greater equality but not per capita income", "572a0a391d046914007796df": "inequality", "572a0a391d046914007796e0": "homicides are almost identically defined", "572a0a391d046914007796e1": "fifty", "572a0a391d046914007796e3": "differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state", "572a0a391d046914007796e2": "inequality", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa765": "economic inequality", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa766": "distributive efficiency", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa767": "luxury items", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa768": "the additional dollar", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa769": "higher aggregate utility", "572a0c541d046914007796f3": "consumption, rather than income", "572a0c541d046914007796f4": "Will Wilkinson", "572a0c541d046914007796f5": "2001", "572a0c541d046914007796f6": "The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor", "572a0c541d046914007796f7": "The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor", "572a0d21af94a219006aa783": "Central Banking economist", "572a0d21af94a219006aa784": "Raghuram Rajan argues that \"systematic economic inequalities", "572a0d21af94a219006aa785": "2007\u201308", "572a0d21af94a219006aa786": "easier credit", "572a0d21af94a219006aa787": "monetary stimulation", "572a0e0e1d04691400779707": "inequality in wealth and income", "572a0e0e1d04691400779708": "the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education", "572a0e0e1d04691400779709": "poor", "572a0e0e1d0469140077970a": "poor", "572a0e0e1d0469140077970b": "middle class", "572a0ecb1d04691400779717": "economists David Castells", "572a0ecb1d04691400779718": "economic growth", "572a0ecb1d04691400779719": "High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth", "572a0ecb1d0469140077971a": "increasing inequality", "572a0ecb1d0469140077971b": "inequality-associated effects", "572a1046af94a219006aa78d": "Economist Joseph Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand", "572a1046af94a219006aa78e": "limiting aggregate demand", "572a1046af94a219006aa78f": "Economist Joseph Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand", "572a1046af94a219006aa790": "increasing importance of human capital in development", "572a1046af94a219006aa791": "widespread education", "572a11663f37b31900478693": "1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections", "572a11663f37b31900478694": "detrimental effect", "572a11663f37b31900478695": "inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections", "572a11663f37b31900478696": "higher levels of redistributive taxation", "572a11663f37b31900478697": "politically and socially unstable", "572a12381d0469140077972d": "reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries", "572a12381d0469140077972e": "encourage growth in richer countries", "572a12381d0469140077972c": "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment", "572a12381d0469140077972b": "Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is \"little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment\".", "572a12381d0469140077972f": "1960 and 2000", "572a13841d0469140077973b": "the Kuznets curve hypothesis", "572a13841d0469140077973c": "decreases", "572a13841d0469140077973d": "Economist Thomas Piketty", "572a13841d0469140077973e": "Economist", "572a13841d0469140077973f": "wars and \"violent economic and political shocks", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7df": "1970s", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e0": "reduced consumer demand", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e1": "increased income inequality", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e2": "several years", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e3": "more equality", "572a1a5c6aef051400155284": "special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth", "572a1a5c6aef051400155285": "inequality", "572a1a5c6aef051400155286": "60 years", "572a1a5c6aef051400155287": "the Secretary General of the United Nations", "572a1a5c6aef051400155288": "economic growth is necessary, it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty", "572a1ba46aef05140015528e": "various associations", "572a1ba46aef05140015528f": "associations", "572a1ba46aef051400155290": "extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building", "572a1ba46aef051400155291": "200 steps and up to 14 years", "572a1ba46aef051400155292": "200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land", "572a1c943f37b319004786e1": "affordable housing", "572a1c943f37b319004786e2": "the number of quality rental units", "572a1c943f37b319004786e3": "1984 and 1991", "572a1c943f37b319004786e4": "rapidly", "572a1c943f37b319004786e5": "ad valorem property tax policy", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f5": "everyone", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f6": "borrowed", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f7": "aspirational consumption", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f8": "middle income earners aspiring to achieve the standards of living enjoyed by their wealthier counterparts and one method of achieving this aspiration is by taking on debt", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f9": "taking on debt. The result leads to even greater inequality and potential economic instability", "572a1f086aef0514001552c0": "The smaller the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution is created, resulting in many cases, in more environmental degradation", "572a1f086aef0514001552c1": "lower", "572a1f086aef0514001552c2": "great economic inequality", "572a1f086aef0514001552c3": "2 billion people), human inequality can be addressed/corrected", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d0": "the private ownership of the means of production by a class of owners", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d1": "a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income by virtue of ownership titles in capital equipment, financial assets and corporate stock", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d2": "a wage or salary", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3": "socially owned", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d4": "socially owned", "572a20816aef0514001552e4": "Robert Nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force (usually in the form of taxation", "572a20816aef0514001552e5": "taxation", "572a20816aef0514001552e6": "force", "572a20816aef0514001552e7": "taking of property", "572a20816aef0514001552e8": "improve", "572a213e6aef0514001552ee": "income inequality", "572a213e6aef0514001552ef": "economic growth and income", "572a213e6aef0514001552f0": "income inequality and poverty", "572a213e6aef0514001552f1": "to \u201cwid[en] people\u2019s choices and the level of their achieved well-being", "572a213e6aef0514001552f2": "ability to pursue valued goals", "572a2224af94a219006aa823": "deprived of earning as much income", "572a2224af94a219006aa824": "much", "572a2224af94a219006aa825": "gender roles and customs", "572a2224af94a219006aa826": "fear of their lives", "572a2224af94a219006aa827": "a better relevant income", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e2": "1963", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e3": "1963", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e4": "TARDIS", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e5": "sentient time-travelling space ship", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e6": "companions", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f2": "1963 to 1989", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f3": "Russell T Davies", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f4": "1981", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f5": "1963 to 1989", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f6": "1963 to 1989", "5727f18c3acd2414000df063": "Twelve", "5727f18c3acd2414000df064": "Peter Capaldi", "5727f18c3acd2414000df065": "Twelve", "5727f18c3acd2414000df066": "Twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor.", "5727f18c3acd2414000df067": "new personality", "5727f2583acd2414000df087": "Gallifrey", "5727f2583acd2414000df088": "a stolen Mark I Type 40 TARDIS", "5727f2583acd2414000df089": "Mark I Type 40", "5727f2583acd2414000df08a": "local objects", "5727f2583acd2414000df08b": "Mark I Type 40", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a5": "rarely travels alone", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a6": "the Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a7": "regenerate", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a8": "humans", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a9": "the Master", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a32": "25 minutes", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a33": "bug-eyed monsters", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a34": "Mutants", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a35": "bug-eyed monsters", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a36": "25 minutes", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a44": "26", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a45": "Jonathan Powell", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a46": "More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a47": "1989", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a48": "The BBC drama department's serials division produced the programme for 26 seasons, broadcast on BBC 1", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9956": "relaunch", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9957": "Philip Segal", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9958": "Fox Network in 1996", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9959": "9.1 million", "5727f678ff5b5019007d995a": "9.1 million viewers), it was less so in the United States", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9960": "Rose", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9961": "Rose\" on BBC One on 26 March 2005", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9963": "2009", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9964": "Chris Chibnall", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9962": "Christmas Day specials", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7c": "2005 version of Doctor Who is a direct plot continuation of the original 1963\u20131989", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7d": "2005", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7e": "2005", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7f": "Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a80": "2005", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164160": "ten minutes", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164161": "ten minutes", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164162": "ten minutes", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164163": "ten minutes", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164164": "1963", "5727fdb94b864d190016417c": "Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa", "5727fdb94b864d190016417d": "Museum of the Moving Image in London", "5727fdb94b864d190016417e": "Museum of the Moving Image in London", "5727fdb94b864d190016417f": "Digital Spy", "5727fdb94b864d1900164180": "Digital Spy", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a1": "Doctor Who", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a2": "3%", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a3": "Philip Howard", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a4": "Times", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a5": "Times", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8c": "the TARDIS", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8d": "The image of the TARDIS", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8e": "The image of the TARDIS", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8f": "the Metropolitan Police Authority", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a90": "1996", "572800b03acd2414000df1f1": "26", "572800b03acd2414000df1f2": "each weekly episode formed part of a story (or \"serial\")", "572800b03acd2414000df1f3": "12", "572800b03acd2414000df1f4": "The Master", "572800b03acd2414000df1f5": "14 episodes (albeit divided into three production codes and four narrative segments) during season 23.", "572801823acd2414000df1fb": "2005", "572801823acd2414000df1fc": "13 45-minute", "572801823acd2414000df1fd": "Christmas Day", "572801823acd2414000df1fe": "The Eleventh Hour", "572801823acd2414000df1ff": "2008 and \"The Eleventh Hour\" from 2010", "5728023a4b864d19001641f4": "826", "5728023a4b864d19001641f5": "25", "5728023a4b864d19001641f6": "eight", "5728023a4b864d19001641f7": "eight", "5728023a4b864d19001641f8": "2009", "572803493acd2414000df229": "William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton", "572803493acd2414000df22a": "97 of 253", "572803493acd2414000df22b": "seasons 3, 4, & 5", "572803493acd2414000df22c": "1978", "572803493acd2414000df22d": "1973", "572804522ca10214002d9b94": "the archives of other countries", "572804522ca10214002d9b95": "fans", "572804522ca10214002d9b97": "Mission to the Unknown", "572804522ca10214002d9b96": "8 mm cine film", "572804522ca10214002d9b98": "home viewers", "572805363acd2414000df26d": "4", "572805363acd2414000df26e": "1968", "572805363acd2414000df26f": "1968", "572805363acd2414000df270": "Theta-Sigma", "572805363acd2414000df271": "the BBC on VHS, on MP3 CD-ROM, and as special features on DVD.", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b42": "Second Doctor underwent a \"change of appearance", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b43": "William Hartnell", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b44": "William Hartnell's poor health", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b45": "William Hartnell", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b46": "recasting of the main character", "572808bf4b864d190016429a": "12", "572808bf4b864d190016429b": "13", "572808bf4b864d190016429c": "Twelfth Doctor", "572808bf4b864d190016429d": "The Deadly Assassin", "572808bf4b864d190016429e": "13", "572809ab4b864d19001642ae": "John Hurt", "572809ab4b864d19001642af": "The Day of the Doctor", "572809ab4b864d19001642b0": "Michael Jayston", "572809ab4b864d19001642b1": "Michael Jayston", "572809ab4b864d19001642b2": "John Hurt", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c66": "the War Doctor", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c67": "Richard Hurndall", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c68": "1985's The Two Doctors with Colin Baker", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c6a": "the 'Watcher", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c69": "The Day of the Doctor", "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca8": "1999", "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca9": "Jon Pertwee", "57280cac2ca10214002d9caa": "2010", "57280cac2ca10214002d9cab": "Four", "57280cac2ca10214002d9cac": "2003", "57280e323acd2414000df349": "The Brain of Morbius", "57280e323acd2414000df34a": "The Brain of Morbius (1976), it was hinted that the First Doctor may not have been the first incarnation", "57280e323acd2414000df34b": "Mawdryn Undead (1983", "57280e323acd2414000df34c": "The Brain of Morbius", "57280e323acd2414000df34d": "Five", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35b": "An Unearthly Child, shows that the Doctor has a granddaughter, Susan Foreman", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35c": "Susan Foreman", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35d": "Ninth", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35e": "Ninth Doctor thought he was the last surviving Time Lord, and that his home planet had been destroyed", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35f": "Susan Foreman", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c30": "human", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c31": "The Deadly Assassin", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c33": "The Deadly Assassin", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c34": "his \"moral duty", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c32": "Romana", "572811434b864d190016438c": "Pearl Mackie as Bill", "572811434b864d190016438d": "Rose Tyler (Billie Piper), Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman), and Donna Noble", "572811434b864d190016438e": "Amy Pond (Karen Gillan", "572811434b864d190016438f": "Pearl Mackie", "572811434b864d1900164390": "Tate", "572812142ca10214002d9d2a": "Russell T Davies", "572812142ca10214002d9d2b": "2005", "572812142ca10214002d9d2c": "2005", "572812142ca10214002d9d2d": "2005", "572812142ca10214002d9d2e": "Zygons", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c80": "The Dalek race", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c81": "Skaro", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c82": "their eyestalk", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c83": "Davros", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c84": "eyestalk", "572813b52ca10214002d9d68": "The Master", "572813b52ca10214002d9d69": "The Master", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6a": "American actor Eric Roberts", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6b": "The Master is the Doctor's archenemy, a renegade Time Lord", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6c": "The Master is the Doctor's archenemy, a renegade Time Lord", "572814882ca10214002d9d72": "Missy", "572814882ca10214002d9d73": "John Simm", "572814882ca10214002d9d74": "Missy", "572814882ca10214002d9d75": "Missy", "572814882ca10214002d9d76": "Missy", "572816213acd2414000df429": "Ron Grainer", "572816213acd2414000df42a": "Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, with assistance from Dick Mills", "572816213acd2414000df42b": "musique concr\u00e8te", "572816213acd2414000df42c": "season 17", "572816213acd2414000df42d": "Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db0": "Peter Howell", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db1": "Ron Grainer's original theme for Doctor Who in 1996", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db2": "Seventh Doctor", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db3": "Ron Grainer's original theme for Doctor Who in 1996", "572817802ca10214002d9db4": "The Christmas Invasion\", Gold introduced a modified closing credits arrangement that was used up until the conclusion of the 2007 series.", "5728185f3acd2414000df45b": "The Snowmen", "5728185f3acd2414000df45d": "228", "5728185f3acd2414000df45c": "2007 Christmas special episode, \"Voyage of the Damned", "5728185f3acd2414000df45e": "228", "5728185f3acd2414000df45f": "The Snowmen", "572819864b864d190016447e": "Jon Pertwee", "572819864b864d190016447f": "1978", "572819864b864d1900164480": "24", "572819864b864d1900164481": "Timelords", "572819864b864d1900164482": "24", "57281a952ca10214002d9dea": "Dudley Simpson", "57281a952ca10214002d9deb": "1964", "57281a952ca10214002d9dec": "15", "57281a952ca10214002d9ded": "1964", "57281a952ca10214002d9dee": "The Talons of Weng-Chiang", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfa": "the BBC National Orchestra of Wales", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfb": "19 November 2006", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfc": "2008", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfd": "Music of the Spheres", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfe": "Murray Gold and Ben Foster", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1e": "Six", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1f": "The Next Doctor to End of Time Part 2", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e20": "2010", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e21": "2008", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e22": "Six", "57281f203acd2414000df4f5": "The Day of the Doctor", "57281f203acd2414000df4f6": "2012", "57281f203acd2414000df4f7": "current Doctor Who", "57281f203acd2414000df4f8": "Fifth", "57281f203acd2414000df4f9": "The Day of the Doctor", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9c": "assassination of John F. Kennedy", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9d": "BBC One channel", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9e": "Tom Baker", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9f": "1964\u20131965", "57282036ff5b5019007d9da0": "BBC One", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db2": "high viewership levels", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db3": "the BBC Board of Control, a leading cause of the programme's 1989 suspension.", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db4": "three to five million", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db5": "three to five million", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db6": "2005", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd4": "1983 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd5": "four", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd6": "four", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd7": "15", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd8": "20th anniversary special The Five Doctors had its d\u00e9but on 23 November", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed6": "Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed7": "Five Doctors", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed8": "SyFy", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed9": "The Five Doctors", "5728245b2ca10214002d9eda": "ABC1", "572825714b864d1900164590": "2005", "572825714b864d1900164591": "Three Doctors", "572825714b864d1900164592": "2005", "572825714b864d1900164593": "The", "572825714b864d1900164594": "Judith Merril", "572826762ca10214002d9f2c": "Christopher Eccleston", "572826762ca10214002d9f2d": "excerpts from the Doctor Who Confidential documentary", "572826762ca10214002d9f2e": "The Christmas Invasion\" on 26 December 2005", "572826762ca10214002d9f2f": "2006", "572826762ca10214002d9f30": "The Christmas Invasion", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e26": "the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e27": "Eight", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e28": "One episode of Doctor Who (The Infinite Quest", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e29": "Spearhead from Space", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e2a": "2009", "572828383acd2414000df5c3": "numerous times", "572828383acd2414000df5c4": "Jon Pertwee and Colin Baker", "572828383acd2414000df5c5": "Curse of the Daleks", "572828383acd2414000df5c6": "Curse of the Daleks, a stage play mounted in the late 1960s, but without the Doctor.", "572828383acd2414000df5c7": "David Banks", "572829532ca10214002d9fa2": "Torchwood", "572829532ca10214002d9fa3": "an anagram of \"Doctor Who\"), set in modern-day Cardiff", "572829532ca10214002d9fa4": "2008", "572829532ca10214002d9fa5": "John Barrowman", "572829532ca10214002d9fa6": "United States", "57282f204b864d190016468a": "Elisabeth Sladen", "57282f204b864d190016468b": "The Sarah Jane Adventures", "57282f204b864d190016468c": "David Tennant", "57282f204b864d190016468d": "David Tennant", "57282f204b864d190016468e": "death of Elisabeth Sladen", "5728303e4b864d19001646aa": "Dimensions in Time", "5728303e4b864d19001646ab": "Dimensions in Time", "5728303e4b864d19001646ac": "EastEnders", "5728303e4b864d19001646ad": "Pulfrich", "5728303e4b864d19001646ae": "Pulfrich", "572831512ca10214002da04a": "Curse of Fatal Death", "572831512ca10214002da04b": "four", "572831512ca10214002da04c": "Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley", "572831512ca10214002da04d": "Curse of Fatal Death", "572831512ca10214002da04e": "Steven Moffat", "572833662ca10214002da086": "Star Trek: The Next Generation", "572833662ca10214002da087": "Blue Harvest\" and \"420", "572833662ca10214002da088": "Queer as Folk", "572833662ca10214002da089": "Oliver", "572833662ca10214002da08a": "Brisingr and High Wizardry", "572834524b864d1900164716": "Chase", "572834524b864d1900164717": "Chase", "572834524b864d1900164718": "Chase", "572834524b864d1900164719": "1981", "572834524b864d190016471a": "Slipback", "572835854b864d190016472e": "Since 1999, Big Finish Productions has released several different series of Doctor Who", "572835854b864d190016472f": "Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors", "572835854b864d1900164730": "1999", "572835854b864d1900164731": "1999", "572835854b864d1900164732": "2012", "572836732ca10214002da0dc": "Virgin Missing Adventures", "572836732ca10214002da0dd": "sixties", "572836732ca10214002da0de": "1979", "572836732ca10214002da0df": "Panini", "572836732ca10214002da0e0": "relaunch of the programme in 2005, a new range of novels have been published by BBC Books", "572837402ca10214002da0f4": "1960s", "572837402ca10214002da0f5": "BBC Television in the early 1960s", "572837402ca10214002da0f6": "producers", "572837402ca10214002da0f7": "no", "572838323acd2414000df737": "2006", "572838323acd2414000df738": "2005\u20132010", "572838323acd2414000df739": "Matt Smith", "572838323acd2414000df73a": "Matt Smith became the first Doctor to be nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor and in 2016, Michelle Gomez", "572838323acd2414000df73b": "Missy", "57283a392ca10214002da118": "over-all broadcast ratings", "57283a392ca10214002da119": "50th anniversary special", "57283a392ca10214002da11a": "electronic music", "57283a392ca10214002da11b": "2013", "57283a392ca10214002da11c": "50th anniversary special", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa4": "1975, Season 11", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa5": "Doctor Who", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa6": "1963\u20131989 run was placed at number eight", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa7": "SFX magazine of \"The Greatest UK Science Fiction and Fantasy", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa8": "1963\u20131989 run was placed at number eight", "57283ce72ca10214002da14c": "Vincent and the Doctor\" was shortlisted for a Mind Award at the 2010 Mind Mental Health Media Awards for its \"touching\" portrayal of Vincent van Gogh.", "57283ce72ca10214002da14d": "five", "57283ce72ca10214002da14e": "revived", "57283ce72ca10214002da14f": "2009", "57283ce72ca10214002da150": "critics", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc6": "six times", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc7": "200", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc8": "200", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc9": "Matt Smith won Best Actor in the 2012 National Television awards alongside Karen Gillan", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fca": "The Empty Child", "57283e652ca10214002da166": "Spike Milligan", "57283e652ca10214002da167": "Jon Culshaw", "57283e652ca10214002da168": "invades his bathroom \u2014 Milligan, naked, hurls a soap sponge at it) and Lenny Henry", "57283e652ca10214002da16a": "The Big Bang Theory", "57283e652ca10214002da169": "BBC Dead Ringers", "57283c464b864d19001647c8": "The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or U of C) is a private research university in Chicago.", "57283c464b864d19001647c9": "1890", "57283c464b864d19001647ca": "seven", "57283c464b864d19001647cb": "seven professional schools", "57283c464b864d19001647cc": "15,000", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbc": "various academic disciplines, including: the Chicago school of economics", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbd": "physics department", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbe": "physics department helped develop the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the university's Stagg Field", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbf": "University of Chicago Press", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fc0": "2020", "57283f014b864d19001647e8": "American Baptist Education Society", "57283f014b864d19001647e9": "oil magnate and wealthiest man in history John D. Rockefeller", "57283f014b864d19001647ea": "William Rainey Harper", "57283f014b864d19001647eb": "William Rainey Harper", "57283f014b864d19001647ec": "1892", "57284142ff5b5019007da00a": "Silas B. Cobb", "57284142ff5b5019007da00b": "Silas B. Cobb", "57284142ff5b5019007da00c": "Silas B. Cobb who provided the funds for the campus' first building, Cobb Lecture Hall", "57284142ff5b5019007da00d": "$100,000", "57284142ff5b5019007da00e": "Charles L. Hutchinson", "572843304b864d1900164848": "1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College", "572843304b864d1900164849": "1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois", "572843304b864d190016484a": "confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of A", "572843304b864d190016484b": "Several University of Chicago professors", "572843304b864d190016484c": "1910", "57284456ff5b5019007da05c": "Robert Maynard Hutchins", "57284456ff5b5019007da060": "Common Core", "57284456ff5b5019007da05f": "Robert Maynard Hutchins", "57284456ff5b5019007da05e": "Robert Maynard Hutchins", "57284456ff5b5019007da05d": "Robert Maynard Hutchins", "57284618ff5b5019007da0a8": "1950s", "57284618ff5b5019007da0a9": "declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood.", "57284618ff5b5019007da0aa": "second", "57284618ff5b5019007da0ab": "profoundly affected both the neighborhood's architecture and street plan.", "57284618ff5b5019007da0ac": "allowed", "572847ff3acd2414000df869": "George Beadle", "572847ff3acd2414000df86a": "George Beadle", "572847ff3acd2414000df86b": "1967", "572847ff3acd2414000df86c": "two", "572847ff3acd2414000df86d": "Kalven Report", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f2": "From the mid-2000s", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f3": "Milton Friedman Institute", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f4": "$200 million", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f5": "Chicago Theological Seminary", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f6": "$300 million", "57284b904b864d19001648e2": "Chicago", "57284b904b864d19001648e3": "six", "57284b904b864d19001648e4": "Henry Ives Cobb", "57284b904b864d19001648e5": "Magdalen", "57284b904b864d19001648e6": "Christ Church Hall", "57284d484b864d1900164900": "1940s", "57284d484b864d1900164901": "1999", "57284d484b864d1900164902": "School", "57284d484b864d1900164903": "School of Social Service Administration", "57284d484b864d1900164904": "2003", "57284e9fff5b5019007da150": "The University of Chicago also maintains facilities apart from its main campus. The university's Booth School of Business", "57284e9fff5b5019007da151": "left bank of the Seine", "57284e9fff5b5019007da152": "Renmin University's campus in Haidian District.", "57284e9fff5b5019007da153": "Renmin University's campus in Haidian District.", "57284e9fff5b5019007da154": "2015", "5728501aff5b5019007da166": "a board of trustees", "5728501aff5b5019007da167": "50 members including the university President", "5728501aff5b5019007da168": "fourteen", "5728501aff5b5019007da169": "Andrew Alper", "5728501aff5b5019007da16a": "Daniel Diermeier", "5728510f4b864d1900164936": "The Higher Learning Commission", "5728510f4b864d1900164937": "four divisions of graduate research and seven professional schools", "5728510f4b864d1900164938": "seven professional schools", "57285213ff5b5019007da180": "50", "57285213ff5b5019007da181": "28", "57285213ff5b5019007da182": "Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division, the Social Sciences Collegiate Division, the Humanities Collegiate Division, and the New Collegiate Division", "57285213ff5b5019007da183": "interdisciplinary majors and studies", "572853e8ff5b5019007da188": "Common Core", "572853e8ff5b5019007da189": "17", "572853e8ff5b5019007da18a": "intense", "572853e8ff5b5019007da18b": "demanding", "572855973acd2414000df925": "University of Chicago Laboratory Schools", "572855973acd2414000df926": "Sonia Shankman", "572855973acd2414000df927": "four public charter schools on the South Side of Chicago administered by the university's Urban Education Institute", "572855973acd2414000df928": "Sonia Shankman", "572855973acd2414000df929": "Sonia Shankman", "572856beff5b5019007da190": "9.8 million volumes", "572856beff5b5019007da191": "9.8 million", "572856beff5b5019007da192": "Regenstein Library", "572856beff5b5019007da193": "2011", "572856beff5b5019007da194": "1.3 million", "57285841ff5b5019007da19a": "12", "57285841ff5b5019007da19b": "12 research institutes and 113", "57285841ff5b5019007da19c": "the Oriental Institute", "57285841ff5b5019007da19d": "Fermilab", "57285841ff5b5019007da19e": "Mexico", "57286010ff5b5019007da1ca": "Milton Friedman", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cb": "Chicago Pile-1", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cc": "the Miller\u2013Urey", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cd": "1953", "572861cc4b864d190016495e": "1933", "572861cc4b864d190016495f": "1996) and theater & performance studies (2002", "572861cc4b864d1900164960": "1996) and theater & performance studies (2002", "572861cc4b864d1900164961": "visual arts, music, and art history, and, more recently, Cinema & Media studies (1996) and theater & performance studies (2002", "572861cc4b864d1900164962": "Several thousand major and non-major undergraduates", "572863363acd2414000df985": "5,792", "572863363acd2414000df986": "3,468", "572863363acd2414000df987": "5,984", "572863363acd2414000df988": "5,792", "572863363acd2414000df989": "international students", "572864542ca10214002da2de": "the University Athletic Association (UAA)", "572864542ca10214002da2df": "The Maroons compete in the NCAA's Division III", "572864542ca10214002da2e0": "Big Ten Conference", "572864542ca10214002da2e1": "Jay Berwanger", "572864542ca10214002da2e2": "Big Ten Conference and participated in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball and Football and was a regular participant in the Men's Basketball tournament.", "5728659f4b864d190016498a": "400", "5728659f4b864d190016498b": "Chicago", "5728659f4b864d190016498c": "the University of Chicago College Bowl Team", "5728659f4b864d190016498d": "Doc Films", "5728659f4b864d190016498e": "Chicago", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fc": "graduate and undergraduate students", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fd": "Executive Committee", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fe": "two", "5728667eff5b5019007da1ff": "$2 million", "572867543acd2414000df9a1": "seven", "572867543acd2414000df9a2": "seven", "572867543acd2414000df9a3": "Alpha Phi Omega", "572867543acd2414000df9a4": "Four", "572867543acd2414000df9a5": "ten", "5728683b3acd2414000df9af": "1987", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b0": "1987", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b1": "Festival of the Arts", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b2": "week-long winter festival, Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko, which include early morning exercise routines and fitness workshops", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b3": "Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko", "57286951ff5b5019007da20e": "Satya Nadella", "57286951ff5b5019007da20f": "Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella", "57286951ff5b5019007da210": "Larry Ellison, Goldman Sachs and MF Global CEO as well as former Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine, McKinsey & Company", "57286951ff5b5019007da211": "Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella, Oracle Corporation founder and the third richest man in America Larry Ellison", "57286951ff5b5019007da212": "the first management accounting textbook James O.", "57286ab72ca10214002da31e": "Saul Alinsky", "57286ab72ca10214002da31f": "Saul Alinsky", "57286ab72ca10214002da320": "Robert Bork", "57286ab72ca10214002da321": "Marek Belka", "57286ab72ca10214002da322": "Eliot Ness", "57286bf84b864d19001649d4": "Kurt Vonnegut", "57286bf84b864d19001649d6": "Kurt Vonnegut", "57286bf84b864d19001649d2": "Kurt Vonnegut", "57286bf84b864d19001649d5": "Kurt Vonnegut", "57286bf84b864d19001649d3": "Kurt Vonnegut", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e0": "Philip Glass", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e1": "Katherine Dunham", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e2": "Halo", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e3": "Sarah Koenig", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e4": "Roger Ebert", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d1": "Carl Sagan", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d2": "John M. Grunsfeld", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d3": "Carl Sagan, a prominent contributor to the scientific research of extraterrestrial life, and Edwin Hubble", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d4": "John B. Goodenough", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d5": "Clair Cameron Patterson", "572870b2ff5b5019007da222": "Thomas Sowell", "572870b2ff5b5019007da223": "Thomas Sowell", "572870b2ff5b5019007da224": "Paul Samuelson", "572870b2ff5b5019007da225": "Eugene Fama", "572871bc4b864d1900164a04": "David Graeber and Donald Johanson", "572871bc4b864d1900164a05": "Samuel Reshevsky", "572871bc4b864d1900164a06": "Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington", "572872dd2ca10214002da37e": "A. A. Michelson, elementary charge calculator Robert A. Millikan", "572872dd2ca10214002da37f": "Robert A. Millikan", "572872dd2ca10214002da380": "Robert A. Millikan, discoverer of the Compton Effect Arthur H. Compton", "572872dd2ca10214002da381": "Enrico Fermi", "572872dd2ca10214002da382": "Maria Goeppert-Mayer", "5728742cff5b5019007da246": "James Henry Breasted", "5728742cff5b5019007da247": "Alberto Calder\u00f3n", "5728742cff5b5019007da248": "Egyptologist James Henry Breasted", "5728742cff5b5019007da249": "borg", "5728742cff5b5019007da24a": "Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley", "5728759cff5b5019007da25b": "Steven Levitt", "5728759cff5b5019007da25a": "Goldman Sachs", "5728759cff5b5019007da25c": "David Bevington", "5728759cff5b5019007da25d": "John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape", "5728759cff5b5019007da25e": "the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, historian Dipesh Chakrabarty", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b6": "Great Yuan", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b7": "Great Yuan", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b8": "Great Yuan", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b9": "Kublai Khan", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1ba": "1271", "572860e03acd2414000df977": "Mongol Empire", "572860e03acd2414000df978": "Mongol Empire", "572860e03acd2414000df979": "Mongol Empire", "572860e03acd2414000df97a": "he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan", "57286192ff5b5019007da1dc": "Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143; pinyin: D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n; Wade\u2013Giles: Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty", "57286192ff5b5019007da1dd": "\u5927\u54c9\u4e7e\u5143", "57286192ff5b5019007da1de": "Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143; pinyin: D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n; Wade\u2013Giles: Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty.", "57286192ff5b5019007da1df": "Mongolian script: ), meaning \"Great Yuan Great Mongol State", "57286192ff5b5019007da1e0": "Great Khan", "572863c72ca10214002da2d4": "Turkic", "572863c72ca10214002da2d5": "1206", "572863c72ca10214002da2d6": "\u00d6gedei Khan", "572863c72ca10214002da2d7": "1206", "572863c72ca10214002da2d8": "Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206.", "572864dd4b864d1900164976": "Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin", "572864dd4b864d1900164977": "Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin", "572864dd4b864d1900164978": "Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin", "572864dd4b864d1900164979": "10,000", "572864dd4b864d190016497a": "4", "5728661e2ca10214002da2e8": "Shi Bingzhi", "5728661e2ca10214002da2e9": "Jin dynasty", "5728661e2ca10214002da2ea": "Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty. Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen", "5728661e2ca10214002da2eb": "Shi Bingzhi", "5728661e2ca10214002da2ec": "Song dynasty ordered by T\u00f6regene Khatun", "572867212ca10214002da2f2": "M\u00f6ngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China", "572867212ca10214002da2f3": "southern China", "572867212ca10214002da2f4": "1259", "572867212ca10214002da2f5": "He died in 1259", "572867212ca10214002da2f6": "Zhongtong", "572867d72ca10214002da2fc": "Og", "572867d72ca10214002da2fd": "Instability", "572867d72ca10214002da2fe": "prince Wonjong", "572867d72ca10214002da2ff": "northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage prince Wonjong", "572867d72ca10214002da300": "1262", "572869b84b864d19001649ae": "1262", "572869b84b864d19001649b0": "1262", "572869b84b864d19001649b2": "Han Chinese", "572869b84b864d19001649b1": "revive the Confucian imperial examinations", "572869b84b864d19001649af": "expanding the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron", "57286b003acd2414000df9c1": "1264", "57286b003acd2414000df9c2": "1264", "57286b003acd2414000df9c3": "1264", "57286b003acd2414000df9c4": "Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, in 1266", "57286b003acd2414000df9c5": "Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration", "57286bb84b864d19001649c8": "commercial, scientific, and cultural growth", "57286bb84b864d19001649c9": "peace", "57286bb84b864d19001649ca": "southern China to Daidu in the north.", "57286bb84b864d19001649cb": "southern China", "57286bb84b864d19001649cc": "Grand Canal from southern China to Daidu in the north.", "57286c8cff5b5019007da218": "the Song Emperor to Quzhou", "57286c8cff5b5019007da219": "1115\u20131234", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21a": "1115\u20131234", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21b": "Kong Duancao", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21c": "30,000", "57286d4f2ca10214002da328": "northern China", "57286d4f2ca10214002da329": "1268 and 1273", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32a": "1268 and 1273", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32b": "Hangzhou", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32c": "drowned", "57286dfa2ca10214002da332": "1279", "57286dfa2ca10214002da333": "an inauspicious typhoon", "57286dfa2ca10214002da334": "1279", "57286dfa2ca10214002da335": "B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng (1288", "57286dfa2ca10214002da336": "1279", "57286ead2ca10214002da346": "1253", "57286ead2ca10214002da347": "Zhenjin, as the Crown Prince, but he died before Kublai in 1285", "57286ead2ca10214002da348": "Dali", "57286ead2ca10214002da349": "Dali", "57286ead2ca10214002da34a": "Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307", "57286f373acd2414000df9db": "Buyantu Khan", "57286f373acd2414000df9dc": "fourth", "57286f373acd2414000df9dd": "Li Meng", "57286f373acd2414000df9de": "Department of State Affairs", "57286f373acd2414000df9df": "fourth", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e5": "Emperor Gegeen Khan", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e6": "Baiju.", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e7": "Baiju", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e8": "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e9": "five", "5728705c2ca10214002da35a": "Shangdu in 1328", "5728705c2ca10214002da35b": "the War of the Two Capitals", "5728705c2ca10214002da35c": "four days", "5728705c2ca10214002da35d": "poison", "5728705c2ca10214002da35e": "the support of Yes\u00fcn Tem\u00fcr's favorite retainer Dawlat Shah", "5728710c3acd2414000df9ef": "El Tem\u00fcr, Tugh Tem\u00fcr is known for his cultural contribution", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f0": "the Pavilion of the Star of Literature", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f1": "El Tem\u00fcr, Tugh Tem\u00fcr is known for his cultural contribution instead.", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f2": "books", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f3": "El Tem\u00fcr", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa03": "1332", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa04": "Emperor Ningzong", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa05": "13", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa06": "nine", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa07": "Liao, Jin, and Song", "572872822ca10214002da374": "struggle, famine, and bitterness", "572872822ca10214002da375": "lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia, while the Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom", "572872822ca10214002da376": "separated from both the army and the populace", "572872822ca10214002da377": "Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies", "572872822ca10214002da378": "intrigues and rivalries", "57287338ff5b5019007da232": "From the late 1340s onwards, people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods", "57287338ff5b5019007da233": "Red Turban", "57287338ff5b5019007da234": "fear of betrayal", "57287338ff5b5019007da235": "Red Turban Rebellion started and grew into a nationwide uprising. In 1354", "57287338ff5b5019007da236": "1368\u20131644", "572878942ca10214002da3a2": "The political unity of China and much of central Asia promoted trade between East and West", "572878942ca10214002da3a3": "Mongols", "572878942ca10214002da3a4": "Ilkhanate", "572878942ca10214002da3a5": "Eastern crops such as carrots, turnips", "572879574b864d1900164a14": "Western musical instruments", "572879574b864d1900164a15": "Nestor", "572879574b864d1900164a16": "Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism also enjoyed a period of toleration.", "572879574b864d1900164a17": "Confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the Classics", "572879574b864d1900164a18": "travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a28": "Venetian Marco Polo", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a29": "Il milione (or, The Million, known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo)", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2a": "Il milione", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2b": "Il milione", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2c": "Persian", "57287c142ca10214002da3d0": "Guo Shoujing", "57287c142ca10214002da3d1": "365.2425 days", "57287c142ca10214002da3d2": "To provide against possible famines, granaries were ordered built throughout the empire.", "57287c142ca10214002da3d3": "renovated", "57287c142ca10214002da3d4": "sorghum", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3da": "non-native Chinese people", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3db": "the Eternal Heaven", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dc": "Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dd": "Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3de": "Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e4": "the Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e5": "Yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6": "Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu gave strong influence to Kublai's early court", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e7": "the Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng)", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e8": "central government administration was established within the first decade of Kublai's reign", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa3f": "Privy Council", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa40": "Mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected those institutions.", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa41": "Mongols and Semuren, who had separate courts of justice.", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa42": "Privy Council", "57287e512ca10214002da3f8": "1269", "57287e512ca10214002da3f9": "1269", "57287e512ca10214002da3fa": "1269", "57287e512ca10214002da3fb": "Tugh Temur, whose mother was a Tangut", "57287e512ca10214002da3fc": "1269", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da274": "debt slavery, and by 1290", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da275": "1291", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da276": "Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa51": "zaju variety show", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa52": "landscape painting", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa53": "Song dynasty and the Yuan dynasty are linked together. In the area of Chinese painting during the Yuan dynasty there were many famous painters", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa54": "the qu", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa55": "zaju", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3c": "never", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3d": "Sakya sect", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3e": "Tibetan Buddhism", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3f": "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs", "57287fec4b864d1900164a40": "Sakya", "5728804b4b864d1900164a46": "1249", "5728804b4b864d1900164a47": "1249", "5728804b4b864d1900164a48": "1249\u20131314) solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern matrices", "5728804b4b864d1900164a49": "polynomial algebra", "5728804b4b864d1900164a4a": "1303", "5728809f2ca10214002da40c": "mathematics", "5728809f2ca10214002da40d": "Guo Shoujing applied mathematics to the construction of calendars.", "5728809f2ca10214002da40e": "Guo Shoujing applied mathematics to the construction of calendars.", "5728809f2ca10214002da40f": "Guo Shoujing applied mathematics to the construction of calendars.", "5728809f2ca10214002da410": "1281", "572881022ca10214002da416": "herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism.", "572881022ca10214002da417": "herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism.", "572881022ca10214002da418": "herbal remedies", "572881022ca10214002da419": "Imperial Academy of Medicine", "572881022ca10214002da41a": "it ensured a high income", "572881704b864d1900164a50": "Four Great Schools", "572881704b864d1900164a51": "Four Great Schools", "572881704b864d1900164a52": "Mongols", "572881704b864d1900164a53": "different theoretical approaches toward medicine.", "572881704b864d1900164a54": "1277", "572881d34b864d1900164a5a": "Muslim", "572881d34b864d1900164a5b": "1263", "572881d34b864d1900164a5c": "1263", "572881d34b864d1900164a5d": "Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court", "572881d34b864d1900164a5e": "Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court, where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or Muslim medicine.", "572882242ca10214002da420": "Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries", "572882242ca10214002da421": "Wang Zhen's Nong Shu were printed with earthenware movable type", "572882242ca10214002da422": "12th", "572882242ca10214002da423": "T\u00f6regene Khatun", "572882242ca10214002da424": "1273, the Mongols created the Imperial Library Directorate, a government-sponsored printing office", "5728827b2ca10214002da42a": "chao", "5728827b2ca10214002da42b": "the bark of mulberry trees", "5728827b2ca10214002da42c": "woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in 1275", "5728827b2ca10214002da42d": "woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in 1275", "5728827b2ca10214002da42e": "chao", "572883153acd2414000dfa6f": "a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system", "572883153acd2414000dfa70": "Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system", "572883153acd2414000dfa71": "Mongols", "572883153acd2414000dfa72": "fear", "572883153acd2414000dfa73": "Ilkhanate", "572883a33acd2414000dfa79": "Han Chinese and Khitans", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7a": "Han Chinese and Khitans", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7b": "Mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7c": "artisans and farmers", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7d": "a Qara-Khitay (Khitan)", "57288428ff5b5019007da28e": "high position given to Muslims, some policies of the Yuan Emperors", "57288428ff5b5019007da28f": "Kosher butchering", "57288428ff5b5019007da290": "Muslim generals like Lan Yu", "57288428ff5b5019007da291": "thanks", "57288428ff5b5019007da292": "Kosher butchering for Jews", "5728848cff5b5019007da298": "four", "5728848cff5b5019007da299": "four", "5728848cff5b5019007da29a": "rich and well socially standing", "5728848cff5b5019007da29b": "there were rich and well socially standing Chinese while there were less rich Mongol and Semu", "572885023acd2414000dfa83": "Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in.", "572885023acd2414000dfa84": "Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in.", "572885023acd2414000dfa85": "Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in.", "572885023acd2414000dfa86": "The Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in.", "572885023acd2414000dfa87": "Major commerce during this era gave rise to favorable conditions for private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8d": "Kingdom of Qocho", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8e": "Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8f": "Korean King", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa90": "Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler", "572885c44b864d1900164a78": "Central Region, consisting of present-day Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi", "572885c44b864d1900164a79": "the Central Secretariat", "572885c44b864d1900164a7a": "Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq", "572885c44b864d1900164a7b": "Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq (modern Beijing", "572885c44b864d1900164a7c": "Khanbaliq", "5728dab94b864d1900164f96": "Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community (EAC).", "5728dab94b864d1900164f97": "East African Community", "5728dab94b864d1900164f98": "the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community (EAC).", "5728dab94b864d1900164f99": "Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community (EAC).", "5728dab94b864d1900164f9a": "45 million", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dc": "Lake Victoria", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dd": "Lake Victoria", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9de": "Lake Victoria", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9df": "western", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9e0": "Lake Victoria", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac2": "humans", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac3": "By the first millennium AD", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac4": "Bantu and Nilotic", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac5": "19th century", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac6": "1963", "5728f5376aef0514001548c4": "Mount Kenya", "5728f5376aef0514001548c5": "Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa which mean \"God's resting place\" in all three languages", "5728f5376aef0514001548c6": "God's resting place\" in all three languages", "5728f9342ca10214002dab52": "Kenia and Kegnia", "5728f9342ca10214002dab53": "Ludwig Krapf recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the Kamba version", "5728f9342ca10214002dab54": "Joseph Thompsons", "5728f9342ca10214002dab55": "1882", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165166": "lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165167": "lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165168": "The \"Big Five\" game animals of Africa, that is the lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165169": "June and September", "5728f9cf4b864d190016516a": "Two million", "5728fa576aef051400154920": "more than 20 million years ago", "5728fa576aef051400154921": "Pleistocene epoch", "5728fa576aef051400154922": "Richard Leakey", "5728fa576aef051400154923": "1.6-million-year-old fossil belonging to Homo erectus.", "5728fa576aef051400154924": "Olorgesailie", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3b": "Mombasa", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3c": "The Swahili built Mombasa", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3d": "Duarte Barbosa", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef5": "Kenyan Coast", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef6": "14th century", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef7": "the City of Malindi.", "5729024f1d04691400778f5f": "August 1914", "5729024f1d04691400778f60": "British East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa", "5729024f1d04691400778f61": "Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck", "5729024f1d04691400778f62": "Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck took command of the German military forces, determined to tie down as many British resources as possible.", "5729024f1d04691400778f63": "Northern", "572903d96aef0514001549a4": "central highlands", "572903d96aef0514001549a5": "central highlands", "572903d96aef0514001549a6": "banned the growing of coffee", "572903d96aef0514001549a7": "80,000", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4d": "January 1954", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4e": "the War Council. The operation effectively placed Nairobi under military siege, and the occupants were screened and the Mau Mau supporters moved to detention camps.", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4f": "24 April 1954", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f50": "4,686", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f51": "the Swynnerton Plan", "572906e23f37b31900477f8d": "Legislative Council", "572906e23f37b31900477f8e": "the Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta", "572906e23f37b31900477f8f": "the Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta", "572906e23f37b31900477f90": "the Kenya Independence Act 1963 of the United Kingdom", "572906e23f37b31900477f91": "Republic of Kenya\"", "572909406aef0514001549dc": "queuing", "572909406aef0514001549dd": "queuing", "572909406aef0514001549de": "Daniel arap Moi", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc5": "President is both the head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc6": "the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc7": "the government", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc8": "the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc9": "The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.", "57290b21af94a219006a9fcf": "Corruption Perception Index (CPI)", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd0": "Kenya ranks low on Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index (CPI)", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd1": "139th", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd2": "curbing corruption from the Kenyan government, for instance, the establishment of a new and independent Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission", "57290d811d04691400778fcf": "Party of National Unity", "57290d811d04691400778fd0": "Party of National Unity", "57290d811d04691400778fd1": "complicity", "57290d811d04691400778fd2": "Orange Democratic Movement", "57290e153f37b31900477fd9": "election riots", "57290e153f37b31900477fda": "the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission", "57290e153f37b31900477fdb": "the Evangelical Lutheran Church", "57290e153f37b31900477fdc": "the government and civil society organisations", "57290ee2af94a219006a9fff": "28 February 2008", "57290ee2af94a219006aa000": "a vice-president and two deputy Prime Ministers.", "57290ee2af94a219006aa001": "ODM camps", "57290ee2af94a219006aa002": "ODM camps", "57290ee2af94a219006aa003": "a vice-president and two deputy Prime Ministers.", "57290f963f37b31900477feb": "the PM will have power and authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the Government and will be occupied by an elected MP", "57290f963f37b31900477fec": "an elected MP", "57290f963f37b31900477fed": "an elected MP", "57290f963f37b31900477fee": "2008", "57290f963f37b31900477fef": "an elected MP", "572913626aef051400154a30": "Prime Minister", "572913626aef051400154a31": "Prime Minister", "572913626aef051400154a32": "Prime Minister", "572913626aef051400154a33": "27 August 2010", "572913626aef051400154a34": "Second Republic", "572914441d04691400779025": "December 2014", "572914441d04691400779026": "Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries criticised the security bill, arguing that it infringed on democratic freedoms.", "572914441d04691400779027": "Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries criticised the security bill, arguing that it infringed on democratic freedoms", "572914441d04691400779028": "Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries criticised the security bill, arguing that it infringed on democratic freedoms.", "572914441d04691400779029": "Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries criticised the security bill, arguing that it infringed on democratic freedoms.", "572914f46aef051400154a46": "US President Barack Obama chose not to visit the country during his mid-2013 African trip.", "572914f46aef051400154a47": "US President Barack Obama", "572914f46aef051400154a48": "China at the invitation of President Xi Jinping", "572914f46aef051400154a49": "mid-2013 African trip.", "572915621d0469140077902f": "peacekeeping missions", "572915621d04691400779030": "December 2007", "572915621d04691400779031": "December 2007", "572915e43f37b31900478005": "Armoured Personnel Carriers", "572915e43f37b31900478006": "less", "572915e43f37b31900478007": "Armoured Personnel Carriers", "572915e43f37b31900478008": "the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement have been publicly questioned.", "572916f16aef051400154a56": "Development Index", "572916f16aef051400154a57": "Kenya", "572916f16aef051400154a58": "$1.25", "572916f16aef051400154a59": "frontier market or occasionally an emerging market", "572917743f37b3190047800d": "service sector", "572917743f37b3190047800f": "75%", "572917743f37b31900478010": "16%", "572917743f37b3190047800e": "75%", "572917ff6aef051400154a5e": "61%", "572917ff6aef051400154a5f": "tourism", "572917ff6aef051400154a60": "61%", "572917ff6aef051400154a62": "Germany and the United Kingdom", "572917ff6aef051400154a61": "Germany and the United Kingdom", "572918bd3f37b31900478016": "24%", "572918bd3f37b31900478017": "tea, horticultural produce, and coffee", "572918bd3f37b31900478015": "Agriculture", "572918bd3f37b31900478018": "corn", "57291a7b1d0469140077903f": "maize", "57291a7b1d04691400779040": "maize", "57291a7b1d04691400779041": "pigeon pea", "57291a7b1d04691400779042": "linking producers to wholesalers, helped to increase local producer prices by 20\u201325%", "57291a7b1d04691400779043": "20\u201325%", "57291b461d04691400779049": "wheat", "57291b461d0469140077904a": "wheat", "57291b461d0469140077904b": "53% of the population lives below the poverty line), a significant portion of the population regularly starves", "57291b461d0469140077904c": "53%", "57291b461d0469140077904d": "August and September 2011 prompting the Kenyans for Kenya", "57291beb1d04691400779053": "Kenya", "57291beb1d04691400779054": "14%", "57291beb1d04691400779055": "Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu", "57291beb1d04691400779056": "informal sector commonly referred to as Jua Kali engages in small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements", "57291d9e3f37b31900478035": "Kenya", "57291d9e3f37b31900478036": "2000", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09b": "hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09c": "upper Tana River", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09d": "1997", "57291f153f37b31900478043": "Turkana", "57291f153f37b31900478044": "10 billion", "57291f153f37b31900478045": "Exploration", "57291f153f37b31900478046": "20% to 25%", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b1": "$474 million", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b2": "$474 million", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b3": "60", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b4": "About 25,000 tonnes of ilmenite", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b5": "environmental and social problems", "57292046af94a219006aa0bb": "Vision 2030, an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers by the year 2030.", "57292046af94a219006aa0bc": "low carbon climate resilient development pathway'.", "57292046af94a219006aa0bd": "National Climate Change Action Plan", "57292046af94a219006aa0be": "low carbon climate resilient development pathway'.", "57292046af94a219006aa0bf": "delivery", "572920d73f37b31900478055": "agriculture", "572920d73f37b31900478056": "30%", "572920d73f37b31900478057": "9\u201318", "572920d73f37b31900478058": "poverty", "572921646aef051400154a78": "English", "572921646aef051400154a79": "English and Swahili", "572921646aef051400154a7a": "commerce", "572921646aef051400154a7b": "American English", "572922206aef051400154a8a": "83%), with 47.7% regarding themselves as Protestant and 23.5% as Roman Catholic of the Latin Rite.", "572922206aef051400154a8b": "83%", "572922206aef051400154a8c": "3 million", "572922206aef051400154a8d": "Nairobi", "57292449af94a219006aa0dd": "Muslim 11.2%, indigenous beliefs 1.7%), and nonreligious 2.4%.", "57292449af94a219006aa0de": "50%", "57292449af94a219006aa0df": "Indian origin", "57292449af94a219006aa0e0": "Hindu population in Kenya (around 300,000", "572924b53f37b31900478067": "80%", "572924b53f37b31900478068": "80%", "572924b53f37b31900478069": "65,000", "572924b53f37b3190047806a": "65,000", "572925491d046914007790c3": "Diseases of poverty", "572925491d046914007790c4": "Half", "572925491d046914007790c5": "Preventable diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition are the biggest burden, major child-killers", "572925491d046914007790c6": "poor leadership in the public health sector", "572925491d046914007790c7": "15 million", "572925a81d046914007790cd": "British colonists", "572925a81d046914007790ce": "British colonists.", "572925a81d046914007790cf": "Ominde Commission", "572925a81d046914007790d0": "identity and unity", "572925a81d046914007790d1": "7\u20134\u20132\u20133", "572926086aef051400154ac2": "1981", "572926086aef051400154ac3": "8\u20134\u20134", "572926086aef051400154ac4": "8\u20134\u20134", "572926086aef051400154ac5": "1992", "572926653f37b31900478079": "January 1985", "572926653f37b3190047807a": "vocational", "572926653f37b3190047807b": "would enable school drop-outs", "572926653f37b3190047807c": "2003", "572926653f37b3190047807d": "70%", "572926d23f37b31900478083": "six years", "572926d23f37b31900478084": "six", "572926d23f37b31900478085": "free in public schools", "572926d23f37b31900478086": "a polytechnic or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years.", "5729276c1d046914007790d7": "85%", "5729276c1d046914007790d8": "three to five", "5729276c1d046914007790d9": "targets children from age three to five", "5729276c1d046914007790da": "Kenya Certificate of Primary Education", "5729276c1d046914007790db": "eight", "572927d06aef051400154ade": "Kenya National Library Service", "572927d06aef051400154adf": "Kenya National Library Service", "572927d06aef051400154ae0": "a peoples university", "572927d06aef051400154ae1": "McMillan Memorial Library located at the central business district of Nairobi. A public library is seen as a peoples university", "5729281baf94a219006aa11f": "several sports", "5729281baf94a219006aa120": "middle-distance and long-distance athletics", "5729281baf94a219006aa121": "Kenyan athletes", "5729281baf94a219006aa122": "middle-distance and long-distance athletics", "572928bf6aef051400154af0": "Pamela Jelimo", "572928bf6aef051400154af1": "Pamela Jelimo", "572928bf6aef051400154af2": "Samuel Wanjiru who won the men's marathon", "572928bf6aef051400154af3": "Pamela Jelimo", "572928bf6aef051400154af4": "because of economic or financial factors", "5729293d3f37b3190047809f": "volleyball", "5729293d3f37b319004780a0": "Cricket", "5729293d3f37b319004780a1": "2003", "5729293d3f37b319004780a2": "Patel", "5729293d3f37b319004780a3": "March 2007", "57292994af94a219006aa131": "Safari Rally", "57292994af94a219006aa132": "Safari", "57292994af94a219006aa133": "Bj\u00f6rn", "572929d56aef051400154b0a": "three", "572929d56aef051400154b0b": "10 o'clock", "572929d56aef051400154b0c": "10 o'clock tea (chai ya saa nne) and 4 pm tea (chai ya saa kumi).", "572929d56aef051400154b0d": "chakula cha mchana) and supper in the evening", "57293b843f37b31900478133": "1988", "57293b843f37b31900478134": "1988", "57293b843f37b31900478135": "greenhouse gas concentrations", "57293b843f37b31900478136": "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC", "57293b843f37b31900478137": "Resolution 43/53", "57293bc91d0469140077919b": "Korean economist Hoesung Lee", "57293bc91d0469140077919c": "Korean", "57293bc91d0469140077919d": "Ismail El Gizouli", "57293bc91d0469140077919e": "Korean economist Hoesung Lee", "57293bc91d0469140077919f": "Rajendra K. Pachauri in February 2015.", "57293c246aef051400154bb8": "representatives", "57293c246aef051400154bb9": "350", "57293c246aef051400154bba": "322", "57293c246aef051400154bbb": "appointed by governments and organizations", "57293ca73f37b3190047815b": "1989", "57293ca73f37b3190047815c": "IPCC Trust Fund", "57293ca73f37b3190047815e": "the IPCC Trust Fund", "57293ca73f37b3190047815f": "Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO", "57293ca73f37b3190047815d": "the IPCC Trust Fund", "57293d116aef051400154bc8": "research", "57293d116aef051400154bc9": "Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources.", "57293d116aef051400154bca": "of sufficient quality", "57293d116aef051400154bcb": "the \"grey literature", "57293d6d1d046914007791b7": "Working Group chairs", "57293d6d1d046914007791b8": "Working Group chairs", "57293d6d1d046914007791b9": "prepare text, graphs or data for inclusion by the lead authors.", "57293d6d1d046914007791ba": "bling the contributions of the other authors, ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements, and reporting to the Working Group chairs", "57293d6d1d046914007791bb": "the Working Group chairs", "57293e221d046914007791d5": "executive", "57293e221d046914007791d6": "emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations", "57293e221d046914007791d7": "CO2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect. They predict that under a \"business as usual\" (BAU)", "57293e221d046914007791d8": "business as usual\" (BAU", "57293e221d046914007791d9": "0.3 to 0.6 \u00b0C", "57293e983f37b3190047818b": "Canadian", "57293e983f37b3190047818c": "Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, and European Geosciences Union", "57293e983f37b3190047818d": "the journal Science", "57293e983f37b3190047818e": "90%", "57293e983f37b3190047818f": "90% certain that temperatures will continue to rise, with average global surface temperature projected to increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 \u00b0C", "57293f353f37b3190047819b": "Richard Lindzen", "57293f353f37b3190047819c": "WGI", "57293f353f37b3190047819d": "John Houghton", "57293f353f37b3190047819e": "John", "57293f353f37b3190047819f": "scientific evidence", "57293f8a6aef051400154bde": "Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation", "57293f8a6aef051400154bdf": "the Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation", "57293f8a6aef051400154be0": "the Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation", "57293f8a6aef051400154be1": "Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation", "572940246aef051400154bec": "the Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme", "572940246aef051400154bed": "default emission factors", "572940246aef051400154bee": "default emission factors", "572940246aef051400154bef": "Executive Council", "572940973f37b319004781a5": "WWF report, which has misquoted its own source, an ICSI report \"Variations of Snow and Ice", "572940973f37b319004781a6": "poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance\".", "572940973f37b319004781a7": "WWF report, which has misquoted its own source, an ICSI report \"Variations of Snow and Ice", "572940973f37b319004781a8": "WWF", "572941273f37b319004781ad": "Former IPCC chairman", "572941273f37b319004781ae": "Robert Watson", "572941273f37b319004781af": "a climate expert who had been co-chair of the IPCC working group II", "572941273f37b319004781b0": "happened", "572941273f37b319004781b1": "unfounded", "57294209af94a219006aa201": "1999", "57294209af94a219006aa202": "1999", "57294209af94a219006aa203": "hockey stick", "57294209af94a219006aa204": "Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes", "57294279af94a219006aa209": "exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900", "57294279af94a219006aa20a": "Fred Singer", "57294279af94a219006aa20b": "Science and Environmental Policy Project held a press event on Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C", "57294279af94a219006aa20c": "Wibj\u00f6rn Karl\u00e9n and Singer argued against the graph at a United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation hearing on 18 July 2000", "57294279af94a219006aa20d": "James Inhofe", "572943ab1d04691400779219": "Ed Whitfield", "572943ab1d0469140077921a": "Ed Whitfield", "572943ab1d0469140077921b": "Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations", "572943ab1d0469140077921c": "Sherwood Boehlert", "572943ab1d0469140077921d": "Sherwood Boehlert", "572944e03f37b319004781e2": "2007", "572944e03f37b319004781e1": "2007", "572944e03f37b319004781e4": "1,000 years or longer", "572944e03f37b319004781e5": "divergence", "572944e03f37b319004781e3": "additional data and covered a wider area", "572945b11d0469140077922f": "2007", "572945b11d04691400779230": "compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change", "572945b11d04691400779231": "compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change", "572945b11d04691400779232": "temperature and sea level change", "572949306aef051400154c68": "rises in sea levels", "572949306aef051400154c69": "rises in sea levels", "572949306aef051400154c6a": "rises in sea levels", "572949306aef051400154c6b": "2001", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26b": "Fifth", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26c": "Michael Oppenheimer", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26d": "Michael Oppenheimer", "57294e6b1d04691400779275": "Montreal Protocol", "57294e6b1d04691400779276": "failed", "57294e6b1d04691400779277": "different, if not opposing goals", "5729506d6aef051400154cac": "Sheldon Ungar's comparison with global warming, the actors in the ozone depletion case", "5729506d6aef051400154cad": "varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts", "5729506d6aef051400154cae": "stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge", "5729506d6aef051400154caf": "UK government made a stronger argument in favor to combat human-made climate change", "5729517d6aef051400154cc8": "its own research", "5729517d6aef051400154cc9": "a deadline for submissions", "5729517d6aef051400154cca": "body", "572951f16aef051400154cce": "five climate scientists \u2013 all contributing or lead IPCC report authors \u2013 wrote in the journal Nature", "572951f16aef051400154ccf": "five climate scientists \u2013 all contributing or lead IPCC report authors \u2013 wrote in the journal Nature", "572951f16aef051400154cd0": "five climate scientists \u2013 all contributing or lead IPCC report authors \u2013 wrote in the journal Nature calling for changes to the IPCC.", "572951f16aef051400154cd1": "panel employ a full-time staff and remove government oversight", "572953013f37b3190047824d": "to conduct photosynthesis", "572953013f37b3190047824e": "ATP and NADPH", "572953013f37b3190047824f": "ATP", "572953013f37b31900478250": "Calvin cycle", "572953013f37b31900478251": "The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from 1 in algae up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat.", "5729544c3f37b31900478257": "dynamic", "5729544c3f37b31900478258": "environmental factors like light color and intensity", "5729544c3f37b31900478259": "dynamic", "5729544c3f37b3190047825a": "a photosynthetic cyanobacterium", "5729544c3f37b3190047825b": "dynamic", "572956c86aef051400154d1a": "cyanobacteria", "572956c86aef051400154d1b": "Russian biologist Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905", "572956c86aef051400154d1c": "Russian biologist Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905", "572956c86aef051400154d1d": "Russian biologist Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905", "572956c86aef051400154d1e": "endosymbiosis", "572957361d046914007792cf": "thylakoids", "572957361d046914007792d0": "gram-negative", "572957361d046914007792d2": "two cell membranes", "572957361d046914007792d3": "peptidoglycan", "572957361d046914007792d1": "blue-green algae", "572957ad1d046914007792d9": "food", "572957ad1d046914007792da": "food", "572957ad1d046914007792db": "lipid-bilayer membranes", "572957ad1d046914007792dc": "lipid-bilayer", "572957ad1d046914007792dd": "Over time, the cyanobacterium was assimilated", "5729582b1d046914007792e3": "almost the same thing as chloroplast", "5729582b1d046914007792e4": "primary plastids", "5729582b1d046914007792e5": "primary plastids", "5729582b1d046914007792e6": "green", "5729582b1d046914007792e7": "green chloroplast", "572958cc6aef051400154d2a": "13 species", "572958cc6aef051400154d2b": "a chloroplast", "572958cc6aef051400154d2c": "13 species, and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest.", "572958cc6aef051400154d2d": "a carboxysome", "572958cc6aef051400154d2e": "icosahedral", "57295a116aef051400154d44": "a double membrane", "57295a116aef051400154d45": "a double membrane", "57295a116aef051400154d46": "phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes on the thylakoid membranes", "57295a116aef051400154d47": "an intermembrane space and phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes on the thylakoid membranes", "57295a116aef051400154d48": "a form of starch", "57295b5b1d04691400779315": "glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts in that they have lost their phycobilisomes", "57295b5b1d04691400779316": "accessory pigments", "57295b5b1d04691400779317": "green", "57295b5b1d04691400779318": "use in chloroplast division", "57295b5b1d04691400779319": "lost their phycobilisomes, and contain chlorophyll b", "572961f61d04691400779359": "double membrane", "572961f61d0469140077935a": "secondary endosymbiotic", "572961f61d0469140077935b": "when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote", "572961f61d0469140077935c": "double membrane", "572961f61d0469140077935d": "secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote", "572962953f37b319004782f5": "three membranes", "572962953f37b319004782f6": "chloroplasts", "572962953f37b319004782f7": "three", "572962953f37b319004782f8": "Starch", "572962953f37b319004782f9": "three", "572963221d04691400779385": "algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast.", "572963221d04691400779386": "four", "572963221d04691400779387": "a nucleomorph", "572963221d04691400779388": "a pyrenoid", "572963221d04691400779389": "a pyrenoid and thylakoids in stacks of two", "572963876aef051400154dd2": "amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm, even though they are nonphotosynthetic.", "572963876aef051400154dd3": "amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm, even though they are nonphotosynthetic.", "572963876aef051400154dd4": "malaria parasite", "572963876aef051400154dd5": "red algal derived chloroplast", "572963876aef051400154dd6": "amylopectin starch granules", "5729645b3f37b31900478321": "fatty acids, isopentenyl pyrophosphate, iron-sulfur clusters", "5729645b3f37b31900478322": "isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis", "5729645b3f37b31900478323": "isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis", "5729645b3f37b31900478324": "lost all photosynthetic function", "5729645b3f37b31900478325": "four", "572965566aef051400154e00": "the carotenoid pigment peridinin in their chloroplasts", "572965566aef051400154e01": "peridinin in their chloroplasts, along with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c2", "572965566aef051400154e02": "triplet-stacked", "572965566aef051400154e03": "peridinin in their chloroplasts, along with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c2", "572965e73f37b3190047832b": "The fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages (including Karlodinium and Karenia", "572965e73f37b3190047832c": "Karlodinium and Karenia) lost their original red algal derived chloroplast", "572965e73f37b3190047832d": "four", "572965e73f37b3190047832e": "six", "572966626aef051400154e13": "phycobilin-containing chloroplast taken from a cryptophyte", "572966626aef051400154e14": "phycobilin-containing chloroplast taken from a cryptophyte", "572966626aef051400154e12": "kleptoplast", "572966626aef051400154e15": "Dinophysis species must continually engulf cryptophytes to obtain new chloroplasts to replace the old ones.", "572966ebaf94a219006aa391": "red algal derived chloroplast inside it).", "572966ebaf94a219006aa392": "Kryptoperidinium and Durinskia have a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast", "572966ebaf94a219006aa393": "up to five", "572966ebaf94a219006aa394": "up to five", "572966ebaf94a219006aa395": "food", "572967e31d046914007793b1": "the dinophyte nucleus", "572967e31d046914007793b2": "the rhodoplast lineage", "572967e31d046914007793b3": "green algal derived chloroplast (more specifically, a prasinophyte)", "572967e31d046914007793b4": "green algal derived chloroplast", "572967e31d046914007793b5": "green algal derived chloroplast", "5729686d1d046914007793c1": "events", "5729686d1d046914007793c2": "can offer some insights into how chloroplasts evolved.", "5729686d1d046914007793c3": "about a million", "5729686d1d046914007793c4": "850", "5729686d1d046914007793c5": "Paulinella chromatophora is an exception that acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently.", "572968cf1d046914007793cb": "ctDNA", "572968cf1d046914007793cc": "ctDNA, or cpDNA", "572968cf1d046914007793cd": "1962", "572968cf1d046914007793ce": "1986", "572968cf1d046914007793cf": "1986", "57296977af94a219006aa3bd": "cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyce\u00e6)", "57296977af94a219006aa3be": "The inverted repeat regions are highly conserved among land plants, and accumulate few mutations", "57296977af94a219006aa3bf": "The inverted repeat regions are highly conserved among land plants, and accumulate few mutations", "572969f51d046914007793dd": "electron microscopy", "572969f51d046914007793de": "two", "572969f51d046914007793e0": "theta intermediary form", "572969f51d046914007793df": "double displacement loop", "572969f51d046914007793e1": "double displacement loop", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c3": "A \u2192 G", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c4": "single stranded", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c5": "linear", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c6": "linear and replicates through homologous recombination", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c7": "linear", "57296ab93f37b31900478369": "participates in homologous recombination and replication structures", "57296ab93f37b3190047836a": "maize", "57296ab93f37b3190047836b": "maize", "57296ab93f37b3190047836c": "maize", "57296b151d046914007793f1": "many chromalveolate lineages.", "57296b151d046914007793f2": "persist", "57296b151d046914007793f3": "red", "57296b151d046914007793f4": "red chloroplast.", "57296bf96aef051400154e52": "tRNA", "57296bf96aef051400154e53": "around half of the protein products of transferred genes aren't even targeted back to the chloroplast", "57296bf96aef051400154e54": "participating in cell division", "57296bf96aef051400154e55": "the cytosol", "57296c5c3f37b3190047837f": "ribosome in the cytosol", "57296c5c3f37b31900478380": "a ribosome in the cytosol", "57296c5c3f37b31900478381": "phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences.", "57296c5c3f37b31900478382": "help the polypeptide get imported into the chloroplast", "57296cb21d04691400779403": "lens-shaped", "57296cb21d04691400779404": "lens-shaped", "57296cb21d04691400779405": "lens-shaped, 5\u20138 \u03bcm in diameter and 1\u20133 \u03bcm", "57296cb21d04691400779406": "net", "57296cb21d04691400779407": "lens-shaped", "57296d1b1d0469140077940d": "The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane", "57296d1b1d0469140077940e": "The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane", "57296d1b1d0469140077940f": "homologous", "57296d8d1d0469140077941d": "mitochondrial double membrane", "57296d8d1d0469140077941e": "regulates metabolite passage and synthesizes some materials, has no counterpart in the mitochondrion", "57296d8d1d0469140077941f": "ATP energy", "57296d8d1d04691400779420": "internal thylakoid system", "57296d8d1d04691400779421": "double membrane", "57296de03f37b3190047839b": "Stromules", "57296de03f37b3190047839c": "to increase the chloroplast's surface area", "57296de03f37b3190047839d": "to increase the chloroplast's surface area", "57296de03f37b3190047839e": "to increase the chloroplast's surface area", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e5": "C4 plants", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e6": "C4 plants", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e7": "The chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e8": "increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport between its stroma and the cell cytoplasm", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e9": "small vesicles sometimes observed may serve as transport vesicles to shuttle stuff", "57296eb01d04691400779435": "own ribosomes, which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins", "57296eb01d04691400779436": "about two-thirds", "57296eb01d04691400779437": "two-thirds", "57296eb01d04691400779438": "lack motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition", "57296eb01d04691400779439": "translation", "57296eee6aef051400154e8e": "are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins", "57296eee6aef051400154e8f": "spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins", "57296eee6aef051400154e90": "spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins", "57296eee6aef051400154e91": "size variation", "57296eee6aef051400154e92": "a lipid monolayer", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fb": "permanently attached either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fc": "the thylakoid network", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fd": "green chloroplasts, the vast majority of plastoglobuli occur singularly, attached directly to their parent thylakoid", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fe": "chains, still always anchored to a thylakoid", "57296f85af94a219006aa403": "The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids. They are not found in higher plants", "57296f85af94a219006aa404": "roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them. They consist of a matrix opaque to electrons", "57296f85af94a219006aa405": "roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them.", "57296f85af94a219006aa406": "roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them.", "57296f85af94a219006aa407": "divide to form new pyrenoids", "57296fd71d0469140077943f": "helical thylakoid model, grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids", "57296fd71d04691400779440": "helicoid stromal thylakoids", "57296fd71d04691400779441": "two to a hundred thylakoids", "57296fd71d04691400779442": "a bridge-like slit junction", "57296fd71d04691400779443": "helicoid stromal thylakoids, also known as frets or lamellar thylakoids", "5729703d3f37b319004783bb": "carotenoids", "5729703d3f37b319004783bc": "light energy and use it to energize electrons", "5729703d3f37b319004783bd": "carotenoids", "5729703d3f37b319004783be": "hydrogen ions", "5729703d3f37b319004783bf": "protein complex that harnesses the concentration gradient of the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space to generate ATP energy", "572970916aef051400154eba": "granal thylakoids, which are arranged in grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma", "572970916aef051400154ebb": "stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma", "572970916aef051400154ebc": "granal thylakoids, which are arranged in grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma", "572970916aef051400154ebe": "stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma", "572970916aef051400154ebd": "stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma", "57297103af94a219006aa423": "thirty", "57297103af94a219006aa424": "help transfer and dissipate excess energy", "57297103af94a219006aa425": "help transfer and dissipate excess energy", "57297103af94a219006aa426": "\u03b2-carotene is a bright red-orange carotenoid", "57297103af94a219006aa427": "\u03b2", "5729714daf94a219006aa42d": "all colors", "5729714daf94a219006aa42e": "all colors", "5729714daf94a219006aa42f": "colors", "5729714daf94a219006aa430": "40 nanometers across", "5729714daf94a219006aa431": "40 nanometers across", "572971af6aef051400154ede": "an enzyme called rubisco", "572971af6aef051400154edf": "it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen", "572971af6aef051400154ee0": "it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen", "572971af6aef051400154ee1": "Calvin cycle", "572971af6aef051400154ee2": "ATP energy", "5729723c6aef051400154ee8": "C4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis", "5729723c6aef051400154ee9": "C4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells", "5729723c6aef051400154eea": "oxygen", "5729723c6aef051400154eeb": "four-carbon compound", "5729723c6aef051400154eec": "light reactions", "5729729a1d0469140077948b": "photosynthetic parts of a plant green", "5729729a1d0469140077948c": "chloroplasts\u2014the chloroplasts", "5729729a1d0469140077948d": "the chlorophyll", "5729729a1d0469140077948e": "the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green", "5729729a1d0469140077948f": "photosynthetic parts of a plant green", "572972f46aef051400154ef2": "stems", "572972f46aef051400154ef3": "leaves", "572972f46aef051400154ef6": "8\u201315 per cell, as well as much less chlorophyll", "572972f46aef051400154ef4": "bundle sheath cells", "572972f46aef051400154ef5": "bundle sheath cells", "5729735c3f37b319004783fb": "a sheet", "5729735c3f37b319004783fc": "shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall", "5729735c3f37b319004783fd": "light strikes them edge-on. This reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage", "5729735c3f37b319004783fe": "many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones", "5729735c3f37b319004783ff": "Mitochondria", "572973ccaf94a219006aa449": "hypersensitive response, in which infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death, and systemic acquired resistance", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44a": "systemic acquired resistance", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44b": "hypersensitive response", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44c": "defense-molecule production", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44d": "reactive oxygen species", "57297427af94a219006aa453": "reactive oxygen species", "57297427af94a219006aa454": "molecules like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species", "57297427af94a219006aa455": "second messenger molecule", "57297427af94a219006aa456": "the chloroplast", "572974923f37b3190047840b": "photosynthesis", "572974923f37b3190047840c": "food in the form of sugars", "572974923f37b3190047840d": "food in the form of sugars", "572974923f37b3190047840e": "Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2)", "572974923f37b3190047840f": "Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2)", "572975073f37b31900478415": "use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient", "572975073f37b31900478416": "the thylakoid space", "572975073f37b31900478417": "ATP synthase", "572975073f37b31900478418": "adenosine triphosphate, or ATP", "572975073f37b31900478419": "hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space", "572975511d046914007794a7": "NADP+", "572975511d046914007794a8": "NADP+", "572975511d046914007794a9": "C4 plants", "572975511d046914007794aa": "ATP", "572975a3af94a219006aa465": "Calvin cycle", "572975a3af94a219006aa466": "unstable six-carbon molecules", "572975a3af94a219006aa467": "3-phosphoglyceric acid", "572975a3af94a219006aa468": "ATP", "572976183f37b31900478431": "glucose", "572976183f37b31900478432": "distorting the grana and thylakoids", "572976183f37b31900478433": "distorting the grana and thylakoids", "572976183f37b31900478434": "Waterlogged", "572976183f37b31900478435": "another photosynthesis-depressing factor", "572976791d046914007794af": "O2 instead of CO2", "572976791d046914007794b0": "oxygen concentration", "572976791d046914007794b1": "ATP and oxygen", "572976791d046914007794b2": "ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar", "572976791d046914007794b3": "they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism", "572976cfaf94a219006aa493": "almost all of a plant cell's amino acids", "572976cfaf94a219006aa494": "cysteine and methionine", "572976cfaf94a219006aa495": "sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine", "572976cfaf94a219006aa496": "cysteine and methionine", "57297725af94a219006aa49b": "Chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid", "57297725af94a219006aa49c": "undifferentiated proplastids", "57297725af94a219006aa49d": "apical meristems", "57297725af94a219006aa49e": "root tip meristems", "5729779b6aef051400154f62": "exposed", "5729779b6aef051400154f63": "a plastid that lacks chlorophyll", "5729779b6aef051400154f64": "prolamellar body", "5729779b6aef051400154f65": "yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked.", "5729779b6aef051400154f66": "Gymnosperms", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ad": "proplastids", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ae": "pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit.", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4af": "Starch storing", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b0": "chloroplasts and other plastids", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b1": "If a plant is injured, or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a meristematic state", "5729784b1d046914007794c9": "filaments", "5729784b1d046914007794ca": "The protein MinD", "5729784b1d046914007794cb": "The protein MinD", "5729784b1d046914007794cc": "form", "5729784b1d046914007794cd": "form", "5729789b6aef051400154f6c": "two plastid-dividing rings", "5729789b6aef051400154f6d": "two plastid-dividing rings", "5729789b6aef051400154f6e": "5 nanometers across", "5729789b6aef051400154f6f": "5 nanometers across", "5729789b6aef051400154f70": "PD rings", "572978e66aef051400154f76": "Light", "572978e66aef051400154f78": "bright white light", "572978e66aef051400154f79": "bright white light", "572978e66aef051400154f77": "bright white light", "57297991af94a219006aa4b7": "developers", "57297991af94a219006aa4b8": "pollen", "57297991af94a219006aa4b9": "transplastomic plants at 3 in 1,000,000", "57297991af94a219006aa4ba": "pollen", "57296d571d04691400779413": "5", "57296d571d04691400779414": "composite number", "57296d571d04691400779415": "The fundamental theorem of arithmetic", "57296d571d04691400779416": "a product of primes that is unique up to ordering", "57296d571d04691400779417": "1 as a prime", "57296f293f37b319004783a3": "primality", "57296f293f37b319004783a4": "trial division", "57296f293f37b319004783a5": "Algorithms much more efficient than trial division have been devised to test the primality of large numbers. These include the Miller\u2013Rabin", "57296f293f37b319004783a6": "Algorithms much more efficient than trial division have been devised to test the primality of large numbers. These include the Miller\u2013Rabin", "57296f293f37b319004783a7": "22,338,618", "572970c11d04691400779463": "the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behaviour of primes in the large, can be modelled.", "572970c11d04691400779464": "the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behaviour of primes in the large, can be modelled.", "572970c11d04691400779465": "statistical behaviour of primes in the large", "572970c11d04691400779466": "number of digits", "572970c11d04691400779467": "the prime number theorem", "5729727baf94a219006aa437": "Goldbach's conjecture", "5729727baf94a219006aa438": "twin prime conjecture", "5729727baf94a219006aa439": "algebraic", "5729727baf94a219006aa43a": "ography", "5729727baf94a219006aa43b": "prime elements and prime ideals", "572973f76aef051400154f0a": "6", "572973f76aef051400154f0b": "6", "572973f76aef051400154f0c": "6", "572973f76aef051400154f0d": "9", "572973f76aef051400154f0e": "even numbers are multiples of 2 and numbers ending in 0 or 5 are multiples of 5", "57297547af94a219006aa45b": "1 to be a number, so they could not consider it to be a prime", "57297547af94a219006aa45c": "Christian Goldbach", "57297547af94a219006aa45d": "Christian Goldbach", "57297547af94a219006aa45e": "up", "57297547af94a219006aa45f": "prime", "57297781af94a219006aa4a3": "Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic (mentioned above) would not hold as stated. For example, the number 15", "57297781af94a219006aa4a4": "1 were considered a prime", "57297781af94a219006aa4a6": "several properties that the number 1 lacks", "57297781af94a219006aa4a5": "several properties that the number 1 lacks", "57297781af94a219006aa4a7": "eliminate all multiples of 1", "572978f91d046914007794d3": "Egyptian fraction expansions in the Rhind papyrus, for instance, have quite different forms for primes and for composites.", "572978f91d046914007794d4": "the Ancient Greeks", "572978f91d046914007794d5": "Euclid's Elements", "572978f91d046914007794d6": "the Ancient Greeks", "572978f91d046914007794d7": "the Ancient Greeks", "57297a276aef051400154f88": "1640", "57297a276aef051400154f89": "Euler", "57297a276aef051400154f8a": "22n + 1", "57297a276aef051400154f8c": "22n + 1", "57297a276aef051400154f8b": "conjectured that all numbers of the form 22n + 1 are prime (they are called Fermat numbers)", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c7": "trial division", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c8": "primality of a given integer n", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c9": "each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4cb": "three", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4ca": "the square root of n", "57297d421d046914007794e5": "trial division is a deterministic algorithm because, if performed correctly, it will always identify a prime number as prime and a composite number as composite.", "57297d421d046914007794e6": "general numbers n", "57297d421d046914007794e7": "general numbers n", "57297d421d046914007794e8": "it will always identify a prime number as prime and a composite number as composite.", "57297d421d046914007794e9": "p", "57297ed93f37b3190047845f": "the Fermat primality test", "57297ed93f37b31900478460": "the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that np\u2261n (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number.", "57297ed93f37b31900478461": "Carmichael numbers) that satisfy the Fermat identity", "57297ed93f37b31900478462": "Fermat primality test", "57297ed93f37b31900478463": "Fermat primality test", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d1": "factorial primes. Other primes where either p + 1 or p \u2212 1 is of a particular shape include the Sophie Germain primes", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d2": "factorial primes", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d3": "The Lucas\u2013Lehmer", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d4": "Sophie Germain primes", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d5": "Sophie Germain primes", "572982e66aef051400154f92": "distributed computing", "572982e66aef051400154f93": "2009", "572982e66aef051400154f94": "US$100,000", "572982e66aef051400154f95": "The Electronic Frontier Foundation", "572982e76aef051400154f96": "any particular form", "572985011d04691400779501": "floor function", "572985011d04691400779502": "Chebyshev", "572985011d04691400779503": "states that there always exists at least one prime number p with n < p < 2n \u2212 2, for any natural number n > 3", "572985011d04691400779504": "states that there always exists at least one prime number p with n < p < 2n \u2212 2, for any natural number n > 3", "572985011d04691400779505": "Wilson's theorem", "572987e46aef051400154fa2": "can have infinitely many primes only when a and q are coprime", "572987e46aef051400154fa3": "Dirichlet", "572987e46aef051400154fa4": "6", "572987e46aef051400154fa5": "can have infinitely many primes only when a and q are coprime, i.e., their greatest common divisor is one.", "572987e46aef051400154fa6": "can have infinitely many primes only when a and q", "572989846aef051400154fc0": "zeta function", "572989846aef051400154fc1": "\u03b6(1", "572989846aef051400154fc2": "ges", "572989846aef051400154fc3": "1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... diverges (i.e., exceeds any given number", "572989846aef051400154fc4": "identity", "57298ef11d0469140077952d": "1859", "57298ef11d0469140077952e": "1859", "57298ef11d0469140077952f": "random noise", "57298ef11d04691400779530": "the prime number theorem", "57298ef11d04691400779531": "the prime number theorem", "57299021af94a219006aa50c": "Goldbach's conjecture", "57299021af94a219006aa50b": "1912", "57299021af94a219006aa50d": "update], this conjecture has been verified for all numbers up to n = 2 \u00b7 1017", "57299021af94a219006aa50e": "Chen's theorem says that every sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of a prime and a semiprime", "57299021af94a219006aa50f": "three primes", "572991943f37b319004784a1": "difference 2", "572991943f37b319004784a2": "difference 2", "572991943f37b319004784a3": "twin prime conjecture", "572991943f37b319004784a4": "broad Schinzel's hypothesis H", "572991943f37b319004784a5": "four primes between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2. Legendre's conjecture", "57299326af94a219006aa515": "no applications outside of the self-interest of studying the topic with the exception of use of prime numbered gear teeth", "57299326af94a219006aa516": "G. H. Hardy", "57299326af94a219006aa517": "1970s", "57299326af94a219006aa518": "1970s, when it was publicly announced that prime numbers could be used as the basis for the creation of public key cryptography algorithms", "57299326af94a219006aa519": "gear teeth", "572995d46aef051400154fe8": "recurring", "572995d46aef051400154fe9": "if p is a prime number other than 2 and 5, 1/p is always a recurring decimal, whose period is p \u2212 1", "572995d46aef051400154fea": "p", "572995d46aef051400154feb": "p", "572995d46aef051400154fec": "The fraction 1/p expressed likewise in base q (rather than base 10", "572996c73f37b319004784b3": "RSA and the Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange", "572996c73f37b319004784b4": "RSA and the Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange", "572996c73f37b319004784b5": "512", "572996c73f37b319004784b6": "modular", "572996c73f37b319004784b7": "512", "572998673f37b319004784d5": "The evolutionary strategy used by cicadas of the genus Magicicada", "572998673f37b319004784d6": "as grubs", "572998673f37b319004784d7": "They only pupate and then emerge from their burrows after 7, 13 or 17 years", "572998673f37b319004784d8": "prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators on Magicicadas.", "572998673f37b319004784d9": "2% higher than during outbreaks of 13- and 17-year cicadas", "57299a6f6aef051400155016": "minimality or indecomposability", "57299a6f6aef051400155017": "smallest subfield", "57299a6f6aef051400155019": "minimality or indecomposability", "57299a6f6aef05140015501a": "prime number", "57299a6f6aef051400155018": "prime number", "57299c2c6aef051400155020": "prime elements and irreducible elements", "57299c2c6aef051400155021": "Prime numbers", "57299c2c6aef051400155022": "Prime numbers", "57299c2c6aef051400155023": "if it is neither zero nor a unit (i.", "57299c2c6aef051400155024": "addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined: prime elements and irreducible elements", "57299d1c1d04691400779581": "The fundamental theorem of arithmetic", "57299d1c1d04691400779582": "the Gaussian integers", "57299d1c1d04691400779583": "Z[i], that is, the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi", "57299d1c1d04691400779584": "arbitrary integers", "57299d1c1d04691400779585": "3", "57299ec43f37b3190047850d": "ring theory, the notion of number", "57299ec43f37b3190047850e": "primary ideals, which are the appropriate generalizations of prime powers", "57299ec43f37b3190047850f": "important tool and object of study in commutative algebra, algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry.", "57299ec43f37b31900478510": "arithmetic generalizes to the Lasker\u2013Noether theorem", "57299ec43f37b31900478511": "theorem", "5729a03f1d04691400779593": "Prime ideals", "5729a03f1d04691400779594": "ramification", "5729a03f1d04691400779595": "ring of integers of quadratic number fields", "5729a03f1d04691400779596": "prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields can be used in proving quadratic reciprocity", "5729a26d6aef05140015505a": "smaller", "5729a26d6aef05140015505b": "back and forth", "5729a26d6aef05140015505c": "p-adic norm |\u2212|p yields the field of p-adic numbers", "5729a26d6aef05140015505d": "local-global principle", "5729a3716aef05140015506a": "Olivier Messiaen", "5729a3716aef05140015506b": "Prime", "5729a3716aef05140015506c": "Prime numbers have influenced many artists and writers.", "5729a3716aef05140015506d": "third \u00e9tude, \"Neumes rythmiques\"", "5729a3716aef05140015506e": "the movements of nature, movements of free and unequal durations\".", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55b": "Netherlands", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55c": "Netherlands", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55d": "Cologne, Germany", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55e": "the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55f": "Netherlands", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e37": "Netherlands", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3a": "Netherlands", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3b": "Netherlands", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56b": "R\u0113nos", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56c": "the Gaulish name R\u0113nos", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56d": "R\u0113nos", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56e": "the Gaulish name R\u0113nos", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad7": "the Gaulish name R\u0113nos", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad8": "Rh- in English Rhine as well as in German Rhein and French Rhin", "572fe288a23a5019007fcada": "the Gaulish name R\u0113nos", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad9": "R\u0113nos", "572fe288a23a5019007fcadb": "R\u0113nos", "572f567cb2c2fd140056803f": "\"Rhine-kilometers", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568040": "1939", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568041": "\"Rhine-kilometers", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568042": "\"Rhine-kilometers", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568043": "significantly shortened from the river's natural course", "572fe393947a6a140053cdba": "\"Rhine-kilometers", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbb": "1939", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbc": "The length of the Rhine is conventionally measured in \"Rhine-kilometers", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbe": "significantly shortened from the river's natural course", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbd": "The length of the Rhine is conventionally measured in \"Rhine-kilometers", "572f5703a23a5019007fc573": "north", "572f5703a23a5019007fc574": "86 km", "572f5703a23a5019007fc575": "the Rhine Valley", "572f5703a23a5019007fc576": "Sargans a natural dam, only a few metres high", "572f5703a23a5019007fc577": "Anterior Rhine and the Posterior Rhine join and form the Rhine.", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4b": "Chur", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4c": "86 km", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4d": "599 m", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4e": "Rhine Valley", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4f": "Liechtenstein", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686d": "Constance", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686e": "the Alter Rhein", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686f": "the Alter Rhein", "572f57c704bcaa1900d76870": "Is", "572f57c704bcaa1900d76871": "sediments", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e55": "Constance", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e56": "the Alter Rhein", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e57": "the Alter Rhein", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e58": "two arms", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e59": "sediments", "572f5875947a6a140053c89a": "Fu\u00dfach", "572f5875947a6a140053c89b": "Fu\u00dfach", "572f5875947a6a140053c89c": "sedimentation", "572f5875947a6a140053c89d": "parallel to the canalized Rhine", "572f5875947a6a140053c89e": "diverted", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e69": "Fu\u00dfach", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6b": "A regulation of the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6a": "Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6c": "The Dornbirner Ach", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6d": "sediment into the lake will silt up the lake. This has already happened to the former Lake Tuggenersee", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57d": "three", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc580": "Constance", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57e": "Seerhein", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc581": "Swiss-Austrian border", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57f": "Constance", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858b": "three", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858c": "the Alps", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858d": "Seerhein", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858e": "the Alps", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858f": "the German states of Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc587": "greater density of cold water", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58a": "Lake \u00dcberlingen", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc588": "green waters", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58b": "northern (German)", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc589": "northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e95": "warmer, green waters", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e96": "Mainau", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e97": "The flow of cold, gray mountain water", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e98": "northern (German)", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e99": "level", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5af": "westward", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b0": "the river Aare", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b1": "river Aare", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b2": "Finsteraarhorn", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b3": "Basel", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde0": "Lake Constance", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde1": "the river Aare", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde2": "Lake Constance", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde3": "Finsteraarhorn", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde4": "German-Swiss border from Lake Constance", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ea": "Basel, the first major city in the course of the stream, is located the \"Rhine knee", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8eb": "Rhine knee", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ec": "Central Bridge", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ed": "300 km", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ee": "300 km long and up to 40 km", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf2": "Basel, the first major city in the course of the stream, is located the \"Rhine knee", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf3": "\"Rhine knee", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf4": "overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf5": "High Rhine", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf6": "Central Bridge", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b7": "Upper Rhine region was changed significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b8": "increased and the ground water level", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b9": "level", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680ba": "Grand Canal d'Alsace", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680bb": "Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim in Alsace", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5b": "Upper Rhine region was changed significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th Century", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5c": "Upper Rhine region was changed significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th Century", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5d": "increased and the ground water level", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5e": "fell significantly", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5f": "Grand Canal d'Alsace", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cc": "the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cd": "300 m3/s", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cb": "The Rhine", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680ce": "the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cf": "400 m (1,300 ft", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef5": "Germany", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef6": "the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef7": "the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef8": "the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef9": "the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5eb": "Middle Rhine", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ec": "Middle Rhine", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ed": "erosion", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ee": "40", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76eff": "Middle Rhine", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f00": "the Rhine Gorge", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f02": "castles and vineyards", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f03": "Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge, a formation which was created by erosion", "572f6c85947a6a140053c940": "the Emscher", "572f6c85947a6a140053c942": "Duisburg is the home of Europe's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of Rotterdam, Antwerp and Amsterdam", "572f6c85947a6a140053c943": "Cologne, D\u00fcsseldorf", "572f6c85947a6a140053c944": "drinking water", "572f6c85947a6a140053c941": "Lower Rhine", "572ff293947a6a140053ce52": "industry was a major source of water pollution", "572ff293947a6a140053ce53": "Switzerland", "572ff293947a6a140053ce54": "Switzerland", "572ff293947a6a140053ce55": "Cologne, D\u00fcsseldorf and Duisburg", "572ff293947a6a140053ce56": "the Emscher", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc621": "tourism", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc622": "R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc623": "Lorelei", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc624": "Middle Rhine Valley", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce66": "tourism", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce67": "R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce68": "R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce69": "Lorelei", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce6a": "Lorelei", "572f7588947a6a140053c984": "Duisport", "572f7588947a6a140053c985": "Datteln", "572f7588947a6a140053c986": "Lippe", "572f7588947a6a140053c987": "Emmerich Rhine Bridge", "572f7588947a6a140053c988": "the Emmerich Rhine Bridge", "572ff430a23a5019007fcba9": "Lower Rhine", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbaa": "the Rhine-Ruhr region", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbab": "Duisport", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbac": "Emmerich Rhine Bridge", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbad": "400 m wide river.", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568154": "the Waal", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568153": "the Dutch name Rijn", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568155": "Two thirds of the water flow volume of the Rhine flows farther west", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f24": "the Waal", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f25": "the Waal", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f26": "the Meuse", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f27": "The Oude Maas", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a2": "Pannerdens Kanaal", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a3": "Nederrijn", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a4": "the Lek", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5": "Noord River into the Nieuwe Maas", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2d": "the Pannerdens Kanaal", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2e": "third of the water flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2f": "IJsselmeer", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f30": "the Lek", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f31": "the Lek", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568657": "Rijn, from here on, is used only for smaller streams farther to the north, which together formed the main river Rhine", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568658": "the Rhine", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568659": "Rijn, from here on, is used only for smaller streams farther to the north, which together formed the main river Rhine", "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865a": "Rijn, from here on, is used only for smaller streams farther to the north, which together formed the main river Rhine", "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865b": "a sluice", "572ff673b2c2fd1400568669": "Rhine-Meuse", "572ff673b2c2fd140056866a": "Millingen aan de Rijn", "572ff673b2c2fd140056866b": "Rhine-Meuse", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f51": "Waal and Pannerdens Kanaal", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f52": "three", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f53": "Waal and continues as Boven Merwede (\"Upper Merwede\")", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f55": "Arnhem, the IJssel branches off from the Nederrijn.", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f54": "the Rip", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568681": "St. Elizabeth's flood", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568682": "1421", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568683": "St. Elizabeth's flood", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568685": "From 1421 to 1904, the Meuse and Waal merged further upstream at Gorinchem to form Merwede", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568684": "archipelago-like estuary", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbce": "dammed", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcf": "second half of the 20th Century", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcd": "dammed", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbd0": "second half of the 20th Century", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869b": "tidal delta, shaped not only by the sedimentation of the rivers, but also by tidal currents", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869c": "tidal currents", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869d": "high tide formed a serious risk because strong tidal currents", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869e": "Zaltbommel", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbe9": "somewhat larger Tethys sea", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbeb": "Jurassic Period", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbec": "Mediterranean geography", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbea": "the Eurasian and African tectonic plates", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbed": "Iberia", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b7": "a N\u2013S rift system", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b8": "Upper Rhine Graben", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b9": "By the time of the Miocene, a river system had developed in the Upper Rhine Graben, that continued northward and is considered the first Rhine river", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686ba": "Rhone and Danube", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef0": "stream capture", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef1": "By the Pliocene", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef2": "Meuse", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc15": "11,600 years ago", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc16": "six", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc17": "120 m (390 ft", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc18": "northwest", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc19": "offshore of Brest, France", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e5": "~74,000", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e6": "~74,000 (BP = Before Present), until the end of the Pleistocene", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e7": "lower Rhine flowed roughly west through the Netherlands", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8": "120 m", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e9": "dry land", "572fff45947a6a140053cf26": "a glacier", "572fff45947a6a140053cf27": "A tundra, with Ice Age flora and fauna, stretched across middle Europe, from Asia", "572fff45947a6a140053cf28": "ca. 22,000\u201314,000 yr BP", "572fff45947a6a140053cf29": "sheets", "572fff45947a6a140053cf2a": "loess", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76fef": "22,000 years ago", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff0": "thaw", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff1": "Rhine", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff2": "open forest", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff3": "By 9000 BP", "573003dd947a6a140053cf42": "7500 yr ago", "573003dd947a6a140053cf43": "could", "573003dd947a6a140053cf44": "the coast line", "573003dd947a6a140053cf45": "tides and currents", "573003dd947a6a140053cf46": "southern North Sea, due to ongoing tectonic subsidence", "5730042804bcaa1900d77011": "~11,700 years ago", "5730042804bcaa1900d77014": "8,000 years ago", "5730042804bcaa1900d77012": "Late-Glacial valley", "5730042804bcaa1900d77013": "sea-level continued to rise in the Netherlands", "57300580b2c2fd140056874d": "peat", "57300580b2c2fd140056874f": "sped up", "57300580b2c2fd140056874e": "Bronze Age agriculture), in the upland areas (central Germany", "57300580b2c2fd1400568751": "11\u201313th century AD", "57300580b2c2fd1400568750": "80", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702d": "North Sea", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702e": "North Sea", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702f": "north and enters the IJsselmeer", "5730069004bcaa1900d77030": "IJsselmeer", "5730069004bcaa1900d77031": "river IJssel branch flows to the north and enters the IJsselmeer", "57300761947a6a140053cf9a": "known to Herodotus and first enters the historical period in the 1st century BC", "57300761947a6a140053cf9b": "Germania", "57300761947a6a140053cf9c": "6th century BC", "57300761947a6a140053cf9d": "The Rhine was not known to Herodotus", "573007fab2c2fd140056876b": "AD 14", "573007fab2c2fd140056876c": "the Rhine and upper Danube", "573007fab2c2fd140056876d": "upper Danube", "573007fab2c2fd140056876f": "the Rhine and upper Danube", "573007fab2c2fd140056876e": "The upper Rhine and upper Danube", "57300888b2c2fd1400568775": "eight", "57300888b2c2fd1400568777": "Pannonian troops", "57300888b2c2fd1400568778": "Pannonian troops); two legions at oppidum Ubiorum (\"town of the Ubii\")", "57300888b2c2fd1400568776": "whether a state or threat of war", "57300888b2c2fd1400568779": "Pannonian troops); two legions at oppidum Ubiorum (\"town of the Ubii\")", "57300911947a6a140053cfb6": "5th century", "57300911947a6a140053cfb7": "5th", "57300911947a6a140053cfb8": "rock", "57300911947a6a140053cfb9": "Siegfried killing a dragon on the Drachenfels (Siebengebirge", "57300911947a6a140053cfba": "Hagen", "573009a004bcaa1900d7704f": "6th", "573009a004bcaa1900d77050": "6th", "573009a004bcaa1900d77051": "Holy Roman Empire, flowing through Swabia, Franconia and Lower Lorraine", "573009a004bcaa1900d77052": "Archduke Sigismund of Austria", "573009a004bcaa1900d77053": "Archduke Sigismund of Austria in 1469", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc97": "the Peace of Westphalia", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc98": "Establishing \"natural borders\" on the Rhine was a long-term goal of French foreign policy, since the Middle Ages", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc99": "1806", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9a": "the Peace of Westphalia", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9b": "the Peace of Westphalia", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77063": "Treaty of Versailles", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77064": "1930", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77065": "the German army", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77066": "Adolf Hitler's rise to power.", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77067": "1936", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77087": "Arnhem, immortalized in the book, A Bridge Too Far", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77088": "the Western Allies", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77089": "September 1944", "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708a": "The Bridge at Remagen. Seven Days to the River Rhine was a Warsaw Pact war plan for an invasion of Western Europe during the Cold War.", "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708b": "Seven", "57300c67947a6a140053cff0": "1,230 kilometres", "57300c67947a6a140053cff1": "1,230 kilometres", "57300c67947a6a140053cff3": "1,230 kilometres", "57300c67947a6a140053cff2": "1,230 kilometres", "57300c68947a6a140053cff4": "1,230 kilometres", "572fac17947a6a140053cb54": "the Scotland Act 1998", "572fac17947a6a140053cb55": "1998", "572fac17947a6a140053cb56": "it can make laws \u2013 by explicitly specifying powers that are \"reserved\" to the Parliament of the United Kingdom", "572fac17947a6a140053cb57": "the Parliament of the United Kingdom", "572fac17947a6a140053cb58": "Kingdom", "572facb0a23a5019007fc863": "lack of a Parliament of Scotland", "572facb0a23a5019007fc864": "Great Britain", "572facb0a23a5019007fc865": "First World War", "572facb0a23a5019007fc866": "1960s", "572facb0a23a5019007fc867": "Scottish Assembly", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86d": "North Sea", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86e": "rising support for Scottish independence, as well as the SNP", "572fad30a23a5019007fc870": "1974", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86f": "Scottish National Party", "572fad30a23a5019007fc871": "1978 that final legislative proposals for a Scottish Assembly were passed by the United Kingdom Parliament", "572fadcbb2c2fd1400568329": "Edinburgh", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832a": "40%", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832c": "51.6%", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832b": "1979", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832d": "32.9%", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76bdf": "Scottish Parliament", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be0": "Conservative Party", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be1": "1989", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be2": "devolution", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568333": "Holyrood area of Edinburgh", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568334": "Enric Miralles", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568335": "partnership with local Edinburgh Architecture firm RMJM", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568336": "leaf-shaped", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568337": "Queen Elizabeth II", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568349": "Holyrood", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568347": "Holyrood", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568348": "Holyrood", "572faf74b2c2fd140056834b": "Aberdeen", "572faf74b2c2fd140056834a": "Holyrood", "572fb059947a6a140053cb80": "the City of Edinburgh Council", "572fb059947a6a140053cb81": "Lothian Regional Council on George IV Bridge", "572fb059947a6a140053cb82": "General Assembly Hall", "572fb059947a6a140053cb83": "Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge in Edinburgh", "572fb059947a6a140053cb84": "main hall", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c15": "one MSP", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16": "Tricia Marwick", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c17": "129 MSPs", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c18": "two", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c19": "the parliamentary clerks", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f7": "Presiding Officer", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f8": "Convening the Parliamentary Bureau", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f9": "one representative from each political parties with five", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8fa": "The Presiding Officer", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5b": "a hemicycle", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5c": "a hemicycle", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5d": "131", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5e": "2 are seats for the Scottish Law Officers \u2013 the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General for Scotland", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5f": "the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General for Scotland", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc938": "Scottish rivers and inscribed with the words: Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc937": "silver", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93a": "Queen upon its official opening in July 1999", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc939": "Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93b": "glass case", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c73": "April and October", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c74": "debating chamber", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c75": "public", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c76": "free", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c77": "Official Report", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95d": "Wednesdays is usually Time for Reflection, at which a speaker addresses members for up to four minutes", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95e": "four minutes", "572fc043a23a5019007fc960": "speaker addresses members for up to four minutes", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95f": "religious beliefs according to the Scottish census", "572fc043a23a5019007fc961": "the Presiding Officer to nominate speakers", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc80": "The Presiding Officer", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc81": "Deputy Presiding Officer", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc82": "different viewpoints and political parties", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc83": "ministers or party leaders", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc84": "Gaelic", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccb": "5 pm", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccc": "the Parliamentary campus", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccd": "alerts MSPs who are not in the chamber to return and vote", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce": "the Presiding Officer announces \"There will be a division", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccf": "seconds", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8a": "The outcome of most votes", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8b": "parties", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8c": "whips, with the task of ensuring that party members vote according to the party line", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8e": "moral issues", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8d": "ensuring that party members vote according to the party line", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568447": "45 minutes", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568449": "Members Debate\" is held, which lasts for 45 minutes. Members Business", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568448": "45 minutes", "572fc659b2c2fd140056844a": "other", "572fc659b2c2fd140056844b": "The relevant minister", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf5": "committee", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf6": "committee", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf7": "the fact that there is no revising chamber", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf8": "to take evidence from witnesses, conduct inquiries", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf9": "to take evidence from witnesses, conduct inquiries and scrutinise legislation.", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d07": "a small number of MSPs", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d08": "balance of parties", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d09": "their functions set out in different ways", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0a": "Mandatory Committees are committees which are set down under the Scottish Parliament", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0b": "fourth", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d11": "each parliamentary session", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d12": "one", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d13": "Education and Culture", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d14": "Economy, Energy and Tourism", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d1f": "Scottish Parliament", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d20": "to scrutinise private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d21": "require the use of land or property.", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d22": "Private Bill Committees", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568473": "The Scotland Act 1998", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568474": "Queen Elizabeth II", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568475": "devolved competencies", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568476": "the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568477": "The Scotland Act 1998", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f1": "Schedule 5 to the Scotland Act as reserved matters. All matters that are not specifically reserved are automatically devolved to the Scottish Parliament", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f2": "the Scottish Parliament", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f3": "local government, sport and the arts, transport, training, tourism, research and statistics and social work", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f4": "up to 3 pence in the pound", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f5": "borrowing powers and some other unconnected matters such as setting speed limits and control of air guns", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847d": "Reserved", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847e": "Reserved matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f": "Reserved", "572fcc43b2c2fd1400568480": "Reserved", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccda": "a committee", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdb": "Scottish Government", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdc": "the Scottish Government", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdd": "an outside proposer", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccde": "a number of stages", "572fce12a23a5019007fca11": "Stage 2", "572fce13a23a5019007fca12": "whole Parliament", "572fce13a23a5019007fca13": "the Presiding Officer", "572fce13a23a5019007fca14": "introductory stage of the bill,", "572fce13a23a5019007fca15": "Stage 2", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd02": "3", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd03": "amendments to the bill as a general debate", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd04": "the final stage of the bill and is considered at a meeting of the whole Parliament", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd05": "Opposition members can table \"wreck", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd06": "Decision Time", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684a9": "the Monarch for royal assent and it becomes an Act of the Scottish Parliament", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684aa": "the Presiding Officer submits it to the Monarch for royal assent and it becomes an Act of the Scottish Parliament", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab": "4-week", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ac": "the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ad": "on", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca55": "Ministers", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca57": "Any", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca56": "general election", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca58": "the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca59": "the Sovereign", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76d9f": "May", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da0": "May", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da1": "Presiding Officer", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da3": "the Presiding Officer", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da2": "28", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd32": "Several procedures", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd33": "MSPs", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd34": "a statement to the chamber", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd35": "the leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3a": "Parliamentary time", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3b": "First Minister's Question Time", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3c": "any member of the Scottish Government", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3d": "First Minister's Question Time", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3e": "four", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684f9": "73", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fb": "2005", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fa": "one", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fd": "Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fc": "55,000", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850b": "The total number of seats in the Parliament", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850c": "the d'Hondt", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850d": "The party with the highest quotient", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850e": "second", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850f": "second seat. This is repeated iteratively", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851d": "Scottish Parliament", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851e": "1981", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851f": "18", "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568520": "Scottish Parliament", "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568521": "Scottish Parliament if he or she is judged to be insane under the terms of the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dd9": "a majority SNP government", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dda": "Labour", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddb": "151", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddc": "16 seats from Labour", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddd": "sufficient support in the Scottish Parliament to hold a referendum on Scottish independence", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca93": "David McLetchie", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca94": "Edinburgh Pentlands", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca95": "five", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca96": "Cameron congratulated the SNP on their victory but vowed to campaign for the Union in the independence referendum.", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca97": "Cameron", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9d": "are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9e": "Scottish Parliament", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9f": "West Lothian question", "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa0": "Conservative", "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1": "England", "572ff626947a6a140053ce8e": "moral conservatism", "572ff626947a6a140053ce8f": "all spheres of life.\" Islamism favors the reordering of government and society in accordance with the Shari'a", "572ff626947a6a140053ce90": "reordering of government and society in accordance with the Shari'a", "572ff626947a6a140053ce91": "poles", "572ff626947a6a140053ce92": "revolution or invasion", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568677": "democratic process", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568678": "Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568679": "Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine", "572ff760b2c2fd140056867a": "al-Qaeda and the Egyptian Islamic Jihad", "572ff760b2c2fd140056867b": "al-Qaeda and the Egyptian Islamic Jihad", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f65": "the Muslim Brotherhood", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f66": "the Muslim Brotherhood", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f67": "the Muslim Brotherhood", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f68": "democracy", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f69": "to", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd5": "political role", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd6": "merely reflect Islam", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd7": "an error", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd8": "Hayri Abaza", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd9": "separate religion from politics", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76f9f": "and believe in Islamism, not [just] Islam", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa0": "Americans", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa1": "Iranian Islamic Revolution", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa2": "1945 and 1970", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa3": "quietist/non-political Islam", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee7": "dangerous enemies", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee6": "1970s and sometimes later, Western and pro-Western governments often supported sometimes fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies", "572ffbaa947a6a140053ceea": "US spent billions of dollars to aid the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan enemies of the Soviet Union", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee9": "billions of dollars", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee8": "dangerous enemies", "572ffbaab2c2fd14005686cd": "US spent billions of dollars to aid the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan enemies of the Soviet Union", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6": "Anwar Sadat", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef7": "making peace with Israel", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef8": "welcomed home exiles", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef9": "1975", "572ffc99947a6a140053cefa": "opening Egypt to Western investment (infitah); transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc7": "Saudi-based Wahhabism or Salafism", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc8": "Saudi-based Wahhabism or Salafism", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc9": "wars", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fca": "Salafism", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fcb": "Saudi-interpretation of Islam", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686ef": "shelters, educational assistance, free or low cost medical clinics, housing assistance to students from out of town", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f2": "incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f0": "advisory groups", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f3": "neglectful governments whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f1": "to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands, legal assistance, sports facilities, and women's groups", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf14": "law", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf15": "All India Muslim League", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17": "Indian National Congress", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf16": "1908", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf18": "Oxford University press", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686f9": "secularism and secular nationalism", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fa": "Hindu-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fb": "his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, Palestine and Syria, he promoted ideas of greater Islamic political co-operation", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fc": "Sir Muhammad Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fd": "Pakistan movement", "5730005db2c2fd1400568703": "Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi", "5730005db2c2fd1400568704": "journalism", "5730005db2c2fd1400568705": "1941", "5730005db2c2fd1400568706": "1972", "5730005db2c2fd1400568707": "modern context", "57300137b2c2fd1400568717": "Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi", "57300137b2c2fd1400568718": "journalism", "57300137b2c2fd140056871a": "1972", "57300137b2c2fd140056871b": "modern context", "57300200b2c2fd1400568729": "Sharia", "57300200b2c2fd140056872a": "Sharia, and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state", "57300200b2c2fd140056872b": "unity of God", "57300200b2c2fd140056872c": "Iranian Revolution", "57300200b2c2fd140056872d": "an educational process or da'wah", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77001": "1928", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77002": "Hassan al Banna", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77003": "Hassan al Banna", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77004": "the Qur'an", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77005": "imperialist", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4c": "violence", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4d": "1949", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4e": "1949", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4f": "periodic repression in Egypt and has been banned several times", "5730040f947a6a140053cf50": "Gamal Abdul Nasser", "573004bf947a6a140053cf56": "repression", "573004bf947a6a140053cf59": "75%", "573004bf947a6a140053cf57": "semi-legal", "573004bf947a6a140053cf58": "candidates", "573004bf947a6a140053cf5a": "Mohamed Morsi", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6a": "Israeli troops", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6b": "Israeli troops", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6c": "economic stagnation in the defeated countries, was blamed on the secular Arab nationalism of the ruling regimes", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6d": "Israeli", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6e": "Ba'athism, Arab socialism, and Arab nationalism suffered, and different democratic and anti-democratic Islamist movements", "5730088e947a6a140053cfad": "Ali Shariati", "5730088e947a6a140053cfac": "Ali Shariati", "5730088e947a6a140053cfae": "Sunni Islamic thinkers like Mawdudi and Qutb", "5730088e947a6a140053cfaf": "complete imitation of the Prophet Mohammad and his successors such as Ali for restoration of Sharia law", "5730088e947a6a140053cfb0": "Western governments", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b7": "The Islamic Republic has also maintained its hold on power in Iran in spite of US economic sanctions", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b9": "The Islamic Republic", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b8": "economic", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770ba": "2006", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770bb": "jad", "57300ec0947a6a140053d004": "Soviet Union", "57300ec0947a6a140053d005": "40th Army", "57300ec0947a6a140053d006": "thousands of Muslims around the world to send aid", "57300ec0947a6a140053d007": "marginal", "57300ec0947a6a140053d008": "volunteers", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d1": "Islamist", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d2": "Saddam Hussein", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d3": "Islamist groups that received its aid", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d4": "Saudi monarchy", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d5": "the west", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d7": "conservative Muslims", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d9": "Saddam", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d8": "the kingdom", "573010fab2c2fd14005687da": "Algeria", "573010fab2c2fd14005687db": "conservative Muslims", "573011de04bcaa1900d770f9": "1966", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fa": "1966", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fb": "moderate", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fc": "Fringe or splinter movements inspired by the final writings of Qutb in the mid-1960s", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fd": "By the 1970s", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd09": "Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0a": "1981", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0b": "apostate\" leaders of Muslim states", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0c": "apostate\" leaders of Muslim states", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0d": "Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag", "5730131c947a6a140053d052": "Islamic Group", "5730131c947a6a140053d053": "1990s", "5730131c947a6a140053d055": "2003", "5730131c947a6a140053d054": "unsuccessful", "5730131c947a6a140053d056": "Salvation from Hell", "5730208fa23a5019007fcded": "quiescent", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdee": "HAMAS", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdef": "1988", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf1": "drinking alcohol and going about without hijab", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf0": "\"zeal\"), devoted to Jihad against Israel", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f7": "Hamas", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8": "542", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f9": "it", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fa": "2007", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fb": "driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip", "57302700a23a5019007fce89": "Hassan al-Turabi", "57302700a23a5019007fce8a": "Hassan al-Turabi", "57302700a23a5019007fce8b": "1979", "57302700a23a5019007fce8c": "money from foreign Islamist banking systems", "57302700a23a5019007fce8d": "minister of education", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9d": "1985", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9e": "the military", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9f": "liberal government before coming to power, but strict application of sharia law", "573027d6a23a5019007fcea0": "Osama bin Laden", "573027d6a23a5019007fcea1": "American attack on Iraq", "5730285a04bcaa1900d77270": "staying home", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726f": "Front Islamique de Salut (the Islamic Salvation Front) in Algeria. Founded as a broad Islamist coalition in 1989", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726e": "Front Islamique de Salut (the Islamic Salvation Front) in Algeria", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726d": "Front Islamique de Salut (the Islamic Salvation Front) in Algeria", "5730285a04bcaa1900d77271": "military coup d'\u00e9tat", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77287": "Soviet Union", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77288": "vicious and destructive", "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728a": "communist forces", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77289": "vicious and destructive civil war between political and tribal warlords", "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728b": "80%", "57302a3aa23a5019007fcecf": "the Deobandi movement", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced0": "neighboring Pakistan", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced1": "Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced2": "Sharia", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced3": "Wahhabism, and the extremist jihadism of their guest Osama bin Laden", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772af": "1988", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b0": "alcohol and nightclubs", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b1": "Islamism", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b2": "to legitimize his means of seizing power", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b3": "1988", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689db": "The Islamic State\", formerly known as the \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dc": "The Islamic State\", formerly known as the \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689de": "ten million", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689df": "international recognition", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dd": "a caliphate", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d7": "2004", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d8": "March 2003", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772da": "2014", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d9": "March 2011", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772db": "The United Nations has held ISIL responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes", "57302e45947a6a140053d22e": "the Caliphate", "57302e45947a6a140053d22f": "7th century", "57302e45947a6a140053d230": "1924", "57302e45947a6a140053d231": "1924", "57302e45947a6a140053d232": "disbelieving (Kafir) colonial powers\" working through Turkish modernist Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f5": "armed jihad", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f6": "ideological", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f7": "ideological struggle\" to change Muslim public opinion, and in particular through elites", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f8": "Jordan", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f9": "terrorist groups", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77311": "900,000", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77312": "Islamist", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77313": "2007", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77314": "allowing them free rein", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77315": "Finsbury Park Mosque", "57303048947a6a140053d254": "violent Islamism, since 2001", "57303048947a6a140053d255": "the State Department", "57303048947a6a140053d256": "the nonviolent practice of \"political warfare", "57303048947a6a140053d257": "the State Department", "57303048947a6a140053d258": "communist ideology", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c6": "a type of advocacy of empire", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c7": "colonization, use of military force", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c9": "a type of advocacy of empire", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4ca": "technologies and ideas", "573062662461fd1900a9cdf7": "diplomacy or military force", "573062662461fd1900a9cdf8": "physical", "573062662461fd1900a9cdfa": "diplomacy or military force", "573062662461fd1900a9cdfb": "a powerful form of dominance", "57306797396df919000960ee": "uneven trade agreements forcefully", "57306797396df919000960ef": "full-fledged colonial rule", "57306797396df919000960f0": "the policies of major powers, or simply, general-purpose aggressiveness", "57306797396df919000960f2": "technological superiority", "57306797396df919000960f1": "taking over territories", "573081c2069b531400832133": "Political power grew from conquering land, however cultural and economic aspects flourished through sea and trade routes", "573081c2069b531400832134": "the world systems theory", "573081c2069b531400832135": "Russian leader Lenin", "573081c2069b531400832136": "their political and economic authority over other nations", "573081c2069b531400832137": "Political power grew from conquering land, however cultural and economic aspects flourished through sea and trade routes", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6d": "\"colonialism", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6e": "it", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6f": "imperialism", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce70": "Contiguous land empires such as the Russian or Ottoman", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce71": "metropolitan center", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54c": "economic", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54d": "Imperialism", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54e": "conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c550": "Imperialism", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54f": "Imperialism", "5730876a396df9190009617a": "the defense and justification of empire-building", "5730876a396df9190009617c": "imperialism", "5730876a396df9190009617b": "races which can do this work best, i.e. by the races of highest 'social efficiency", "5730876a396df9190009617d": "the defense and justification of empire-building", "5730876a396df9190009617e": "whiteness", "573088da069b53140083216b": "Political geographers such as Friedrich Ratzel of Germany", "573088da069b53140083216c": "imperialism", "573088da069b53140083216d": "Political geographers such as Friedrich Ratzel of Germany", "573088da069b53140083216e": "Political geographers such as Friedrich Ratzel of Germany", "573088da069b53140083216f": "Royal Geographical Society of London", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c576": "tropical environments created uncivilized people in need of European guidance", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c577": "temperate zone", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c578": "Orientalism", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c579": "environmental determinism", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c57a": "environmental determinism", "57308ddc396df919000961a5": "Terra nullius", "57308ddc396df919000961a7": "Terra nullius", "57308ddc396df919000961a4": "Terra nullius", "57308ddc396df919000961a6": "sparse", "57308ddc396df919000961a8": "Roman law", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c580": "imaginative geography of the East", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c581": "negative vision of itself, as its inferior", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c582": "increased the West\u2019s sense of self", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c583": "it formed a body of knowledge and ideas that rationalized social, cultural, political, and economic", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c584": "Orientalism, as theorized by Edward Said, refers to how the West developed an imaginative geography of the East.", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58a": "the role of nineteenth-century maps", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58b": "French and British power", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58c": "to denote unknown or unexplored territory", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58d": "he", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58e": "scramble for Africa\". He states that maps \"contributed to empire by promoting, assisting, and legitimizing the extension of French and British power", "573092088ab72b1400f9c595": "the Aztec Empire and the Incan Empire", "573092088ab72b1400f9c594": "Genghis Khan", "573092088ab72b1400f9c597": "dozens", "573092088ab72b1400f9c598": "the British Empire, India", "573092088ab72b1400f9c596": "Ethiopian Empire, Oyo Empire, Asante Union, Luba Empire, Lunda Empire, and Mutapa Empire", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5ae": "Cultural imperialism is when a country's influence is felt in social and cultural circles, i.e. its soft power", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5af": "it", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b0": "Dallas", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b1": "Roman imperialism", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b2": "bans on foreign popular culture", "57309446396df919000961b8": "1700", "57309446396df919000961b9": "Imperialism", "57309446396df919000961ba": "thousands", "57309446396df919000961bb": "1700", "57309446396df919000961bc": "Open Door", "57309564069b5314008321a5": "1919\u20131980", "57309564069b5314008321a6": "1999", "57309564069b5314008321a7": "1919\u20131980", "57309564069b5314008321a8": "significantly", "57309564069b5314008321a9": "making the many imperial powers", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d2": "economic growth by collecting resources from colonies, in combination with assuming political control by military and political means. The colonization of India", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d4": "mid-18th century", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d3": "economic growth", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d5": "the political weakness of the Mughal state", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dc": "communication", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dd": "explosives", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5de": "machine gun", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5df": "machine gun", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5e0": "1880s", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e6": "the British experience", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e7": "1870s", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e8": "philanthropy", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e9": "British prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c600": "aristocracy", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c602": "1950s", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c601": "1883\u20131950", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c603": "social reforms", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c604": "J. A. Hobson (1858\u20131940", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60a": "environmental determinism", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60b": "the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60c": "less civilized", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60d": "Africa", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60e": "orientalism and tropicality", "5730a314069b5314008321eb": "Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate produced a hard-working, moral, and upstanding human being.", "5730a314069b5314008321ec": "Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic", "5730a314069b5314008321ed": "guidance and intervention from the European empire", "5730a314069b5314008321ee": "the European empire", "5730a314069b5314008321ef": "Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate produced a hard-working, moral, and upstanding human being", "5730a40f396df91900096234": "sixteenth century", "5730a40f396df91900096235": "1599 the British East India Company was established and was chartered by Queen Elizabeth in the following year.", "5730a40f396df91900096236": "Queen Elizabeth", "5730a40f396df91900096237": "political activity caused exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering of the local economy, almost bringing the company into bankruptcy", "5730a40f396df91900096238": "Portuguese", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf29": "1830", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2a": "1850", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2d": "Algeria", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2b": "1850", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2c": "1850", "5730a951069b531400832213": "a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior", "5730a951069b531400832214": "lift", "5730a951069b531400832215": "small numbers", "5730a951069b531400832216": "Christianity", "5730a951069b531400832217": "small numbers of settlers to its colonies, with the only notable exception of Algeria", "5730aa52069b53140083221d": "In World War II", "5730aa52069b53140083221e": "anti-colonial movements", "5730aa52069b53140083221f": "Vietnam", "5730aa52069b531400832220": "Algeria", "5730aa52069b531400832221": "1960", "5730ab63396df91900096260": "800 CE, forming the Holy Roman Empire, the first German Empire.", "5730ab63396df91900096263": "Scandinavia", "5730ab63396df91900096261": "Scandinavia", "5730ab63396df91900096262": "800 CE", "5730ab63396df91900096264": "central Europe", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf73": "the late 19th century", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf74": "1862\u201390", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf75": "Spanish throne, and other royal houses", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf77": "Spanish throne, and other royal houses", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf76": "diplomatic disputes over colonies", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c682": "1883\u201384 Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the South Pacific", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c683": "Hamburg merchants and traders, his neighbors at Friedrichsruh. The establishment of the German colonial empire proceeded smoothly, starting with German New Guinea in 1884", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c685": "1883", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c684": "Hamburg merchants and traders, his neighbors at Friedrichsruh. The establishment of the German colonial empire proceeded smoothly, starting with German New Guinea in 1884", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c686": "Hamburg merchants and traders", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa4": "1905", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa3": "1894", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa6": "Thailand", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa5": "Manchuria", "5730b255396df919000962b0": "to advance their own interests", "5730b255396df919000962b1": "1923", "5730b255396df919000962b2": "Lenin", "5730b255396df919000962b3": "the Soviet Union installed socialist regimes modeled on those it had installed in 1919\u201320 in the old Tsarist Empire", "5730b255396df919000962b4": "an internationalist ideology: Lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory. Beginning in 1923", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc5": "socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements.", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc6": "Lenin", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc9": "Mao Zedong once argued that the Soviet Union had itself become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist fa\u00e7ade", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc8": "Nikita Khrushchev", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc7": "Imperialism", "5730b541396df919000962c2": "mercantilism", "5730b541396df919000962c3": "the Americans", "5730b541396df919000962c5": "free trade", "5730b541396df919000962c4": "1820", "5730b541396df919000962c6": "1815", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfcf": "Scramble for Africa", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd0": "pseudo-sciences of Social Darwinism and theories of race", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd2": "Lord Cromer, Lord Curzon, General Kitchner, Lord Milner, and the writer Rudyard Kipling", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd1": "Scramble for Africa", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c3": "Imperialism", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c4": "the Monroe Doctrine. However, beginning in the late 19th and early 20th century, policies such as Theodore Roosevelt\u2019s interventionism in Central America", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c6": "scenes", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c5": "League", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c7": "\"racket\" by Smedley Butler, an American general", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c704": "Isiah Bowman", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c705": "1917", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c706": "President Wilson", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c707": "Isiah Bowman would come to be known as Wilson's geographer", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c708": "Isiah Bowman would come to be known as Wilson's geographer", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d011": "strife", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d012": "indigenous peoples", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d013": "12 to 15 million", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d015": "aggressive means of attack", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73c": "1299 to 1923", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73d": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73e": "32 provinces and numerous vassal states", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73f": "Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c740": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "5730bd00069b5314008322d7": "Istanbul", "5730bd00069b5314008322d9": "Germany", "5730bd00069b5314008322db": "recovering its lost territories", "5730bd00069b5314008322da": "Istanbul", "5730982f396df919000961e2": "United Methodist Church (UMC) is a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination. In the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in Evangelicalism.", "5730982f396df919000961e3": "Wesleyan", "5730982f396df919000961e4": "1968", "5730982f396df919000961e5": "1968", "5730982f396df919000961e6": "Wesleyan", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee5": "United Methodist Church", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee6": "80 million", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee7": "80 million adherents across the world. In the United States", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee8": "9 million adult adherents, self-identify with the United Methodist Church", "57309921396df919000961f6": "the mid-18th century", "57309921396df919000961f7": "the mid-18th century", "57309921396df919000961f8": "United Methodist Church began in the mid-18th century within the Church of England", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef7": "1735, John and Charles Wesley went to America to teach the gospel to the American Indians", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef8": "Indians", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef9": "Indians", "573099f42461fd1900a9cefa": "salvation by God's grace", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9ceff": "the American Revolution", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf00": "fellow priest", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf01": "Thomas Coke", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf02": "Lovely Lane Methodist Church", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf03": "Lovely Lane Methodist Church", "57309adb396df919000961fc": "St. George's United Methodist Church", "57309adb396df919000961fd": "St. George's", "57309adb396df919000961fe": "1767", "57309adb396df919000961ff": "a sail loft on Dock Street", "57309adb396df91900096200": "1784", "57309cd6069b5314008321c3": "Richard Allen and Absalom Jones", "57309cd6069b5314008321c4": "St. George's Church", "57309cd6069b5314008321c5": "1784", "57309d31396df91900096210": "1830", "57309d31396df91900096211": "1830", "57309d31396df91900096212": "1844", "57309d31396df91900096213": "1844", "5730a97a396df9190009625a": "April 23, 1968", "5730a97a396df9190009625b": "Dallas, Texas", "5730a97a396df9190009625c": "Thy Church and now in The United Methodist Church", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6d": "holy catholic (or universal) church", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6e": "the Council of Chalcedon. It upholds the concept of the \"visible and invisible Church", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6f": "a branch of the Church visible", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64e": "Thomas Vasey", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c650": "Richard Whatcoat. Dr. Thomas Coke", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64f": "Thomas Vasey", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c655": "1968", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c654": "1968", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c656": "Albert C. Outler", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c657": "Albert C. Outler", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c670": "Prevenient grace, or the grace that \"goes before\" us, is given to all people", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c672": "Jesus Christ", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c671": "all people", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c673": "sin", "5730aeba069b531400832241": "Justifying Grace or Accepting Grace is that grace, offered by God to all people, that we receive by faith and trust in Christ", "5730aeba069b531400832242": "The justifying grace", "5730aeba069b531400832243": "conversion", "5730aeba069b531400832244": "conversion", "5730aeba069b531400832245": "New Birth", "5730afed069b53140083225f": "enables us to respond to God by leading a Spirit-filled and Christ-like life aimed toward love.", "5730afed069b531400832260": "a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves.", "5730afed069b531400832261": "Sanctifying Grace", "5730afed069b531400832262": "our neighbors", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c696": "bring", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c697": "the Holy Spirit", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c698": "race, gender, and ideology", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c699": "the Holy Spirit", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69f": "2008", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69e": "is pro-choice", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c6a0": "Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6ae": "United Methodist Church are part of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice's governing coalition", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6af": "all women", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6b0": "mother", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfad": "TUMAS", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfae": "the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice at their General Conference, held in May 2012", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfaf": "Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb3": "temperance movement", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb6": "2011 and 2012", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb4": "The Use of Money", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb5": "grape juice", "5730b54c069b53140083228d": "capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life.", "5730b54c069b53140083228e": "John 8:7", "5730b54c069b53140083228f": "Matthew 5:38-39", "5730b54c069b531400832290": "General Conference", "5730b5cc396df919000962d2": "the United Methodist Church", "5730b5cc396df919000962d3": "1999", "5730b5cc396df919000962d4": "2016", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd7": "the Connectional Table", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd8": "UMC", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd9": "same-gender marriages with resolutions", "5730b776069b5314008322bd": "1987", "5730b776069b5314008322be": "2005", "5730b776069b5314008322bf": "The Baltimore-Washington Conference", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cff9": "conscription", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffa": "military action", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffb": "conscription", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70e": "Christ's message and teachings", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70f": "war", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c710": "general and complete disarmament", "5730bdfe396df9190009630e": "The Sexual Ethics", "5730bdfe396df9190009630f": "violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion", "5730bdfe396df91900096310": "physiological", "5730bf03069b5314008322eb": "IVF that remain", "5730bf03069b5314008322ed": "stem cells retrieved from umbilical cords and adult stem cells", "5730bf03069b5314008322ec": "opposition to the creation of embryos for the sake of research", "5730c059069b531400832305": "the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America", "5730c059069b531400832306": "the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America", "5730c059069b531400832307": "John Wesley himself provided a revised version of The Book of Common Prayer", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc46": "United Methodist Church in Africa", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc47": "Book of Common Prayer", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc48": "oil", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4c": "Methodist institutions", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4d": "William Booth", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4e": "John Wesley", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc52": "United Methodist Church", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc54": "General Conference", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc55": "Book of Discipline which is revised after each General Conference. Non-legislative resolutions are recorded in the Book of Resolutions", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc53": "General Conference", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc56": "every four years", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa7": "five", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa8": "seven", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa9": "to elect and appoint bishops", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aaa": "to elect and appoint bishops", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aab": "Bishops thus elected serve Episcopal Areas", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449c": "the Mission Council", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449d": "bishops", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449e": "36 acres (150,000 m2) at Southern Methodist University for the George W. Bush Presidential Library", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449f": "150,000 m2) at Southern Methodist University for the George W. Bush Presidential Library", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e244a0": "Southern Methodist University", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac2": "nine", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac1": "The Judicial Council", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac3": "nine", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac4": "various locations throughout the world", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac5": "twice a year", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154a": "Annual Conference", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154b": "the geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting.", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154c": "are appointed to a local church or other charge annually by the conference's resident Bishop", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c2": "The Book of Discipline", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c3": "three members and no more than nine", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c4": "three members and no more than nine", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c5": "The church conference", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c6": "tax purposes) and to elect officers", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc66": "one hundred", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc67": "three hundred sixty", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc68": "International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc94": "John Wesley, a priest of the Church of England", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc95": "pastors", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc96": "Annual Conference Order of Elders. Likewise each deacon in full connection is a member of their Annual Conference Order of Deacons", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc97": "Annual Conference Order of Deacons", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af5": "the Annual Conference Cabinet", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af6": "the resident bishop", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af7": "the resident bishop", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155a": "Elders", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155b": "a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church. They may be appointed to the local church", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155c": "2\u20133 years", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155d": "District Superintendents", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b03": "2\u20133 years", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b04": "contribute in worship, conduct marriages, bury the dead", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b05": "Deacons assist elders in the sacraments of Holy Communion and Baptism, and may be granted sacramental authority", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b06": "sacramental authority", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d6": "1996", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d7": "The provisional elder/deacon", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d8": "\"provisional elder\" or \"provisional deacon", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01562": "Licensed Local Pastor'", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01563": "local pastor", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01564": "five", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01565": "lay members", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dc": "those who have been baptized as an infant or child", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dd": "confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244de": "transfer from another Christian denomination", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fc": "Baptism", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fd": "confirmation and membership preparation classes, students learn about Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fe": "The Book of Discipline", "5730de74f6cb411900e244ff": "learn about Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b61": "the lay servant", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b62": "certified lay servant, they must be recommended by their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b63": "annually", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b64": "advanced", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b73": "United Methodist Church", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b74": "observer status in the National Association of Evangelicals and in the World Evangelical Fellowship", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b75": "blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce4": "2000", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce5": "2012", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce6": "1985", "5730eb5b497a881900248a3f": "11 million", "5730eb5b497a881900248a40": "11 million members in nearly 42,000", "5730eb5b497a881900248a41": "8 million", "5730eb5b497a881900248a42": "8 million", "5730eb5b497a881900248a43": "Texas", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae5": "11.4 million", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae6": "11.4 million", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae7": "11.4 million", "5730ec85e6313a140071caba": "Wesleyan Holiness Consortium", "5730ec85e6313a140071cabb": "John Wesley", "5730ec85e6313a140071cabc": "July 18, 2006", "5733cf61d058e614000b62e9": "1754\u20131763", "5733cf61d058e614000b62ea": "1754\u20131763", "5733cf61d058e614000b62eb": "60,000", "5733cf61d058e614000b62ec": "2 million", "5733cff84776f419006612b4": "primarily", "5733cff84776f419006612b5": "a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, called the Forks of the Ohio", "5733cff84776f419006612b6": "Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754", "5733d13e4776f419006612c4": "four-way", "5733d13e4776f419006612c5": "a disaster", "5733d13e4776f419006612c6": "Pennsylvania and New York", "5733d13e4776f419006612c7": "Beaus\u00e9jour", "5733d13e4776f419006612c8": "expulsion of the Acadians", "5733d249d058e614000b6331": "William Pitt", "5733d249d058e614000b6332": "William Pitt", "5733d249d058e614000b6333": "Prussia", "5733d249d058e614000b6334": "Sainte Foy in Quebec", "5733d2dbd058e614000b6339": "east of the Mississippi to Great Britain", "5733d2dbd058e614000b633a": "Great Britain", "5733d2dbd058e614000b633b": "Britain of Florida", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ea": "King William's War", "5733d3cb4776f419006612eb": "Indians", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ec": "Indians fought on both sides of the conflict, and that this was part of the Seven Years' War, a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ed": "Seven Years' War. Other, less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire.", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6353": "1756", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6354": "six years", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6355": "the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6356": "Jumonville Glen", "5733d5704776f4190066130e": "75,000", "5733d5704776f4190066130f": "75,000", "5733d5704776f41900661310": "75,000", "5733d68ed058e614000b637f": "20", "5733d68ed058e614000b6380": "French", "5733d68ed058e614000b6381": "British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ab": "native tribes", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ac": "the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ad": "agreements", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ae": "Iroquois rule", "5733da01d058e614000b63f9": "Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw, and the Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee tribes", "5733da01d058e614000b63fa": "fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region", "5733da01d058e614000b63fb": "Iroquois Six Nations", "5733dab4d058e614000b6409": "to deal with native threats", "5733dab4d058e614000b640a": "no French regular army troops", "5733dab4d058e614000b640b": "about 3,000 troupes de la marine", "5733db8dd058e614000b6428": "about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians. The expedition covered about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749", "5733db8dd058e614000b6429": "about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians. The expedition covered about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749", "5733db8dd058e614000b642a": "he encountered British merchants or fur-traders, C\u00e9loron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.", "5733dc95d058e614000b644a": "Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British", "5733dc95d058e614000b644b": "Pickawillany", "5733dc95d058e614000b644c": "he continued to trade with the British", "5733dc95d058e614000b644d": "threatened \"Old Briton\" with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British", "5733dd4f4776f419006613aa": "his extensively detailed report, C\u00e9loron wrote, \"All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French", "5733dd4f4776f419006613ab": "his extensively detailed report, C\u00e9loron wrote, \"All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French", "5733dd4f4776f419006613ac": "Massachusetts Bay", "5733e5a14776f4190066145b": "1749 the British government gave land to the Ohio Company of Virginia", "5733e5a14776f4190066145c": "the Ohio Company of Virginia", "5733e5a14776f4190066145d": "Christopher Gist", "5733e5a14776f4190066145e": "In 1749 the British government gave land to the Ohio Company of Virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the Ohio Country", "5733e5a14776f4190066145f": "Monongahela River", "5733e771d058e614000b6545": "1748", "5733e771d058e614000b6546": "1748", "5733e771d058e614000b6547": "1748", "5733e771d058e614000b6548": "a commission to resolve", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a6": "Marquis de la Jonqui\u00e8re", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a7": "Charles Michel de Langlade", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a8": "Charles Michel de Langlade, an officer in the Troupes de la Marine", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a9": "June 21, the French war party", "5733ea04d058e614000b6594": "Paul Marin de la Malgue", "5733ea04d058e614000b6595": "Fort Presque Isle", "5733ea04d058e614000b6596": "Fort Presque Isle", "5733ea04d058e614000b6597": "to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British", "5733ea04d058e614000b6598": "military action", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cc": "The Iroquois sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cd": "Warraghiggey", "5733eb34d058e614000b65ce": "Warraghiggey", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cf": "Mohawk Chief Hendrick", "5733ef47d058e614000b662b": "Ohio Company", "5733ef47d058e614000b662c": "October 1753", "5733ef47d058e614000b662d": "Jacob Van Braam", "5733ef47d058e614000b662e": "December 12, Washington and his men", "5733f062d058e614000b6633": "Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre", "5733f062d058e614000b6634": "Dinwiddie", "5733f062d058e614000b6635": "Jacques", "5733f062d058e614000b6636": "superior to that of the British", "5733f1784776f41900661575": "Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrec\u0153ur", "5733f1784776f41900661576": "40", "5733f1784776f41900661577": "Fort Duquesne", "5733f309d058e614000b6648": "scouting", "5733f309d058e614000b6649": "Dinwiddie ordered him to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work. While en route, Washington learned of Trent's retreat.", "5733f309d058e614000b664a": "to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French", "5733f410d058e614000b6663": "Major General Edward Braddock", "5733f410d058e614000b6664": "Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition. Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure for North America", "5733f410d058e614000b6665": "six", "5733f410d058e614000b6666": "Word of the British military plans leaked to France", "5733f5264776f419006615a3": "Albany Congress", "5733f5264776f419006615a4": "to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians", "5733f5264776f419006615a5": "a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians", "5733f5264776f419006615a6": "Albany Congress", "5733f5f24776f419006615c1": "Braddock", "5733f5f24776f419006615c2": "George Washington as one of his aides) led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755", "5733f5f24776f419006615c3": "Approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured. The remaining 500 British troops, led by George Washington, retreated to Virginia", "5733f5f24776f419006615c4": "Thomas Gage", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66a9": "Shirley and Johnson", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66aa": "logistical", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ab": "Niagara", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ac": "Fort Williams", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f7": "Marquis de Vaudreuil", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f8": "Johnson was seen as the larger threat, Vaudreuil sent Dieskau to Fort St. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f9": "Fort William Henry", "5733f8dc4776f419006615fa": "Fort William Henry", "5733f8dc4776f419006615fb": "Ticonderoga Point", "5733f9fa4776f4190066161f": "Colonel Monckton", "5733f9fa4776f41900661620": "To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg, Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence", "5733f9fa4776f41900661621": "at Petitcodiac", "5733faaf4776f4190066162f": "William Shirley", "5733faaf4776f41900661630": "Albany", "5733faaf4776f41900661631": "Fort Frontenac", "5733faaf4776f41900661632": "Quebec", "5733fb7bd058e614000b66ff": "Major General James Abercrombie", "5733fb7bd058e614000b6700": "Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm", "5733fb7bd058e614000b6701": "May 18, 1756", "5733fc6ed058e614000b670f": "Scouts", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6710": "Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6711": "45,000 pounds", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6712": "Ontario", "5733fd66d058e614000b6735": "July. When he arrived in Albany, Abercrombie", "5733fd66d058e614000b6736": "oga", "5733fd66d058e614000b6737": "Oswego", "5733fd66d058e614000b6738": "the disposition of prisoners' personal effects", "5733fe73d058e614000b673d": "an attack on New France's capital, Quebec", "5733fe73d058e614000b673e": "massacre", "5733fe73d058e614000b673f": "William Pitt", "5733fe73d058e614000b6740": "a fleet outnumbering the British one awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg. Faced with this strength, Loudoun returned to New York", "5733ffa7d058e614000b674f": "French irregular forces", "5733ffa7d058e614000b6750": "Canadian scouts and Indians) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757. In January they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga", "5733ffa7d058e614000b6751": "Canadian scouts and Indians) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757. In January they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga", "57340111d058e614000b677d": "Fran\u00e7ois Bigot", "57340111d058e614000b677e": "Fran\u00e7ois Bigot", "57340111d058e614000b677f": "St. Lawrence", "5734025d4776f419006616c3": "the Duke of Cumberland", "5734025d4776f419006616c4": "1757", "5734025d4776f419006616c5": "three", "5734025d4776f419006616c6": "Two", "573403394776f419006616dd": "3,600", "573403394776f419006616de": "18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies outside the fort the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga", "573403394776f419006616df": "Battle of Carillon", "573403394776f419006616e0": "18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies outside the fort the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga.", "57340549d058e614000b67dd": "invasion of Britain", "57340549d058e614000b67de": "Pitt", "57340549d058e614000b67df": "Lagos and Quiberon Bay", "573406d1d058e614000b6801": "James Wolfe", "573406d1d058e614000b6802": "Fort Niagara", "573406d1d058e614000b6803": "the Battle of Sainte-Foy", "573406d1d058e614000b6804": "1760", "573407d7d058e614000b6813": "Governor Vaudreuil", "573407d7d058e614000b6814": "freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property,", "573407d7d058e614000b6815": "Governor Vaudreuil", "573408ef4776f41900661757": "Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763", "573408ef4776f41900661758": "Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763", "573408ef4776f41900661759": "Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763. The British", "573408ef4776f4190066175a": "Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763. The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi", "57340a094776f4190066177d": "Britain gained control of French Canada and Acadia", "57340a094776f4190066177e": "1755", "57340a094776f4190066177f": "The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces", "57340a094776f41900661780": "British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces, but many went to France, and some went to New Orleans", "57340b1bd058e614000b6869": "King George III", "57340b1bd058e614000b686a": "King George III", "57340b1bd058e614000b686b": "west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population", "57340d124776f419006617c3": "leave", "57340d124776f419006617c0": "legal and illegal settlement", "57340d124776f419006617c1": "1769", "57340d124776f419006617c2": "tribes that did not want to do business with the British", "57340d124776f419006617bf": "elimination of French power in North America", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e71": "force", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e72": "a force is required to maintain motion, even at a constant velocity", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e73": "an incomplete understanding of the sometimes non-obvious force of friction", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e74": "nearly three hundred years", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e75": "an incomplete understanding of the sometimes non-obvious force of friction", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7b": "atoms", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7c": "gauge bosons", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7d": "four", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7e": "four", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7f": "a more fundamental electroweak interaction", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e85": "Aristotle", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e86": "Aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e87": "four", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e88": "motionless objects on Earth, those composed mostly of the elements earth and water", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e89": "unnatural or forced motion", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e8f": "Galileo Galilei", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e90": "Galileo Galilei", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e91": "innate force of impetus", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e92": "to disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e93": "friction", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e99": "an external net force or resultant force", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9a": "lack of net force", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9b": "functions as the fundamental equilibrium \"natural state\" in place of the Aristotelian idea of the \"natural state of rest", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9c": "the concept of relative velocities", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9d": "constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea3": "the laws of physics", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea4": "curving parabolic path", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea5": "the laws of physics", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea6": "Inertia", "573749741c4567190057445d": "inertia", "573749741c4567190057445e": "rotational inertia of planet Earth is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year", "573749741c4567190057445f": "Albert Einstein", "573749741c45671900574460": "astronauts experience weightlessness", "573749741c45671900574461": "rotational inertia of planet Earth is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year", "573750f51c45671900574467": "Newton's Second Law", "573750f61c45671900574468": "kinematic measurements", "573750f61c45671900574469": "General relativity", "573750f61c4567190057446a": "unclear as to how or whether this connection is relevant on microscales", "573750f61c4567190057446b": "fixed", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eab": "Newton's Third Law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eac": "different bodies", "5737534ec3c5551400e51ead": "a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eae": "presence of different objects", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb3": "the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system will not cause the center of mass", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb4": "internal forces", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb5": "the mass", "573766251c45671900574471": "this can provide an intuitive", "573766251c45671900574472": "operational definitions", "573766251c45671900574473": "Newtonian mechanics", "573766251c45671900574474": "it is determined that laboratory measurements of forces are fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by Newtonian mechanics", "57376828c3c5551400e51eb9": "\"vector quantities", "57376828c3c5551400e51eba": "denoted scalar quantities", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebb": "Associating forces with vectors", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebc": "ambiguous", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebd": "impossible", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec3": "static equilibrium", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec4": "magnitude and direction", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec5": "net force", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec6": "if the forces are acting on an extended body, their respective lines of application", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec7": "magnitude and direction", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecd": "ninety degrees", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ece": "two forces, one pointing north, and one pointing east", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecf": "original force", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed0": "orthogonal components, the components of the vector sum are uniquely", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed1": "ninety degrees", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed7": "frictional surface", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed8": "frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed9": "no acceleration", "57376df3c3c5551400e51eda": "static friction, generated between the object and the table surface", "57377083c3c5551400e51edf": "weighing scales", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee0": "spring reaction force\", which equals the object's weight", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee1": "weight", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee2": "gravity", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee3": "Isaac Newton", "573776eec3c5551400e51ee9": "Galileo", "573776eec3c5551400e51eea": "rest", "573776eec3c5551400e51eeb": "Aristotle", "573776eec3c5551400e51eec": "constant velocity", "573776eec3c5551400e51eed": "constant velocity", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef3": "kinetic friction", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef4": "kinetic friction", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef5": "zero net force", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef6": "zero net force", "57377aac1c45671900574479": "Schr\u00f6dinger equation", "57377aac1c4567190057447a": "Newtonian equations", "57377aac1c4567190057447b": "the potentials V(x,y,z) or fields, from which the forces generally can be derived, are treated similar to classical position variables", "57377aac1c4567190057447c": "sometimes \"quantized", "57377aac1c4567190057447d": "force", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efb": "discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efc": "Pauli", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efd": "spin", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efe": "apparent force", "57377c98c3c5551400e51eff": "symmetric spin function (e.g. parallel spins", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f05": "B", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f06": "4", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f07": "conservation of momentum", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f08": "Feynman diagrams", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f09": "virtual particle exchange, are absorbed at an adjacent vertex", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f0f": "four", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f10": "The strong and weak forces", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f11": "gravitational force acts between masses", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f12": "masses", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f13": "friction is a manifestation of the electromagnetic force acting between the atoms of two surfaces, and the Pauli exclusion principle", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f19": "Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through one consistent theory of electromagnetism", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1a": "universal theory of gravitation", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1b": "Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through one consistent theory of electromagnetism", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1c": "Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through one consistent theory of electromagnetism", "573784fa1c45671900574483": "the work of Isaac Newton", "573784fa1c45671900574484": "Galileo", "573784fa1c45671900574485": "Galileo", "573784fa1c45671900574486": "the work of Isaac Newton", "573784fa1c45671900574487": "the force of gravity on an object at the Earth's surface is directly proportional to the object's mass", "573786b51c4567190057448d": "larger distances", "573786b51c4567190057448e": "Moon", "573786b51c4567190057448f": "the mass of the attracting body", "573786b51c45671900574490": "relates", "57378862c3c5551400e51f21": "a dimensional constant", "57378862c3c5551400e51f22": "Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion balance", "57378862c3c5551400e51f23": "unknown in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion balance", "57378862c3c5551400e51f24": "since all celestial bodies followed the same laws of motion, his law of gravity", "5737898f1c45671900574495": "the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation", "5737898f1c45671900574496": "Vulcan", "5737898f1c45671900574497": "could account for the discrepancy.", "5737898f1c45671900574498": "Albert Einstein formulated his theory of general relativity", "5737898f1c45671900574499": "the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation", "57378b141c4567190057449f": "general relativity", "57378b141c456719005744a0": "ballistic trajectory", "57378b141c456719005744a1": "time derivative of the changing momentum of the object is what we label as \"gravitational force", "57378b141c456719005744a2": "global sense", "57378c9b1c456719005744a8": "current", "57378c9b1c456719005744a9": "a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic force", "57378c9b1c456719005744a7": "a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law", "57378c9b1c456719005744aa": "electric field", "57378e311c456719005744af": "1864", "57378e311c456719005744b0": "1864", "57378e311c456719005744b1": "4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside", "57378e311c456719005744b2": "4", "57378e311c456719005744b3": "a wave that traveled at a speed that he calculated to be the speed of light", "573792ee1c456719005744b9": "nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome", "573792ee1c456719005744ba": "quantum mechanics. This final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics", "573792ee1c456719005744bb": "quantum electrodynamics", "573792ee1c456719005744bc": "photons", "573792ee1c456719005744bd": "quantum electrodynamics", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f29": "the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2a": "the Pauli exclusion principle", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2b": "energy", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2c": "a structural force", "5737958b1c456719005744c3": "the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force", "5737958b1c456719005744c4": "the Pauli exclusion principle", "5737958b1c456719005744c5": "energy", "5737958b1c456719005744c6": "a structural force", "573796edc3c5551400e51f33": "elementary particles", "573796edc3c5551400e51f34": "the nuclear force", "573796edc3c5551400e51f35": "the nuclear force", "573796edc3c5551400e51f36": "gluons", "573796edc3c5551400e51f37": "searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable. This phenomenon is called color confinement", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3d": "heavy W and Z bosons", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3e": "heavy W and Z bosons", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3f": "radioactivity", "57379829c3c5551400e51f40": "1013", "57379829c3c5551400e51f41": "a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins", "57379a4b1c456719005744cd": "atoms at close contact", "57379a4b1c456719005744ce": "Pauli repulsion", "57379a4b1c456719005744cf": "fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93", "57379a4b1c456719005744d0": "tables and floors", "57379ed81c456719005744d5": "ideal strings", "57379ed81c456719005744d6": "ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs", "57379ed81c456719005744d7": "instantaneously in action-reaction pairs", "57379ed81c456719005744d8": "conservation of mechanical energy", "57379ed81c456719005744d9": "factor of the tension force in the string", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f47": "laws", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f48": "laws", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f49": "differences in pressure", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4a": "forces", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4b": "Newton's laws", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f51": "all strains (deformations", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f52": "stress-tensor", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f53": "shear", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f54": "shear", "5737a4511c456719005744df": "angle", "5737a4511c456719005744e0": "ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque", "5737a4511c456719005744e1": "Newton's Second Law of Motion can be used to derive an analogous equation for the instantaneous angular acceleration of the rigid body", "5737a5931c456719005744e7": "radial", "5737a5931c456719005744e8": "radial", "5737a5931c456719005744e9": "radial (centripetal", "5737a5931c456719005744ea": "radial", "5737a5931c456719005744eb": "tangential force", "5737a7351c456719005744f1": "kinetic or potential forms", "5737a7351c456719005744f2": "potential forms", "5737a7351c456719005744f3": "net mechanical energy is conserved", "5737a7351c456719005744f4": "potential energy", "5737a7351c456719005744f5": "difference in potential energy", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f59": "gradient of potentials", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5a": "gradient of potentials", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5b": "friction", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5c": "contact forces", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f61": "statistical mechanics", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f62": "to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f63": "transfer of heat", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f64": "Second", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f65": "to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat", "5737aafd1c456719005744fb": "pound-force", "5737aafd1c456719005744fc": "kgf) (sometimes kilopond", "5737aafd1c456719005744fd": "the metric slug", "5737aafd1c456719005744fe": "newton", "5737aafd1c456719005744ff": "the metric slug" }